The American Pageant

Chapter 27

Empire and Expansion, 1890-1909

Cover Slide

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CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM

How many can you identify?

1. Growth (economy, population, industry)

2. Steel Navy

3. Colonial expansion of European powers

4. Missionary zeal

5. Darwinism

Which was most significant?

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS of IMPERIALISM

• “Big Sister” Policy with Latin America

• “Near-Wars” 0f late 1880’s and 1890’s– Germany, Italy, Russia, Chile, Britain

• Aggressive application of Monroe Doctrine

• Coup de’etat in Hawaii

• Yellow Journalism and the Maine explosion

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h46000/h46774.jpg

Why did McKinley call for war with Spain?

• Popular

• Business interests

• Spanish “despotism”

• Maine incident

• Yellow Press/jingoism

What was the purpose of the Teller Amendment?• Assure Cubans and European powers that

American intervention was not an “imperial” land grab.

• stated that the United States "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people."

• Was it observed?

Spanish-American War

• Who had the advantage at the beginning of the war?– Spain had more soldiers and a bigger navy

• How did the Philippines become involved?– UNDERSecretary Teddy Roosevelt ordered

Commodore Dewey to attack Manila

• What is the Hawaii connection to the war?– Annexed during the war to provide base in

Pacific

Who are the Rough Riders?

regiment of American volunteers , including cowboys, polo players, ex-convicts…and Teddy Roosevelt

Why are they historically significant?

http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_From1877ChapterDoc/ChapterImages/Ch19RooseveltandtheRough%20Riders.jpg

“Rough Riders” http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/img/grprord.jpg

OUTCOMES

• 400 US combat deaths, 5000+ deaths from disease (60,000 Spanish casualties)

• Treaty of Paris:

-Cuba “freed”

-Guam and Puerto Rico are US possessions

-Philippines purchased for $20 million

• Platt Amendment

• Increase in American prestige abroad

Platt Amendment

• What was the purpose of the Platt Amendment?

• February 1901. • It allowed the United States "the right to

intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty..."

PHILIPPINES RESIST EMPIREHow was the Philippines different from Cuba?• Emilio Aguinaldo• Guerilla war• Reconcentration camps• Atrocities• Americanization

CASUALTY FIGURES:• U.S.-- 4,234 dead and 2,818 wounded.

• “20,000 military dead and 200,000 civilian dead. (approximate numbers). Some historians place the numbers of civilian dead at 500,000 or higher.” medalofhonor.com

US IN CHINA

Did the Open Door policy work?

Ignored by Great Powers

Boxer Rebellion - 1900

US now entangled in China

“And one night it came to me this way-I don’t know how it was, but it came: (1) that we could not give them back to Spain – that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany-our commercial rivals in the Orient that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves – the were unfit for self-government and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate they Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellowmen for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and went to sleep and slept soundly.”

-President McKinley; reflecting on what to do with the Philippines after the Spanish American war.

MOTIVATING IDEAS OF IMPERIALISM

NATIONAL HONOR

COMMERCE

RACIAL SUPERIORITY

ALTRUISM

ELECTION OF 1900

Why is the election of 1900 historically significant?

NOT because McKinley is re-elected.

-US embraces imperialism, gold standard and prosperity)

-Bryanism/Populism is in continuing decline

BECAUSE Teddy Roosevelt is “kicked upstairs”

Roosevelt and Imperialism(= America takes an ACTIVIST approach to foreign policy)

What were Roosevelt’s major acts of foreign policy?

• Panama “revolution” from Colombia Nov. 1903

• US Navy supports the “revolution”

• Panama Canal built (1904-1914, $400 million)

• US granted Canal Zone (10 mile strip)

• “Big Stick” Diplomacy or “Cowboy diplomacy?”

Map: The Panama Canal

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal could take advantage of some natural waterways. The most difficult part of the construction, however, was devising some way to move ships over the mountains near the Pacific end of the canal (lower right). This was done through a combination of cutting a route through the mountains and constructing massive locks.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

http://www.panamacanal-cruises.com/panama-canal-pictures/crosssections.jpg

http://www.pancanal.com/eng/panama/gatun-lake-gaillard-cut.html

http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/0801307.jpg

“Big Sister” becomes “Big Brother”

Why were Latin American countries nervous of TR?

1. Santo Domingo2. Cuba3. Puerto Rico4. Panama Canal5. Roosevelt Corollary (preventive intervention)

a. 1905 - Dominican Republicb. 1906 – Cuba

Roosevelt the…. Diplomat?

• 1904 – Sino-Russian War• 1906 – TR mediates between Japan and

Russia• TR forces Russia and Japan to compromise

EFFECT:TR wins Nobel Peace Prize, sours relations

with BOTH Russia and Japan.

Bandana celebrating Theodore Roosevelt's Nobel PrizeThis souvenir bandana commemorated Theodore Roosevelt's mediation of the Russo-Japanese War, for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. The heart-shaped ribbon around Roosevelt's portrait contains the legend, "First in War, First in Peace, First in the Hearts of His Countrymen," a tribute first applied to George Washington. That statement explains why Roosevelt's war exploits (at the top) were linked with his peacemaking. (Collection of Janice L. and David J. Frent)

Bandana celebrating Theodore Roosevelt's Nobel Prize

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

1. Which writer/thinker urged the formation of a modern steel navy and a network of island bases?

2. Which amendment pledged that the US would give Cuba its independence?

3. Who led the resistance to US rule in the Philippines?

4. What is one of the nicknames for the Roosevelt Corollary?

5. Pres. Roosevelt encouraged a revolution in Panama from what country?