The Age of Reason

Music, Art, and Technologies

• The sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries brought many changes in the arts, literature, and political philosophy.

• The Age of Reason witnessed inventions and innovations in technology that stimulated trade and transportation.

• Who were some composers, artists, philosophers, and writers of the period?

• What improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies?

Representative composers, artists, philosophers, and writers

• Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Classical

composer• Voltaire: Philosopher• Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist• Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the

Romantic School of the nineteenth century)

16th-17th century: Music

• Baroque Composer: – Johann

Sebastian Bach

• Classical Composer: - Wolfgang

Amadeus Mozart

New schools of art and forms of literature

• Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits)

• New forms of literature evolved, such as the novel ( e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote)

16th-18th century: New schools of Art Baroque, Classical, Romantic, …etc.

– “Classical subjects” (Greek and Roman myths)

– philosophers – public events– Natural scenes– Living people

(portraits)

16th-18th century: Art

• Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People– Romantic School painter– Emphasis on emotions, movement and feelings

16th-18th Century: New form of Literature: The NOVEL!

• Miguel de Cervantes – was a Spanish

writer of the Golden Age (Spanish?)

– satiric novel Don Quixote masterpieces world literature

Technologies

• All-weather roads improved year-round transport and trade.

• New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).

• Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

• Latin American revolutions of the nineteenth century were influenced by the clash of European cultures in the development of governments and ruling powers.

• Spanish conquests in Latin America saw the rapid decline of native populations and introduction of slaves from Africa. Conquistadors were given governmental authority by the crown, becoming known as viceroys.

• What were the characteristics of the colonial system in Latin America in the nineteenth century?

• How did Spain and Portugal maintain control of their Latin American domains?

Characteristics of the colonial system

• Colonial governments mirrored (duplicated) the home governments: absolute monarchies and rigid class structure.

• Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies.

• A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export. (gold and silver)

• Major cities established as “outposts” of colonial authority in the region

Major Colonial Cities in Latin America:

• Havana (Cuba)• Mexico City

(Mexico)• Lima (Peru)• Sao Paulo

(Brazil)• Buenos Aires

(Argentina)

Rigid class structure

• Peninsulares (Viceroys)/colonial officers – born in the home country (Portugal/Spain) these Conquistadors were at the top of the class structure

• Creoles – Born in the colonies “new country” they are children of people born in the home country (1st generation)

• Mestizos – born from a mix of native and home country parents.

Influence Revolutions on Latin America

• The American and French Revolutions took place in the late 1700s. Within twenty years, the ideas and examples of these revolutions influenced the people of Latin America to establish independent nations, most notably in Haiti and Mexico.

• How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements?

Influence of the American and French Revolutions on Latin America

• Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence

• Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.

• French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

Selected countries that gained independence during the 1800s

• Mexico• Haiti• Colombia• Venezuela• Brazil

Contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French

• Defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain.

Toussaint L’Ouverture• Former slave• Led Haitian rebellion

against the French for independence

• Abolished slavery (first land to do so in Western Hemisphere)

Revolutions in the Americas

• Revolution in Haiti– Haiti is the first Latin American territory

to gain freedom– Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt

against the French (1791)– Toussaint eventually dies in a French

prison in 1803.

Creoles Lead Independence

• The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas– Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American

revolutionaries• Creole Leaders– Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in

revolution– José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean

revolutionary forces

Contributions of Simón Bolivar

• Native resident who led revolutionary efforts• Liberated the northern areas of Latin America• Country named after him.• The contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture and

Simón Bolivar led to the development of independent states in Latin America in the nineteenth century.

Portraits of Bolivar and San Martin

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine

• After the American Revolution, the United States wished to prevent foreign interference in America. The Monroe Doctrine was issued in 1823, alerting European powers that the American continents should not be considered for any future colonization.

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine

• The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe in 1823.

• Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.

• The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

Monroe Doctrine

• At the time…it was just words. Teddy Roosevelt later issues the Roosevelt Corollary to put military power behind the warning

Legacy of Napoleon

• The French Revolution left a powerful legacy for world history: secular society, nationalism, and democratic ideas.

• Napoleon’s attempt to unify Europe under French domination was unsuccessful.

• The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests.

Legacy of Napoleon

• What was the legacy of Napoleon?• Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under

French domination.• Napoleonic Code• Awakening of feelings of national pride and

growth of nationalism

Congress of Vienna

• What: gathering of European leaders who were determined to fix Europe after 25 yrs of war

• When: Sept 1814 to June 1815• Where: Vienna, Austria• Why: peace, stability and order• How: establish a balance of power and protect

the monarchy system

Congress of Vienna

• Main leaders: each will want peace on his own terms– Austria: Clemens von Metternich– Russia: Alexander I– England: Lord Castlereagh– France: Maurice Tallyrand

• Settlement:1. Surround France with strong countries2. Restore legitimate monarchs3. Create of peace keeping organization (Concert of

Europe)4. Agree to crush all Enlightenment inspired uprisings

Congress of Vienna

• Significance: leaders will re-draw map of Europe without consideration of population interests– Languages, religions, cultures

• Effects: leaders underestimate the power of NATIONALISM and give oppressed people incentive to REBEL

• Increased NATIONALISM will lead to WAR by 1914

NATIONALISM• Textbook definition: it is the unique cultural

identity of a people based on a common language, religion and national “cultural” symbols

• “NATION”: does not always mean “Country with political boundaries”…

• NATIONALISTS……think it should• NATIONALIST movements will want nations to

have their own governments

NATIONALISM

• Nationalists and their unification movements will serve as a threat to the existing political order – Italian Unification:– German Unification:– Other areas of concern: ANY multi-national

empire!

Legacy of the Congress of Vienna

• What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna?

• “Balance of power” doctrine• Restoration of monarchies• New political map of Europe• New political philosophies (liberalism,

conservatism)

Liberal vs. Conservative Ideas 1800sLIBERAL

• 1. Male property owners

• 2. protect basic rights/property

• 3. REPUBLIC (constitution and separation of powers)

• 4. Laissez-faire

• 5. Freedom of religion

CONSERVATIVE

• 1. Monarch/nobles

• 2. stability and order

• 3. Monarchy

• 4. controlled by nobles

• 5. Established church

1. WHO should rule

2. Goal of Government

3. FORM of Government

4. Economy

5. Religion