The American Home Front December 7, 1941 - 1945. Battle of the Atlantic First and Second Happy Time:...
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![Page 1: The American Home Front December 7, 1941 - 1945. Battle of the Atlantic First and Second Happy Time: Axis submarines attack US merchant shipping Germany:“The.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649ea05503460f94ba36f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The American Home FrontDecember 7, 1941 - 1945
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Battle of the Atlantic
• First and Second Happy Time:• Axis submarines attack US
merchant shipping• Germany:“The American
Shooting Season”• American defense:
weak/disorganized• Germany inflicted massive
damage with little risk• Allied Losses:36,200 sailors,
36,00 seamen, 3,500 merchant vessels, 175 warships
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Enlistment and Patriotism• Pre-attack: America
not prepared for an all out war • 300,000 men.
• Pearl Harbor• Government is
overwhelmed by the number that enlist.
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2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
Pre-Attack After
U.S. Military
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ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT• Broke down cultural
barriers• Despite discrimination at
home, minority populations contributed to the war effort:
• 1,000,000 African Americans
• 300,000 Mexican-Americans
• 33,000 Japanese Americans• 25,000 Native Americans• 13,000 Chinese Americans
These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the
Officers exam in 1944
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Women in the War Effort
• Took over many jobs for servicemen, most notably in heavy industry
• Some joined the military• Altered family life, brought
several drawbacks• Service Opportunity:
• “Women’s Army Corps”• “Women Accepted
for Voluntary Emergency Service”• “Women’s Airforce Service Pilots”
A poster urging women to take manufacturing jobs to
help the war effort
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Office of War Information (1942)
• Coordinated release of war news
• Promoted patriotism• Tried to recruit women
into factory work• Propaganda program
abroad• The Voice of America
Patch worn by Office or War Information personnel
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Government propagandists sometimes used fear and racial slurs in order to convey their message
Wartime Propaganda Posters
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Financing the War• U.S. spent more than $321
billion (more than $3 trillion today)
• National debt skyrocketed• More Americans required to
pay income taxes• War-bond sales raised
needed revenue• $185 billion + sold• businesses, banks, and
civilians• High interest rates
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Posters such as these sought to convince Americans that they should help the war effort and stop the enemy by buying war bonds
War Bonds: Posters
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Office of Price Administration• Purpose: limit wartime
inflation• ceiling prices for goods
• Rationed scarce goods and consumer staples
• Rationing stopped at end of war
• Dissolved in 1947
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Contributions
• Rationing• sugar, coffee, shoes, meats, and
cereals• war bonds: borrowed money
from its own people to help with the war• Help Allies while the U.S.
prepared• Farms were producing as
much food as possible. • food went to British and
Russian soldiers and citizens.
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Victory Gardens
A government poster promoting Victory Gardens
• Government urged citizens to grow fruits and vegetables
• Eased food shortages caused by rationing
• Nearly 20 million started gardens
• More than nine million tons of produces
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Each family received ration books (left) and stamps (above) for
determining its monthly allotment.
Rationing: Books and Stamps
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COLLECTION DRIVES
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Shift in Production
• Peace time production to war time production
• GM, Ford, and Chrysler went from creating cars to tanks.
• Boeing from regular airplanes to bombers and fighter jets.
• Gun makers like Colt, from hunting rifles to machine guns, flamethrowers, war rifles.
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War Production• U.S. producing
weapons faster than anticipated
• In 1 month:• up to 4,000 tanks • 4,500 planes.
• Ship production also increased • protected our coasts
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Before After
Ship and Submarine Production
Ships andSubs
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War Production Board• Purpose: Ensure military had
resources • Directed industrial output• Prohibited nonessential business
activities• Allocated raw materiel
• Scrap drives • Collection of waste and scrap goods
for war use• Materiel included iron, aluminum,
paper• Waste cooking fats for making
glycerin
A “War Educational Bulletin” produced
by the War Production Board
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The government used posters and publicity pictures of celebrities such as Rita Hayworth (right) to encourage citizens to recycle scrap items.
Scrap Drives: Posters
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Labor in the US: An Unintended Benefit
• By1944• 18 million workers were laboring
in war industries (3x the # in 1941)
• More than 6 million were women• Only 3 million worked prior• Pre-War: Mainly housewives• During War: 1/3 in defense
industry• Lost jobs after the war ended
• Nearly 2 million were minorities0
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Before After
Women
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The War’s Economic Impact• Nominal GDP more than doubled• Wages and salaries nearly tripled• Federal civilian employment more
than tripled• Female employment up by a third• Labor union membership grew by
over 50 percent• National debt ballooned by over 600
percent
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Geographic Shifts in the Economy• South saw great
prosperity • Millions of jobs in textiles,
chemicals, and aluminum• Southern shipyards and
aircraft plants grew• West became economic
powerhouse• California especially
benefited from federal expenditures
An Army sentry guards new B-17 F (Flying Fortress)
bombers at the airfield of Boeing's Seattle plant