The 6 Elements of Geography
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Transcript of The 6 Elements of Geography
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Many geographers use the six essential elements to organize their study.
1. The World in Spatial Terms
2. Places and Regions
3. Physical Systems
4. Human Systems 5. Environment
and Society 6. Uses of
Geography
6 Elements
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Geography is the study of the special physical and human characteristics of a place or region.
An important part of geography is the relationship between humans and their environment.
A geographer may study culture (or a learned system of shared beliefs, traits, and values).
The World in Spatial Terms
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Geographers look at where things are on the Earth’s surface.
Changes in settlement patterns over time are also important.
The World in Spatial Terms
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Geographers use many tools in their studies, including maps, charts, and graphs. They also use field notes, interviews, photographs, reference books, and videos
High-tech tools such as satellites provide detailed images of the Earth
Computer databases, like Geographic Information Systems, (GIS) store huge amounts of data.
The World in Spatial Terms
Satellite image of Texas, Louisiana and the Gulf of
Mexico
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It also tells us where this place is in relation to other
places?
Absolute Location: The exact latitude and
longitude or address of a place. (1234 Huntington Lane)
Relative Location:The location of a place in
relationship to other locations (around the corner from Krogers)
The World in Spatial Terms
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-measure distance north or south of Equator
1. Equator = 0* (divides earth into northern &
southern hemispheres)2. Poles = 90* N or S3. Tropics = 23 ½* N or
S4. Circles = 66 ½* N or
S
Lines of Latitude (A.K.A. parallels)
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Lines of Longitude (A.K.A. meridians)
-measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian1. Prime Meridian = 0*
-former site of Royal Observatory in
Greenwich, England
2. International Date Line = 180* E
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Time Zones
-Earth takes 24 hours to rotate, & it is divided into 24 parts for keeping time (time zones)*Each time zone = about 1,000 miles E to W at the Equator.*When you cross a time zone going east, then you set your watch ahead one hour.*When you cross a time zone going west, then you set your watch back one hour.
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TIME ZONES OF THE WORLD
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Map DISTORTION
*every map projection stretches or breaks the curved surface of Earth in some way as it is flattened
*distance, direction, shape, or area may be distorted
*Describe the negative and positive attributes of the following maps:
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A. Winkel Tripel Projection
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B. Robinson Projection
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C. Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection
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D. Mercator Projection
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T.O.D.A.L.S.I.G.S.
The acronym TODALSIGSs defines nine essential elements to help map users get the most
information from a map.
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Title
-first thing you should look at
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Orientation-refers to directions-shown by compass rose (Or Star)
*cardinal directions = N, S, E, & W*intermediate directions = NW, NE, SW, & SE
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Date & Author-date helps us judge accuracy of the map
-date usually down here too
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Legend (Key)
-list that explains symbols in the map
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Scale-shows relationship between map measurements and actual distances
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Index-alphabetical list of places shown on a
gridded map or set of maps (gives addresses of places listed)
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Grid-set of intersecting lines (parallels and
meridians)
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Source & Surrounding Places-used if information not obtained by direct
experience or observation
-identifies places or features that border the area depicted on a map
If you were looking at a map of the US, you would see Canada and Mexico labeled, but you may not see any detail at all.
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Using Scale
1. small scale maps-large area with little/small detail
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2. large scale maps-small area with great/large detail
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A. General-Purpose Maps
1. Physical Maps – show topography (shape) of earth’s physical features
2. Political Maps – show boundaries between countries
WE WILL TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT DIFFERENT GENERAL AND SPECIAL PURPOSE MAPS LATER ON.
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A place has physical and human characteristics that make it special.
Physical characteristics include animal and plant life, sources of water, climate and weather, landforms and soils.
Places and Regions
Palo Duro Canyon
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Landforms are the natural shapes on the Earth’s surface, such as mountains, hills, and valleys.
Places and Regions
Enchanted Rock State Park
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Human characteristics include ethnicity, language, political and economic systems, population distribution, religion and standard of living.
Places and Regions
Regions in Texas
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Places and Regions: Think of your
favorite city, state, or country.
Describe it. How have the
physical characteristics of this place influenced the people there?
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A region is an area with common characteristics that make it different from surrounding areas.
A formal region has one or more share characteristic, such as plant life or can be cultural, economic or political.
Countries, states and cities are examples of formal political regions.
Places and Regions
Downtown Dallas
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A functional region is made up of different places that function together as a unit…such as a metropolitan area such as Dallas-Ft. Worth.
Perceptual regions are defined by people’s shared attitudes, culture and feelings about an area. Central Texas and the Panhandle have vague borders.
Places and Regions
The Cadillac RanchAmarillo, Texas
The Texas Panhandle
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Geographers study the physical processes and interactions among four physical systems – Earth’s atmosphere, land, water and life.
Physical processes shape and change Earth’s physical features and environments.
Climate and weather affect humans.
Physical Systems
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An ecosystem is all of an area’s plants and animals together with the nonliving parts of their environment.
Earth is the largest ecosystem.
Natural events and human activity can change ecosystems.
Studying physical processes and ecosystems because the environment is the setting for all life on Earth.
Physical Systems
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Physical Systems:
How did Hurricane Katrina influence New Orleans’ population and economy?
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Studying human systems such as population distribution, growth and movement helps in understanding human events and geography.
Population growth is affected by a population’s age, birthrate, death rate, and life expectancy.
Changes in human activity such as advances in medical care and food production have led to population growth.
Human Systems
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Geographers look at where people live and how crowded a region or place is when they study place population density.
They also study migration or the movement of people.
One specific type of movement is urbanization, which is an increase in people living or working in cities.
Human Systems
Houston, Texas traffic
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Many geographers study the features of cultural groups.
People often create groups that separate, organize, or unify areas.
Geographers also consider human systems of communication, trade and transportation in the global community.
Human Systems
Southwest Airlines Jet at Dallas Love Field
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One of the most important topics in geography is how people interact with the environment.
Human activities can have positive and negative affects on the environment.
Environment and Society
Pollution in Houston, Texas on a clear day.
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The environment affects humans as well.
Physical features such as landforms and rivers can influence where people live, and people depend on the environment for survival.
Human life requires three basic resources: air water land.
Environment and Society
Padre Island, Texas
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Other materials such as wood, coal and oil are also important resources.
As the world population grows, demands on resources increase.
Geographers study the locations, quality and quantity of Earth’s resources and the effect of human activity on these resources.
Environment and Society
Oil Fields in West Texas
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Historians use geography to understand history.
Not only do they look at when things happened, but where and why they happened.
Geography helps people understand the present as well as the past.
Environment and Society
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Analyze the following image using the 6 Elements of Geography.
Now you try it!
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Important information about all the planet’s systems can be provided by geographers.
This information can help people plan for the future.
Uses of Geography
Hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico