The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. 17 . September 2013 TUESDAY

1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

ATOMS MOLECULES

1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

Trillions of the cells in the human body

1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

Tissues

1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

78 organs in the body

1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

9 -13 systems

1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

HUMAN BODY

1. Skeletal System2. Articular system 3. Muscular System 4. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System5. Respiratory System 6. Digestive (Alimentary) System7. Urinary (Excretory) System8. Reproductive (Genital) System 9. Endocrine System10.Nervous system11.Integumentary system

SYSTEMS IN THE BODY

Locomotor system

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMNone of the systems

functions in isolation.

passive skeletal & articular systems active muscular system collectively constitute a supersystem

locomotor system

must work together to produce locomotion of the body.

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMbrain and nerves of the nervous system

stimulate them to act.

arteries and veins of the circulatory system

supply oxygen and nutrients remove waste from these structures.

sensory organs (especially vision and equilibrium)

play important roles in directing their activities.

Bones are organs, and along with the cartilages form the skeletal system.

Skeletal Systembones and cartilages

For parts of the human body, other organs, muscles, vessels, etc. a framework is required.

The sketetal system actually provides this framework for the body with its strong composure.

Skeletal Systembones and cartilages

Provides our basic shape. Supports the soft tissuesVital for the movement.Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, fascia, and muscle.

Skeletal System

Skeletal System

PROTECTION

Cranium (Skull)skeleton of the head

protects the brain which resides within itself.

Vertebral column

In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar vertebrae

5 sacral vertebrae

4 coccygeal vertebrae

protects the spinal cord

Thorax

Skeletal framework formed by

sternum in the middle12 ribs on each side a12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly.

part of the body between the neck and abdomen

Thorax

The thoracic skeleton forms a framework to protect two vital organs; the heart and the lungs.

part of the body between the neck and abdomen

PelvisThe bones of the pelvis Right and left pelvic (hip) bones SacrumCoccyx

The three hip bones Ilium ischium Pubis

PelvisSacrum articulates superiorly with vertebra LV @ lumbosacral joint.

Pelvic bones articulate posteriorly with sacrum @ sacro-iliac joints anteriorly with each other @ pubic symphysis.

Pelvic skeleton protects

lower part of the digestive system and urinary system reproductive system.

Pelvis

BONES OF THE ARM & FOREARMBONES OF THE THIGH & LEG

1 bone

2 bones

Joints & ligaments connect the bony parts of the skeletal system and provide the sites at which movements occur.

Articular systemjoints & their associated ligaments

3 types of muscles

FXN controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear

APPEARANCE striated (striped) or smooth

LOCATION associated with the body wall (somatic), or with organs and blood vessels (visceral)

Muscular System

transports fluids throughout the body.

the heart and blood vessels make up the blood transportation network, the cardiovascular system.

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemHeart pumps blood throughout the bodyBlood vessels, closed network of tubes, transport the blood.

3 types of blood vessels Arteries transport blood away from the heart. Veins transport blood toward the heart.Capillaries connect the arteries and veins.

where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues.

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemArteries in 3 classes

According to;1. Amount of smooth muscles & elastic fibers @ tunica media2. Size of the vessel3. Its function

1.Large elastic arteries

2.Medium muscular arteries

3.Small arteries and arterioles

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemLarge elastic arteries

Too much elastic fibers @ tunica mediaExpansion and recoil and constant blood flow to the heart

An example aorta

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemMedium muscular arteries

Smooth muscles @ tunica media Regulation of the diameter of vessels and control of the flow to the parts of the body.

An example radial artery

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemSmall arteries and arterioles

control the filling of the capillaries contribute to the arterial pressure in the vascular system.

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemVeins into three classes

Large veins thickest layer tunica externa superior vena cava & inferior vena cava

Small and Medium veins small amounts of smooth musclesuperficial veins in the upper and lower limbs deeper veins of the leg and forearm

Venulessmallest veins drain the capillaries

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemWalls of the blood vessels consist of

three layers or tunics1. tunica externa (adventitia) outer connective tissue

layer2. tunica media middle smooth muscle layer 3. tunica intima inner endothelial lining of the blood

vessels

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Right heart (Suction)poorly- oxygenated(venous) blood

from the bodysuperior vena cava & inferior vena cava right atrium right ventricle

pulmonary arteries lungs

Left heart (Pumping)well- oxygenated (arterial) blood

from the lungs pulmonary veins

left atrium left ventricleaorta

the body

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemThe main artery in the body aorta.

Arteries have also branches themselves.

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemBlood flow in arteries

Blood flow in veins

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System

Arteries have branchesArteries from the artery

Veins have tributaries Veins drain into veins

maxillary artery

Some arteries divided into part by distinct muscles!

Lymphatic systema network of lymphatic vessels

These vessels take the excess tissue fluid lymphfrom the body's intercellular fluid compartment

returns it to the bloodstream.

Lymphatic systemlymph

lymph vessels

regional lymph nodes

larger lymph nodes

venous system

Right heartFinal destination

supply oxygen to the blood

eliminate carbon dioxide from it.

Respiratory Systemair passages &

lungs

Respiratory SystemUpper respiratory tractNose-Pharynx-Larynx

Lower respiratory tractRespiratory organs of the thorax

The lower respiratory tract fills most of the thorax.

superior thoracic aperture superiorly

inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly.

Superior thoracic aperture open, allowing continuity with the neck

Inferior thoracic aperture closed by the diaphragm.

THORAXirregularly shaped cylinder

important muscle for respiration forms a section between thorax and abdomen.

DIAPHRAGM

consists of skeletal elements and muscles

THORACIC WALL

Po s te r i o r l y12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs L a te ra l l y Ribs (12 on each side) & 3 layers of flat muscles

AnteriorlySternummanubrium of sternum, body of sternum, andxiphoid process

THORACIC CAVITYenclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm

digestive tract from the mouth to the anus

all its associated organs & glands function in:

ingestion

chewing

Swallowing

digestion

absorption of food

elimination of the solid waste (feces)

Digestive (Alimentary) System

Digestive (Alimentary) System

bounded superiorly xiphoid process third-most inferior part- of the sternum costal margins

posteriorly vertebral column

inferiorly upper parts of the pelvic bones

Abdomen Abdominal wall

Digestive (Alimentary) SystemSurface anatomy

Digestive (Alimentary) SystemSurface anatomy

filter blood produce, transport, store, & intermittently excrete

urine (liquid waste)

Urinary (Excretory) Systemkidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, &

urethra

Urinary (Excretory) SystemThe two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the posterior abdominal region.

The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Urinary (Excretory) SystemThe ureters descend down to the pelvis exiting from the kidneys on each side.

They enter the pelvic cavity, and continue their journey to the bladder.

Pelvis (L.basin)part of the trunk inferoposterior to the abdomen

area of transition between the trunk & lower limbs

Pelvic cavity inferior most part of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic cavity

extends superiorly into the thoracic cage inferiorly into the pelvisits superior and inferior parts are relatively protected.

Perforating wounds in either the thorax or the pelvis may therefore involve the abdominopelvic cavity and its contents.

Pelvic cavitylimited inferiorly by musculofascial

pelvic diaphragm

suspended above the pelvic outletforming a bowl-like pelvic floor.

Pelvic cavitybounded posteriorly by coccyx and inferiormost sacrum

superior part of the sacrum formes a roof over the posterior half of the cavity.

Pelvic cavityAnteroinferior wall

Bodies of the pubic bones +pubic symphysis uniting them

Posterosuperior wall & ceilingSacrum & Cocyx

Pelvic cavity

Terminal parts of the uretersUrinary bladderRectumPelvic genital organsBlood vesselsLymphatics Nerves +an overflow of abdominal viscera

contains

consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms, the ducts that transport them, and

the genitalia that enable their union.

Reproductive (Genital) System

Reproductive (Genital) SystemThe reproductive tracts are located

in the pelvic cavity. between the pelvic inlet superiorly and the pelvic diaphragm

inferiorlycontains

terminal parts of the urinary and digestive systemsinternal genital organsassociated vascular structuresnerves supplying both the pelvis and lower limbs.

Hormonesinfluence metabolism & other processes

menstrual cyclepregnancyparturition (giving birth)

Endocrine System

discrete ductless endocrine glands

isolated and clustered cells of the gut and blood vessel walls

specialized nerve endings.

specialized structures secreting hormones

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM1.C.N.S.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain + spinal cord

2. P.N.S.PERIPHEREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS.conduct impulses to or away from the CNS.organized into nerves that connect the CNS with peripheral structures

Nerve cell Neuron structural & functional units of the nervous system

Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons

Neurons are specialized for rapid communication.Neuron has:Axon carries information Dendirites in communication with the surrounding neurons

A collection of neurons for doing the same function(s)

In the CNS Nucleus (pl., nuclei)

In the PNS Ganglion (pl., ganglia)

A nerve fiber TWO TYPES

efferent fibersgoes down from the brain or leaves out from the spinal cord to the periphery

carrying information to accomplish a behavior/actionafferent fiberscarries information from periphery or from spinal cord to the brain

Arc reflex

Transmit sensations from the body to the CNSExteroceptive sensations from

skin pain, temperature, touch, & pressure or painProprioceptive sensations from

muscles, tendons, and joints

Somatic & Visceral FibersSomatic fibers

General sensory fibersgeneral somatic afferent [GSA] fibers

Somatic motor fibers general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers

transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles.

Somatic & Visceral FibersSomatic fibers

Visceral fibersVisceral sensory fibers

general visceral afferent [GVA] fiberstransmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations

e.g. information concerning distension, blood gas, and blood pressure levels

from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS

Visceral fibersVisceral motor fibers

general visceral efferent [GVE] fibersTransmit impulses to smooth muscles & glandular tissues.

presynaptic & postsynapti fibers conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands.

presynaptic fibers

postsynaptic fibers

somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscle

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEMsomatic parts of the CNS & PNS

provides sensory & motor innervation to all parts of the body (G. soma)

except viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands

transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMvisceral nervous system or

visceral motor systemmotor fibers that stimulate

smooth (involuntary) muscle

modified cardiac muscle

glandular (secretory) cells

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD

CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD

CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD

In a spinal nerve you will find:Motor fibers

Sensory fibers

Autonomic nervous system fibers

CRANIAL NERVES Like spinal nerves, cranial nerves

bundles of sensory or motor fibers innervate muscles or glandscarry impulses from sensory receptorsor a combination of motor and sensory fibers.

CRANIAL NERVES12 pairs part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) pass through foramina or fissures in the cranial cavity.

CRANIAL NERVES

All nerves except one, the accessory nerve [XI], originate from the brain.

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are numbered I-XII, from rostral to caudal .

Their names reflect their general distribution or function.

CRANIAL NERVEScarry one or more of the five main functional components.

1. Motor (efferent) fibers 2. Sensory (afferent) fibers 3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc.

4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera 5. Fibers transmitting unique sensationse.g., taste, smell

Motor (efferent) fibers

1. Motor fibers to voluntary (striated) musclesinclude somatic motor (general somatic efferent) axons

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Motor (efferent) fibers

include visceral motor (general visceral efferent) axons constitute cranial outflow of parasympathetic system.

2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands

Motor (efferent) fibers

Presynaptic (preganglionic) fibers emerge from the brain synapse outside the central nervous system (CNS) @ a parasympathetic ganglion.

Postsynaptic (postganglionic) fibers innervate smooth muscles & glands e.g.sphincter pupillae & lacrimal gland

2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands

CRANIAL NERVESSensory (afferent) fibers

3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc from the skin and mucous membranes. Include somatic sensory (general somatic afferent) fibers.

CRANIAL NERVES4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera

include visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) fibers conveying information from carotid body and sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract.

Sensory (afferent) fibers

CRANIAL NERVES5. Fibers transmitting unique sensations special visceral afferent fibersspecial sensory fibers conveying taste and smellspecial somatic afferent fibersspecial senses of vision, hearing, and balance

Sensory (afferent) fibers

Skin is the largest organ of the body.

It consists of the epidermis and the dermis.

Integumentary system