THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOKThe American Jewish Year Book 5705 September 18, 1944 to September 7,...

THE AMERICAN JEWISHYEAR BOOK

Volume 46

The American JewishYear Book

5705September 18, 1944 to September 7, 1945

Volume 46

Edited for

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

by

HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN. Editor

PHILADELPHIA

THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

5705—1944

COPYRIGHT, 1944 BY

T H E JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

All rights reserved. No part of this book may bereproduced in any form without permission inwriting from the publisher: except by a reviewerwho may quote brief passages in a review to be

printed in a magazine or newspaper

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

PRESS OF THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY

PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.

PREFACE

In the preceding volume were commemorated four important anni-

versaries in the life of the Jewish community of the United States: the

hundredth anniversary of the birth of Solomon Schechter and Mayer

Sulzberger and of the establishment of B'nai B'rith, and the twenty-fifth

anniversary of the founding of the Federation for the Support of Jewish

Philanthropic Societies of New York City. In the present volume, we

present articles commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the establish-

ment of the National Council of Jewish Women and of the Educational

Alliance of New York City, both institutions which have served and continue

to serve significant community needs. We are fortunate in having had the

cooperation of Mrs. Mildred G. Welt, the president of the National Council

of Jewish Women, who prepared the article on that organization. The

article on the Educational Alliance is the work of Dr. S. P. Rudens, for

many years a contributor of articles on Jewish and other subjects to various

periodicals, and formerly educational director of the Jewish People's Insti-

tute, Chicago. Besides these two contributions, we present two biographical

sketches: one of the late Julian W. Mack, who was in his lifetime an out-

standing leader in the Jewish community as well as a distinguished jurist

and public worker; the other of the late Herbert Friedenwald, who was

editor of five issues of the AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK. The article on

Judge Mack was contributed by a close friend and co-worker, Dr. Horace

M. Kallen, author and educator. The article on Dr. Friedenwald was written

by the Editor, who was closely associated with him during his service as

secretary of the American Jewish Committee and editor of the AMERICAN

JEWISH YEAR BOOK.

As we noted in previous issues, limitations of space preclude the publica-

tion of similar tributes to other distinguished individuals in the community

vi PREFACE

who died during the past year. These persons are, however, given extended

notices in the necrology supplement to the Review of the Year.

This Review has again been the work of a number of collaborators, each

selected for his or her special competence to deal with the subject assigned.

A number of these contributors had again the difficult task of writing their

articles under the handicap of inadequate information, because of war

conditions. The editor extends his thanks to these contributors for their

conscientious collaboration.

Early in the preparation of this volume, Mr. Harold J. Jonas, the assistant

editor of the Contemporary Jewish Record, who had extended such signal

aid to me in the preparation of Volume 45, was inducted into the Army of

the United States. Fortunately, Mr. Edward N. Saveth, a member of the

research staff of the American Jewish Committee, gladly volunteered his

assistance in the editing of manuscripts and in the revision of the proofs.

I take pleasure in gratefully acknowledging Mr. Saveth's cooperation.

Thanks are due also to Miss Irma Engel for revising the Index to the

first 45 volumes of this series; to Miss Rose A. Herzog, who again compiled

the material for the directories and the supplements to the Review of the

Year and gave valuable assistance in the reading of proof; to Mrs. Geraldine

Rosenfield and Mrs. Anita W. Fried, who gave these supplements their

final form; to Mrs. Rose G. Stein, who again revised the section on statistics

and assisted the Editor in many other directions; and to Dr. A. S. Oko,

editor of the Contemporary Jewish Record, and Dr. Julius B. Mailer, director

of the Library of Jewish Information of the American Jewish Committee,

both of whom gave the benefit of their experience and knowledge. The

Editor again gladly thanks Mr. Maurice Jacobs, Executive Vice President

of the Jewish Publication Society of America, for his wholehearted encour-

agement and technical cooperation.

As this volume goes to press, the liberation of France, Belgium, and

Holland from the Nazi yoke has been virtually completed, and there are

unmistakable indications of the early complete collapse of the short-lived

but unspeakably wicked Nazi domination of the'whole of western and central

PREFACE vii

Europe. This event will re-open, in a relatively short time, it is hoped, the

normal channels of communication, so that we may be able to present in

the forthcoming issue of the AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK facts of a

brighter and more encouraging nature regarding the revivification of the

remnants of our people who shall have survived the Nazi tyranny and its

fiendish program of systematic mass murder.

HARRY SCHNEIDERMAK

September 5, 1944.

CONTRIBUTORS

IVA COHEN, acting librarian, American Jewish Committee.

ILJA M. DIJOUR, executive secretary, Hias-Ica-EmigrationAssociation (Hicem); author of Modern Migrations;member of the faculty and contributor to publicationsof Yiddish Scientific Institute.

SAMUEL DININ, Ph.D., associate professor of Jewish Edu-cation, Teachers Institute, Jewish Theological Seminaryof America.

JULIUS H. GREENSTONE, Ph.D., principal of Gratz College,Philadelphia, Pa.; author of The Jewish Religion andother works.

EUGENE HEVESI, Jur. D., formerly head of the foreign tradepolicy branch of the Hungarian Foreign Trade Office;onetime Hungarian commercial attache in Rumania,and lqter trade commissioner in New York.

MILTON HIMMELFARB, M.S., member of staff, ResearchInstitute on Peace and Post-War problems, AmericanJewish Committee.

MARTHA JELENKO, M.A., member of research staff, Ameri-can Jewish Committee.

HORACE M. KALLEN, Ph.D., professor of philosophy, NewSchool for Social Research; author.

Louis KRAFT, B.S., executive director, Jewish WelfareBoard; president, National Conference of Jewish SocialWelfare; member, executive committee and board ofdirectors, United Service Organizations (U. S. O.).

HARRY S. LINFIELD, Ph.D., director, Jewish StatisticalBureau, auspices of National Council for Statistics ofJews, New York, N. Y.

x CONTRIBUTORS

Louis MINSKY, director, Religious News Service.

ELLEN POSNER, M.A., member of research staff, AmericanJewish Committee.

ABRAHAM REVUSKY, B.S., member of editorial staff, JewishMorning Journal, New York, N. Y.; author of The Jewsin Palestine, The Histadrut, Social Forces in Palestine.

DAVID ROME, press officer, Canadian Jewish Congress,Montreal; author of The First Two Years; A Record ofthe Jewish Pioneers on Canada's Pacific Coast, 1858-1860.

BEN ROSEN, Ed.M., executive director, American Associationfor Jewish Education; editor-in-chief, Jewish Education.

GERALDINE ROSENFIELD, member of research staff, AmericanJewish Committee.

SHABTAI ROWSON, LL.B. (London); English lawyer, writeron Jewish affairs, since 1940 serving in His Majesty'sForces.

SAMUEL P. RUDENS, M.A., educator, author, and editor.

EDWARD N. SAVETH, M.A., member of research staff,American Jewish Committee.

SIMON SEGAL, M.A., Jur.D., member of the staff of theResearch Institute on Peace and Post-War Problemsof the American Jewish Committee; formerly Lecturerat the Institut de Droit Compare, University of Paris,and Research Associate, Foreign Policy Association.

Louis SHUB, M.A., member of staff, Research Institute onPeace and Post-War Problems, American JewishCommittee.

JOSHUA TRACHTENBERG, Ph.D., rabbi of Temple Covenantof Peace, Easton, Pa.

MILDRED G. WELT, (MRS. JOSEPH M.), president, NationalCouncil of Jewish Women.

CONTENTSPAGE

PREFACE v

CONTRIBUTORS ix

INDEX TO VOLUMES 1—45 xiii

CALENDARS. By Julius H. Greenstone 1Calendar for 5705 by Months 4Time of Sunrise and Sunset in Six Northern Latitudes 16Jewish Holy Days, Festivals and Fasts 19Calendar for Fifty Years, 1900-1950 26

SPECIAL ARTICLES

Julian William Mack, 1866-1943. By Horace M. Kallen 35Herbert Friedenwald, Editor of American Jewish Year Book

1908-1912. By Harry Schneiderman 47The National Council of Jewish Women. By Mildred G. Welt.. 55

1 A Half Century of Community Service: The Story of the NewYork Educational Alliance. By S. P. Rudens 73

REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5704 (1943-44)

PART ONE". THE UNITED STATES

Religious Activities. By Joshua Trachtenberg 89Educational Activities. By^Ben Rosen 100Cultural Activities. By Samuel Dinin 108Jews in the Armed Forces. By Louis Kraft 129Anti-Jewish Manifestations. By Ellen H. Posner 133Interfaith Activities. By Louis Minsky 143Reaction to Overseas Events. By Martha Jelenko 148Overseas Relief. By Geraldine Rosenfield 160Zionist and Pro-Palestine Activities. By Samuel Dinin 169

PART TWO: FOREIGN COUNTRIES

I. British CommonwealthGreat Britain. By Shabtai; Rowson 187Canada. By David Rome 196South Africa.' I 205Australia. \ B y E d w a r d N" S a v e t h 207

xi

xii CONTENTS

II. Western Europe. By Milton Himmelfarb 209III. Eastern Europe. By Simon Segal 240IV. Southern Europe. By Eugene Hevesi 254V. Palestine. By Abraham Revusky 271

VI. Latin America. By Louis Shub 293VII. The Refugee Problem. By Ilia M. Dijour 302

SUPPLEMENTS TO THE REVIEW OF THE YEAR

Anniversaries and Other Celebrations 315Appointments, Honors and Elections 319Special Bequests and Gifts 327Necrology

United States 333Other Countries 348

American Jewish War ServiceAwards 354Deaths 377

War Service of Jews— Foreign CountriesAwards 392Deaths 398

American Jewish Bibliography. By Iva Cohen 401

DIRECTORIES AND LISTS

Jewish National OrganizationsUnited States 419Canada 469

Jewish PeriodicalsUnited States 473Canada 481

Jews in American Public Service 483

STATISTICS OF JEWS

A. The Jewish Population of the United States. By H. S. Linfield 491•' B. Jewish Population of the World - 499

C. Immigration of Jews to the United States 504D. Jewish Immigration to Other American Countries 512E. Jewish Immigration to Palestine 518

THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH

COMMITTEE, 1944 521

FIFTY-SIXTH YEAR OF THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF

AMERICA, 1943-44 597

INDEXTO SPECIAL ARTICLES AND FEATURES

IN VOLUMES 1-45

KEY TO VOLUME NUMBERS*

[2][ 3 ][4][ 5 ][ 6 ][71[81[ 9 ][101[11][12][131[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]212223

-5660 — 1899/1900- 5661 —1900/1901- 5662 —1901/1902- 5663 — 1902/1903- 5664 — 1903/1904- 5665 —1904/1905-5666—1905/1906-5667—1906/1907- 5668 —1907/1908-5669 — 1908/1909- 5670 —1909/1910-5671 — 1910/1911-5672 — 1911/1912- 5673 —1912/1913-5674—1913/1914- 5675 —1914/1915-5676 — 1915/1916-5677 — 1916/1917-5678 — 1917/1918-5679 — 1918/1919-5680 — 1919/1920- 5681 —1920/1921- 5682 —1921/1922

24 — 5683 -25 — 5684-26 — 5685-27 — 5686 -28 —5687-29 — 5688-30 — 5689-31 — 5690-32 — 5691 -33 —5692-34 —5693-35 —5694-36 —5695-37 —5696-38 —5697-39 — 5698 -40 — 5699-41 — 5700-42 — 5701 -43 — 5702-44 — 5703 -45 —5704-

-1922/1923-1923/1924-1924/1925-1925/1926-1926/1927-1927/1928-1928/1929-1929/1930• 1930/19311931/19321932/19331933/1934

• 1934/19351935/1936

• 1936/1937• 1937/1938• 1938/1939-1939/1940• 1940/1941-1941/1942-1942/1943-1943/1944

•The numbers in square brackets indicate that volumes 1 to 20 are un-numbered.

INDEX TO SPECIAL ARTICLES AND FEATURESIN VOLUMES 1-45

ABRAHAMS, ISRAELObituary. Herbert Loewe. 28:

219-34Portrait. 28:facing p. 219

Abramdwitz, Herman. Samuel Wil-liam Jacobs. 41:95-110

ABYSSINIA, see FALASHASAdler Cyrus. Preliminary List of

Jewish Soldiers and Sailors WhoServed in the Spanish-AmericanWar. [2]:525-622; The Voice ofAmerica on Kishineff; Additionsand Corrections. [6]:378-80;Solomon Schechter. [18]:25-67;Jacob Henry Schiff. 23:21-64;Benzion Halper. 26:459-71;Oscar S. Straus. 29:145-55;Louis Marshall. 32:21-55; MaxLeopold Margolis. 35:139-44;The Jewish Welfare Board —Twenty Years Old. 39:149-77;Felix M. Warburg. 40:23-40

ADLER., CYRUSObituary. A. A. Neuman. 42:23-

144Portrait. 42:frontispieceCyrus Adler and the Bible

Translation. David Philipson.42:693-97

Cyrus Adler and the PublicationCommittee. Solomon Solis-Cohen. 42:698-99

Cyrus Adler and the HebrewPress. Simon Miller, 42:700-1

Cyrus Adler and the AmericanJewish Year Book. HarrySchneiderman. 42:702-1

Memorial Address. M. D.Waldman. 43:728-35

ADLER, LIEBMANPortrait. [15]:facing p. 36

Adler, Michael. The Story of Brit-ish Jewry in the War. 21:98-119

AFRICA, SOUTH, see UNION OFSOUTH AFRICA

AGRICULTUREAgricultural Activities of the Jews

in America. L. G. Robinson.[14]:21-115

Jews in Agriculture in the UnitedStates. Gabriel Davidson. 37:99-134

AHAD HA-AM, see GINZBERG, ASHERAlcalay, I. The Jews of Serbia.

[20]:75-87ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE

Report of activities. JacquesBigart. [2]:45-65

ALSACE-LORRAINE *Jews of Alsace-Lorraine (1870-

1920). Sylvain Halff. 22:53-79AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

Review of History of Committee.[18]:324-51

Collection of Jewish War Statis-tics. Julian Leavitt. [20]:103-12

American Jews in the World War.Julian Leavitt. 21:141-55

Second Report of the Office ofJewish War Records. JulianLeavitt. 22:433-47

See also Annual Reports, vols.10-45

AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBU-TION COMMITTEE, see JOINT DIS-

TRIBUTION COMMITTEEAMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Cyrus Adler and the AmericanJewish Year Book. HarrySchneiderman. 42:702-6

AMERICANIZATIONJewish Americanization Agencies.

C. S. Bernheimer. 23:847111Yiddish Press — An Americaniz-

ing Agency. Mordecai Soltes.26:165-372

AMRAM, DAVID WERNERObituary. L. E. Levinthal. 43:


AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Angell, Pauline K. Julius Rosen-wald. 34:141-76

ARCHITECTUREArchitecture of the Synagogue.

W. G. Tachau. 28:155-92[16 plates]

ARMY AND NAVY, see SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR; WORLD WAR

ARTPortraits of Early American Jews.

Hannah R. London. 25:147-62

BALKANSBalkan Wars and the Jews.

[15]:188-2O6Levantine Jews in the United

States. D. de Sola Pool.[15]:207-2O

See also SERBIABarnett, George E. The Jewish

Population of Maryland. [4]:46-62

BEILIS, MENDELBeilis Affair. [16]:19-89

BERKOWITZ, HENRYObituary. William Rosenau. 26:


Berkowitz, Henry J. Ben Selling.33:155-63

Bernheim, Franz. Petition to theLeague of Nations. 35:74-101

Bernheimer, Charles S. JewishAmericanization Agencies. 23:84-111 •

Bernstein, John L. The Migrationof Jews in Recent Years. 38:116—34

BIALYSTOK, see RUSSIABIBLE

New English Translation of theBible. [19]:161-93

Cyrus Adler and the Bible Trans-lation. David Philipson. 42:693-97

BIBLIOGRAPHYHundred Best Available Books

in English on Jewish Subjects.Joseph Jacobs. [6]:309-17

One Hundred Available Books inEnglish on Palestine. WilliamPopper. [7]:153-62

List of Available Stories of JewishInterest in English. I. G.Dobsevage. [8] :130-42

Classified List of Standard Booksin English on Jewish Subjects.I. G. Dobsevage. 25:204-55

Hundred Best Available Books inEnglish on Jewish Subjects.27:260-73

Nazi-Germany and the Jews;An Annotated Bibliography.Joshua Bloch. 38:135-74

Jewish Fiction in English 1900-1940. Fanny Goldstein. 43:499-518

Bigart, Jacques. The AllianceIsraelite Universelle. [2]:45-65

BIOGRAPHYJews of Prominence in the United

States. I. G. Dobsevage. 24:109-218

Jews Who Have Received theNobel Prize. Benjamin Har-row. 25:195-203

BLOCH, CHARLES E.Obituary. S. S. Wise. 43:381-84Portrait. 43:facing p. 381

Bloch, Joshua. Nazi-Germany andthe Jews; An Annotated Bibliog-raphy. 38:135-74

BLOOD ACCUSATION, see RITUAL

MURDERBLUMENTHAL, HART

Obituary. J. H. Hagedorn. 43:385-90

Portrait. 43:facing p. 385B'NAI B'RITH

B'nai B'rith. A Century ofService. Bernard Postal. 45:97-116

BOOK COLLECTIONS, see LIBRARIESBOOKS, see BIBLIOGRAPHYBRANDEIS, LOUIS DEMBITZ

Obituary. L. E. Levinthal. 44:37-52

Portrait. 44: frontispieceBureau of Jewish Social Research.

Professional Tendencies amongJewish Students in Colleges,Universities, and ProfessionalSchools. 22:383-86

INDEX TO VOLUMES 1-45

CANADAJews of Canada. Martin Wolff.

27:154-229CARDOZO, BENJAMIN NATHAN

Obituary. E. J. Nathan. 41:25-34

Portrait. 41-.facing p. 25CENSUS, see STATISTICSCENTRAL CONFERENCE OF AMER-

ICAN RABBISHistory. David Philipson. 42:

179-214CHARITIES, see PHILANTHROPYChipkin, Israel S. Twenty-Five

Years of Jewish Education in theUnited States. 38:27-116

COHEN, SOLOMON SOLIS-, see SOUS-COHEN, SOLOMON

Cohon, Samuel S. Jehuda Halevi.43:447-88

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIESAmerican Colleges in Which

Hebrew Is Taught. [19]-.406Table Showing Enrolment of

Jewish Students in AmericanColleges and Universities. [19]:,407-S '

Professional Tendencies amongJewish Students in Colleges,Universities, and ProfessionalSchools. Bureau of JewishSocial Research. 22:383-86

COMMUNAL ORGANIZATIONJewish Community of New York

City. [ll]:44-54Communal Organization of the

Jews in the United States,' 1927. H.S.Linfield. 31:99-254Jewish Women's Organizations in

the United States. RebekahKohut. 33:165-201

Synagogue and Jewish CommunalActivities. Horace Stern. 35:157-70

Jewish Community Organizationin the United States. M. J.Karpf. 39:47-148

See also STATISTICSCone, G. Herbert. Simon Wolfe

Rosendale. 39:25-28

CONGREGATIONSJewish Congregations in the

United States. H. S. Linfield.30:199-201

See also COMMUNAL ORGANIZA-TION; SYNAGOGUE, THE

CONGRESSES, INTERNATIONALJewish Rights at International

Congresses. M. J. Kohler.[19]:106-60

Peace Conference and Rights ofMinorities. 21:156-68


See also LEAGUE OF NATIONSCRIME

Jewish Inmates of the StatePrisons of the United States1920-1929. H. S. Linfield.33:203-11

Currick, Max C. Isador Sobel.42:173-77

DANZIGJews of the Free City of Danzig —

Census of 1923 and 1924; ASupplement. 32:249-51

Davidson, Gabriel. The Jews inAgriculture in the United States.

37:99-134Davidson, Israel. Kol Nidre. 25:

180-94DAVIDSON, ISRAEL

Obituary. Louis Finkelstein. 41:35-56

Portrait. 41:facing p. 35Dearborn Independent, see FORD,

HENRY; MARSHALL, LOUISDEMBITZ, LEWIS N.

Portrait. [15]:facing p. 52DlESENDRUCK, ZEVI

Obituary. Abraham Heschel. 43:391-98

Portrait. 43:facing p. 391Dobseyage, I. George. A List ot

Available Stories of Jewish Inter-est in English. [8]:130-42; Jewsof Prominence in the UnitedStates. 24:109-218; A ClassifiedList of Standard Books in Englishon Jewish Subjects. 25:204-55


EDUCATIONJewish Education in the United

States. J. H. Greenstone.[16]:90-127

Professional Tendencies amongJewish Students in Colleges,Universities, and ProfessionalSchools. Bureau of JewishSocial Research. 22:383-86

Twenty-Five Years of JewishEducation in the United States.I. S. Chipkin. 38:27-116

See also SCHOLARSHIPEIRE, see IRELANDElbogen, Ismar. Heinrich Graetz,

the Historian of the Jews. 43:489-98; Alexander Kohut. 44:73-80; American Jewish Scholarship:A Survey. In Honor of theCentenary of Kaufmann Kohler.45:47-65

Enelow, Hyman G. KaufmannKohler. 28:235-60

ENELOW, HYMAN G.Obituary. David Philipson. 36:


ENGLAND, see GREAT BRITAINETTING, SOLOMON

Portrait. 25-.facing p. 162ETTING, MRS. SOLOMON

Portrait. 25:facing p. 162EUROPE

Jews of Europe. Joseph Jacobs.[l]:20-33

Distribution of the Jewish Popu-lation on the European Con-tinent. Moses Moskowitz. 43:662-66

EUROPEAN WAR, see WORLD WAREZEKIEL, MOSES J.

Obituary. S. D. Oppenheim.[19]:227-32

Portrait. [19]:frontispiece

Faitlovitch, Jacques. The Falashas.22:80-100

FALASHASFalashas. Jacques Faitlovitch.

22:80-100FEDERATION FOR THE SUPPORT or

JEWISH PHILANTHROPIC SOCIE-

TIES OF NEW YORK CITYHistory. I. E. Goldwasser. [20]:

113-46New York Federation — After

Twenty-Five Years. George Z.Medalie. 45:117-134

FEDERATIONSFederation Movement in Amer-

ican Jewish Philanthropy. Jo-seph Jacobs. [17]:159r98

Federation in the Changing Amer-ican Scene. B. M. Selekman.36:65-87

See also COMMUNAL ORGANIZA-TION; PHILANTHROPY

Feldman, Abraham J. JosephKrauskopf. 26:420-47

FELSENTHAL, BERNHARDPortrait. [15]-.facing p. 72

FICTIONList of Available Stories of Jewish

Interest in English. I. G.Dobsevage. [8]:130-42

Jewish Fiction in English 1900-1940. Fanny Goldstein. 43:499-518

See also BIBLIOGRAPHYFinkel, Samuel B. American Jews

and the Hebrew University. 39:193-201

Finkelstein, Louis. Israel Davidson.41:35-56

Ford, Henry. Letter to E. J. Davisregarding statement on The Dear-born Independent and The Inter-national Jew. 29:385; Statementto Louis Marshall on The Dear-born Independent and The Inter-national "Jew. 29:386-87

FRANCEJudaism in France from June 1,

1899 to June 1, 1900. L. G.Levy. [2] -.40-44

Alliance Israelite Universelle.Jacques Bigart. [2]-.45-65

Participation of the Jews ofFrance in the Great War.Sylvain Halflt. 21:31-97

Set also ALSACE-LORRAINEFrankel, Bernard L. Julius S.

Weyl. 38:666-68


FRANKEL, LEE K.Obituary. Solomon Lowenstein.

34:121-40FRANKS, DAVID

Portrait. 25:facing p. 162FRANKS, DAVID SALISBURY

Portrait. 25:facing p. 162FRANKS, JACOB

Portrait. 25:facing p. 162FRANKS, MRS. JACOB

Portrait. 25:facing p. 162FRANKS, PHILA

Portrait. 25:facing p. 162Friedenbcrg, Albert M. Sunday

Laws of the United States andLeading Judicial Decisions Hav-ing Special Reference to the Jews.[10]:152-89; The Jews of America1654-1787. 28:193-218

FRIEDLAENDER, ISRAELObituary. Jacob Kohn. 23:64-79

FRIEDLAND, ABRAHAM H.Obituary. Emanuel Gamoran.

42:145-52Portrait. 42:facing p. 145

Gaiter, David J. Julius S. Weyl.38:21-26; William M. Lewis. 41:67-73; Theodore Rosen. 43:425-30

Gamoran, Emanuel. Abraham H.Friedland. 42:145-52

GERMANYJews of Germany — Census of

1925; A Supplement. 32:252-57Petition to the League of Nations.

Franz Bernheim. 35:74-101Nazi-Germany and the Jews;

An Annotated Bibliography.Joshua Bloch. 38:135-74

GlNZBERG, ASHERObituary. Leon Simon. 30:87-99Portrait. 30:facing p. 87

Ginzberg, Louis. A Response to theQuestion Whether UnfermentedWine May Be Used in JewishCeremonies. 25:401-25

Goldenson, Samuel H. A. Leo Weil.41:75-78

Goldstein, Fanny. Jewish Fiction inEnglish 1900-1940. 43:499-518

Goldwasser, I. Edwin. Federationfor the Support of Jewish Philan-thropic Societies of New YorkCity. [2O]:113-46

Gordis, Robert. Rabbi Saadia Gaon.44:61-72

GOTTHEIL, RICHARD J. H.Obituary. L. I. Newman. 39:29-

46GRAETZ, HEINRICH

Heinrich Graetz, the Historian ofthe Jews. Ismar Elbogen. 43:489-98

Portrait. [15]:facing p. 92; 43:facing p. 489

GRATZ, JOSEPHPortrait. 25:facingp. 162

GRATZ, MICHAELPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

GRATZ, RACHELPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

GRATZ, REBECCAPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

GREAT BRITAINStory of British Jewry in the War.

Michael Adler. 21:98-119Greenstone, Julius H. Ephraim

Lederer. 28:273-85; Jewish Edu-cation in the United States. [16]:90-127; Isaac Husik. 41:57-65

Hagedorn, Joseph H. Hart Blu-menthal. 43:385-90

HALEVI, JEHUDA, see JUDAH HA-LEVIHalff, Sylvain. The Participation of

the Jews of France in the GreatWar. 21:31-97; The Jews ofAlsace-Lorraine (1870-1920). 22:53-79

HALPER, BENZIONObituary. Cyrus Adler. 26:459-

71Portrait. 26:facing p. 459

Harby, Lee C. Penina Moise. [7]:17-31

HARKAVY, ALEXANDERObituary. B. G. Richards. 42:


Harrow, Benjamin. Jews Who HaveReceived the Nobel Prize. 25:[195]-203 -


HEBREW LANGUAGEAmerican Colleges in Which

Hebrew Is Taught. [19]:406HEBREW PRINTING

Cyrus Adler and the HebrewPress. Simon Miller. 42:700-1

HEBREW UNIVERSITYAmerican Jews and the Hebrew

University. S. B. Finkel. 39:193-201

Hebrew University in Jerusalem.Joseph Klausner. 39:179-92

Herling, John. Baruch CharneyVladeck. 41:79-93

Hermalin, D. M. The RoumanianJews in America. [3]:88-103

Heschel, Abraham. Zevi Diesen-druck. 43:391-98

HIRSCH, EMIL G.Obituary. S. D. Schwartz. 27:

230-37Portrait. 27frontispiece

HIRSCH, HAROLDObituary. David Marx. 42:65-72Portrait. 42:facing p. 165

HISTORYSyllabus of Jewish History. [7]:

163-70HORNER, HENRY

Obituary. H. M. Lautmann.43:399-406

Portrait. 43:facing p. 399HUNGARY

Occupations of the Jews ofHungary — Census of 1920; ASupplement. 32:258-62

HUSIK, ISAACObituary. J. H. Greenstone.

41:57-65Portrait. 41-.facing p. 57

Hyamson, Moses. The JewishMethod of Slaying Animals, fromthe Point of View of Humanity.25:163-79

Hyman, Joseph C. Twenty-FiveYears of American Aid to JewsOverseas: A Record of the JointDistribution Committee. 41:141-79

IMMIGRATIONIn Defense of the Immigrant.

[12J:19-98Recommendations to the Immi-

gration Commission Respect-ing Revision of ImmigrationLaws and Regulations, Nov. 7,1910. [13]:315-34

Levantine Jews in the UnitedStates. D. de Sola Pool. [IS]:207-20

See also AMERICANIZATION, M I -GRATION

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES, seeCONGRESSES, INTERNATIONAL

International Jew, see Ford, Henry;Marshall, Louis

IRELANDJews of the Irish Free State —

Census of 1926; A Supplement.32:263-64

Note on the Jews of NorthernIreland — Census of 1926; ASupplement. 32:265

Isaacs, Abram S. The Jews of theUnited States. [1]:14-17; Myer S.Isaacs. [8]:19-33

ISAACS, ABRAM S.Obituary. L.M.Isaacs. 23:80-83

Isaacs, Lewis M. Abram S. Isaacs.23:80-83

ISAACS, MYER S.Obituary. A. S. Isaacs. [8]-.19-33

Jacobs, Joseph. The Jews of Europe.[1J-.20-33; The Hundred BestAvailable Books in English onJewish Subjects. [6]:309-17; Jew-ish Population of the UnitedStates; Memoir of the Bureauof Jewish Statistics of the Amer-ican Jewish Committee. [16]:339-78; The Federation Move-ment in American Jewish Phi-lanthropy. [171:159-98

JACOBS, JOSEPHObituary. Mayer Sulzberger.

[18]:68-75Portrait. [18]:facing p. 68

Jacobs, Rose G. Alice L. Seligsberg.43:431-36

INDEX TO VOLUMES

JACOBS, SAMUEL W.Obituary. Herman Abramowitz.

41:95-110Portrait. 41-.facing p. 95

JACOBS, SOLOMONPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

JASTROW, MARCUSPortrait. [15]:facing p. 112

TEWISH LEGIONJewish Battalions and the Pales-

tine Campaign. J. H. Neu-mann. 21:120-40

JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OFAMERICATwenty-fifth Anniversary of Its

Founding. [15]:19-187Cyrus Adler and the Publication

Committee. Solomon Solis-Cohen. 42:698-99

Cyrus Adler and the HebrewPress. Simon Miller. 42:700-1

See also Annual Reports, vols.1-45

JEWISH WELFARE BOARDJewish Welfare Board — Twenty

Years Old. Cyrus Adler. 39:149-77

Report. C. J. Teller. [20]:88-102JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE

Twenty-Five Years of AmericanAid to Jews Overseas: A Recordof the Joint Distribution Com-mittee. J. C. Hyman. 41:141-79

JOSEPHSON, MANUELPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

JOSEPHSON, MRS. MANUELPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

JUDAH HA-LEVIEssay. S. S. Cohon. 43:447-88.

Photograph of statue by J. L.Butensky. 43:frontispiece.

Jung, Leo. Bernard Revel. 43:415-24

KAHN, JULIUSObituary. Harry Schneiderman.

27:238^5'Portrait. 27:facing p. 238

Kaplan, Hyman. Jewish SocialResearch in the United States.22:31-52

Karpf, Maurice J. Jewish Commu-nity Organization in the UnitedStates. 39:47-148

KIRSTEIN. Louis EDWARDObituary. Benjamin M. Selek-

man. 45:35-46Portrait. 45:frontispiece.

KISHINEFF, see RUSSIAKlausner, Joseph. The Hebrew

University in Jerusalem. 39:179-92

KOHLER, KAUFMANNObituary. H. G. Enelow. 28:

235-60Portrait. 28:facing p. 235American Jewish Scholarship: A

Survey. In honor of the Cen-tenary of K. Kohler. IsmarElbogen. 45:47-65

Portrait. 45:facing p. 47Kohler, Max J. Jewish Rights at

International Congresses. [19]:106-60; Simon Wolf. 26:404-19

KOHLER, MAX J.Obituary. Irving Lehman. 37:


Kohn, Jacob. Israel Friedlaender.23:64-79

KOHUT, ALEXANDEREssay. Ismar Elbogen. 44:73-80Portrait. 44:facing p. 73

KOHUT, GEORGE A.Obituary. Alexander Marx. 36:


Kohut, Rebekah. Jewish Women'sOrganizations in the UnitedStates. 33:165-201

KOL NlDREExplanation and history. Israel

Davidson. 25:180-94KRAUSKOPF, JOSEPH H.

Obituary. A. J. Feldman. 26:420-47

Portrait. 26:facing p. 422KROCHMAL, NACHMAN

Essay. MaxNussbaum. 44:81-92

Landes, Lewis. Jews in the UnitedStates Army and Navy. [18]-.76-79


LATIN AMERICAJews of Latin America. H. 0.

Sandberg. [19]:35-105Jews of Venezuela — Census of

1926; A Supplement. 33:338LATVIA

Jews of Latvia — Census of 1925;A Supplement. 32:266-75

Lautmann, Herbert M. HenryHomer. 43:399HK)6

LAZARUS, MORITZPortrait. [15]:facing p. 132

LEAGUE OF NATIONSPetition to the League of Nations.

Franz Bernheim. 35:74-101Minority and Refugee Questions

before the League of Nations.36:89-119

Leavitt, Julian. The Collection ofJewish War Statistics. [20]:103-12; American Jews in the WorldWar. 21:141-55; Second Reportof the Office of Jewish WarRecords. 22:433-47

LEDERER, EPHRAIMObituary. J. H. Greenstone.


LEGION, see JEWISH LEGIONLehman, Irving. Max J. Kohler.

37:21-25LEON,JACOB DE

Portrait. 25:facing p. 162LEVANTINE JEWS

Levantine Jews in the UnitedStates. D. de Sola Pool [15]:207-20

Levinthal, Louis E. David WernerAmram. 43:375-80; Louis Dem-bitz Brandeis. 44:37-52

LeVy, Louis Germain. Judaism inFrance from June 1, 1899 toJune 1, 1900. [2]:40-44

LEVY, MOSESPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

LEVY, SAMSON, JR.Portrait. 25:facing p. 162

LEVY, URIAH P.Essay. Simon Wolf. [4]-.42-45Portrait. [4] :facing p. 42

LEWIS, WILLIAM M.Obituary. D. J. Gaiter. 41:67-73Portrait. 41 :facing p. 67

LIBRARIESJewish Book Collections in the

United States. In Commemora-tion of Mayer Sulzberger.Adolph S. Oko. 45:6,7-96

Linfield, Harry S. Jewish Popula-tion in the United States, 1927.30:101-98; Jewish Congregationsin the United States. 30:199-201;The Communal Organization ofthe Jews in the United States,1927. 31:99-254; Jewish Inmatesof the State Prisons of the UnitedStates 1920-1929. 33:203-11; Sta-tistics of Jews and Jewish Organi-zations in the United States; AnHistoric Review of Ten Censuses,185O-193J. 40:61-84; The Jewsof the United States; Number andDistribution; Preliminary Figuresfor 1937. 41:181-86; Jewish Com-munities of the United States;Number and Distribution of Jews'of the United States in UrbanPlaces and in Rural Territory.42:215-66; The Jewish Populationof the United States. 43:654-61

LITHUANIAJews of Lithuania —- Census of1923; A Supplement. 32:276-81

Loewe, Herbert. Israel Abrahams.28:219-34

London, Hannah R. Portraits ofEarly American Jews. 25:147-62

Lowenstein, Solomon. Lee K.Frankel. 34:121-40

LUXEMBURGJews of Luxemburg — Census of

1927; A Supplement. 33:323-24

MAIMONIDES, MOSESEssay. SolomonZeitlin. 37:61-97

MALTER, HENRYObituary. Alexander Marx. 28:



MANN, JACOBObituary. V. E. Reichert. 43:


MARGOLIS, MAX L.Obituary. Cyrus Adler. 35:139-

44Marshall, Louis. Statement on The

Dearborn Independent and TheInternational Jew. 29:384-85;Letter to Henry Ford on TheDearborn Independent and TheInternational Jew. 29:388-89

MARSHALL, LOUISObituary. Cyrus Adler. 32:21-55Portrait. 31 frontispiece; 32:fron-

tispiece; facing pp. 25, 45, 53Marshall, Louis and Solis-Cohen,

Solomon. Mayer Sulzberger. 26:373-403

Marx, Alexander, Henry Maker.28:261-72; George AlexanderKohut. 36:55-64

Marx, David. Harold Hirsch. 42:165-72

MARYLANDJewish Population of Maryland.

G. E. Barnett. [4]:46-62Medalie, George Z. New York

Federation — After Twenty-FiveYears. 45:117-34

MENDES, HENRY PEREIRAObituary. D. de Sola Pool. 40:


MEYER, MARTIN A.Obituary. L. I. Newman. 27:


MIGRATIONMigrationof Jewsin Recent Years.

J. L. Bernstein. 38:116-34MILITARY SERVICE, see SPANISH-

AMERICAN WAR; WORLD WARMiller, Simon. Edwin Wolf. 37:55-

60; Cyrus Adler and the HebrewPress. 42:700-1

MINORITIESJewish Rights at International

Congresses. M. J. Kohler.[19]:106-60



Petition to the League of Nations.Franz Bernheim. 35:74-101

Minority and Refugee Questionsbefore the League of Nations.36:89-119

MOISE, PENINAEssay. L. C. Harby. [7J-.17-31

MOSES MAIMONIDES, see MAIMON-IDES, MOSES

MOSES, MRS. SOLOMONPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

Moskowitz, Moses. Distribution ofthe Jewish Population on theEuropean Continent. 43:662-66

MYERS, SAMUELPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

Nathan, Edgar J. Benjamin NathanCardozo. 41:25-34

NATIONAL JEWISH WELFARE BOARD,see JEWISH WELFARE BOARD

Neuman, Abraham A. Cyrus Adler.42:23-144

Neumann, Joshua H. The JewishBattalions and the Palestine Cam-paign. 21:120-40

NEW YORK CITYJewish Community of New York

City. [ll]:44-54Federation for the Support of

Jewish Philanthropic Societiesof New York City. I. E. Gold-wasser. [201:113-46

NEW ZEALANDJews of New Zealand — Census

of 1926; A Supplement. 33:325-28

Newman, Louis I. Martin Abra-ham Meyer. 27:246-59; RichardJ. H. Gottheil. 39:29-46

NOAH, MORDECAI MANUELPortrait. 25:facing p. 162

NOBEL PRIZEJews Who Have Received the

Nobel Prize. Benjamin Har-row. 25:195-203

Jews Who Have Won the NobelPrize. 33:268-69; 34:239-40


Nussbaum, Max. Nachman Kroch-mal: The Philosopher of Israel'sEternity. 44:81-92

OCHS, ADOLPH S.Obituary. Louis Rich. 37:27-53Portrait. 37:facing p. 27

Oko, Adolph S. Jewish Book Col-lections in the United States.In Commemoration of the Cen-tenary of Mayer Sulzberger.45:67-96

Oppenheim, Samson D. MosesJacob Ezekiel. [19]:227-32; TheJewish Population of the UnitedStates. [20]-.31-74

ORGANIZATIONS, see COMMUNAL OR-GANIZATIONS

PALESTINEOne Hundred Available Books in

English on Palestine. WilliamPopper. [7]:153-62

Recent Jewish Progress in Pales-tine. Henrietta Szold. [17]:25-158

Jewish Battalions and the Pales-tine Campaign. J. H. Neumann.21:120-40

Jewish Population of Palestine —Census of 1931; A Supplement.35:272-78

Hebrew University in Jerusalem.Joseph Klausner. 39:179-92

American Jews and the HebrewUniversity. S. B. Finkel. 39:193-201

Palestine Royal Commission Re-port. 39:503-56

See also ZIONISMPASSPORT QUESTION

American Passport in Russia. [6]:283-305

Passport Question in Congress.[ l l ]2143[]

Passport Question. [13]:19-128;[141:196-210

PEACE CONFERENCE, PARIS, 1919Peace Conference and Rights of

Minorities. 21:156-68; 22:101-30

PHILANTHROPYFederation Movement in Amer-

ican Jewish Philanthropy.Joseph Jacobs. [17]:159-98

Jewish War Relief Work. [HarrySchneiderman]. [19]:194-226

Federation for the Support ofJewish Philanthropic Societiesof New York City. I. E. Gold-wasser. [20]:l 13-46

Federation in the Changing Amer-ican Scene. B. M. Selekman.36:65-87

Twenty-Five Years of AmericanAid to Jews Overseas: ARecord of the Joint Distribu-tion Committee. J. C. Hyman.41:141-79

New York Federation — AfterTwenty-Five Years. George Z.Medalie. 45:117-134

Philipson, David. Hyman GersonEnelow. 36:23-53; The CentralConference of American Rabbis:1889-1939; 42:179-214; CyrusAdler and the Bible Translation.42:693-97

Phillips, N. Taylor. Gershom Men-dezSeixas. [6]-.40-51

POGROMSVoice of America on Kishineff;

Additions and Corrections.Cyrus Adler. [6]-.378-80

From Kishineff to Bialystok; ATable of Pogroms from 1903-1906. [8]:34-89

Pool, David de Sola. The LevantineJews in the United States. [15]:207-20; Nathan Straus. 33:135-54; Henry Pereira Mendes. 40:41-60.

Popper, William. One HundredAvailable Books in English onPalestine. [7]: 153-62

POPULATION, see STATISTICSPORTRAITS

Portraits of Early American Jews.Hannah R. London. 25:147-62

See also under names of individualsPostal, Bernard. B'nai B'rith: A

Century of Service. 45:97-116


PRESS, YIDDISH, see YIDDISH PRESSPRINTING, see HEBREW PRINTINGPRISONS

Jewish Inmates of the StatePrisons of the United States1920-1929. H. S. Linfield. 33:203-11 '

PROFESSIONSProfessional Tendencies among

Jewish Students in Colleges,Universities, and ProfessionalSchools. Bureau of JewishSocial Research. 22:383-86

PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OFZION"Protocols," Bolshevism, and the

Jews; An Address to theirFellow-Citizens by AmericanJewish Organizations, Pub-lished December 1, 1920. 23:367-77

RASHI [RABBI SOLOMON BEN ISAAC]Rashi. Solomon Zeitlin. 41:111-40

REFUGEESMinority and Refugee Question

before the League of Nations.36:89-119

Migration of Jews in RecentYears. J. L. Bernstein. 38:116-34

Reichert, Victor E. Jacob Mann.43:407-14

RELIEF, see PHILANTHROPYREVEL, BERNARD

Obituary. Leo Jung. 43:415-24Portrait. 43:facing p. 415

Rich, Louis. Adolph S. Ochs.37:27-53

Richards, Bernard G. AlexanderHarkavy. 42:153-64

RITUAL MURDERBeilis Affair. [16]:19-89

RITUAL SLAUGHTER, see SHEHITAHRobinson, Leonard G. Agricultural

Activities of the Jews in America.[14]:21-115

ROSEN, THEODOREObituary. D. J. Gaiter. 43:425-


Rosenau, William. Henry Berko-witz. 26:448-58; Siegmund Bach-arach Sonneborn. 43:437-40

Rosenberg, James N. Sol M.Stroock. 44:53-60

ROSENDALE, SlMON WoLFEObituary. G. H. Cone. 39:25-28Portrait. 39:facing p. 25

ROSENWALD, JULIUSObituary. Pauline K. Angell.

34:141-76Portrait. 34:frontispiece

RUMANIAJews of Roumania from the

Earliest Times to the PresentDay. E. Schwarzfeld. [3J-.25-62

Situation of the Jews in Roumaniasince the Treaty of Berlin(1878). E. Schwarzfeld. [3J:63-87

RUMANIAN JEWS IN THE UNITEDSTATESRoumanian Jews in America.

D. M. Hermalin. [3]-.88-103RUSSIA

American Passport in Russia.[6]-.283-305

Voice of America on Kishineff;Additions and Corrections.Cyrus Adler. [6]:378-80

From Kishineff to Bialystok;A Table of Pogroms from 1903-1906. [8]:34-89

Passport Question in Congress.[ l l ]2143Passport Question. [13]:19-128;[14J-.196-210

Beilis Affair. [16]:19-89Jews of Russia — Census of 1926;

A Supplement. 33:305-22

SAADIA BEN JOSEPH, GAONEssay. Robert Gordis. 44:61-72

SACRAMENTAL WINE, see WINE,SACRAMENTAL

Sandberg, Harry O. The Jews ofLatin America. [191:35-105

Schanfarber, Tobias. Joseph Stolz.43:441-44


SCHECHTER, SOLOMONObituary. Cyrus Adler. [18]:25-

67Portrait. [18]:facing p. 25

SCHIFF, JACOB H.

Obituary. Cyrus Adler. 23:21-64Schneiderman, Harry. Jewish War

Relief Work. [19]:194-226; JuliusKahn. 27-.23S-AS; Israel Zang-will. 29:121-43; Cyrus Adler andthe American Jewish Year Book.42:702-6.

SCHOLARSHIPAmerican Jewish Scholarship: A

Survey. Ismar Elbogen. 45:47-65

Schwartz, S. D. Emil GustaveHirsch. 27:230-37

Schwarzfeld, E. The Jews of Rou-mania from the Earliest Times tothe Present Day. [3]:25-62; TheSituation of the Jews in Roumaniasince the Treaty of Berlin (1878).[3]-.63-87

SEIXAS, GF.RSHOM MENDEZ

Essay. N. T. Phillips. [6]:40-51Portrait. [6]:facing p. 42

Selekman, Ben M. The Federationin the Changing American Scene.36:65-87; Louis E. Kirstein. 45:35-46

SELIGSBERG, ALICE L.Obituary. Rose G. Jacobs. 43:


SELLING, BEN

Obituary. H. J. Berkowitz. 33:155-63

SERBIAJews of Serbia. I. Alcalay. [20]:

75-87SHEHITAH

Jewish Method of Slaying Ani-mals, from the Point of Viewof Humanity. Moses Hyamson.25:163-79

SILESIA, see UPPER SILESIASimon, Leon. AhadHa-Am. 30:87-

99

SOBEL, IsADORObituary. M. C. Currick. 42:


SOCIAL SERVICEJewish Social Research in the

United States. Hyman Kaplan.22:31-52

See also PHILANTHROPYSolis-Cohen, Solomon. Cyrus Adler

and the Publication Committee.42:698-99

Solis-Cohen, Solomon and Marshall,Louis. Mayer Sulzberger. 26:373-103

SOLOMON BEN ISAAC, see RASHISoltes, Mordecai. The Yiddish

Press—An Americanizing Agency.26:165-372

SONNEBORN, SlEGMUND B .Obituary. William Rosenau.


SOUTH AFRICA, see UNION orSOUTH AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA, see LATIN AMERICASPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

Preliminary List of Jewish Sol-diers and Sailors Who Servedin the Spanish-American War.Cyrus Adler. [2]:525-622

STATISTICSJewish Population of Maryland.

G. E. Barnett. [4]:46-62Jewish Population of the United

States; Memoir of the Bureauof Jewish Statistics of theAmerican Jewish Committee.Joseph Jacobs. [16]:339-78

Jewish Population of the UnitedStates. S. D. Oppenheim.[20]:31-74

Jewish Population in the Unionof South Africa, Census of1921; Appendix. 27:390-96

Jewish Population in the UnitedStates, 1927. H. S. Linfield.30:101-98

Jewish Congregations in theUnited States. H. S. Linfield.30:199-201


Jews of the Free City of Danzig —Census of 1923 and 1924; ASupplement. 32:249-51

Jews of Germany — Census of1925; A Supplement. 32:252-57

Jews of the Irish Free State —Census of 1926; A Supplement.32:263-64

Note on the Jews of NorthernIreland — Censu3 of 1926; ASupplement. 32:265

Jews of Latvia — Census of 1925;A Supplement. 32:266-75

Jews of Lithuania—Census of1923; A Supplement. 32:276-81

Jews of Russia — Census of 1926;A Supplement. 33:305-22

Jews of Luxemburg — Census of1927; A Supplement. 33:323-24

Jews of New Zealand — Census of1926; A Supplement. 33:325-28

Jews of Turkey — Census of 1927;A Supplement. 33:329-32

Jews of the Union of SouthAfrica — Census of 1926; ASupplement. 33:333-37

Jewish Population of Palestine —Census of 1931; A Supplement.35:272-78

Statistics of Jews and JewishOrganizations in the UnitedStates; An Historic Review ofTen Censuses, 1850-1937. H.S. Linfield. 40:61-84

Jews of the United States;Number and Distribution; Pre-liminary Figures for 1937. H.S. Linfield. 41:181-86

Jewish Communities of the UnitedStates; Number and Distribu-tion of Jews of the UnitedStates in Urban Places and inRural Territory. H. S. Lin-field. 42:215-66

Jewish Population of the UnitedStates. H. S. Linfield. 43:654-61

Distribution of the Jewish Popu-lation on the European Con-tinent. Moses Moskowitz. 43:662-66

. See also SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR;WORLD WAR

Stern, Horace. The Synagogue andJewish Communal Activities.35:157-70

STERN, SIMON A.Obituary. [6]:4O9-18Portrait. [15]:facing p. 154

STOLZ, JOSEPHObituary. Tobias Schanfarber.


STRAUS, NATHANObituary. D. de Sola PooL

33:135-54STRAUS, OSCAR S.

Obituary. Cyrus Adler. 29:145-55Portrait. 29:facing p. 145

STROOCK, SOL M.Obituary. J. N. Rosenberg. 44:


STUDENTS, see COLLEGES AND UNI-VERSITIES

SULZBERGER, CYRUS L.Obituary. M. D. Waldman.


Sulzberger, Mayer. Joseph Jacobs.[18]:68:75

SULZBERGER, MAYERObituary. Louis Marshall and

Solomon Solis-Cohen. 26:373-403

Jewish Book Collections in theUnited States. In Commemora-tion of the Centenary of M.Sulzberger. Adolph S. Oko.45-.67-96

Portrait. 25:frontispiece; 45'.fac-ing p. 67

SUNDAY LAWSSunday Laws of the United

States and Leading JudicialDecisions Having Special Refer-ence to the Jews. A. M. Fried-enberg. [10]:152-89

SYNAGOGUE, THEArchitecture of the Synagogue,

W. G. Tachau. 28:155-92 [16]plates


Synagogue and Jewish CommunalActivities. Horace Stern.35:157-70

Szold, Henrietta. Recent JewishProgress in Palestine. [17]:25-158

Tachau, William G. The Architec-ture of the Synagogue. 28:155-92[16 plates)

Teller, Chester J. The JewishWelfare Board. [20]:88-102

TURKEYJews of Turkey — Census of

1927; A Supplement. 33:329-32

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICAJewish Population in the Union

of South Africa, Census of 1921;Appendix. 27:390-96

Jews of the Union of SouthAfrica— Census of 1926; ASupplement. 33:333-37

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUB-LICS, see RUSSIA

UNITED STATESJews of the United States. A. S.

Isaacs. [1]:14-17Preliminary List of Jewish Sol-

diers and Sailors Who Servedin the Spanish-American War.Cyrus Adler. [2]:525-622

Roumanian Jews in America.D. M. Hermalin. [3]:88-103

Proposed American Jewish His-torical Exhibition. [31:104-8

Jewish Population of Maryland.G. E. Barnett. [4]-.46-62

Sketch of the History of the Jewsin the United States. [4]:63-77

American Passport in Russia.[6]:283-305

Voice of America on Kishineff;Additions and Corrections.Cyrus Adler. [6]:378-8O

Sunday Laws of the United Statesand Leading Judicial DecisionsHaving Special Reference to theJews. A. M. Friedenberg.[10]:152-89

Passport Questions in Congress.[11J-.21-43

Jewish Community of New YorkCity. [ll]:44-54

Passport Question. [13]:19-128;[14]:196-210

Agricultural Activities of theJews in America. L. G. Robin-son. [14]:21-115

Levantine Jews in the UnitedStates. D. de Sola Pool.[15]:207-20

Jewish Population of the UnitedStates; Memoir of the Bureauof Jewish Statistics of theAmerican Jewish Committee.Joseph Jacobs. [16]:339-78

Jews in the United States Armyand Navy. Lewis Landes.[18]:76-79

Jewish Population of the UnitedStates. S. D. Oppenheim.[20]:31-74


American Jews in the World War.Julian Leavitt.'21:141-55

Jewish Social Research in theUnited States. Hyman Kaplan.22:31-52

Second Report of the Office oJewish War Records. JulianLeavitt. 22:433-47

Jews of Prominence in the UnitedStates. I. G. Dobsevage.24:109-218

Jews of America 1654-1787.A. M. Friedenberg. 28:193-218

Portraits of Early American Jews.Hannah R. London. 25:147-62

Jewish Population in the UnitedStates, 1927. H. S. Linfield.30:101-98

Jewish Congregations in theUnited States. H. S. Linfield.30:199-201

Communal Organization of theJews in the United States, 1927.H. S. Linfield. 31:99-254

Jewish Women's Organizations inthe United States. RebekahKohut. 33:165-201


Jewish Inmates of the StatePrisons of the United States1920-1929. H. S. Linfield.33:203-11

Jewish Community Organizationin the United States. M. J.Karpf. 39:47-148

Statistics of Jews and JewishOrganizations in the UnitedStates; An Historic Review ofTen Censuses, 1850-1937. H. S.Linfield. 40:61-84

Jews of the United States; Num-ber and Distribution; Prelimi-nary Figures for 1937. H. S.Linfield. 41:181-86

Jewish Communities of the UnitedStates; Number and Distribu-tion of the Jews of the UnitedStates in Urban Places and inRural Territory. H. S. Linfield.42:215-66

Jewish Population of the UnitedStates. H. S. Linfield. 43:654-61

See also AMERICANIZATION, EDU-CATION, FEDERATIONS, IMMI-GRATION

UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES, seeCOLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

UPPER SILESIAPetition to the League of Nations.

Franz Bernheim. 35:74-101

VENEZUELAJews of Venezuela — Census of

1926; A Supplement. 33:338VLADECK, B. CHARNEY

Obituary. John Herling. 41:79-93Portrait. 41: facing p. 79

Waldman, Morris D. Cyrus L.Sulzberger. 35:145-56: MemorialAddress on Cyrus Adler. 43:728-35

WAR SERVICE, see SPANISH-AMER-ICAN WAR; WORLD WAR

WARBURG, FELIX M.Obituary. Cyrus Adler. 40:23-40Portrait. 40:facing p. 23

WEIL, A. LEOObituary. S. H. Goldenson


WEYLJULIUS S.Obituary. D. J. Gaiter. 38:21-26Obituary. B. L. Frankel. 38:666-

68Portrait. 38:frontispiece

WINE, SACRAMENTALResponse to the Question Whether

Unfermented Wine May BeUsed in Jewish Ceremonies.Louis Ginzberg. 25:401-25

Wise, Stephen S. Charles E. Bloch.43:381-84

WOLF, EDWINObituary. Simon Miller. 37:55-


Wolf, Simon. Uriah P. Levy [4]:42-45

WOLF, SIMONObituary. M. J. Kohler. 26:404-


WOLFENSTEIN, MARTHAPortrait. [15]:facing p. 174

Wolff, Martin. The Jews of Canada.27:154-229

WOMENJewish Women's Organizations

in the United States. RebekahKohut. 33:165-201

WORLD WAR, 1914-1918Jews in the United States Army

and Navy. Lewis Landes.[18]:76-79

Jewish War Relief Work. [HarrySchneiderman]. [19]:194-226


Participation of the Jews ofFrance in the Great War.Sylvain Halff. 21:31-97

Story of British Jewry in the War.Michael Adler. 21:98-119

Jewish Battalions and the Pales-tine Campaign. J. H. Neu-mann. 21:120-40


American Jews in the World War.Julian Leavitt. 21:141-55

Second Report of the Office ofJewish War Records. JulianLeavitt. 22:433-47

YIDDISH PRESSYiddish Press — An Americaniz-

ing Agency. Mordecai Soltes.26:165-372

ZANGWILL, ISRAELObituary. Harry Schneiderman.

29:121-13Portrait. 29:facingp. 121

Zeitlin, Solomon. Maimonides. 37:61-97; Rashi. 41:111-10

ZIONISMFifth International Congress of

Zionists. [4]:78-86See also PALESTINE

CALENDARS

CALENDARS

By JULIUS H. GREENSTONE

The Jewish year consists of 12 months, each month having29 or 30 days. An intercalated year has 13 months, an addi-tional month, called Adar Sheni (second Adar), being addedbetween Adar and Nisan. Nisan, Sivan, Ab, Tishri, Shebat,and the first Adar (in the intercalated year) always have 30days; Iyar, Tammuz, Elul, Tebet, Adar (in a simple year, orAdar Sheni in an intercalated year) always have 29 days each.Heshvan and Kislev sometimes both have 30 days, when theyear is called "perfect" (Shelemah, indicated by letter B>),sometimes both have 29 days each, when the year is called"defective" (Haserah, indicated by letter n), and sometimesHeshvan has 29 days and Kislev 30 days, when the year iscalled "regular" (ke-Sidrah, indicated by the letter a).Whenever the month has 30 days, the 30th day of the monthis the first New Moon day of the following month, which hastwo New Moon days. When the month has only 29 days, thefollowing month has only one New Moon day. In order tosimplify the tables of the Calendar for Fifty Years, only oneNew Moon day is indicated, the one which is the first of themonth. Thus when there are two New Moon days, the secondalone is given.

5705

is called 705 (n'BTl) according to the short system (p'sb). It is aperfect Common Year of 12 months, 50 Sabbaths, 355 days, begin-ning on Monday, the second day of the week, and having the firstday of Passover on Thursday, the fifth day of the week; thereforeits sign is (ntta), i. e. 3 for second, V for perfect (na^P) and n forfifth. It is the fifth year of the 301st lunar cycle of 19 years, andthe twenty-third year of the 204th cycle of 28 years, since Creation,according to the traditional, Jewish reckoning.

3

1944, Sept. 18—Oct. 17] TISHRI 30 DAYS V>1Vr\ 5705

C MMonth

Sept.

18192021222324252627282930Oct.

123456789

1011121314151617

Davof theWeek

MTWThFS

sMTWThFSsMTWThFS

sMTWThFSS

MT

JewiflMonth

TUbn

123456789

10111213

1415161718192021222324252627282930

SABBATHS, FESTI-VALS, FASTS

New Year 7I1V7I B>N"n '«

New Year n:»H W I T '3

Fast of Gedaliah

mi» r\sv ,-|V'i

TIBS DVDay of Atonement

u*ron

Tabernacles ni3DT 'K

Tabernaclei niSDI '3

*

Eighth Day of Feastmin nnot>

Rejoicing of the Law

an nox

['nn 'aoi ,n'B»n-i3New Moon BTin PKTI 'N

PENTATEUCHALPORTIONS

nvens/Gen. 21INum. 29: 1-6/Gen. 22(Num. 29: 1-6Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-1

Deut.31

(Lev. 16|Num. 29: 7-11[Afternoon: Lev. 18

Deut. 32

Lev. 22: 26-23: 44Num. 29: 12-16Lev. 22: 26-23: 44Num. 29: 12-16Num. 29: 17-25Seph. 29: 17-22Num. 29: 20-28Seph. 29: 20-25Num. 29: 23-31

. Seph. 29: 23-28Ex. 33: 12-34:26Num. 29: 26-31

Num. 29: 26-34Seph. 29: 29-34Deut. 14: 22-16: 17Num. 29: 35-30: 1Deut. 33: 1-34: 12Gen. 1: 1-2: 3Num. 29: 35-30: 1

Gen. 1: 1-6: 8

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnasnI Sam. 1: 1-2: 10Jer. 31:2-20/Is. 55:6-56:8\Seph. none

/Hos. 14: 2-10;\ Joel 2: 15-27ISeph. Hos. 14: 2-10;\ Micah 7: 18-20

fls. 57: 14-58: 14[Afternoon: JonahISeph. add: Micah 7:1 18-20

(Joel 2: 15-27{Seph. II Sam. 22:1 1-51

Zech. 14

I Kings 8: 2-21

Eiek. 38: 18-39: 16

I Kings 8: 54-66or 9: 1

/Josh. 1[Seph. 1: 1-9

(Is. 42: 5-43: 10{Seph. 42: 5-21; 61:110; 62:5

•The Book of Ecclesiastes is read.

1944

CivilMonth

Oct.

1819202122232425262728293031Nov

123456789

10111213141516

, Oct

Dayof theWeek

wThFS

sMTWThFS

sMT

WThFS

MTWThFSsMTWTh

18—Nov. 16] HESHVAN 30 DAYS l]Wn 5705

JewishMonth

Heshv.

123456789

1011121314

15161718192021222324252627282930

SABBATHS, FESTI- IVALS, FASTS

New Moon BHn B>N"n '3

m

i'nn 'am mv "n

]Op "I1B3 DVNew Moon BHPI »K"n '«


nvens

Num. 28: 1-15

Gen. 6: o-ii: 32

Gen. 12: 1-17: 27

Gen. 18: 1-22: 24

Gen. 23: 1-25: 18

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

moan

/Is. 54: 1-55: 5\Sefh. 54: 1-10

Is. 40: 27-41: 16

/II Kings 4: 1-37\Seph. 4: 1-23

I Kings 1-31

1944, Nov. 17—Dec. 16] KISLEV 30 DAYS [IVDD 5705

: CivilMonth

I Nor.

1718192021222324252627282930Dec.

123456789

10111213141516

Dayof theWeek

FS

sMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTWThFS

JewishMonth

Kialev

123456789

1011121314

15161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon Vm VH11 'a

i'nn 'as] 3E>*I

/Hanukkah, H33nI Feast of Dedication

New Moon ' v


rWVTB

Num. 28: 1-15

Gen. 25: 19-28: 9

Gen. 28: 10-32: 3

Gen. 32: 4-36: 43

Gen. 37: 1-40: 23

Num. 7: 1-17Seph. 6: 22-7: 17Num. 7: 18-29Seph. 7: 18-23Num. 7: 24-35Seph. 7: 24-29Num. 7: 30-41Seph. 7: 30-35Num. 7: 36-47Seph. 7: 36-41

fGen. 41: 1-44: 17mum. 28: 9-15, 7:

24-47

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnusn "'

Mai. 1: 1-2:: 7

(Hos. 12: 13-14: 10I or 11: 7-12: 12 or) 11: 7-14:10[Seph. 11: 7-12: 12

(Hos 12: 13-14: 10 or11: 7-12: 12 orObad. 1: 1-21

[Seph. Obad. 1: 1-21

Amos 2: 6-3: 8

(Zech. 2: 14-4: 7< Seph. add la. 66:1,23(I Sam. 20: 18, 42

1944, Dec, 17—1945, Jan. 14] TEBET 29 DAYS [mt3 5705

CivilMonth

Dec.

171819202122232425262728293031Jan.1945

123456789

1011121314

Dayof eheWeek

sMTWThFS

sMTWThFSS

MTWThFSISMTWThFS

s

JewiaMont

Tebe

12345

, 6789

101112131415

1617181920212223242526272829


New Moon BHn 0 * m '3Eighth Day ofHanukkah

»J'l

nai33 m»y mxFast of Tebet

rnn '3ai ,N-I«I

1BO 1133 01'


firms

Num. 28:1-15; 7:48-53

Num. 7: 54-8: 4

Gen. 44: 18-47: 27

Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10

Gen. 47: 28-50: 26

Ex. 1: 1-6: 1

Ex. 6: 2-9: 35

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

Ezek. 37: 15-28

/Is. 55: 6-56: 8\Seph. none

I Kings 2: 1-12

[Is. 27: 6-28: 13; 29:\ 22, 23[Seph. Jer. 1: 1-2:3

Ezek. 28: 25-29: 21 '

194:

CivilMonth

Jan.

1516171819202122232425262728293031Feb.

123456789

10111213

i, Jan. 15—Feb. 13] SHEBAT 30 DAYS [C33B> 5705

of theWeek

MTWThFS

sMTWThFSSMTW

ThFS

sMTWThT71FSsMT

JewishMonth

Sheba

123456789

1011121314151617

18192021222324252627282930


New Moon BHn WH~\

m'» na» .n'jpa

/ nu '̂K1? n'T\Now Year for Treea

Tin '

/ ,i 'nn'ani ,D>BBPD

lap lisa or

New Moon Bin »N"H '«


mntna

Num. 28:1-15

Ex. 10: 1-13: 16

Ex. 13: 17-17: 16

Ex. 18: 1-20: 26

/Ex. 21: 1-24: 18; 30:\ 11-16

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nntssn

Jer. 46: 13-28

/Judges 4: 4-5: 31\Seph. 5: 1-31

/Is. 6: 1-7: 6; 9: 5, 6\Stph. 6: 1-13

/II Kincs 12: 1-17\Scph. 11: 17-12: 17

19*45, Feb

CivilMonth

Feb.

141516171819202122232425262728Mar.

123456789

1011121314

Dayof theWeek

wThFS

sMTWThFS

sMTWThFS

sMTWThTH

FSsMT

W

14—Mar. 14] ADAR 29 DAYS

JewishMonth

Adar

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223O A242526272829


New Moon B>"iniPNTV3

nonn

Tor's ,msn

-men rvaynFast of Esther O'TIBPurlm, Feast of Esther*

O'TIB 1»1»Shushan Purim

m s 'B ,KB»n 'a

tnnn 'B

]Bp T1B3 DV


Num. 28: 1-15

Ex. 25: 1-27: 19

/Ex. 27: 20-30: 10\Deut. 25: 17-19

Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10

Ex. 17: 8-16

Ex. 30: 11-34: 35Num. 19

Ex. 35: 1-40: 38; 12:1-20

m R 5705PROPHETICAL

PORTIONSnriBsn

I Kings 5: 26-6: 13

/I Sam. 15: 2-34\Seph. 15: 1-34

/Is. 55: 6-56: 8\Seph. none

/Ezek. 36: 16-38\Seph. 36: 16-36

/Ezek. 45: 16-46: 18\Scph. 45: 18-46: 15

•The!

1945, Mar. 15—Apr. 13] NISAN 30 DAYS []D'J 5705

CiviMonth

Mar.

1516171819202122232425262728293031April

23456789

10111213

Dayof theWeek

ThFSSMTWThFS

sMTWThFSSMTWThFS

sMTWThF

JewieMonth

Niaan

123456789

1011121314151617

18192021222324252627282930


New Moon EHn Wl

Fast of First-Born

Passover nDBT '«

Passover PIDBT '3

*

Passover PIDST '?

Passover I1D9T 'n

I'nn '301 ,'3'DB

New Moon BHnB>K"n'N


nVEHS

Num. 28: 1-15

Lev. 1: 1-5:26

Lev. 6: 1-8: 36

Ex. 12: 21-51Num. 28: 16-25Lev. 22: 26-23: 44Num. 28: 16-25Ex. 33: 12-34: 26Num. 28: 19-25

Ex. 13: 1-16Num. 28: 19-25Ex. 22: 24-23: 19Num. 28: 19-25Num. 9: 1-14Num. 28: 19-25Ex. 13: 17-15: 26Num. 28: 19-25Deut. 15: 19-16: 17Num. 28: 19-25

Lev. 9: 1-11: 47

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

Is. 43: 21-44: 23

(Mai. 3: 4-24 or Jer.I 7: 21-8: 3; 9: 22,

23\Seth. Mai. 3:4-24

(Josh. 3: 5-7; 5: 2-6:1.27

\Seph. 5: 2-6: 1, 27II Kings 23: 1 (or 4)-

9, 21-25/Ezek. 36: 37-37: 14\Seph. 37: 1-14

II Sam. 22

Is. 10: 32-12: 6

/II Sam. 6: 1-7: 17\Seph. 6: 1-19

*Tbe Song of Songs is read.10

1945, April 14—May 12] IYAR 29 DAYS H"N 5705

CivilMonth

AprU

1415161718192021222324252627282930Ml234567

, 89

101112

Dayof theWeek

ssMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFS

sMTWThFS

JewishMonth

Iyar

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829


,jnxo .y-imNew Moon BHn B>NVI '3

o'Bnp.niD'-iriN

'jw nDsION

33d Day "lays ini?of 'Oraer

Tipm.im

lonpioj )Bp TIBD nv

['nn 'am ,na-ioa


firms

/Lev. 12: 1-15: 33\Num. 28: 9-15

Lev. 16: 1-20: 27

Lev. 21: 1-24: 23

Lev. 25: 1-27: 34

Num. 1: 1-4: 20

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnBsn

Is. 66

/Amos 9:7-15; or Ezek.1 22: 1-19 {or 16)jSefk. E2ek. 20: 2 (or\ D-20

Ezek. 44: 15-31

Jer. 16: 19-17: 14

I Sam. 20: 18-42

1945, May 13—June 11] SIVAN 30 DAYS []VD 5705

CivilMonth

141516171819202122232425262728293031June

123456789

1011

Dayof theWeek

sMTWThFS

sMTWThFSsMTWThFS

sMTWThFSSM

JewishMonth

Sivan

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon ttnn 0N1

mysan 'NFeast of Weeks

myaun 'aFeast of Weeks*

an nDN

['nn 'aoi ,ifr nhv]Op "I1D3 DV

New Moon


nVEHS

Num. 28: 1-15

/Ex. 19: 1-20: 26\Num. 28: 16-31/Deut. 14: 22-16: 17INum. 28: 26-31

Num. 4: 21-7: 89

Num. 8: 1-12: 16

Num. 13: 1-15: 41

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

Ezek. 1: 1-28; 3: 12/Hab. 3 : 1-19\Seph. 1: 20-3: 19

Judges 13: 2-25

Zech. 2: 14-4: 7

\

Josh. 2

•The Book of Ruth is read.12

1945, June 12—July 10] TAMMUZ 29 DAYS [TlDn 5705

C MMonth

12131415161718192021222324252627282930July

23456789

10

Dayof theWeek

TWThFSsMTWThFS

sMTWThFS

sMTWThFSsMT

JewiaMont

Tam.

123456789

10111213141516171819

20212223242526272829


New Moon V1T] VHTI '3

mp

p?z ,npn

Fast of Tammuz

i['nn'3oi,'yDD,niE>a

]Dp TIB3 Dl1


nvttns

Num. 28: 1-15

Num. 16: 1-18: 32

Num. 19: 1-25: 9

Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10

Num. 25: 10-30: 1

Num. 30: 2-36: 13

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nneen

I Sam. 11: 14-12: 22

MicahS: 6-6:8

/Is. 55: 6-56: 8[Seph. none

Jer. 1:1-2:3

/Jer. 2: 4-28; 3: 4\Sefih. 2: 4-2Z; 4 : 1 , 2

13

1945, July 11—Aug. 9] AB 30 DAYS [3N 5705

CivilMonth

July

111213141516171819202122232425262728293031123456789

Dayof theWeek

wThFS

sMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTWThFSSMTWTh

JewishMonth

Ab

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon BHn VtKt

3N3 ny»n DIXFast of Ab*

• mm na» ,]jnn«i

spy

rnn 'am ,nNT

\up nisa ort»-rn »«-n '«

New Moon


nrmsNum. 28: 1-15

Deut. 1: 1-3: 22

(Deut. 4: 25-40\Afiernoon:1 Ex. 32: 11-14; 34:1 1-10

Deut. 3: 23-7: 11

Deut. 7: 12-11: 25

Deut. 11: 26-16: 17

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nncasn

Is. 1: 1-21

[Morning:Jer. 8: 13-9: 23

{Afternoon:Is. 55: 6-56: 8

[Seph. none

Is. 40: 1-26

Is. 49: 14-51: 3

Is. 54: 11-55:5

*The Book of Lamentations is read, both in the evening and in the morning,although in some communities it is read only in the evening.

14

194!

CMMonth

Aug.

10I|L1213141516171819202122?2324252627.28:2930';31QDT\+oept.

234567;

, Aug. 10—Sept. 7] ELUL 29 DAYS [^l^N 5705

of theWeek

FS

sMTWThFSSMTWThFSS

• M

TWThFS

sMTWThF

JewishMonth

Elul

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324.

-•25';26272829


Bnn w i n 'aNew Moon*

ji

i

:-tx

- ; NSn'3

•

«i3.n '3

• '• • 1 ^ 1 ,D'3!Cl'

,Sellhot*

PENTATEUCHAL1 PORTIONS

Num. 28: 1-15

Deut. 16: 18-21:9

i ••

Deut. 21: 10-25: 19

«[ T ' : -

- , ..:., ' . ..

Deut. 26: 1-29: 8

Deut. 29:9-31:30 •

• ; i

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

niiiasn

Is. 51: 12-52: 12

Is. 54: 1-10,.•.

Is. 60

l •

Is. 61:10r63: 9

*The Sephardim say Selihot during the whole month of Elul.15

TIME

Day of

Month

Jan. 11020

Feb. 11020

Mch. 11020

Apl. 11020

May 11020

June 11020

July 1~ 10

20Aug. 1

1020

Sept. 11020

Oct. 11020

Nov. 11020

Dec. 11020

OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN

(ForLat. 44° NorthMaine. Nova Scotia.

Northern New York, Michi-gan, Wisconsin. Minnesota.NorthMont

and South Dakota,ana. Washineton.

Northern Oregon, NorthernIdaho)

Daw

nB

egin

s

5.525.516.475.395.296.155.014.434.264.003.413.192.522.362.161.551.471.441.552.122.272.463.063.233.403.554.074.224.354.455.005.105.205.325.395.45

Portland, Me.

!

7.377.367.307.197.076.526.376.2f6.035.405.245.074.494.374.264.174.144.144.184.244.324.464.575.075.225.335.455.686.076.226.386.517.047.177.277.34

4.314.404.535.095.225.365.486.006.126.276.396.517.057.157.267.387.447.497.497.467.397.267.146.586.376.206.015.416.255.074.494.384.284.214.204.23

Tw

iligh

tE

nds

6.166.256.356.497.017.127.247.377.498.078.218.399.016.149.37

10.0010.1210.1810.109.589.449.259.038.418.207.597.397.166.696.436.286.186.126.076.086.09

(For

Six NORTHERN LATITUDES*

Lat. 42° NorthMassachusetts. New

Hampshire, Vermont, Cen-tral New York, SouthernMichigan, Wisconsin,Northern Iowa, Wyoming,Southern Idaho, SouthernOregonl

Daw

nB

egin

s

5.485.485.485.385.295.175.024.484.304.083.493.293.072.532.352.172.112.082.122.232.372.553.123.273.443.554.074.234.334.444.585.075.185.295.375.43

Boston, Mass.

I

7.307.297.247.147.046.506.356.216.035.435.275.114.544.444.364.264.224.234.264.324.404.525.015.115.245.345.445.566.066.186.336.446.577.107.197.26

Suns

et

4.384.464.585.145.265.385.506.016.126.266.356.456.597.087.187.297.357.397.407.387.327.207.096.566.366.216.045.435.295.134.654.444.354.294.284.30

Tw

iligh

tE

nds

6.206.286.366.606.597.127.237.347.468.018.138.288.479.029.189.379.479.539.649.449.359.178.598.398.167.597.387.177.006.456.306.216.146.096.086.11

Lat 40° North(For Southern NewConnecticut,

York,Rhode Island,

Pennsylvania, New Jersey,Northern Ohio, Indiana,I Linois. SouthernNebraska, Northernrado,fomia

Daw

nB

egin

s

5.465.465.455.375.295.175.034.494.334.123.543.363.163.022.462.322.272.252.282.382.603.063.193.343.504.004.124.254.354.454.575.095.175.275.355.41

Utah,])

[owa.Colo-

Nevada, CaU-

New York CityChicago, 111.

Sunr

ise

7.257.257.197.107.016.486.356.216.045.455.286.134.594.504.394.314.284.294.314.374.444J65.055.155.275.366.455.566.050.156.296:406:537.057.147.20

Suns

et

4.434.515.035.185.295.405.516.016.116.246.336.436.557.047.147247.297.347.357.337.277.167.066.536.336.196.025.435.315.164.694.494.394.344.334.36

Tw

iligh

tE

nds

6.226.296.386.517.007.127.227.327.447.568.088.218.328.459.009.239.329.369.379.319.219.068.608.338.107.647.387.166.586.436.316.216.156.116.116.14

'Adapted, by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. XI16

TIME

Day of

Month

Jan. 11020

Feb 11020

Mch. 11020

Apl. 11020

May 11020

June 11020

July 11020

Aug. 11020

Sept. 11020

Oct. 11020

Nov. 11020

Dec. 11020

OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN

Lat. 38°-36° North(For District of Columbia,Delaware, Maryland^ Vir-ginia, West Virginia, South-ernana,

Jhio, SouthernSouth

Indi-Brn Illinois,

Northern Missouri, Kan-sas, Central Colorado, Cen-tral Utah, Central Neb-raska, Central California)

Washington, D. C.

f '&£

5.435.455.435.366.275.165.044.504.354.153.583.403.223.082.542.412.362.352.392.472.583.143.263.403.544.014.164.274.364.464.575.055.145.255.335.38

Norfolk, Va.

S

&

7.197.197.147.066.576.466.336.206.055.465.315.175.024.534.444.364.344.344.374.434.515.005.085.185.295.375.455.566.046.146.296.406.536.597.087.14

1&

4.494.575.085.225.315.425.526.016.116.226.306.406.527.007.097.187.237.287.197.277.217.127.026.496.316.186.025.435.315.165.014.524.444.404.384.40

I -1 w

6.256.316.396.527.027.117.217.317.417.538.058.168.328.459.009.139.219.269.279.229.128.588.448.288.067.517.327.136.586.456.316.236.186.136.146.17

Six NORTHERN LATITUDES*

Lat. 34°-32° North(For South Carolina, North-ern Georgia, AlabamasiBsip [>:. Loulfliana.

,Mis-exas.

Southern New Mexico, Ari-zona, California)

Savannah, Ga.Charleston. S. C.

1-1&&5.355.375.375.315.255.165.074.554.414.254.133.573.433.323.223.133.113.103.133.193.273.393.473.574.084.154.234.324.374.454.545.015.095.175.235.29

M

I7.037.037.016.566.486.386.286.196.055.495.375.255.135.054.594.534.524.524.555.005.055.135.195.265.355.405.475.546.006.076.166.256.356.446.516.57

1«

5.055.135.205.325.415.505.576.046.116.206.266.336.416.486.547.017.057.107.117.107.076.586.496.396.256.146.015.455.355.235.115.034.574.554.554.58

IflA6.336.396.476.577.047.117.197.267.357.437.508.008.118.208.318.418.478.528.538.518.458.338.228.087.527.397.237.086.576.456.346.276.236.216.246.28

Lat. 30°-28° North(For Florida, SouthernGeorgia, Alabama, Mifl-sissippi, Louisiana, Texas)

Fensacola, Fla.New Orleans, La.

Q n

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'Adapted, by pernuwon, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI

CALENDARS 19

Jewish Holy Days, Festivals and Fasts

NEW YEAR (Rosh ha-Shanah). The ecclesiastical year was reck-oned from the month of Nisan; and the first day of the seventhmonth, Tishri, came to be regarded as the beginning of thecivil year. In the Bible the festival is known as "a day ofblowing the shofar," or ram's horn (Numbers 29.1), » ritestill universally observed in the synagogues. It is also called"a memorial of blowing the trumpets" (Leviticus 23.24). Theday acquired a solemn significance and was transformed intoa "Day of Judgment," so named in post-Biblical writings.According to an ancient tradition, the first day of Tishri marksthe first day of creation, on the anniversary of which mankindis judged by God. The dominance of the idea of judgmentgave the day a solemn character, approaching that of theDay of Atonement. Judgment is passed on New Year andthe decree is sealed on the Day of Atonement. The blastsof the shofar send a tremor through the congregation. It isa sign of alarm: the destiny of the world is being settled forthe coming year. The sounding of the ram's horn, commandedin the Bible, is interpreted as a reminder of the ram whichAbraham sacrificed in place of Isaac. New Year opens theTen Days of Penitence — a kind of spiritual stock-takingseason — which close with the Day of Atonement.

THE FAST OF GEDALIAH is observed in commemoration of theassassination of Gedaliah, the Prince, whom Nebuchadnezzar,king of Babylonia, appointed as governor over the remnantsof the Jews in Judea after the more important elements ofthe population had been driven into exile to Babylonia in586 B. C. E. The assassination was supposed to have oc-curred on the New Year, but the fast was postponed to theday after the holiday (II Kings 25.25; Jeremiah 41.1, 2).

SABBATH SHUBAH is so named because the Haftarah read on thatday (Hosea 14.2-15) begins with the word "Shubah" ("re-turn"), the prophet exhorting the people to return to God andrepent of their sins.

DAY or ATONEMENT (Yom ha-Kippurim, or Yom Kippur) is aday of great solemnity, and the most extensively observed

20 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

hpliday. The holiday has no connection with any historicevent. In the Bible it is described as "the sabbath of sab-baths" (Leviticus 23.32): a sabbath of eminent sanctity. Theday is associated with a strict rite, the fast, which lasts fromsunset to sunset. The day is spent in prayer. The servicesin the synagogue begin in the evening and are resumed in themorning and continue throughout the day. The keynote of theprayers is contrition, confession, and regeneration, a tone alsomanifest in the choice of the prophetic lessons of the day:the first being Isaiah 53 and the second the Book of Jonah.But the Day of Atonement is not only a fast; it is also ahigh festival.

TABERNACLES (Sukkot) is the third of the three pilgrim festivals.It was an agricultural festival, marking the completion of theharvest, and is designated in the Bible as the "Feast of Ingath-ering" (Exodus 23.16 and 34.22). It is also called the "Feastof Tabernacles" — more exactly of Booths (Leviticus 23.34;Deuteronomy 16.13). An historical significance was given tothe festival; it came to be celebrated in commemoration ofthe booths in which the Israelites dwelt during their wanderingin the wilderness after they left Egypt (Leviticus 23.39). Acharacteristic feature of the celebration, symbolic of the agri-cultural character of the festival, is the carrying of the Lulab(palm) and Etrog (citron) by the worshippers marching in pro-cession in the synagogue around the reading desk — in thedays of the Temple, around the altar — and intoning theHoshana, "Deliver now" (Psalm 118.25). In both Bibleand Liturgy the festival is described as "the season of ourrejoicing." A jubilant note runs through the whole celebra-tion.

HOSHANA RABBAH ("Great Hoshana") is the name given to theseventh day of the Sukkot festival. The procession aroundthe reading desk in the synagogue with Lulab and Etrog,reciting the Hoshana, is made in seven circuits. Hence thename, "Great Hoshana."

EIGHTH DAY OF THE FEAST' (Shemini 'Azeret) is celebrated as aseparate festival, although there is no special ceremony con-nected with its observance. The day marks the beginning

CALENDARS 21

of the rainy season in Palestine. Hence the insertion into theservice of the prayer for rain.

REJOICING OF THE LAW (Simhat Torah) is really the second day ofShemini 'Azeret. The day closes the celebration of the Feastof Tabernacles and is associated with the reading of the Law,marking the completion of the reading of the Pentateuch incourse of the annual cycle. Children and adults join in a happymood in the ceremonies. Hilarity is the general characteristicof the day.

NEW MOON (Rosh Hodesh) was in ancient times an importantholiday on which special sacrifices were offered and solemnassemblies were held. Its observance is now confined to someadditional prayers and psalms inserted in the synagogueservice and the reading from the Torah. On the Sabbathpreceding the New Moon, the approaching day or days isannounced by the reader and special prayers for well-beingduring the coming month are recited. When the previousmonth has thirty days, the thirtieth as well as the first dayof the following month are observed as New Moon. The daypreceding the New Moon is known as the "Minor Day ofAtonement" (Yom Kippur Katan) and is observed by the piousas a semi-fast day.

HANUKKAH (Feast of Dedication) is not a Biblical festival. It isan annual eight-day celebration, to be observed in joy andgladness, and was instituted in the year 165 B. C. E. in com-memoration of the rededication of the Temple after the suc-cessful Maccabean revolt against Antiochus Epiphanes, Kingof Syria. The historical account of the heroic exploits ofJudas Maccabeus and his brothers, and of the incidents whichled up to the institution of the festival, are contained in theI. and II. Book of the Maccabees. The chief ceremonial fea-ture of the festival is the kindling of lights in the evenings.Hanukkah is a festival of ideals. It symbolizes the triumphof Judaism over heathenism. And the symbol of the festival,light, represents the triumph of light over darkness.

THE FAST OF TEBET ('Asarah b'Tebet) commemorates the begin-ning of the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, which


culminated in the destruction of the Temple in 586 B. C. E.and in the exile of the Jews to Babylonia (II Kings 25.1).Observant Jews fast on this day from sunrise till sunset.

NEW YEAR FOR TREES (Hamishah 'Asar bi'Shebat) is the Pales-tine Arbor Day. It is customary to partake of fruits thatgrow in Palestine and to distribute such fruits to schoolchildren.

PARASHAT SHEKALIM is the name given to the Sabbath precedingthe New Moon of Adar (or Adar Sheni in an intercalated year),when the section of the Torah (Exodus 30.11-16) which relatesof the poll tax imposed by Moses on all Israelites of twentyyears of age and over is read in the synagogue.

PARASHAT ZACHOR is the name given to the Sabbath preceding thefestival of Purim, so called because of the special section of theTorah (Deuteronomy 25.17-19) which begins with the phrase"Remember what Amalek did unto thee." According totradition, Haman was a descendant of Amalek, hence therelation of this Parashah with the Purim festival.

FAST OF ESTHER is observed in commemoration of the fast in-stituted by Esther and Mordecai when the Jews of Persiawere threatened with extermination through the machinationsof Haman.

PURIM or the FEAST OF LOTS commemorates the deliverance of theJews from the wholesale destruction Haman had planned forthem. There is no mention of any religious observance inthe Book of Esther. It is observed as a kind of carnival. Itis a festival of merrymaking, of charity, and of the interchangeof gifts among friends. The Book of Esther is read duringthe synagogue services.

SHUSHAN PURIM is the name given to the 15th day of Adar whentrie Jews of Shushan, the former capital of Persia, celebratedPurim (Esther 9.18).

PARASHAT PARAH is the name given to the Sabbath preceding theNew Moon of Nisan. Only those who were ritually clean could

CALENDARS 23

partake in the offering of the paschal lamb on the eve ofPassover. In order to warn the people against coming incontact with a dead body whereby they become unclean andthus would be excluded from the performance of the rite,the section dealing with ritual cleanliness and the rite of thepreparation of the red heifer, the ashes of which had to besprinkled on a person who was thus contaminated (Numbers19), is read in the synagogue.

PARASHAT HA-HODESH is the name given to the Sabbath when theNew Moon of Nisan is announced or when it coincides withthe New Moon. The name is derived from the section of theTorah (Exodus 12.1-20), beginning with the word "ha-Hodesh"and describing the laws pertaining to the observances con-nected with the Passover holiday.

SHABBAT HA-GADOL (The Great Sabbath) is the name given to theSabbath immediately preceding Passover. It derives its nameprobably from the allusion to the "great day of the Lord"(Malachi 3.23) in the Haftarah read on that day.

FAST OF THE FIRST-BORN is observed by the first-born males onthe day before Passover in commemoration of the deliveranceof the first-born of the Israelites in Egypt when the tenthplague was brought upon the Egyptian first-born.

PASSOVER (Pesah) is the first of the three pilgrim festivals. Itwas originally an agricultural festival, marking the early bar-ley harvest. Later it became associated with the deliverancefrom Egypt. In the Bible the feast is also designated as "theFeast of the Unleavened Bread" (Leviticus 23.6), and through-out the eight days no leavened or fermented food may beconsumed. In the liturgy the festival is described as "the

.season of our freedom." Passover is primarily a festival ofthe home. On the first two nights (in Palestine and among theReform Jews on the first night only), in the intimate circleof the family, there takes place the Seder ("service"), a serviceof blessings, story and song, as found in the time-hallowednarrative of the institution, the Haggadah, fitted to interestalso the young and the uneducated. The rite is symbolic ofthe ancient meal at which the paschal lamb was served, to-


gether with the Mazzot and the bitter herbs. The Sederceremony envelops the home in gentleness.

THIRTY-THIRD DAY or 'OMER (Lag b'Omer) is observed as a semi-holiday. The offering of an 'Omer (a sheaf) of barley on thesecond day of Passover (Leviticus 23.10, 11) marked thebeginning of the barley harvest, from which time seven weekswere to be counted until the wheat harvest, commemoratedby the festival of Shabuot. This period is known as Sefirah(counting) or 'Omer Days. Because of the many misfortunesthat befell the Jews during those days, they are kept as daysof mourning and no festivities are undertaken. However, onthe thirty-third day, according to tradition, a plague thatraged among the followers of R. Akiba ceased, and the dayis kept as a semi-holiday.

SHABUOT (Feast of Weeks, or Pentecost) is the second pilgrimfestival. It was celebrated as an agricultural festival, markingthe end of the barley harvest and the beginning of the wheatharvest, and also as the festival of First Fruits (Numbers 28.26).This harvest festival was taken to be the time when the TenCommandments were given on Sinai, and in the liturgy thefestival is described as "the season of the giving of our Law."Both aspects, of the festival have come down to us: the syna-gogues are decked with flowers, and the Ten Commandmentsare solemnly intoned from the Scroll of the Pentateuch. Thefestival has no special ceremonial feature. In medieval times,and also later, it was the custom to initiate young childreninto the study of the Hebrew language and the Jewish religion.Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the ceremonyof confirmation of adolescent boys and girls takes place onthis festival in many synagogues.

FAST OF TAMMUZ (Shib'eah 'Asar b'Tammuz) commemorates thebreach made in the wall of Jerusalem during the siege by theBabylonians in 586 B. C. E. (II Kings, 25.3, 4; Jeremiah52.6, 7). It inaugurates the three weeks of mourning, conclud-ing with the 9th day of Ab, during which no festivities areundertaken by observant Jews.

SHABBAT HAZON is the name given to the Sabbath preceding theFast of Ab because the Haftarah on that day is taken from

CALENDARS 25

the first chapter of Isaiah which begins with the word "Hazon"(vision).

FAST OF AB (Tishe'ah b'Ab) is observed in commemoration of thedestruction of the First Temple by Nebuchadnezzar in 586B. C. E. and also of the Second Temple in 70 C. E. by theRomans. It is kept as a fast day from sunset to sunset. TheBook of Lamentations is read in the synagogue and elegies(Kinot) are recited during the services in the evening and themorning.

SHABBAT NAHAMU is the name given to the Sabbath following theFast of Ab because the Haftarah on that day is taken fromIsaiah 40.1-26 which begins with "Nahamu" (Comfort ye),appropriately selected for this occasion.

SELIHOT are penitential prayers recited every evening during themonth of Elul according to Sephardic rite. The Ashkenazimbegin the recitation of these prayers on the Sunday precedingRosh ha-Shanah or on the Sunday before, if Rosh ha-Shanahcomes on a Monday. They are usually chanted before dawnon each of these days.


Calendar for Fifty Years5661 (1900)—5711 (1950)

For the convenience of those who desire to determine the Jewishcalendar date corresponding to the secular date, there are presentedbelow abridged calendars for 50 years, from 5661 to 5711, corre-sponding roughly to the civil years 1900 to 1950. These calendarswill be found especially useful in connection with the Bar Mizwahcelebration and the observance of Yahrzeit.

In order to find the Hebrew date corresponding to the date of theboy's birth, it is necessary to find the column in which the yearof his birth is given. In that column the secular date will be foundwhich has to be compared with the corresponding Hebrew dateson the left side of the page; e. g. if the date of birth was January20, 1930, find the column headed "1929-30." There will be foundthat the tenth of Tebet occurred that year on January 10. Bycounting ten days from that date, it will be found that January 20corresponded to the twentieth day of Tebet. Then turn to thecolumn marked 1942-43, where it will be found that the tenth ofTebet occurred on December 18, 1942, so that the twentieth dayof that month would correspond with December 28, 1942, whenthe boy reached his thirteenth birthday according to the Jewishcalendar.

In the case of Yahrzeit, too, the prevalent custom is to followthe Jewish rather than the secular date. To find the Jewish datewhen the secular date is known, the same process is to be followedas indicated in the case of the Bar Mizwah.

The Calendar will also be found useful when it is desired to estab-lish a secular date when the Jewish date is known. The process ofcalculation is the same, except that we must start with the Hebrewside of the Calendar and proceed to the secular year under the givencolumn.

The Hebrew letters at the top of each column indicate the signof the year. The first letter indicates the day of the week when thefirst day of New Year is celebrated; the second letter indicates thatthe year is "perfect," "defective," or "regular;" and the thirdletter indicates the day of the week on w

THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOKThe American Jewish Year Book 5705 September 18, 1944 to September 7,...

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