The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests
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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492. Flat World idea is a myth!. Motives for European Exploration. Crusades and later Ottoman invasion by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
Flat World idea is a myth!
Motives for European Exploration1. Crusades and later Ottoman
invasion by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime Technologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons Technology
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Portuguese Maritime Empire1. Exploring the west
coast of Africa.2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]
Horrible History: Christopher Columbus
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmwriy3a6sc
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Realization of a “New World”
• “In passed days I wrote very fully to you of my return from new countries, which have been found and explored with the ships, at the cost and by the command of this Most Serene King of Portugal; and it is lawful to call it a new world, because none of these countries were known to our ancestors and all who hear about them they will be entirely new. For the opinion of the ancients was, that the greater part of the world beyond the equinoctial line to the south was not land, but only sea, which they have called the Atlantic; and even if they have affirmed that any continent is there, they have given many reasons for denying it is inhabited. But this opinion is false, and entirely opposed to the truth. My last voyage has proved it, for I have found a continent in that southern part; full of animals and more populous than our Europe, or Asia, or Africa, and even more temperate and pleasant than any other region known to us.”
• -Amerigo Vespucci, 1503
Other Voyages of Exploration
Crash Course, 15th and 16th century mariners
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjEGncridoQ
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
Maya
Aztec
Inca
Horrible Histories: Incas
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDfO6L5_OlQ
Hernan Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs
Montezuma II
vs.
How was conquest achieved?
• Disease• Technology/warfare strategies• Alliances• End of the world predicted and initial
friendly welcome. • Accidental conqueror theory: Jared
Diamond
How was conquest achieved?• Disease: small pox, 2/3
dead• Europeans
domesticated and lived among their animals. Chickens: influenza, horses: smallpox
• Technology
• End of the world predicted
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Francisco Pizarro
Other Spanish Conquests:
The Incas (1533)
Atahualpa
vs.
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
aries
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Lets play… New World or Old World!
• Ready?
Tomato: New World or Old World?
• New world! Europeans resisted eating them at first for fear that they were poisonous!
Pigs: New World or Old World?
• Old world! Pigs were first brought to South America in the 16th century, but Brazil now has the world’s third highest pig population!
Potato: New World or Old World?
• New world! They became one of the most important foods in Europe after their import!
Coffee: New World or Old World?
• Old World! Originally from Africa, Coffee was not brought to the new world since the 17th century.
Sugar Cane: New World or Old World?
• Old World! Originally from Asia, sugar was brought to the new world in the 18th century.
The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa
Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR
CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat Cattle Sheep Pigs
Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping
Cough
Trinkets Liquor GUNS
The Powerful Potato• But maybe most important was the potato
which fed ½ the people in Europe allowing population to grow and states to stabilize.
• However when using Chinese slaves to collect guano off of Peru for fertilizer they brought over the potato blight which causes devastation. Example: Still fewer people in Ireland today than before the famine which struck in 1845.
Treasuresfrom the Americas!
The Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans, but was very different.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries in the 16th century Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
How The Slave Trade Differed in Africa and the
New World1. Generally, in Africa, slavery was more like a form of peasantry- slaves paid tribute to the owners in goods and services
2. Children of slaves not considered property of the slave owner
3. In some cases, possibility of social advancement
4. Not race-based
Why not use native Americans?
• Latin Americans had not made good slaves as they were dying from disease and escaping. Also some laws passed from Catholic monarchs that slavery was immoral except in the case of Africans.
• Africans had immunities to malaria that had built up over the years of exposure.
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws 1542, ignored
and led to more African
slavery
Religious Justification for Slavery• The introduction of Islam in
Africa led to an increase in slavery and the slave trade• Muslim belief that prisoners of
war could be captured and enslaved
• Complex Christian views on slavery• Written about in the Bible• The Catholic Church first
allowed slavery of non-Christians, then declared it sinful in the 16th century.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
Slave Ship
• An average of 15% of captured people died on the voyage, up to 33%
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African CaptivesThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
African CaptivesThrown Overboard
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Spanish Mission
• Church was complicit in oppression and conquering lands
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
New Colonial Rivals1. Portugal lacked the
numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608. (EEIC)
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease and slavery.2. Influx of gold, and
especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]
4. Deepened colonial rivalries and belief in mercantilism.
5. New Patterns of World Trade
The Slave Trade from one Black American’s perspective: H.L. Gates
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88a9V5yTDqs
