The 8 Parts of Speech1. Adjective 2. Adverb3. Conjunction4. Interjection5. Noun6. Preposition7. Pronoun8. Verb

Adjectivesdescribe a nounThey answer 3 questions:

Which oneHow manyWhat kind

Examples: blue, tall, three, a, the, that

Adjectives

Proper: Florida orangesArticles: a, an, theDemonstrative: this, that, these, thoseComparative: compares two things or people: larger Superlative: compares more than two things or people: largest

Adverbsdescribe a verb, an

adjective, or another adverb

Adverbs tell:How

When, Where Why and under what circumstances.

Examples: grandly, later, downstairs, because

AdverbsThe comparative form of an adverb compares two actions or things.

Example: slower

The superlative form of an adverb compares more than two actions or things.

Example: slowest

Conjunctiona word that joins words or groups of words in a sentence

3 Types1. Coordinating- combine subjects, predicates and

compound sentencesExamples: and, but, or2. Correlative- used in pairsExamples: either, or; neither, nor3. Subordinating- begin a subordinate clauseExamples: because, as, although, after, as though, as if, as long

as, as soon as, before, even though, if, in order that, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while

Interjectiona word or group of words

that expresses strong feeling

Common InterjectionsAha, great, oh, phew,Awesome, ha, oh, no,

Nounnames a person, place, thing, or

ideaCommon: names any person, place, thing or idea

Proper: names a specific person, place, thing, or idea

Singular: names one person, place, thing, or idea

Plural: names more than one person, place, thing or idea

Collective: names a group of people or things

Possessive: names who or what has something

Concrete: a noun that you can experience with one of your five senses

Abstract: ideas

Prepositiona word that relates a noun or a pronoun to

some other word in a sentence

aboard as despite near since about at down of throughabove before during off toacross behind except on towardafter below for onto underagainst beneath from opposite untilalong beside in out upamid between inside outside upon among beyond into over witharound by like past without

Pronountakes the place of a noun

Antecedent: the noun that the pronoun refers to.

Example: Jason is eleven. He is in the sixth grade. Jason is the noun that he refers to.

Personal: refers to people or things

PronounSubject: personal pronoun used as the subject

Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they Object: personal pronoun used as the direct or indirect object of a verb

Examples: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, themPossessive: shows ownership

Examples: my, your, her his, our, your, their, itsIndefinite: does not refer to a particular person, place, thing or idea

Examples: each, one, much, both, few, everyone, manyReflexive and intensive: ends in selfExample: herselfDemonstrative: used as the subjectExample: This is the one.

VerbAction verbs: name an action

Direct object: answers whom? or what after an action verb

Example: Sightseers paid the fees.Transitive: has a direct object.

Example: Shelia read a book about Africa.Intransitive: does not have a direct object.

Example: Sheila read in a great hurry.

Indirect object: answers to whom or for whom after an action verb

Example: Sightseers paid the guides fees.

VerbLinking verb: connects the subject of a sentence with a noun or adjective in the

predicate

Predicate noun/nominative: a noun that follows a linking verb and tells what the subject is

Example: Zambia is a country.Predicate adjective: an adjective that follows a linking verb and tells what the subject is like

Example: Zambia is large.

VerbCommon linking verbs:

be become seem appear feel tastegrow look

Verb phrase: two verbs togetherExample: I am learning.Helping verb: 1st verb in a verb phraseExample: I am learning.

Main verb: 2nd verb in a verb phraseExample: I am learning.

Kinds of Sentences

Sentence: a group of words that expresses a complete thought

2 PartsSubject: names whom or what the sentence is

aboutPredicate: tells what the subject does or hasSimple subject: one wordSimple predicate: the verb Complete subject: includes all of the words in the

subjectComplete predicate: includes all of the words in

the predicate of the sentence

Sentences

4 Kinds of SentencesDeclarative: ends in a period and makes a

statementInterrogative: ends with a question mark and asks

somethingExclamatory: ends with an exclamation point and

shows strong feelingImperative: ends with a period and commands

someone to do something

Prepositiona word that relates a noun or a pronoun to

some other word in a sentence

Prepositional phrase: a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronounExample: Take the book to the library.Object of the preposition: the noun or pronoun at the end of a prepositional phraseExample: Take the book to the library.

Paragraph Content and OrganizationMain idea: the big idea or most important ideaTopic Sentence: expresses the main idea; is usually the first sentence of the paragraphSupporting idea: a fact that helps to prove the main ideaSupporting detail: fact that helps to prove both the main idea and the supporting ideasUnifying idea: a logical flow of ideas demonstrated through the topic sentenceTransitional words and phrases- connectors; special words that help show how ideas are relatedExample: first, last, mainly, also, although, as a result, second, in conclusionExtraneous/Irrelevant details: details that do not belong in the paragraph because they do not support the topicRedundant details: details that restate the same thing already statedClincher- the last sentence of the paragraph

Appositivesa noun that is placed next to another noun

to identify it or add information about itUsually in commas

Example: James Madison’s wife, Dolly, was a famous first lady.Appositive phrase- a group of words that includes an appositive and other words that modify the appositive Example: Madison, our fourth president, held many other offices.

Punctuation

Semicolon- ;Use a semicolon to join the main clauses of a compound sentence if they are not joined by a conjunctionExample: Jason is sixteen; he will get his driver’s license soon. Colon- :Use a colon to indicate time, to introduce a list of items that ends a sentence, and after the salutation of a business letterExamples: 12:33 Dear Sir: Please send the following students:

Homonyms Words that sound alike or are spelled alike but have different meanings.

Homograph: spelled alike but have different meaningsExample: I saw the cat. The saw is broken.

Homophone: sound alike but have different spellings and different meanings.Example: I know you saw that. He said no.

Figurative LanguageSimile: compares two things using like or asMetaphor: compares two things without using like or asPersonification: giving animals or things human qualitiesOnomatopoeia: imitates the sound it describes (boom pow) Idioms: Hyperbole: extreme exaggeration (your mama jokes)Mood/Tone: the atmosphere/how the author makes you feelAlliteration: repeating the same consonant sound over and over (tongue twister)Idiom: meaning is other than the literal meaning of the words (inside out)

Elements of FictionFiction: writing invented by the authorSetting: time and place of the storyCharacters: protagonist and antagonistPoint of View: vantage point (1st person or third person)Theme: main message or moral of storyPlot: series of related events that happen in the storyConflict: struggle or problem between characters in a story

The Research Process

1.Choose a topic- narrow the topic and make sure enough information is available2.Gather information- do research using several sources3.Use resources effectively- create source cards and note cards4.Organize notes- create an outline and organize all of your notes5.Write the report- follow the steps in the writing process6.Compile a bibliography- list all of the sources used in creating the report

The Research ProcessInternet- network of interconnected computer networks to transmit data (information super highway)Search engine: used to locate web sites on the internet (Google)Keyword: word entered to search for web sitesEncyclopedia- a comprehensive reference work containing articles on a wide range of subjects or on numerous aspects of a particular field, usually arranged in alphabetical orderDictionary- a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words, with information given for each word, usually including meaning, pronunciation, and etymologyAtlas- a book or bound collection of maps, sometimes with supplementary illustrations and graphic analysesAlmanac- a usually annual reference book composed of various lists, tables, and often brief articles relating to a particular field or many general fields

The Research ProcessTitle page- contains info on the title and authorIndex- an alphabetical list of names, places, and subjects treated in a printed work, giving the page or pages on which each item is mentionedGlossary- a list of often difficult or specialized words with their definitions often placed at the back of a bookThesaurus- a book of synonyms, often including related and contrasting words and antonymsTable of contents- a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appearPeriodicals: magazine published on a regular basisFootnotes/endnotes: citation at the end of the page

The Research ProcessCard Catalog: cards containing information on where to find books and information in a libraryNewspaper: published on a daily basis, contains current events, opinions and advertisements.www: world wide webE-mail: mail sent electronically over the internetDatabase: a large collection of information usually in a computerPlagiarize: using another author’s work as your ownParaphrase-re-word or put into your own wordsSummarize- give a brief synopsis of a passageLegend- key to understanding a map

Sentences

Fragment: does not express a complete thought. It may be missing a subject, a predicate, or both. Run-on: two or more sentences incorrectly written as one sentence. Simple: contains a main clause (can stand by itself)Example: Nat boarded the ship.Compound: two simple sentences, or two main clauses, combined by a conjunctionExample: Nat boarded the ship, and the crowd waved.Complex: has one main clause and one or more subordinate clause (cannot stand alone)Example: The captain spoke to Nat, who had boarded the ship.Compound Complex: two main clauses and a subordinate clauseExample: Stacy is smart and she is going to college because she applies herself.

SentencesClauses and Complex Sentences

Clause: group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

2 Types of Clauses1. Main clause (independent clause): can stand aloneExample: Mason watched television.2. Subordinate clause (dependent clause): cannot stand alone Example: while doing his homework.Adjective Clause: modifies a noun or pronoun (tells which one, how many, and what kind)Example: The boys that won the contest are now in Hollywood.Adverb Clause: modifies the verb in the main clause of the sentence (tells when, where, how, why, or under what conditions)Example: Before you can go, you have to clean up your room.

The Writing Process1. Prewriting: collect ideas, brainstorm2. Drafting: start writing

sentences/paragraphs3. Revising: putt the draft into final form4. Editing/Proofreading: correct errors in

grammar, publish the writing5. Publishing/Presenting: type and

present writing