The Amazing Honey Bee
description
Transcript of The Amazing Honey Bee
![Page 1: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Amazing Honey Bee
Photo by D.J. Shlien
![Page 2: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
We hear about various problems with bees:
bee mites
Africanized bees
colony collapse disorder. Should we care? After all bees are just a small insect, one of very many.
![Page 3: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is the most important
contribution to the world by honey
bees?
![Page 4: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pollinator Protection Act of 2007
As a result of the CCD (colony collapse disorder) problem, this bill was submitted to congress on June 26 to fund bee research (>7 M$/yr for several years). As part of the justification, the bill states that:
• “pollination by honey and native bees adds more than $18,000,000,000 annually to the value of United States crops;• “1/3 of the food supply of the United States depends on bee pollination, which makes the management and protection of pollinators an issue of paramount importance to the security of the United States food supply system;”
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-1694
![Page 6: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
“No other pollinating insect can be as easily managed and manipulated as the honey bee.” (Caron)
![Page 7: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Hive – the feral nest
![Page 8: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Hive - skeps
![Page 10: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Langstroth Hive
Photo by Kristin Rohrbeck
![Page 11: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Brood frame with capped honey
Photo by Deborah Hautau
![Page 12: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bees capping honey cells
Photo by Deborah Hautau
![Page 13: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pollen cells
![Page 14: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
* segmented body (2 or 3 regions)
* paired segmented appendages
* exoskeleton
* bilaterally symmetrical with tubular alimentary canal
* open circulatory system (dorsal blood vessel and open body cavity)
* Invertebrates
Class: Insecta (over 1,000 species can be found around your home)
* Head, thorax, abdomen
* one pair of antennae
* 3 pairs of legs
* 1 or 2 pairs of wings
Order: Hymenoptera* clear membrane like wings* includes social insects* constricted abdomen* do not damage plants by direct
feeding
Superfamily: Apoidea* branched body hairs* special body hairs for pollen
transport* plant pollen and nectar sole
source of foodFamily: Apidae
* Includes honey bee and bumble bee
* most are eusocial *cooperative brood care* reproductive castes* generation overlap
Genus: Apis* 6 species (includes Apis mellifera)
![Page 15: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Bee Types within Colony
Queen Drone Worker
![Page 16: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Queen
• She is longer than the worker bee.
• The only job of mated queen is to lay eggs – 800 (typical) to 2000 per day.
• She is groomed and fed by the worker bees.
• There is only one queen in a colony.
• It is difficult to find the queen in the colony.
![Page 17: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Photo by Deborah Hautau
![Page 18: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Mating takes place 200 to 300 ft. in the air.
• After mating, the drone loses his reproduction organ (barbed) in the queen and he dies.
• Only about 1% of the drones get to mate.
• Over several mating flights the queen will have mated with a dozen or more drones.
• She stores the sperm in a sac in her abdomen and does not mate again.
• She starts laying eggs within 3 days.
• As she lays an egg, a few spermatozoa pass out of the storage and into the vagina where one of them fertilizes the egg.
• Unfertilized eggs become drones.
![Page 20: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Bee Types within Colony
Queen Drone Worker
![Page 21: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Drone
• He is also larger than the worker and is more barrel shaped than the queen.
• He is hatched from unfertilized eggs.• He doesn’t forage for food, he doesn’t help with
the building of comb, nor can he defend the hive having no stinger.
• He is fed and cared for by the workers. • When cold weather approaches and food may be
scarce, the worker bees force the drones out of the hive.
![Page 22: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Photo from http://www.agpix.com/catalog/AGPix_ScCa13/large/AGPix_ScCa13_0086_Lg.jpg
The Drone
![Page 23: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Worker• is the smallest of the three types. (average weight 80 mg)• there are about 50,000 bees in a hive.• her specific jobs changes with her age:
- clean cells- undertaking- nursing- attending the queen- accepting nectar from foragers, deposit it in cells, add enzyme to nectar, evaporate water from nectar, also accept and pack pollen- fanning for temperature/humidity control- comb and cap building- guard duty- foraging after taking orientation flights
![Page 24: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Find the queen
Photo by Deborah Hautau
![Page 25: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Find the queen
Photo by Deborah Hautau
![Page 26: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Find the queen
Photo by Thomas Jenkins
![Page 27: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Anatomy
Drawing modified from R. E. SnodgrassDrawing from R.E. Snodgrass
![Page 28: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Head
![Page 29: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Major glands of the worker bee
![Page 30: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Pollen basket
![Page 31: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Photo by D.J. Shlien
Bees with full pollen baskets entering hive.
![Page 32: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Digestive and excretory organs
From H.A. Dade
![Page 33: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Eggs
![Page 34: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Eggs as seen in cross-section of cells.
![Page 35: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
larvae
![Page 36: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Photo by Deborah Hautau
Eggs and larvae
![Page 37: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Bee brood summary
![Page 38: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Communication
DanceCommunicates the location and profitability of a food source to other foragers of the hive.
Pheromones* Various pheromones are secreted by the queen and by the workers from their glands.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* “Any chemical substance released by an animal that serves to influence the physiology or behavior of other members of the same species.” (Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, Random House, NY, 1991)
![Page 39: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Some of the many functions of the pheromones:
Queen bee pheromones1. attracts workers to her2. informs the colony that a queen is present3. serves as sexual attractant4. stimulates small population hive to greater activity
Worker bee pheromones1. are used to identifying bees of a colony2. communicates an alarm signal3. attract bees to the hive
In the future, “it may be possible to artificially introduce specific (chemical) messages into hives.” (Caron)
![Page 40: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Seasonal management
• Inspect hives regularly:- summer: once or twice per month.- winter: not at all unless there is a warm day.- spring and fall: thorough inspection every two weeks or so, as needed.
• Inspect for: performance of queen, disease symptoms, poorly drawn combs, damaged hive.
• In the fall: - harvest honey.- check hive for adequate stores of honey and pollen for the bees.
![Page 41: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Photo by Jason Keeler
Uncapping knife
![Page 42: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Photo by Jason Keeler
Honey Extractor
![Page 43: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Main Bee Products
• Pollination service• Honey• Wax• Pollen• Royal jelly• Bee brood• Propolis• Bee venom• Mead (honey wine)
![Page 44: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Conclusions
• Bee keeping is fun.• It is not time-consuming.• Beekeepers are friendly and very helpful. • It is a relatively inexpensive hobby and can be financially profitable.• There is a lot to learn. New situations arise all the time.• Most bee keepers are older - there is a need for new, young bee keepers.• The world needs more bee keepers - we may be facing an new crisis with CCD. If the problem is not solved (I believe it will be solved.) the cost of fruit, vegetables and meat can rise tremendously.
![Page 45: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
For
more about beekeeping
and
volunteering to help with hive work:
contact me
extension 4239.
![Page 46: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
S. O. B.
![Page 47: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
S. O. B.Save Our Bees
![Page 48: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Main ReferencesBlackiston, Howland (2002) Beekeeping for Dummies, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IN.
Caron, Dewey M. (2006) Honey Bee Biology and Beekeeping, Wicwas Press, Chesire, CT.
Crane, Eva (1990) Bees and Beekeeping, Science, Practice and World Resources, Cornell University Press.
Sammataro, Diana and Avitabile, Alphonse (1998) The Beekeeper’s Handbook, Comstock Publ. Assoc.
NOTE: Much of this presentation (including unattributed photos) is based on material in Caron (2006).
![Page 49: The Amazing Honey Bee](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568151df550346895dc0184e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
A sample page (one of 53) of the bibliography from Crane (1990).