THE ACCURACY OF CULTURAL WORD TRANSLATION IN THE...
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THE ACCURACY OF CULTURAL WORD TRANSLATION IN THE
BILINGUAL BOOK OF PANDUAN BERZIARAH KE BOROBUDUR
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
IVAN NUGROHO
NIM. 1112026000036
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2017
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ABSTRACT
Ivan Nugroho, The Accuracy of Cultural Word Translation in the Bilingual Book
of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur, A Thesis: English Language and Literature
Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic
University Jakarta, 2017.
This research focused on analyzing the accuracy of cultural word
translation in bilingual book Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur. The method of
this research is a qualitative method by using Newmark theory of the cultural
word translation and Nababan theory of the translation accuracy. The cultural
word will be grouped according to cultural category and analyzed the translation
accuracy based on how close the meaning or message can be transferred from the
source language into target language. The goal of this research is to know the
cultural words translation of the translator use i.e. material culture, ecology, social
culture, gesture and habit, and did not find social culture category. The research
found cultural category: tasbih, keris (pisau traditional jawa), tongkat pendek
(camara), lesung, alu, cawat (kopina), simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, pohon
sala, sungai gangga, brahmana, pathavi (pertiwi), brahma, bersila. The accuracy
of cultural word translation are accurate: bersila, brahmana, pohon sala, lesung,
simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, sungai gangga, cawat (kopina), less accurate:
tasbih, keris (pisau tradisional jawa), alu, brahma and inaccurate: tongkat pendek
(camara) and pathavi (pertiwi).
Keywords: Translation, Accuracy, Cultural Word
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, and the Most
Beneficent
All praises be to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe, on the overflow of
graces and mercies to mankind, Who amazingly guides the researcher, gives an
ability and healthy to finish this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon the greatest
prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, his descendant, his faithful follower,
companions and adherents, who had brought the word from the darkness into
lightness.
This thesis is presented in English Language and Literature Department,
Adab and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
Jakarta as a part of requirements for the Degree of Strata 1 (S1). The researcher
wants to express his gratitude to M. Agus Suriadi, M.Hum. as the researcher’s
thesis advisor for his time, guidance, patience, kindness, support, encouragement,
and contribution in correcting and help the researcher from the zero to be a hero.
The researcher also would like to express his appreciation to the following
people who helped him finishing this thesis, namely:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A., as the Dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty;
2. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd. as the vice-Dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty;
3. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd. as the Head of English Letters Department;
4. Mrs. Elve Oktaviani, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Letters
Department;
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5. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for teaching the
researcher the precious knowledge and wonderful experience during study,
especially in translation concentrate;
6. All staff of Library Center of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
Jakarta and Library Faculty of Adab and Humanities who helped the
researcher in finding the reference and inspiration;
7. KARANIYA Publisher which has helped provide a substitute research
object;
8. Mr. Suyatno and Mrs. Siti Mulyani, as the researcher’s parents who
already prayed and supported the researcher since childhood until
finishing the study;
9. Sherly Indah Puspitasari and Balqis Adzra Sheva, as the little family of the
researcher who always encourages, pray, and always accompany in the
process of finishing the thesis;
10. Dornan Risqi Sidomukti, as my best friend from start to college till now,
and also Abdul Fatah Azhari, Anhar Firdaus who always help, remind, and
advice in solving this thesis;
11. All my friend at English Letters Department, especially in Translation
Class and KKN KATALIS: Dornan, Alfan, Andi, Fauzi, Trisaka, Amri,
Mudhori, Desy, Mita, Alfi, Putri, Diah. Thank for your cooperation during
college, it memories will be never forgotten.
12. All people who helped and supported the researcher in finishing this thesis
which cannot be mentioned one by one.
Finally, may Allah the all-hearer and all-knower always bless, protects,
and gives them more than they have given to the researcher. Hopefully, the
researcher hopes this thesis will be useful and advantageous, for those who are
interested in this field, even though this thesis is far from the perfection.
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Jakarta, May 2017
The Researcher
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LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
Abbreviation Explanation
e.g. for example
et al. and others
etc. et cetera; and so on
i.e. that is; in other words
SL Source Language
SLT Source Language Text
TL Target Language
TLT Target Language Text
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Data Source ............................................................................................ 6
Table 2 : Translation Qualitative Assessment by Nababan ................................. 25
Table 3 : The Data of Cultural Words ................................................................. 27
Table 3.1 : Data Source Pohon sala ........................................................................ 28
Table 3.2 : Data Source Sungai Gangga .................................................................. 29
Table 3.3 : Data Source Tasbih ............................................................................... 30
Table 3.4 : Data Source Keris (pisau tradisional jawa) ........................................... 31
Table 3.5 : Data Source Tongkat pendek (camara) ................................................ 32
Table 3.6 : Data Source Lesung .............................................................................. 33
Table 3.7 : Data Source Alu .................................................................................... 34
Table 3.8 : Data Source Cawat (kopina) ................................................................. 35
Table 3.9 : Data Source Simbal ............................................................................... 36
Table 3.10 : Data Source Bubur jali-jali .................................................................... 37
Table 3.11 : Data Source Ronde madu ...................................................................... 37
Table 3.12 : Data Source Brahmana .......................................................................... 38
Table 3.13 : Data Source Pathavi (Pertiwi) ............................................................... 39
Table 3.14 : Data Source Brahma ............................................................................. 40
Table 3.15 : Data Source Bersila ............................................................................... 41
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. i
APPROVEMENT ...................................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION ..................................................................................................... iii
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... v
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLE ...................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study .................................................................................. 1
B. Focus of the Study ............................................................................................ 3
C. Research Question ............................................................................................ 3
D. Objective of the Study ...................................................................................... 4
E. Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 4
F. Research Methodology..................................................................................... 5
1. Method of the Research ............................................................................. 5
2. Instrument of the Research......................................................................... 5
3. Unit of Analysis ......................................................................................... 6
4. Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 6
5. Place and Time of the Research ................................................................. 7
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research ............................................................................................ 8
B. Theoretical Review ........................................................................................ 11
1. Definition of Translation .......................................................................... 11
2. Definition of Cultural Words ................................................................... 14
3. Category of Cultural Words ..................................................................... 17
4. The Accuracy of Translation .................................................................... 18
5. The Accuracy Test ................................................................................... 22
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CHAPTER III: RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description............................................................................................. 27
B. Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 43
B. Suggestion ...................................................................................................... 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 46
APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 49
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Talking about transferring the meaning/message from one
language into another language, this activity cannot be separated from a
process called translation. There is translation expert who involve the
accuracy aspect of their theory. Nababan is the one who defines translation
as transfer the meaning from the source language into the target language,
with the accuracy of message, readability, and acceptability of the product
(4). It means accuracy is one of the important aspects of translation
because it concerns about the transfer of meaning.
Translating the text is not simple cases. Mounin in Newmark
argues that “...translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original”
(3), it means the translation is not only the translating case, reiterated, and
retain the original form of the source text. There are several aspects to
consider the translator to achieve a good translation. One of them is
accuracy, because inaccuracies may reduce the message from source
language text, which can be fatal to readers.
Anari defines the translation accuracy as the exactitude or the
precision of the transferred meaning (34). Anari further asserts that
accurate translation is the “reconstruction of the source text message”
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(34). So, translation accuracy term refers to how good a translation in
conveying the message back in the target language text form.
Accuracy is a term used in evaluating the translation to refer the
source language and target language text equivalent or not. The concept of
equivalence leads to an equality content or messages between two texts
(Nababan et. al, 44). In other words, the accuracy is one of the most
important aspects of the translation because of accuracy concerning the
problems of common content or text messages between source and target
text.
In relation to the translation, Newmark declares that accuracy in
translating a text is related to the source language text “either to the
author’s meaning” or to concrete the reality of the text itself (111). Based
on the mentioned sentences above, accuracy can be a representation and
reflection of faithfulness in translation, or it may show us how much the
translator can be successful in reproduction the source text message into
target text. It should be noted that this is a possibility but not a case that
necessarily happens as there may be problems in translation or
reconstruction the message even after the perception of the source
language text.
In this study, the researcher will analyze the accuracy of the
cultural word on the bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur.
In translation, some words in the source language cannot be replaced by
the target language as caused by the cultural background of those words.
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Those words are called by cultural words (Newmark, 95-103). The cultural
words such as traditional foods, local animal or plant names, and places
will hard to be translated into the target text. It is because the meaning of
the cultural words is not available in the target language. The cultural
word problems in translation mostly cause some failures of idea delivery
in the target language. This study is also expected to give many
contributions in learning of translation field, especially in accuracy and
cultural word to provide precise and accurate information.
B. Focus of the Study
Based on the research background, this research will focus on
analyzing the accuracy of cultural word translation in the bilingual book of
Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur. Beside, this research also to know the
accuracy of the translation of every cultural word in the bilingual book of
Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur.
C. Research Question
1. What cultural words translation does the translator use in the bilingual
book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur?
2. How are accuracy of cultural word translation applied in the bilingual
book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur?
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D. Objective of the Study
1. The goal of this research is to know the cultural words translation used
by the translator in the bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke
Borobudur.
2. To know the accuracy of cultural word translation applied in the
bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur.
E. Significance of the Study
According to the purposes of this research above, the researcher
hopes this research has many advantages to the researcher and the readers,
especially to understand more about the selected cultural words in the
bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur. In addition, the result
of this study is expected to help translation researcher’s to perform the
analysis of the cultural text based on the study of various types of
translation, so the analysis and evaluation of the translation can be
generated. This study is also expected to give advantages for the translator
to analyze text more critically and be able to use the instrument that thus
able to measure the accuracy of translation that suits the purposed of the
translation and accepted by the readers of the target language.
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F. Research Methodology
1. Method of the Research
In this research, the researcher uses a qualitative method.
Qualitative research used to obtain depth data and contains the meaning, ie
the actual data and certain data (Suryana, 40). Qualitative research is also
used when the problem is still obscure, so the researcher analyzes an
object to understand the meaning behind data that appear (Suryana, 41).
Farkhan also explains qualitative research is the research which relies on
verbal data and nonnumerical in the same manner as the basic of analytical
and creative problem solving of the research (8). The researcher will
describe the data and the result obtained from this research is a form of
verbal data words or phrases containing an unknown concept in the
bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur by S. Dhammika.
2. Instrument of the Research
In conducting qualitative research, the instrument is the researcher
himself. The researcher as a key instrument should have the insight and the
provision of comprehensive theory, so they can inquire, analyze,
photograph, and construct social situation under study becomes more clear
and meaningful (Suryana, 40). According to the explanation above, so the
main instrument of this research is the researcher himself. In doing this
research, the researcher does some activities start from planning the
research, analysis of data, starting from reading, marking, classifying and
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selecting the data in the bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke
Borobudur and understanding the object of focus study, then provide
information or additional opinions from the research analysis result.
3. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in this research is the bilingual book of
Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur. This book has two languages
(Indonesia-English) and contained Hinduism cultures which explain about
the panels in Borobudur temple.
Tabel 1. Data Source
Title Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur: A Pilgrims
Guide to Borobudur
Author/Translator S. Dhammika/Hendra Lim
Year of Publication 2016
Publisher KARINAYA
Number of Pages 124
4. Data Analysis
The researcher used descriptive analysis technique in this research.
In collecting and processing the data the researcher does some activities
such as identifying the source data which is the bilingual book of Panduan
Berziarah ke Borobudur. Furthermore, first in data analysis the researcher
classifies the data, based on category of cultural words by Newmark.
Second, analyzing the selected data by considering the most specific
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cultural words, that is the Indonesian cultural words that are not found in
English. Third, give explanation by the researcher based on theories by
Nababan to find the accuracy, Newmark to find the cultural word category
and another supporting theory to explore the data. Last, the researcher
make conclusion about the accuracy of cultural word translation from the
analysis that already done.
5. Place and Time of the Research
This study was conducted in January-Mei 2017 and expected to be
completed on time. So, this research can immediately submit to the
English Language and Literature Department, Adab and Humanities
Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta. This
research was conducted at The Library Center (PU) of Syarif Hidayatullah
State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, Adab and Humanities Faculty
Library and the residence of the researcher.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter explains about the previous research which related to
studies about the accuracy of cultural word translation. The previous research
used as a comparison to find out more about what study that has been
researched with the same approach. Furthermore, this chapter also will
explain about the theoretical framework that will used to analyze the data.
The theory will be explained and described by several examples which will
applied in the analysis chapter. Lastly, after explained about the theoretical
framework, this chapter will discuss some examples related to applying the
data.
A. Previous Research
1. Penerjemahan Istilah Budaya Spesifik dalam Subtitling Film
Memories of a Geisha (MOG) by I Made Suta Paramarta (2009)
I Made Suta Paramarta analysis about the accuracy of cultural term
translation by using the film Memoirs of a Geisha (MOG) as a semiotic
composition that is the combination of dialogue (Verbal Auditory
Channel), music (Nonverbal Auditory Channel), subtitling (Verbal Visual
Channel), and image (Nonverbal Visual Channel). In this section, the I
Made Suta Paramarta used the theory that presented by Larson (1984) on
the evaluation of translation results, especially the accuracy of the
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translation. The differences between I Made Suta Paramarta and this
research is the focus and unit of analysis. I Made Suta Paramarta focuses
on the cultural word in Japanese language subtitling film but the
researcher focuses on the cultural word in the bilingual (Indonesian-
English) book of one culture in Indonesia.
2. Penerjemahan Kata-Kata Berkonsep Budaya dalam Novel Anchee
Min “Empress Orchid” (Suatu Analisis Terjemahan Sastra) by Ratna
Danyati (2012)
Ratna Danyati in her research aims to find out the accuracy in
novel Empress Orchid written by Anchee Min. This research is focused on
cultural aspects translation from English version into Indonesian version.
The data analysis technique of this research is content analysis. The result
of this research describes that the translator of Empress Orchid novel still
keeps a culture of source language society in the target language. The data
of the research shows there are 62 cultural words with the specific
concept. Cultural words concept has been collected and researched divide
into five cultural categories and a number of cultural words are
categorized: there are 14 cultural expressions in ecology, 18 cultural
expressions in artifact culture, 6 cultural expressions in social culture, 12
cultural expressions in the organization, 6 cultural expressions in habits
and gesture. It concludes the translation with the cultural concept has high
accuracy translation. The differences between Ratna Danyati and this
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research is the technique of data analysis and unit of analysis. Ratna
Danyati uses content analysis technique and the novel as a unit of analysis
but the researcher uses descriptive analysis technique and the bilingual
cultural book as a unit of analysis.
3. Kajian Terjemahan Istilah Budaya dalam Novel by Ratna
Khoirunnisa (2015)
Ratna Khoirunnisa in her research aims to reveal a wide variety of
cultural terms in the novel The Bliss Bakery Trilogy # 1. One purpose of
her research is to identify the cultural terms that can be seen from several
aspects, one of them is accuracy. Ratna Khoirunnisa research is a
qualitative descriptive research which consists of two data sources: first,
the source of objective data obtained from the documents that form the
novel The Bliss Bakery Trilogy # 1 and its translation. Second, effective
data sources obtained from the informants who gave information about the
accuracy of its translation. Data collected through the assessment of
document and questionnaire. The research findings indicate several types
of cultural terms found in the novel, including the ecological culture,
material culture, social and cultural gesture or body language. The
differences between Ratna Khoirunnisa and this research is the unit of
analysis and data collection. Ratna Khoirunnisa uses the novel as a unit of
analysis and added the questionnaire to collect the data but the researcher
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uses the bilingual cultural book as a unit of analysis and data collected
through the assessment of document.
The previous research help the researcher in conducting the
research with the related data, especially in translation, accuracy and
cultural word to collecting the compatible data.
The researcher also will doing the research with the main study is
the accuracy of the translation, especially in the cultural word. The
research will be conducted by using the data from bilingual book Panduan
Berziarah ke Borobudur, this book explains about the panels in Borobudur
temple, especially the first gallery panels which told the story of Sidhattha
Gotama from common human to be a Buddha. These data will be analyzed
to see how accurate the translation of cultural words using some theories
that are discussed in this chapter. The result of this study is expected to
increase and expand the study of translation accuracy and cultural word.
B. Theoretical Review
1. Definition of Translation
There are several definitions of translation that have been said by
experts. The proposed definitions are different according to the
background and their perspective on the translation. Because of
differences in point of view, the proposed definition can be different and
complementary to each other. For more details, can be seen from the
various proposed definitions translation of these experts.
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Catford states translation is an activity replacing textual material in
one language as the source language with the equivalent textual material in
the target language (20). Catford considers translation directed to the
replacement of the text or shape alone. Meanwhile, the text of a language
cannot be simply transferred without capturing the meaning or message
that behind in particular expression, even text that could be worth a
different meaning.
Completing the above definition, Bassnett-McGuire stated that
translation is an effort to convey a text in source language into target
language, by ensuring the meaning of the two texts are equally, and the
structure of source language also as far as possible be maintained, but not
so close as to avoid serious irregularities in the structure of the target
language (2). Based on the above definition, Bassnett-McGuire completes
the definition of Catford so that translation is no longer regarded as an
activity replacing text with the equivalent text of source language into the
target language, but also to consider the aspect of meaning and sentence
structure of the source text as much as possible equally.
However, if observed this definition is still focused on the form
(text/form) and although implicitly Bassnett-McGuire actually been aware
of the structural differences that exist between the two languages, even
maintaining the same structure as the source language can even be caused
distortion of meaning. So, it looks hesitation in advocating maintaining the
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structure of source language, but he has yet to have the size of the extent to
which the structure should be maintained.
Different from the two definitions above, Savory expressed
translation made possible by the efforts of matching thoughts (messages)
that is implied behind the different verbal utterances (13). From the Savory
statement, it appears that the translation is actually an activity that seeks
the transfer of messages that are behind the expression, not just divert its
expression. Verbal speech here refers to the language in a variety of
written and orally.
Besides the fundamental differences that were transferred was
essentially the message instead of textual material, from some proposed
expert definitions also have differences in terms of media and product.
From the viewpoint of Catford (1980) and Bassnett-McGuire (1991), they
limit that is meant the translation just a diversion text in source language
made in writing so that its products as well as text. Meanwhile, Pinchuck
states translation as "... a process of finding a TL equivalent for an SL
utterance" (38). The term ‘utterance' indicates that translation can also be
understood as a process of transferring an oral message with verbal media.
In practice, the translation is not only done in writing or orally.
Bell also proposed the definition of translation as "the replacement
of representation of a text in one language by a representation of an
equivalent text in a second language" (6). Another opinion expressed by
Nida & Taber "Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor
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language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,
first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style" (12). From these
definitions, it can be seen that the translation is the replacement text
representation of the source language with its equivalent in the target
language by observing the equivalence of meaning and style. Definition of
the translation has not paid much attention to cultural elements, elements
which always was engaged in translation activity, so Kridalaksana
provides a definition of translation is more complete, namely the transfer
of the mandate of intercultural and/or among nations in the level of
grammatical and lexical with meaning, effect or forms that wherever
possible be retained (181).
From the definitions and explanations of the last acquired
understanding that translation can be done in writing or orally
(translation). But the main thing that must be considered in the transfer of
the message, the translator must maintain a message/mandate contained in
the source language by reproducing the closest natural equivalent in the
target language and retaining the language style in expressing the message
into the target language.
2. Definition of Cultural Words
Translation is a process which involves two languages, namely
source language and receptor language. It can also be said that translation
involving two different cultures. In other words, translation is the process
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of finding meaning and conveys the meaning of a culture into another
culture. Therefore, cultural differences between the source language and
receptor language make translator difficult in producing translation well,
because it needs to know and learn the culture of both languages.
According to Koentjaraningrat, the word of culture is derived from
the Sanskrit that is "buddayah", it is the plural form of the word of "budhi"
means "sense or reason". From the word of buddhi, culture can be defined
as "the things that concerned with sense." Culture includes also "ideas
which obtained through the learning process, also patterns of human
behavior." Meanwhile, according to Danandjaya, culture includes some of
the elements such as belief, custom, a way of life, religion, music,
literature, history, and so on (Rangkuti-Hasibuan, 5). And also according
to Newmark, the definition of culture is "the way of life of manifestations
that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its
means of expression" (94). This definition indicates that every community
has its own language certainly has its own culture as well.
Culture is a way of life embodied in a particular group and
expressed in a particular language. Then, Culture may be defined as the
ideas, customs, skills, arts, and tools that characterize a given group of
people in a given period of time. But, culture is more than the sum of its
parts (Brown, 177). Meanwhile according to Abdul Chaer and Leony
Agustina in his book Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal that culture is
everything which concerns of human life, including the rule or the law
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applicable in society, the results of man-made, custom, and common
tradition, and also including interaction or communication tool is also
used, they are language and tools of communication other nonverbal (164).
Related the words bounded by culture, Newmark says, "most cultural
words are easy to detect since they are associated with a particular
language and cannot be literally translated, where a literal translation
would distort the meaning and a translation may include an appropriate
descriptive-functional equivalent" (95).
Thus, it can be concluded that "culture is the whole way of life of a
society, the human way of thinking and behaving." In other words "culture
is the human life itself, which includes the mind, the creation and the
result of his work" (Mulyana et. al., 18) Or it can also conclude that
‘culture is a way of life that manifestations are seen in the form of
behavior and the results are seen in the material (artefacts) which is
obtained through a process of habituation and learning in a community and
then passed on from generation to generation.' Culture is typical for a
society, then no two the same culture.
So, the cultural words can be defined as a particular word living
embodiment of how a group of people interact or communicate each other
in a community and a given period time which comprises ideas, customs,
skills, arts, tools and so on.
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3. Category of Cultural Words
Nida said that constraint in translation is the difference in four
cases, namely: 1) language, 2) social culture, 3) religious culture and 4)
cultural material (Hoed, 24). In other words, as the translator should be
familiar with topics you want to translate it first, before proceeding to the
translation process, so it can reduce the problem of accuracy in translation.
In his book, Newmark offers a concept of cultural words. This
concept reveals that in a text all aspects of culture are expressed in cultural
words. These aspects can be interpreted in a variety of ways according to
their role in the text and translation purpose. For make easier of
understanding, these aspects are divided into categories and sub-
categories, namely (95):
a. Ecology. It is a geographical feature that can be normally
distinguished from other cultural terms in that they are
usually value-free, politically and commercially. It which
includes flora, fauna, mountains, rivers, plains, natural
conditions and so on, for example, wedus gembel (The fog
in Merapi Mountain), burung cendrawasih (bird of
paradise), etc;
b. Material culture (artifacts). It is the culture-specific
element that includes clothes, foods, housing,
transportation, tools, and equipment, etc. For example getuk
(snack made from yams or cassava which have been
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crushed and to which sugar and coconut have been added),
kebaya (a long-sleeved blouse worn over the kain or skirt-
wrapping), etc;
c. Social culture. Work and leisure such as the names of
music, games or dance that is typical in certain areas such
as tari jaipong (kinds of Sundanese dance), malam takbiran
(the night of the last day of Ramadhan) etc;
d. Social organization – political and administrative
(organization, customs, ideas, activities, procedures,
concepts). Institutional terms, historical terms, international
terms, religious terms, artistic terms. The linguistic
manifestations of this concept cannot be translated into a
language where the audience is unfamiliar with it, for
example, SLB (the Special Needs School), kepala desa
(head of the village) and so on;
e. Gestures and habit. (often described in non-cultural
language), which are an activities or actions carried out
from generation to generation, such as kerja bakti,
menggotong, sila, nujuh bulan, aben, lamaran, etc.
4. The Accuracy of Translation
According to Shuttleworth and Cowie in Anari and Bouali,
accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree of
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correspondence between the translated and original text (80). Accuracy is
defined by Rahimi in Anari and Bouhali as a suitable and detailed
explanation of the source message and the transmission of that message as
exactly as possible (80). So, it can be concluded that accuracy occurs when
the message in the source language is transferred correctly into the target
language.
The problem of accuracy is one of the main consequences from the
fundamental concept of translation which means a text can be translated
into target language if it has equivalence relation. The translator doesn't
make any reductions or additions in the target language. If he does, the
work will called inaccuracy. Rahimi said that a translation will considered
inaccurate if it inadvertently omits some piece of information, adds some
information which is not available in the source text, and makes mistakes
in analyzing the meaning of the text (80). So, as the translator must have
sufficient knowledge and a full understanding of the text to produce a
translation which is both accurate and easy to read.
In his book, Larson (1984) attaches some example with their
explanations which describe the difference between accurate translation,
inaccurate, and unclear ones, there are:
a. Accurate Translation
The message of the source text is totally diverting into the
target text, no distorting and no reorder of the sentence in that
translation (Larson, 487). It means in translating, a translator
20
should find the way how the message of the source text is
delivered appropriately into the target text. No omission, no
addition, and the meaning are true.
The example, as follows:
Source text: I am glad that you have turned your life.
Target text: Aku senang ibu sudah berubah
The word you in English can be translated into "kamu,
engkau, kau, and anda." The rate might be accurate, inaccurate
or unclear based on the context that used. A translator has to
know the relation between the speaker and listener. This
context is the conversation between a son toward his mom,
then the word you will the best accuracy if it translated into ibu
or mama although it is not the equal meaning of you. In this
case, the culture most influenced. Therefore, the translator
translates the word you into "ibu" in this translation.
b. Inaccurate Translation
The message of the source text is delivered imprecisely
(Larson, 487). There found some distortions and also
differences while translating the text, then it can be sure that
inaccuracy occurs in that translation.
Inaccurate translation is caused by multilingual language
and culture. The example is the Indonesian language which
21
has most different culture. In translating the text, the translator
must decide carefully in diverting the message, to get an
accurate translation.
There are some ways to testing inaccurate translation: One,
additional of some parts which did not exist in the original
text. Second, different of meaning between the original and
translated text. Third, the omission of some parts which
existed in the original text. And the last, lack of
communication Zero Meaning (Larson, 531).
For example:
Source text: I went to Tibet and I studied Buddhism, and
then I read the Koran.
Target text: Aku belajar ke Tibet, dan belajar tentang
Budha, lalu aku membaca Koran.
The example above, a translator does not translate the word
Koran into "Al-Qur'an" which means the Moslem holy book
but he uses its pure borrowing word. This translation can be
claimed as inaccurate one because the message is diverting
imprecisely into the target text. The word Koran in Indonesian
refers to a newspaper which published in every day, and it
absolutely different with the message that is purposed in the
translation.
22
c. Unclear Translation
The message of the source text actually is transferring into
the target text, but it still not communicates to the people who
are to use that translation (Larson, 531). Then it should be
checked with someone who is not familiar with the source text
and ask questions which will show what he/she understand to
find its clarity.
For example:
Source text: The restaurant makes a killer big cheeseburger.
Target text: Restoran itu membuat burger keju besar.
The translation of the source text can be understood well,
but there found a missing message in the target text. This
untranslatable word of the killer in the sentence, make the
menu in that restaurant seems ordinary. Therefore, a translator
should find the word to get its clarity.
According to the example above, it concludes that a
translator has to replace the message of the source text into the
target text carefully. Therefore, a checking of the translation is
needed.
5. The Accuracy Test
The accuracy test means, checking whether the meaning is
transferred from source text is the same as the one in the target text. The
23
purpose of the translator is to communicate meaning accurately. The
Translators should not ignore, add or subtract the message that contained
in the source text, to keep the authenticity of the source language text
messages. Nida and Taber confirm that the message should be a priority
because the content is the most important (13).
The accuracy test is done based on theories regarding the accuracy
which already exists, this is intended to be a reference in translating
focused on one agreement. In testing the accuracy, a translator required
being careful, because meaning from source language should be
appropriate with the equivalence into the target language if the translation
result does not meet appropriate meaning in the target language and the
context, it can be said that it is not accurate. Inaccuracy can reduce the
quality of the translation because accuracy is one of the most important
elements in quality assessments in translation beside clarity and
naturalness.
Khomeijani Farahani based on Larson (1984) believes that the
process of the evaluation of translation accuracy can be executed in two
ways (2005: 75-87):
a). First, through the recognition of the ST key works and their
equivalents in the target text, then comparing the extent of their proximity
to each other, that is, whether the translator could represent an exact and
equal meaning of the ST through choosing the linguistic equivalents of the
24
TT and whether he/she could achieve an acceptable amount of accuracy or
not.
b). Second, the use of back translation which means translating the
TL text into the ST, then undertaking the contrastive analysis; if the
translated text is reasonably approximate and close to the source language
text, then the translation contains an acceptable rate of accuracy.
Waddington recommended another method in evaluating the
quality of translation based on Hurtado's (1995) model. Waddington
"Method A" enumerates three groups of mistakes which may exist in
translation. The first group which deals with the perception of the source
text message is related to translation accuracy including the inappropriate
influential translations in perceiving the source text and is classified into
eight categories: contresens, fanxsens, nonsense, addition, omission,
unresolved extralinguistic references, loss of meaning, inappropriate
linguistic variation (register, style, dialect,…..) (311-325).
Meanwhile, Nababan creates a model of translation qualitative
assessment that there is an instrument accuracy assessment is described as
follows (50):
25
Table 2. Translation Qualitative Assessment by Nababan
Translation
Category
Qualitative Parameter
Accurate The meaning of the word, a technical term, phrase, clause,
sentence or source language text accurately transferred
into the target language; absolutely no distortion of
meaning.
Less Accurate Most of the meaning of words, technical terms, phrases,
clauses, sentences or text of the source language has been
transferred accurately into the target language. However,
there is still a distortion of meaning or translation of
double meaning (ambiguous) or existing meaning is
eliminated, which interrupt the integrity of the message.
Inaccurate The meaning of the word, a technical term, phrase, clause,
sentence or source language text inaccurately transferred
into the target language or omitted (deleted).
According to Nababan, accuracy aspect have the weight which the
highest than the other aspect, it is adjusted to the basic concepts of the
translation process as the process of transferring the message (accuracy) of
the source language text into the target language (50).
Larson says maintaining the dynamics of the original source text
means that the translation is presented in such a way that it will, hopefully,
evoke the same response as the source text attempted to evoke (6).
Nababan added for people who are knowledgeable in the field of
translation, the translation is also viewed as a communication tool (43).
Based on the explanation above, the researcher concludes that the
translation result must be natural and understandable. The translator
should pay attention to the target of the translation first so that the
translator can adjust the translation in the order it can be accepted and
understood by the readers.
26
According to the translation accuracy that has been mentioned
above, the researcher chose to use the main theories presented by
Nababan, because of the Nababan theory is more detailed and easier to
understand in its application. However, other theories that have been
described above are not function or are not used. The theory would still be
used by the researcher is in the application of Nababan theory still requires
an additional statement or support for analyzing an accuracy of the
translation.
27
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In data description, the researcher tabulates the data of cultural
words which are taken from Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur book,
including it category of cultural words and the types translation accuracy,
which will be analyzed use the theory which mentions before. The selected
data can be tabulated as follows.
Table 3. The Data of Cultural Words in the Bilingual Book of Panduan Berziarah
ke Borobudur, Their Category, and The Types of Translation Accuracy
No. Data of Panduan
Berziarah ke
Borobudur
Data of A
Pilgrim’s Guide
to Borobudur
Category of
Cultural
Words
The Types of
Translation
Accuracy
1 Tasbih Prayer beads
Material
culture
Less accurate
2 Keris (pisau
traditional jawa)
Keris (Javanese
dagger)
Material
culture
Less accurate
3 Tongkat pendek
(camara)
The fly whisk
(camara)
Material
culture
Inaccurate
4 Bersila Sitting with his
legs crossed
Gestures and
habit
Accurate
5 Brahmana Brahmin
Social
organization
Accurate
6 Pohon sala Sal tree
Ecology Accurate
7 Lesung Mortar
Material
culture
Accurate
8 Alu Alu Material
culture
Less accurate
9 Cawat (kopina) Loin cloth
(kopina)
Material
culture
Accurate
10 Pathavi (Pertiwi) Pathavi
Social
organization
Inaccurate
11 Simbal Cymbal
Material
culture
Accurate
12 Bubur jali-jali Barley gruel
Material
culture
Accurate
28
13 Ronde madu Honey balls
Material
culture
Accurate
14 Brahma Brahma
Social
organization
Less accurate
15 Sungai Gangga Ganges River
Ecology Accurate
B. Data Analysis
From tabulated data above which contains 15 cultural words, the
researcher tries to classify the category of the cultural word and analyze its
type of translation accuracy using some theories which explained before.
The data can be analyzed as follows:
1. Ecology
a. Pohon sala: Sal tree
Table 3.1. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Sala sala/sa·la/ n perdu, Eurya japonica
Oxford
Dictionary
Sal (n) A North Indian tree which yields teak-like timber
and dammar resin.
The data above shows the word “Sal” is explained as a tree which
specified come from North Indian. In Indonesia, sala trees are often called
as a perdu tree. The sal tree belongs to a plant and a plant includes a flora,
so it is categorized as ecology in cultural word by Newmark (95).
The translation above is considered as an accurate translation
because the word “Sala” in Hindi name or perdu tree in Indonesian can be
translated in English with the ”Sal” word which the same meaning. The
word ”Sala” is accurately transferred into the target language because of
29
absolutely no distortion of meaning (Nababan, 50). In addition, the
translator can find substitutes word in target language culture, so this
translation can be understood by the reader.
b. Sungai Gangga: Ganges River
Table 3.2. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
Oxford
Dictionary
Ganges A river of northern India and Bangladesh, which rises
in the Himalayas and flows some 2,700 km (1,678
miles) south-east to the Bay of Bengal, where it forms
the world's largest delta. The river is regarded by
Hindus as sacred. Hindi name Ganga
Source Language Target Language
Buddha tiba di sungai Gangga dan
satu-satunya cara untuk
menyeberangi adalah menggunakan
perahu. (p. 122)
The Buddha arrived the Ganges river
where the only means of crossing was
by ferry. (p. 121)
The data above shows the Ganges is a sacred river regarded by
Hindus. Ganges river can be categorized as cultural word especially
ecology because it is a geographical feature that can be normally
distinguished according to Newmark (95).
The translation above is considered as an accurate translation
because the Gangga meaning in Indonesian or Ganga meaning in Hindi
name has same reference and absolutely no distortion of meaning when
translate into English become the Ganges, it means the meaning of the
Gangga accurately transferred into the target language and can be
accepted by the target language reader (Nababan, 50).
30
2. Material Culture (Artefacts)
a. Tasbih: Prayer beads
Table 3.3. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Tasbih Tasbih/tas·bih/ n untaian butir manik-manik yang
dipakai untuk menghitung ucapan tahlil, tasbih, dan
sebagainya: -- itu, ada yang 33 dan ada yang 100 butir
Oxford
Dictionary
Prayer
beads
A string of beads used to keep count while uttering
prayers.
Oxford
Dictionary
Rosary (n) A string of beads for keeping count in a rosary or in
the devotions of some other religions
The data above shows tasbih or prayer beads use to an equipment
of worship in some religion. Tasbih or prayer beads is a praying
equipment, it shows tasbih or prayer beads is categorized as a tool or
material culture in the cultural category (Newmark, 95).
The translation above is considered as a less accurate translation.
Actually, tasbih and prayer beads have similar meaning when they are
translated into target language, but in English culture, the word “tasbih” be
able to translate into “rosary” word which more specified and understood
meaning than prayer beads. In this cases, the translator does not transfer a
technical term carefully into the target language which interrupts the
integrity of the message (Nababan, 50).
31
b. Keris (pisau tradisional jawa): Keris (Javanese dagger)
Table 3.4. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Keris
(pisau
tradisional
jawa)
keris/ke·ris/ n senjata tajam bersarung, berujung
tajam, dan bermata dua (bilahnya ada yang lurus,
ada yang berkeluk- keluk);
Oxford
Dictionary
Keris
(Javanese
dagger)
(n) A Malay or Indonesian dagger with a wavy-
edged blade.
The data above shows Keris is just not a knife, but it has a more
specific function as a dagger which originally comes to Indonesia. Keris is
categorized a material culture (artifact) because it has function as a tool
and equipment (Newmark, 95).
This word is preserved in the translation without any change, but
adding an explanation to make the translation is cleared. The translation
above is considered as a less accurate translation although adding the
‘note’ (Newmark, 92) because the word “Keris” in Indonesian can be
translated into English with “Kris” word. Actually, Oxford Dictionary has
not the word “Keris” in their vocabularies because Keris is translated into
the word “Kris” in English without additional notes, then British knew
what is Kris, the Javanese dagger from Indonesia. In addition, this
translation called as a less accurate translation because there is a
translation of double meaning (ambiguous) which interrupts the integrity
of the message (Nababan, 50).
32
c. Tongkat pendek (camara): The fly whisk (camara)
Table 3.5. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Pendek pendek/pen·dek/ /péndék/ a 1 dekat jaraknya dari ujung
ke ujung 2 dekat jaraknya dari sebelah bawah; tidak
tinggi 3 sebentar (tentang waktu) 4 ringkas; singkat
(tentang cerita dan sebagainya)
Oxford
Dictionary
Fly (v) move through the air
The translation above shows camara is a whisk which symbolizes
a royalty in Hinduism culture. Camara is made out of either yak's tails or
horse hair and royal personages that often accompanied by fly whisk
holders (Dhammika, 29). Because of it has the functioned as a tool so
camara categorizes as material culture (Newmark, 95).
The translation above is actually considered as an accurate
translation. The translator translated the word “camara” with the same
shape with aim to adding the front sentence to make the meaning of the
word accurately transferred into the target language (Newmark, 92), but
the translation to be inaccurate caused there is a target language word
changed when it is translated, so make the information is wrong. In this
case the word “pendek” in Indonesian can be translated into English with
“fly”, then according to tabulate data above the word “pendek” and “fly”
are very different meaning. In addition, according to Nababan theory, this
translation considers as an inaccurate translation because the meaning of
tongkat pendek (camara) inaccurately transferred into the target language
or changing the meaning become the fly whisk (camara) which interrupts
the integrity of the message (50).
33
d. Lesung: Mortar
Table 3.6. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Lesung lesung/le·sung/ n lumpang kayu panjang (untuk
menumbuk padi dan sebagainya)
Oxford
Dictionary
Mortar (n) A cup-shaped receptacle in which ingredients are
crushed or ground, used in cooking or pharmacy.
The data above shows lesung and mortar are tools that functioned
in the field of food or pharmacy. Lesung is categorized to material culture
(artifact) in the cultural category by Newmark (95) because it is usually
used or functioned as a tool.
This translation is considered as an accurate translation because
absolutely no distortion of the meaning and the meaning of the lesung
accurately transferred into the target language (Nababan, 50). Lesung in
Indonesia is actually more traditional function than mortar in English.
Lesung is functioned to the container of pounding the rice (padi) and
mortar is more functioned in the pharmacy field to the container of
pounding the medicine, but this translation still called accurate because it
still has one idea. In addition, the translation above called as an accurate
translation because the translator is able to find the source text message
and totally diverting into the target text (Larson, 487) with the true
meaning.
34
e. Alu: Alu
Table 3.7. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Alu alu n 1 alat untuk menumbuk padi dan sebagainya yang
dibuat dari kayu
English-
Indonesia
Dictionary
Alu Rice pestle
The data above shows alu is a tool that functioned to pounding the
rice (padi). It is usually used as traditional and made of wood. Alu is the
cultural specific element that includes a tool and categorizes as material
culture (Newmark, 95).
The translation above is considered as a less accurate translation
because the word “alu” did not translating in the target language. In
English culture to pounding the rice (padi) is already using a machine,
different with Indonesian which still uses traditional method in some
region. This translation is zero meaning because just borrow the original
words without trying to adding the ‘note’ (Larson, 531). Actually, the
word “alu” actually can be translated using English-Indonesian dictionary
with the word “rice pestle” which more suitable meaning in English
culture than just borrow the original words, so British can more understand
what the meaning of alu in Indonesian culture. In addition, this translation
called as a less accurate translation because there is a translation of double
meaning (ambiguous) which interrupts the integrity of the message
(Nababan, 50).
35
f. Cawat (kopina): Loin cloth (kopina)
Table 3.8. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Cawat
(kopina)
cawat/ca·wat/ n kain dan sebagainya penutup
kemaluan, yang bagian atasnya bertali untuk diikatkan
di pinggang
Oxford
Dictionary
Loin
cloth
(kopina)
(n) A single piece of cloth wrapped round the hips,
typically worn by men in some hot countries as their
only garment.
The data above shows cawat and loincloth is a cloth that
functioned as a cover of genital and has similarly functioned with
underwear in the modern era. Cawat and loincloth are typically worn by
men to meditation in Hindi culture. This word is categorized as material
culture (artifact) in the cultural category by Newmark (95) because it a
cultural specific element that includes the clothes.
The translation above is considered as an accurate translation
because the meaning of cawat (kopina) is accurately transferred into the
target language and absolutely no distortion of the meaning (Nababan,
50). The translator is able to translate this word from the source language
into target language with the same message in the target culture, so the
translation is easy to understand by the reader although have a different
culture. In addition, the translator also bring back the word “kopina” in
the target language to explain that kopina is a technical term which
originally used by Hinduism to meditation purposes in Hindi culture.
36
g. Simbal: Cymbal
Table 3.9. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
Oxford
Dictionary
Cymbal (n) A musical instrument consisting of a slightly
concave round brass plate which is either struck against
another one or struck with a stick to make a ringing or
clashing sound.
Source Language Target Language
Agak jauh disebelah kanan seorang
orang tua, guru tari, penabuh
gendang menabuh sepasang simbal
kecil sedangkan figur yang lain
memukul tiga gendang. (p.114)
On the far right an elderly man, the
dance master, taps time with a pair of
small cymbal while another figure
beats three drums. (p. 113)
The data above shows cymbal is a musical instrument that played
by tapping the instrument and similarly find in a part of the musical
instrument drums. Cymbal is a tool to play the music, so it is categorized
as material culture in the cultural category by Newmark (95).
The translation above is considered as an accurate translation
because the technical term of the source language text accurately
transferred into the target language and absolutely no distortion of the
meaning (Nababan, 50). The translator also is able to find the true meaning
by the word “simbal” into “cymbal” word, so the message of the source
text is totally diverting into the target text (Larson, 487).
37
h. Bubur jali-jali: Barley gruel
Table 3.10. Data Source Analysis
Source Language Target Language
Terkesima karena ketenangan dan
kulit wajahNya yang bersinar,
mereka mendekati dan
mempersembahkan semangkuk
bubur jali-jali dan ronde madu. (p.
118)
Impressed by his calm and radiant
complexion they approached him and
offered him a bowl of barley gruel
and honey balls. (p. 117)
The data above shows bubur jali-jali is a food that given to Sidhatta
Gotama/Buddha by two merchants in Lalistavistara (Budhha story). This
word categorizes as a material culture (artifact) because it is a cultural
specific element that includes food (Newmark, 95).
The translation above is considered as an accurate translation
because the translator is able to translate and find the meaning of bubur
jali-jali in source language into barley gruel in the target language and
absolutely no distortion (Nababan, 50). It is acceptable translation because
in English culture British do not know what is bubur jali-jali and more
understands if “bubur jali-jali” word translates into “barley gruel” word
that more suitable in English culture.
i. Ronde madu: Honey balls
Table 3.11. Data Source Analysis
Source Language Target Language
Terkesima karena ketenangan dan
kulit wajahNya yang bersinar,
mereka mendekati dan
mempersembahkan semangkuk bubur
jali-jali dan ronde madu. (p. 118)
Impressed by his calm and radiant
complexion they approached him and
offered him a bowl of barley gruel and
honey balls. (p. 117)
38
The data above is similarly with the explanation before, ronde
madu is also a food that given to Sidhatta Gotama/Buddha by two
merchants in Lalistavistara (Budhha story). This word is categorized as
material culture in the cultural category by Newmark (95) because it is a
cultural specific element that includes food.
The translation above is considered as an accurate translation
because absolutely no distortion of the meaning and the meaning of the
ronde madu accurately transferred into honey balls (Nababan, 50). In
addition, the translator is able to find the true meaning that is suitable in
the target language, so the message of the source text is totally diverted
into the target text and it can be accepted in English culture.
3. Social Organization
a. Brahmana: Brahmin
Table 3.12. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Brahmana brahmana/brah·ma·na/ n 1 pendeta agama
Hindu; 2 kasta tertinggi dalam agama
Hindu; 3 orang yang masuk golongan
pendeta dalam agama Hindu
Oxford
Dictionary
Brahmin/Brahman (n) A member of the highest Hindu caste,
originally that of the priesthood.
The data above shows brahmana is the priest and a member that
have the highest caste in Hinduism. Brahmana is categorized as social
organization-political and administrative (organization, custom, idea,
activities, procedures, concepts) in the cultural category by Newmark (95)
because it includes religious term.
39
The translation above is considered as an accurate translation
because the word in the source text is able to transfer into target text with
the true meaning. It is indicated on the word “brahmana” be able to
translate from Indonesian into “brahmin” word in English with the same
message in each tabulates data, it shows if the message of the source text
is totally diverting into the target text (Larson, 487). In addition, according
to Nababan, this translation is considered as an accurate translation
because the meaning of brahmana accurately transferred into the target
language and have not distortion of the meaning (50).
b. Pathavi (Pertiwi): Pathavi
Table 3.13. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Pertiwi pertiwi/per·ti·wi/ n 1 bumi; 2 dewi yang menguasai bumi;
3 tanah tumpah darah; ibu pertiwi
Source Language Target Language
Di sebelah kiri ada Pathavi
(Pertiwi), dewi Bumi, muncul dari
bawah tanah dan memegang sebuah
jambangan permata. (p. 112)
On the left is Pathavi, the Earth
goddess, rising out of the ground and
holding a vase of jewels. (p. 111)
The data above shows pathavi is a name of the god of the earth in
Hindi culture. Pathavi is categorized as social organization-political and
administrative (organization, custom, idea, activities, procedures,
40
concepts) because it includes a religious term in the cultural category by
Newmark (95).
Based on data above “pathavi” word is used by Hindi culture to
named the god of earth. This word is actually hard to be translated because
the word “pathavi” is come from Hindi culture and should be translated
into the target language. In the source language, the text is actually adding
‘note’ (Newmark, 92) with “pertiwi” word to make this translation clear,
but the note in the source language is lost when it is translated into the
target language or the meaning of pertiwi (pathavi) is omitted (deleted)
(Nababan, 50). So, the translation above is considered as an inaccurate
translation because the message of the source text is delivered imprecisely
(Larson, 487).
c. Brahma: Brahma
Table 3.14. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Brahma Brahma/Brah·ma/ n Hin salah satu dewa Trimurti
yang berperan sebagai dewa pencipta alam semesta
Oxford
Dictionary
Brahma The creator god in Hinduism, who forms a triad with
Vishnu and Shiva. Brahma was an important god of
late Vedic religion, but has been little worshipped since
the 5th century AD.
The data above shows Brahma is the god of the creator in
Hinduism. Brahma is categorized as social organization-political and
administrative (organization, custom, idea, activities, procedures,
concepts) because it is used to named social organization of religious term
in the cultural category by Newmark (95).
41
The translation above is considered as a less accurate translation.
According to Nababan this translation is named double meaning
(ambiguous) because the translator chooses to bring back the word from
the source language to replace in the target language, so this translation
interrupts the integrity of the message (50). Although it has same
definition in the dictionary but the word untranslated or just borrow the
original words is lack communication or zero meaning (Larson, 531). In
addition, Brahma is the god of Hinduism, so untranslated or do not add the
‘note’ (Newmark, 92) will make the reader in the target language confuse
if the reader have different religions.
4. Gestures and Habbit
a. Bersila: Sitting with his legs crossed
Table 3.15. Data Source Analysis
Source Data Explanation
KBBI Bersila bersila/ber·si·la/ v duduk dengan melipat kaki yang
bersilangan
Source Language Target Language
Buddha juga sering ditunjukan
sedang sedang duduk dengan kaki
bersila dalam “posisi teratai”
(padmasana). (p. 30)
The Buddha is usually shown sitting
with his legs crossed in what is called
‘the lotus posture’ (padmasana). (p.
31)
The data above shows bersila is sitting style with crossed the legs
in some cultures or religions in the word. Bersila is usually an activities or
actions carried out from generation to generation. Bersila is categorized as
42
gestures and habit in the cultural category by Newmark (95) because this
is a certain sitting style that not all the cultures practice it.
Based on data above the word “bersila” have not substituted word
in target language because in English culture is actually does not use this
sitting style in daily life, but the translation above is considered as an
accurate translation because the translator used explanation in target text
with same meaning and absolutely no distortion (Nababan, 50). In
addition, this translation is accepted in target language because it is better
and communicative than untranslated or just borrowed the original word.
(Larson, 531).
43
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Based on research findings that have been analyzed, it can be
concluded the result that answer the research question. The accuracy
aspect is chosen by the researcher because accuracy is the most important
aspect in translation. It intents of the accuracy is to convey a message, so
the message and accuracy is the main one in translation. In translating the
cultural word, a translator must have the cultural competency in both of
language adequately, besides the translation ability, so the translator can
make the accurate translation in the cultural term that are acceptable and
understood by the reader.
The research finding cultural words translation used by the
translator in the bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur are
fifteen data: tasbih, keris (pisau traditional jawa), tongkat pendek
(camara), bersila, brahmana, pohon sala, lesung, alu, cawat (kopina),
pathavi (pertiwi), simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, brahma, sungai
gangga. The cultural word category that often found is material culture:
tasbih, keris (pisau traditional jawa), tongkat pendek (camara), lesung,
alu, cawat (kopina), simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, following
ecology: pohon sala, sungai gangga, social organization: brahmana,
44
pathavi (pertiwi), brahma, gesture and habit: bersila and did not find
social culture category.
Then, the accuracy of cultural word translation applied in the
bilingual book of Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur is accurate
transalation, less accurate translation and inaccurate translation. The
accurate translation applied are: bersila, brahmana, pohon sala, lesung,
simbal, bubur jali-jali, ronde madu, sungai gangga, cawat (kopina). There
are also less accurate translation: tasbih, keris (pisau tradisional jawa),
alu, brahma and inaccurate translations: tongkat pendek (camara) and
pathavi (pertiwi) because it is just borrowing the original word and
omitted or deleted.
Finally, from the data above is showed, if translating cultural word
is not simple cases, so the translator should have a deep understanding of
the source and target language before translating because in every
language has the different culture with another language which can be
confused in translating the text.
B. Suggestion
According to the conclusion above, the researcher would like to
give some suggestion that might be useful especially to:
1. The translator of this book. Make sure the translator mastered the
source language and the target language and understanding the cultural
word in the book when translating the cultural text. Reduce in bring
45
back the original word into target language because untranslated word
will make the reader misunderstand. Use the instrument to checking the
accuracy, it will help the translator to reduce inaccuracies in translation.
However, messages are the main thing of translation.
2. The researcher suggests to the general translator interested in the same
field, should know the translation accuracy and cultural category
theories when want to translate the cultural word. Translation accuracy
theory used to measure the accuracy of the translation and cultural
category theory used to determine what the cultural word in analyze is
included the cultural category in translation. Then, multiplying reading
to gain a broad knowledge to help the next translator gain many of
word, such as various cultural words.
3. Finally, the researcher hopes that this result of the study will be useful
for they are interested in doing the similar study especially in the field
of translation. The researcher also advised that translation is used as a
bridge of knowledge, because there are so many interesting books out
there written in English and ignorance of the language hampers the
information, so that is where the real translator role.
46
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49
APPENDICES
Description of the book
Panduan Berziarah ke Borobudur, A Pilgrimage Guide to Borobudur
ISBN number : 978-602-1235-37-9
Author : S. Dhammika
Number of pages : 124
Book weight : 250 gram
Type of cover : Hard Cover
Dimensions : 14.5 x 21.5 cm