THE ANATOMY OF 19TH AND 20TH

CENTURY REVOLUTIONS: INDIA

THE VARIOUS TYPES OF MODERN REVOLUTIONS

INDIA: BRITAIN LOSES CONTROL• Lord Ripon and Ilbert Bill– Sought local self-government– Opposed by Anglo-Indians– Indian nationalist sentiment arose

• Founding of Indian National Congress– Seeks expansion/reform of councils– Seeks Indianization of civil service– Nature becomes more aggressive

• Industrialization of India changes society• Impact of World War I on India• Hundreds of thousands of Indians fight in Britain’s armies in

WWI.

BRITISH SEEK TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO

• Indians begin to organize• Indians begin to demonstrate• British pressure Indians to conform• World War I: Pressures for Home Rule– Anti-sedition acts– Gandhi begins his fasts, satvagraha movement

• 1920 Armitsar Massacre- British troops massacre protesting civilians, causing even more anti-British sentiment.

• Muslim, Hindu goals diverge

COOLER HEADS SEEK TO COMPROMISE

• 1920 Government of India Act creates:– Council of State; Legislative Assembly– Provincial Governments– Some Indians allowed to participate, vote– Swaraj party advocates cooperation

• Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement– Won’t collaborate with the occupier. – Non-violent– Seek independence not class conflict

COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE BECOMES GOAL

• Great Depression hurt India• Gandhi’s Salt March begins civil disobedience• Raids on armory, provinces in revolt• Indians oppose 1935 Government of India Act• Muslims and Hindus split over goals• Independent minded Indians gain power• Colonial powers in World War II

– British power defeated by Japanese in Asia– Japanese invade Burma, India– British promise reforms at end of war in exchange for Indian help!

INDEPENDENCE COMES

• During World War II– Americans pressure British for independence– Indian Army saves Britain in many battles– UN agreements give India a vote

• 1945– Muslims, Hindus disagree

• 1946– Muslim Indians insists on Muslim state

• 1947– British announce plans to partition: Agree to create two countries

out of India: India and Pakistan

INDIAN REIGN OF TERROR• Terror, Riots precede, follow Partition– Communal violence explodes– Hindus, Muslims massacre each other– Pakistan, India fight over Kashmir – Gandhi assassinated by nationalist

• Exchange of Populations– Many Muslims moved to Pakistan– Hindus moved to India

• Principalities abolished

MODERATES PREDOMINATE• 1947 - 1950 – India joins non-aligned movement– India, Pakistan remain in Commonwealth

• Indian establish democracy– Suppress secessionist movements– Congress party defeats radical parties– Universal franchise in India; end caste– Constitution uses many old 1935 laws

• Pakistan tends towards tradition– Establishes Islam as model, laws– Suppresses ethnic, regional differences– Leaves power in landlords’ hands

INSTITUTIONS, LEADERS STABILIZE REVOLUTION

• India– Secular state was vision– Federal structure of states, politics– Business leaders critically important– Nehru and later I. Gandhi guided state– Strong opposition parties allowed to run

• Pakistan– Traditional social elements in control– No significant redistribution of resources– Military influences government– Centralized planning limited