THE AFFORDABLE VERTICAL GARDEN DESIGN AS GREEN ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS FOR SOCIAL - ECONOMY...
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THE AFFORDABLE VERTICAL GARDEN DESIGN AS
GREEN ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS FOR SOCIAL -
ECONOMY IMPROVEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE
MITIGATION
Suwandi, Evanti Andriani*, Suharto, Merry**, Sutanto, Lusiana ***,
Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan****
*) Students of Architecture Program Study, Petra Christian University
**) Students of Architecture Program Study, Petra Christian University
***) Students of Tax Accounting Program Study, Petra Christian University
****) Architecture Program Study, Petra Christian University,
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT Indonesia is known as an agriculture state with abundant farming crops, forest and
plantations crops, and supported the majority farming communities’ livelihoods.
The trend of agriculture development was hindered by limited people interested in
the agriculture careers; because of the perception of office jobs were better than the
agriculture ones. The unbalanced development of urban areas also created office
buildings, shopping centers, housings, reduced green area reduction, also more
traffic jams and pollutions. Therefore, the affordable vertical garden was needed to
replace the horizontal garden.
However, vertical garden was not easy to maintain because of its difficult
cultivation process. Because of that, the innovation of watering system without
massive human intervention was needed. Some products were developed by Antonio
Some products were developed by Antonio Scarponi and IKEA Switzerland, Green
over Grey™, Vespro Inc, and Indogreenwall; but the product prices were too high
for Indonesia. Therefore, a more affordable vertical garden design is proposed.
The hydroponic media also was difficult to find. Therefore a normal media
consisting of fertilizer, soil and gravel could be introduced for more affordable
price. And more people were interested to grow fruit or vegetables crops to meet
daily needs (impacts of social and economic aspects). Furthermore, the
improvement of aesthetics, and pollution reductions would be produced (minimize
the impact of global warming and climate change). Lastly, the vertical greenery is
going to be integrated in house facade design and supplying daily vegetable
consumption.
Keywords: vertical greenery, house facade design
INTRODUCTION Indonesia is known as an agriculture state with abundant farming crops, forest and
plantations crops, and supported the majority farming communities’ livelihoods. The
trend of agriculture development was hindered by limited people interested in the
agriculture careers; because of the perception of office jobs were better than the
agriculture ones. The unbalanced development of urban areas also created office
buildings, shopping centers, housings, reduced green area reduction, also more
traffic jams and pollutions. Therefore, the affordable vertical garden was needed to
replace the horizontal garden.
However, vertical garden was not easy to maintain because of its difficult cultivation
process. Because of that, the innovation of watering system without massive human
intervention was needed. Some products were developed by Antonio Scarponi and
IKEA Switzerland (http://www.conceptualdevices.com/2012/09/eliooo-grow-your-
food-or-how-to-go-to-ikea%C2%AE-and-build-a-device-to-grow-salad-in-your-
apartment/)1; Green over Grey™ (http://greenovergrey.com/index.php)
2; Vespro Inc
(http://www.vesproinc.com/index.htm)3; Indogreenwall
(http://www.indogreenwall.com/)4; but the product prices were too high for
Indonesia. Therefore, a more affordable vertical garden design is proposed.
The hydroponic media also was difficult to find. Therefore a normal media
consisting of fertilizer, soil and gravel could be introduced for more affordable price.
And more people were interested to grow fruit or vegetables crops to meet daily
needs (impacts of social and economic aspects). Furthermore, the improvement of
aesthetics, and pollution reductions would be produced (minimize the impact of
global warming and climate change). Lastly, the vertical greenery is going to be
integrated in house facade design and supplying daily vegetable consumption.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Vertical Farming and Green Wall
Hampwaye, G., Nel, E., Ingombe, L. (2009) study showed that urban agriculture
contributed significantly towards household total income and access to cheap food,
and consequently to poverty reduction. The contribution of urban agriculture
towards poverty alleviation can be further enhanced if the practice is recognized and
supported by all key stakeholders. 5
The limited land in the urban area forced the promotion of vertical agriculture in
densely populated American cities, is the use of grow-bags to raise a wide range of
crops. Many apartment dwellers with no yards to speak of, or people with very small
yards, will set up these bags on a balcony or thin strip of land. The bags themselves
are made from a variety of materials, including canvas, weed barrier fabric, and
polyester, all having semi-porous properties so the soil can drain adequately. The
term "Bagriculture" was coined in 1998 by Rudy Zappa Martinez to describe this
type of agriculture (Fraser, E.D.G., 2002) 6.
Limited land makes improvement to vertical farming. The concept of vertical
farming had been used for producing tomatoes and herbs. It is urgent need to scale
up this technology to accommodate more food. The Vertical Farm must be efficient
(cheap to construct and safe to operate). Vertical farms, with many stories high,
would be situated in the heart of the world's urban centers. If successfully
implemented, they offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a
safe and varied food supply (year-round crop production), and the eventual repair of
ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming
(http://www.verticalfarm.com/more).7
Therefore, the Vertical Farming could be considered for solving the urban food
production problems. This also would reduce the energy for transporting the food as
described by Xuereb, M. (2005) 8, he estimated that switching to locally grown food
could save transport related emissions equivalent to nearly 50,000 metric tons of
CO2, or the equivalent of taking 16,191 cars off the road.
The Vertical Agri-farming was also proposed by Knafo Klimmer architects in
Wuhan, China. Agro-housing combined urban and rural living together by designing
vertical greenhouse spaces within high-rise apartment building
(http://www.kkarc.com/projects.aspx?gp=3/).9 The design challenges the 'new'
strains on energy resources, infrastructure, and community displacement by
presenting a new urban and social vision. The new building typology will create a
new order in the city creates as a space close to homes where families can produce
their own food supply according to "their own abilities, tastes and choices to
promote independent living, freedom and potentially provide additional income".
Moreover, these greenhouse spaces provide a gathering space for the community.
Agro-housing is one project but is meant to become a model for a new urbanity in
China, contributing to the preservation of traditions and community values and
diminishing the trials of rural migration. There are a few advantages for this
innovative building typology, such as (http://www.kkarc.com/projects.aspx?gp=3/)10
:
• Produces food for tenants and the surrounding community.
• Produces organic and healthy food that is disease and fertilizer free
• Creates an abundance of crops for self-consumption and sale for the neighbors.
• Requires no special skill set for greenhouse operation.
Figure 1. Concept or Vertical Agri-Housing by Knafo Klimmer Source: http://www.kkarc.com/projects.aspx?gp=3/11
The hindrances of implementing the concepts above are expensive building structure
and difficult watering system. Therefore, simple vertical greening in the 1-2 stories
house could be proposed (Van Uffelen, C., 2011). 12
Figure 2. Concept or Vertical Greening Source: Van Uffelen, C., (2011) 13.
Figure 3. Concept or Vertical Greening Source: Van Uffelen, C., (2011)14
Vertical Greening typology could be categorized as ivy wall and green wall. The ivy
was normally blamed damaging to buildings and reducing their sale price. On the
other hands, the ivy was found by the scientists from Oxford University, adding
color and character to many of the college buildings. A three-year study concluded
that ivy's web of dark green leaves acts as a 'thermal shield', insulating brickwork
from the extremes of temperature and moisture that often cause cracks. It can also
protect against pollution damage (Viles, H., 2010). 15
Second type of green wall is the Green walls are self sufficient vertical gardens that
are attached to the exterior or interior of a building. They differ from green façades
(e.g. ivy walls) in that the plants root in a structural support which is fastened to the
wall itself. The plants received water and nutrients from within the vertical support
instead of from the ground 16
. Some products implementing this were Green over
Grey™ (http://greenovergrey.com/index.php)17
, Vespro Inc
(http://www.vesproinc.com/index.htm)18
, and Indogreenwall
(http://www.indogreenwall.com/).19
The majority of green walls on the market today utilized thin plastic/metal boxes or
trays. The planting materials were soil, mineral wool, peat, coco coir and they were
pre-planted and hung vertically. A major limitation of modular green wall boxes was
aesthetics because of limited plant varieties, limited design possibilities, creativity
and artistic freedom.
Figure 4. Ivy wall Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-
1278430/Why-ivy-creeping-walls-home-actually-
protect-building-thanks-thermal-shield.html.20
Figure 5. Green Wall Product by Vespro inc. Source: http://www.vesproinc.com/images/success-
stories/Greenwall-1.gif.21
Figure 6 and 7. Green Wall Product by Green over Grey™ Source: http://greenovergrey.com/living-walls/what-are-living-walls.php22
Green over Grey™ proposed a system consisting of a frame, waterproof panels, an
automatic irrigation system, special materials, lights when needed and of course
plants. The frame was built in front of existing wall and attached at various points
with no damage done to the building. Waterproof panels are mounted to the frame;
these are rigid and provide structural support. A lightweight porous material takes
the place of soil and therefore the walls are very light, weighing less than 4 lb/ft2 (20
kg/m2) (http://greenovergrey.com/index.php).
23 Unfortunately, the products are too
expensive for common people in Indonesia.
Adapting from green wall products, the study intended to create pot system for
easier maintenance and control. It would supported by frame to minimize the
damage to the wall. The pots would be from recycled bottle and supported by
automatic self-watering systems. Therefore, it will be more practical and applicable
for busy urban residents.
Self Watering Method
One of existing self-watering system was proposed by Antonio Scarponi, The
planter was named ELIOOO and used hydroponics, a farming technique that can be
used to grow plants in water instead of soil
(http://www.conceptualdevices.com/2012/09/eliooo-grow-your-food-or-how-to-go-
to-ikea%C2%AE-and-build-a-device-to-grow-salad-in-your-apartment/).24
ELIOOO #30 Mob was a circulating hydroponic device able to host up to 30 pots. It
was found ideal for aromatic herbs and leaf vegetables, such as tomatoes, eggplants,
or cucumbers. The overall dimensions are 50x50x160cm, consists of three trays
vertically connected at a distance of max 45 cm from each other. The system
required the use of electricity for pumping the water or supported by photovoltaic
panel.
Figure 8. The ELIOO Source: http://www.conceptualdevices.com/2012/09/eliooo-grow-your-food-or-how-to-go-to-ikea%C2%AE-and-
build-a-device-to-grow-salad-in-your-apartment/25
The difficulty of implementing the hydroponic was the expensive media and
difficult maintenance. Therefore other methods were explored. Therefore, a drip
irrigation was selected because of efficient method of irrigating. While sprinkler
systems are around 75-85% efficient, drip systems typically are 90% or higher
(http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/dripguide.htm).26
There are two samples of
Design – It – Yourself (DIY) drip irrigation were proposed by Sobirin
(http://clearwaste.blogspot.com/2011/08/infus-airmol-untuk-tanaman-di-
musim.html)27
and Borden (http://ayorek.org/en/2013/06/how-to-make-a-self-
watering-planter/).28
Figure 9. Simple DIY homemade drip
irrigation Source http://clearwaste.blogspot.com/2011/08/infus-
airmol-untuk-tanaman-di-musim.html. 29
Figure 10. A Self-Watering Planter
Source: http://ayorek.org/en/2013/06/how-to-make-a-
self-watering-planter/.30
The two innovations above showed the drip irrigation or capillary action can be used
for automatic irrigation of the green wall.
METHODS
The research would be continued to real experiments. But because of limited
financial support, the current phase only included literature review and design
process.
DISCUSSIONS
The proposed concept of Low Cost Green Wall was initiated with recycling the
mineral bottles that were commonly found in Urban areas. The 1.5 liter bottle was
cut in half. This followed recommendation of Borden
(http://ayorek.org/en/2013/06/how-to-make-a-self-watering-planter/).31
The mineral bottles with BPA-free (with label “1″ in the bottom of the bottle) were
selected because they would be safe for planting food. Later, a plastic bottle, cap,
and two strips of cotton (about 6 inches long) were used. First, the bottle must be cut
in half and some drainage holes were made into the upper half of the bottle and one
hole into the bottom half. Some gravel (20%) in the bottom, mix of soil (40%) and
organic fertilizer (40%) were put on the planter. The gravel and mixture positioning
must facilitate the water to rise with capillary action.
The mineral bottles planters were later put on the bamboo mesh, bound by the steel
wires. The planters were put facing 30 degrees upward to prevent dropping of soil
and dripping water. Furthermore, a dripping irrigation system made from recycled
mineral bottles and several aquarium hoses were attached on top of 4 rows of
planters. The system was to facilitate easier and continuous water supply.
Figure 10. Proposed Low-Cost Design of Green Wall Panel for 1-2 Story Houses Source: Evanti at all, images used from http://foto-sansevieria.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html
and http://gdagussusila.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/11.jpg.32
Although the design was not executed successfully, the experiment was predicted to
produce low-cost green wall planter suitable for low-cost communities in the urban
areas.
CONCLUSIONS
The unbalanced development of urban areas reduced green area reduction, and lesser
affordable food supply. Therefore, the affordable vertical garden was needed to
replace the horizontal garden. However, vertical garden was not easy to maintain
because of its difficult cultivation process. Some green wall designs were evaluated
to prescribe the low cost pot - system were made from recycled bottle and supported
by automatic self-watering systems. Therefore, it will be more practical and
applicable for busy urban residents. Hopefully, the research could be continued in
the following months to be able to ensure the successful and evaluate the design
flaws.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to
• Architecture Program Study of Petra Christian University
o Agus Dwi Hariyanto, ST., M.Sc. Head of Architecture Program
Study.
o Ir. Joyce M. Laurens, M.Arch., Lecturer of Architecture Program
Study.
• C20 Library
REFERENCES Books and Journals
Fraser, E.D.G. (2002). Urban Ecology in Bangkok Thailand: Community
Participation, Urban Agriculture and Forestry, Environments 30 (1)
Hampwaye, G., Nel, E., Ingombe, L. (2009), "The role of urban agriculture in
addressing household poverty and food security: the case of Zambia".
Gdnet.org. Retrieved 2013-04-01
Van Uffelen, C., (2011), FaçadeGreenery: Contemporary Landscaping, Publisher:
Braun Publishing AG
Viles, H.,(2010), Interpretations and implications of our results, presented in Ivy on
Walls, Seminar Report, May 19, 2010, English Heritage and University of
Oxford.
Xuereb, M., (2005), "Food Miles: Environmental Implications of Food Imports to
Waterloo Region." Public Health Planner Region of Waterloo Public Health.
November.
Website: Borden, M., (2013), How to Make A Self-Watering Planter,
http://ayorek.org/en/2013/06/how-to-make-a-self-watering-planter/
http://clearwaste.blogspot.com/2011/08/infus-airmol-untuk-tanaman-di-musim.html
http://foto-sansevieria.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html
http://gdagussusila.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/11.jpg
http://greenovergrey.com/index.php
http://greenovergrey.com/living-walls/our-green-wall-system-vs-modular-boxes.php
http://greenovergrey.com/living-walls/what-are-living-walls.php
http://www.conceptualdevices.com/2012/09/eliooo-grow-your-food-or-how-to-go-
to-ikea%C2%AE-and-build-a-device-to-grow-salad-in-your-apartment/
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1278430/Why-ivy-creeping-walls-
home-actually-protect-building-thanks-thermal-shield.html
http://www.indogreenwall.com/
http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/dripguide.htm
http://www.kkarc.com/projects.aspx?gp=3
http://www.verticalfarm.com/more
http://www.vesproinc.com/images/success-stories/Greenwall-1.gif
http://www.vesproinc.com/index.htm
1 http: //www.conceptualdev ices.com/2012/09 /eliooo-grow-y our-food-or-how-to-go-to-ikea%C2%AE-and-bu ild-a-device-to-grow-salad-in-y our-apartment/
2 http: //greenovergrey .com/index.php
3 http: //www.vespro inc.com/index.htm
4 http: //www.indogreenwall.com/
5 Hampway e, G., Nel, E., Ingombe, L. (2009), "The role of urban agriculture in addressing househo ld poverty and food security : the case of Zambia". Gdnet.org. Retrieved 2013-04-01
6 Fraser, E.D.G. (2002). Urban Ecology in Bang ko k Thailand: Community Participation, Urban Agricul ture and Forestry , Environments 30 (1)
7 http: //www.verticalfarm.com/more
8 Xuereb, M., (2005), "Food Miles : Env ironmental Implications of Food Imports to Waterloo Region. " Public Health Planner Region of Waterloo Pub lic Health. November.
9 http: //www. kkarc.com/projects.aspx?gp=3
10 http: //www. kkarc.com/projects.aspx?gp=3
11 http: //www. kkarc.com/projects.aspx?gp=3
12 Van Uffelen, C., (2011), FaçadeGreenery : Contemporary Landscaping, Publisher: Braun Publishing AG
13 Van Uffelen, C., (2011), FaçadeGreenery : Contemporary Landscaping, Publisher: Braun Publishing AG
14 Van Uffelen, C., (2011), FaçadeGreenery : Contemporary Landscaping, Publisher: Braun Publishing AG
15 Viles, H.,(2010), In terpretations and implications of our results , presented in Ivy on Walls, Seminar Report, May 19, 2010, Eng lish Heri tage and University of Oxford.
16 http: //greenovergrey .com/living-walls/our-green-wall-sy stem-vs-modular-boxes.php
17 http: //greenovergrey .com/index.php
18 http: //www.vespro inc.com/index.htm
19 http: //www.indogreenwall.com/
20 http: //www.dai ly mail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1278430/Why -ivy -creeping-walls-home-actually -protect-building-than ks-thermal-shield.html
21 http: //www.vespro inc.com/images/success-stories/Greenwall-1.gif
22 http: //greenovergrey .com/living-walls/what-are-living-walls.php
23 http: //greenovergrey .com/index.php
24 http: //www.conceptualdev ices.com/2012/09 /eliooo-grow-y our-food-or-how-to-go-to-ikea%C2%AE-and-bu ild-a-device-to-grow-salad-in-y our-apartment/
25 http: //www.conceptualdev ices.com/2012/09 /eliooo-grow-y our-food-or-how-to-go-to-ikea%C2%AE-and-bu ild-a-device-to-grow-salad-in-y our-apartment/
26 http: //www.irrigat iontutorials .com/dripguide.h tm
27 http: //clearwaste.blogsp ot.com/2011 /08/infus-airmol-untu k-tanaman-di-musim.html
28 Borden, M., (2 013), How to Ma ke A Self-Watering Planter, ht tp: //ay orek.org/en/2 013/06 /how-to-ma ke-a-self-watering-planter/
29 http: //clearwaste.blogsp ot.com/2011 /08/infus-airmol-untu k-tanaman-di-musim.html
30 Borden, M., (2 013), How to Ma ke A Self-Watering Planter, ht tp: //ay orek.org/en/2 013/06 /how-to-ma ke-a-self-watering-planter/
31 Borden, M., (2 013), How to Ma ke A Self-Watering Planter, ht tp: //ay orek.org/en/2 013/06 /how-to-ma ke-a-self-watering-planter/
32 http: //foto-san sevieria.blogspot.com/2012 _06_01 _archive.html
and http: //gdagu ssus ila.files.wordpress.com/20 13/03 /11.jpg