The Ancient RomansThe Ancient Romans

The Path of Roman Conquest

City-State RivalryCity-State Rivalry

• Rome became more powerful and began a rivalry (fighting) with _____________, a wealthy Phoenician city-state in northern Africa, for control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea.

Carthage

Phoenician Phoenician EnemiesEnemies

Rome fought three wars with Carthage called the ________________- from Punicus, the Roman word for Phoenician.

Punic Wars

First Punic WarFirst Punic WarDuring the First Punic War, (264 B.C.-241 B.C.), Rome gained control of ________. Rome sent a governor to oversee its first ____________, or self-governing region.

Sicily

province

Second Punic Second Punic WarWarIn the Second Punic War, (218 B.C.-

201 B.C.), the Carthaginian general Hannibal led soldiers and war elephants over the high, snow-covered Alps into the Italian Peninsula. He won many battles, but the Romans would not give up. They defeated Hannibal in 202 B.C. at the Battle of Zama.

Under Roman Under Roman ControlControl• The Romans forced conquered

peoples to pay ________ and many were taken as _________. Some Roman plebeians lost their jobs because the slaves replaced them as free labor.

plebeiansslaves

taxes

slaves

Results of the Punic WarResults of the Punic War

• _______________ arose between the Romans who were rich and those who were poor.

Conflicts

Struggle for Struggle for PowerPower

Leaders struggled for power which led to a series of _______________. For three years a dictator named _______ had control until 79B.C. Then leadership returned to the consuls.

civil warsSulla

Beyond the Italian PeninsulaBeyond the Italian Peninsula

A leader named _______ __________ was elected consul in 60 BC. He and his army were popular with the Roman citizens. Caesar showed he was a strong leader, and he was made ______________________

Julius Caesar

Dictator

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

As a dictator, (he ruled for 10 years), he changed the Senate so that it better represented the people. He created new jobs and gave citizenship to more people, including those from the provinces, and issued decrees that helped the poor.

A A ConspiracyConspiracySome senators worried that Caesar was planning to become a king. They plotted to kill Caesar. Caesar was killed by a small group of senators on March 15, 44 B.C., a day known as _____________________on the Roman calendar. His death led to a time of unrest in Rome.

Ides of March

After Julius CaesarAfter Julius Caesar

Marcus Antonius, a general in the Roman army, became Rome’s new leader. Then Octavian, a relative of Caesar, challenged his right to rule.

The TriumvirateThe Triumvirate

In 43 B.C., Octavian, Antony, and another general named Lepidus agreed to form a _________________________, or group of three rulers who share power. These three leaders struggled with on another for power, and civil wars broke out.

Antony and Antony and CleopatraCleopatraWhen Caesar had conquered

Egypt, he allowed Cleopatra to stay in power. Antony met with Egypt’s queen and formed an alliance against Octavian. In 31 B.C., Octavian’s forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a famous sea battle near Actium in Greece. Both Antony and ________________ died within a few days of their defeat. Octavian became the ruler of all Roman lands.

Cleopatra

The First EmperorThe First Emperor

In 27 B.C., the Roman Senate gave Octavian the title _____________, which means “respected one” or “holy one”.

Augustus

The End of the RepublicThe End of the Republic

Augustus was Rome’s first emperor, but he never used this title. Instead, he adopted the title princeps, meaning “first citizen”. The Roman Republic ended when Augustus’s rule began.