The antique roadshow of computing. What do the following all have in common? – census taking –...
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Transcript of The antique roadshow of computing. What do the following all have in common? – census taking –...
History of Computing
The antique roadshow of computing
Trivial Pursuit
• What do the following all have in common?– census taking– weaving (cloth)– multiplication – daughter of a famous 19th century poet
Definitions
• ________________:– The act of mathematical calculation
• ________________:– The study of the principles and use of computing
systems• ________________:
– A programmable machine designed to carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem.
Is the Abacus a Computer?• Archaeologists found
evidence of this from the 5th century B.C. in Greece.
• The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC
• Example:– Upper level has one bead
with two positions. The bead counts for 5
– Lower level has four beads. The right-most column corresponds to ones, then tens, etc…
Is the Pascaline a Computer?• Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator in 1642.
– Used to help reorganizing the tax revenues of the French province of Haute-Normandie.– It could add and subtract directly and multiply and divide by repetition.
• Pascal went through 50 prototypes before presenting his first machine to the public in 1645.– He built around twenty more machines during the next decade, often improving on his original
design. • Pascaline firsts:
– the first calculator to be used in an office (his father's to compute taxes)– the first calculator commercialized (with around twenty machines built)– the first calculator to be patented (royal privilege of 1649)– the first calculator to have a controlled carry mechanism which allowed for an effective
propagation of multiple carries.
Is Jacquards Loom a Computer?• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom for manufacturing textiles with
complex patterns.• The Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punched cards to control a
sequence of operations: 1805. • The ability to change the pattern of the loom's weave by simply changing cards
was an important precursor to the development of computer programming.
The Analytic Engine• Charles Babbage:
– 1791–1871– An English mathematician
and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer.
– Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. He never actually completed construction, but the design was sound.
The Analytic Engine• Ada Lovelace:
– 1815-1852– A mathematician, created
a program for the Analytical Engine to calculate numbers in the Bernoulli sequence.
– Lovelace is widely credited with being the first computer programmer
– Ada is a programming language named after her.
Hollerith's Census Machine
• Herman Hollerith– 1860-1929– Invents a machine to
assist in counting the U.S. Census
– 1890 census is completed in 3 months
– Hollerith creates the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896.
– This company becomes IBM in 1924
What makes a computer modern?
• __________: not mechanical• __________: not analog• ______________: programs and data are
essentially the same.
Modern Computers
• Differential Analyzer– Completed in 1942.
• ENIAC: – Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer– Completed 1945.– fills a room– Uses 19,000 vacuum tubes and 1,000 relays
Computing Systems
• A computing system is composed of– hardware: the physical components of the system– software: the “instructions” that control the hardware
• Hardware components include:– Motherboard
• Central processing unit (CPU)• Memory (RAM / Drives)
– IO Devices• Video Card• Sound Card• Network Card
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Computing System
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CPUVideo
KeyboardMouse
Sound Memory
Network
Hardware: Motherboard
14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ASRock_K7VT4A_Pro_Mainboard.jpg
Slot for CPU
Slots for cardsSlot for RAM
Hardware: CPU
• Central Processing Unit– An electronic chip that performs instructions
• The “brains” of a computing system
– A CPU can only perform very simple tasks:• Can add/subtract/multiply/divide two numbers• Can compare two numbers to see if one is smaller/larger• Can copy/move data from one place to another
– CPU’s appear more powerful than this since these tasks are done very quickly
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Hardware: CPU
17http://www.flickr.com/photos/ehecatzin/71173187/in/photostream#preview
http://biorobots.cwru.edu/server/howto/buildcomp/mountcpu/
Hardware: CPU
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http://biorobots.cwru.edu/server/howto/buildcomp/mountcpu/
Hardware: Storage
• All information needed for computing must be “storable”– The instructions that a CPU must perform– The data that the CPU requires as input– The data that the CPU generates as output
• Computer storage (or memory) is used to “remember” these things
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Past and Future• ICs (computer chips) are
created by Robert Noyce & Jack Kilby in mid 60's– Noyce founds Intel in
1970– Gordon Moore is the
other Intel co-founder
• Moore is most widely known for a prediction he made that has been surprisingly correct.– Moore's Law: computer
hardware will double in complexity every 18 months.