THE AGE OF U.S. IMPERIALISM “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” - T....
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Transcript of THE AGE OF U.S. IMPERIALISM “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” - T....
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THE AGE OF
U.S. IMPERIALISM
• “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”
- T. Roosevelt
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IMPERIALISM - definitions
• 1. Imperialism = the quest to build up a
territorial empire.
• 2. Imperialism = control by powerful nation(s) over a less advanced or less civilized area.
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POWERFUL NATION• USUALLY CHARACTERIZED BY
• Advanced Economy (Industrial)
• Strong Government
• Considerable
Military Strength
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The “Less Advanced” Area• CHARACTERIZED BY
• Primitive economy (pre-industrial)
• Underdeveloped natural resources
• Weak government
• Limited military power
*Imperialism has also been called Colonialism
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1. ECONOMIC: 1. ECONOMIC: Commercial/Business Commercial/Business
InterestsInterests
1. ECONOMIC: 1. ECONOMIC: Commercial/Business Commercial/Business
InterestsInterests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
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2. MILITARY/POLITICAL2. MILITARY/POLITICAL2. MILITARY/POLITICAL2. MILITARY/POLITICAL
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History (THINK: Why does a
big navy lead to more power for a nation?)
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History (THINK: Why does a
big navy lead to more power for a nation?)
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3. SOCIAL: “3. SOCIAL: “Social Darwinist” Social Darwinist” ThinkingThinking
3. SOCIAL: “3. SOCIAL: “Social Darwinist” Social Darwinist” ThinkingThinking
The White Man’sBurden
The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy
of RaceThe Hierarchy
of Race
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SOCIAL: SOCIAL: Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests
SOCIAL: SOCIAL: Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
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3. SOCIAL: 3. SOCIAL: End of “Manifest End of “Manifest Destiny”?, closing of the American Destiny”?, closing of the American
FrontierFrontier
3. SOCIAL: 3. SOCIAL: End of “Manifest End of “Manifest Destiny”?, closing of the American Destiny”?, closing of the American
FrontierFrontier
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2. Other Causes:• Used NATIONALIST arguments to gains support
for EMPIRE BUILDING.
• a) gain glory & achieve a “place in the Sun”
• b) secure essential military bases & war materials
• c) provide an outlet for surplus population
• d) provide safety - missionaries spread Christianity
• E) bring to the backward areas the “blessings of the civilized culture” of the West [Europe & USA]
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This “Duty” of the West• Labeled by RUDYARD KIPLING as
• The “White Man’s Burden”
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REASONS for U.S. turn to IMPERIALISM • 1) Industrial Revolution
• 2) Closing of the FRONTIER – leads investors to look elsewhere for economic opportunity
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3. EXAMPLE of other Nations (Imperialist)
• a. British Empire controlled over ¼ of World’s
territory and population
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U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii in early 1800’s in early 1800’s
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii in early 1800’s in early 1800’s
First church built in the late 1820s
First church built in the late 1820s
Also, millions of American $ Also, millions of American $ invested in sugar/pineapple invested in sugar/pineapple
plantationsplantations
Also, millions of American $ Also, millions of American $ invested in sugar/pineapple invested in sugar/pineapple
plantationsplantations
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U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U.S. “protectorate” in 1849, by 1887, U.S. re-wrote their constitution, giving only white, land owning men the right to vote
Hawaii becomes a U.S. “protectorate” in 1849, by 1887, U.S. re-wrote their constitution, giving only white, land owning men the right to vote
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Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
“Hawaii for the Hawaiians!”
THINK: What are her views of the United States?
“Hawaii for the Hawaiians!”
THINK: What are her views of the United States?
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U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii
U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii1893 – AmericanAmerican
businessmen backed anbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen uprising against Queen Liliuokalani, forced its Liliuokalani, forced its people to overthrow her.people to overthrow her.
Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the land the proclaims the land the “Republic of Hawaii” in “Republic of Hawaii” in 1894.1894.
Hawaii remains a U.S. Hawaii remains a U.S. territory until 1959, when territory until 1959, when it is made the 50it is made the 50thth state. state.
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““To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the Spoils”Spoils”
““To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the Spoils”Spoils”
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
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““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867
Purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million…a “mistake”?
Purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million…a “mistake”?
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““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
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SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)
• Causes of the War:
• 1. Despotic Spanish rule over Cuba– A. Spain denied civil liberties & political rights– B. Levied heavy taxes – restricted foreign trade– C. Ruthlessly suppressed rebellions
– D. Spain finally abolished slavery in 1886
– E. Economic depression brings another
revolt for INDEPENDENCE
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Jose Marti
• Consider the “Father of Cuban Independence”
• Died in 1895 leading independence uprising against the Spanish.
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2. American Humanitarianism & sympathy
• A. Sympathized with desire for independence
• B. Outraged when over 200,000 Cubans died in
concentration camps of hunger and disease
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3. ECONOMIC INTERESTS
• A. American merchants traded with Cuba to the
amount of $100 Million a year
• B. American investors placed $50 million in
sugar and tobacco plantations.
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4. “Yellow Journalism”• A. William Randolph Hearst – NY Journal
• B. Joseph Pulitzer – New York World
• C. Both Newspapers sought to increase
circulation by sensationalized news stories.
3) Hearst’s Journal printed the Delome Letter
Spanish ambassador calls McKinley “weak”
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William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
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Pulitzer vs. Hearst
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Frederick Remington - artist• Sent to Cuba by Wm. R. Hearst to draw pictures
of Cuba’s fight against Spanish.
• Wm. Randolph Hearst Frederick Remington
You supply the pictures and I’ll supply the war!
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De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.
Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as “McKinley as “weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party.”
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5. Sinking of the Maine – Feb 1898
• A. American battleship visiting Cuba blown up
• 260 Americans killed
• B. Cause: probably fire in a coal bin
• C. But, American public goaded on by the
Yellow Press – blames SPAIN
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Sensationalism – Yellow Journalism
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Outbreak of the War
• McKinley demands Spain ends camps and negotiate with Cuban rebels
• April 11, 1898: McKinley asks Congress to use American armed forces in Cuba
• Congress approves on 4-20, and recognizes Cuba’s INDPENDENCE from Spain
• Congress adopts Teller Amendment which stated that the United States would not….
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Teller Amendment [1898]• Made PRIOR to Sp-Am War
• U.S. could NOT ANNEX Cuba
• US must “leave control of island to its People”• Superceded by PLATT AMENDMENT
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CONDUCT OF THE WAR• Battle Cry = “Remember the Maine,
• to HELL with Spain!”
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George Dewey• Victorious Admiral at
• Battle of Manila Bay
[Philippines]
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Rough Riders – San Juan Hill
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Terms - Treaty of Paris - 1898• Spain agreed
• 1) CUBA independent
• 2) Puerto Rico and Guam “given” to USA
• 3) Philippines sold to USA for $20 Million
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Platt Amendment - post-war
• Followed Sp – Am War
• Cuba must accept for US to withdraw
• Cuba could not allow foreign powers to control it
• USA could lease land for naval base – Guantanamo Bay
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Protectorate• Cuba becomes a Protectorate of USA
• Protectorate = a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger nation
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Annexation Debate - Philippines
• PRO-Annexation• Educate Filipinos• Uplift Filipinos• Civilize Filipinos
• ANTI-Annexation• Violated the
Declaration of Independence• Denied Self-Government to
the new territories• Introduced more racial
problems
William Howard Taft,Governor of Philippines
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The “Bolo War”• AKA the Filipino Rebellion• AKA Philippine-American War• Lasted 3 years• Guerilla War • Filipinos fight for independence
• Led by Emilio Aguinaldo
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Meiji Restoration – Japan late 19th C
• Movement to modernize Japan
• Begins w/Commodore Matthew Perry’s visit
• Japan begins to adopt Western ways
• Built up navy
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“GREAT WHITE FLEET”: Our Navy
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Spheres of Influence• Ports or regions where a foreign nation retains
exclusive rights over trade, mines, rails, etc.
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Open Door PolicyJohn Hay – Sec. of State
• Called for open access to all of China’s ports
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Fight for Panama Canal• Isthmus – narrow strip of land connecting two land
masses
The Isthmus of Panama
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The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900
The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900
Rebellion against Christian missionaries, and Rebellion against Christian missionaries, and people that supported imperialist (300 killed), people that supported imperialist (300 killed), U.S. put down rebellionU.S. put down rebellion
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Nicaragua
• Original site planned for canal to be built
• French attempting to build a canal in Panama
• Eventually went bankrupt
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PANAMA• Originally part of Columbia• Broke away with help of USA’s
navy• Gave USA permission to build
canal • 51 miles long, 6 locks • 27,500 workers died• Most from disease• 10 mile canal zone•
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The PANAMA CANAL - 1914
• Reduced NY – San Francisco trip over 50%
• From 13,000 miles to 5,200 miles
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Built during the TR years
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Roosevelt Corollary• Put some “teeth” into the Monroe Doctrine
• USA will use
military to
enforce the
Monroe
Doctrine
• Claimed right
to “police” the
W. Hemsiphere
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Dollar Diplomacy = using a nation’s economic power to influence
other countries.
Associated with Taft & subsequent presidents
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY