The 411 on 420: A Marijuana Update
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Transcript of The 411 on 420: A Marijuana Update
THE 411 ON 420A MARIJUANA UPDATE
Prevention Resource CenterCircles of San Antonio Community Coalition
San Antonio Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Betsy Jones, MPACoalition Coordinator
April 20, 2016
Objectives• Reefer Sanity: Seven Great Myths Surrounding Marijuana• Quick Basics: What It Is and What It Does
• “Recreational” Use – also known as “Illicit Drug Use” • Trends: dabbing, edibles, vaping• Effects on the Brain and Body (short and long term)• Potential medical benefits – key word: Potential
• Data: Where Do We Stand in Texas and Region 8?• Texas School Survey• Texas Survey of Substance Use Among College Students• Population Data
• Medicine and Politics • (And Big Business)• State of the States: Where It’s Legal and Where It’s Not• Legal Countries: Uruguay, the Netherlands, Portugal?
• Addressing the Problem: Community and Individual Efforts• Answers to Your Questions
6 MONTHSAVERAGE AGE
OF FIRST USE
4xMORE LIKELY TO BE
ADDICTED
Terminology• Cannabinoids (Ca-NAB-inoids)
• Broad term for the chemical compounds in cannabis that affect the brain• Medicinal (or Medical)
• Use of marijuana to alleviate pain or other symptoms of medical problems• Recreational
• Non-medicinal use; use to get high. “Illicit Drug Use”• Legalization
• Completely legal weed and commercial market• Decriminalization
• Removal of criminal punishment for use or possession of small amounts
What the Kids Are Calling It
Reefer Sanity: Seven Great Myths of Marijuana• Marijuana is Harmless and Nonaddictive• Smoked or Eaten Marijuana Is Medicine• Countless People Are Behind Bars Simply for Smoking Marijuana• The Legality of Alcohol and Tobacco Strengthen the Case for Legal
Marijuana• Legal Marijuana Will Solve the Government’s Budgetary Problems• Portugal and Holland Provide Successful Models of Legalization• Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment Are Doomed to Fail – So Why Try?• Afterword: A Smart Approach
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Legalization is about ending the “War on Drugs.”
TRUTH: Legalization is about one thing: making a small number of people very rich.
Quick Basics• The Plant• Cannabinoids• Effects on the Body and the Brain• Marijuana and Driving• Addiction/Cannabis Use Disorder• The “Gateway” Theory• Trends
Marijuana is (still)…• A plant with hundreds of components, including cannabinoids,
which affect the brain.• A Schedule 1 substance under the Controlled Substances Act.• Federally illegal.• Illegal in Texas.
Two major species of marijuana• Cannabis indica
• Short, bushy plants• Better for indoor growing• Relaxed, sleepy high• Used to relieve pain, stress, insomnia
• Cannabis sativa• Tall, thin plants up to 25’• Energetic, uplifting high• Used to relieve depression, boost creativity and energy
So what is hemp?• Cannabis bred to be tall, sturdy and useful• Low THC content• Useful for fiber (not edible)• Not legal to grow in US
“Marijuana is better for you because it is all natural.”
• There are > 400 chemicals in marijuana.• If you use tobacco leaves to roll a blunt,
then between the leftover tobacco and marijuana, you can inhale over 4,400 different chemicals.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: I smoked pot when I was a kid; why should I worry about kids using it now?
TRUTH: THC is six times more potent than it was in the 70s, leading to more instances of overdose, negative health effects, and dependence.
Two Cannabinoids: THC and CBD• Cannabinoids (Ca-NA-bi-noids): components of marijuana that affect the brain
• THC• Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (TE-tra-HY-dro-can-NA-bi-nol)• The primary psychoactive compound in marijuana• The basis for two FDA-approved medications: Marinol and Cesamet
• CBD• Cannabidiol (CAN-a-bi-DI-ol)• Does not cause intoxication; has been virtually bred out of modern cannabis• Currently undergoing FDA research for medical uses• May reduce anxiety and counteract negative effects of THC
Distracted; easily confused Impaired learning
2x-3x risk of head/neck cancerBloodshot eyes; dilated pupils
Distorted perception
Impaired immune system
4x risk of heart attack
Sweating
Dry mouth
Increased heart rate
Impaired motor skills/ coordination
Anxiety
More chest colds
Lowered testosterone/males
Risk of lung infection
Lowered estrogen/females
LONG TERM EFFECTSSHORT TERM EFFECTS
Increased appetite
Short term memory
Solving verbal problems
Reading comprehension
Distorted perception
SHORT TERM EFFECTS LONG TERM EFFECTS
Distraction
Confusion
Impaired learning ability
Impaired perception
Poor memory
Impaired concentrationLow motivation, depression
Anxiety, panic attacks
Poor impulse control
8+ points IQ loss
Euphoria
5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years
Next 21-24 years = 60%
Birth
There is risk throughout development,but the brain is at increased risk in the womb,
first 5 years and during adolescence.
Peaks of PlasticityTerrible Twos Adolescence
2-3
13-14
Start School Pre-Teen40%
PY/PM
Abstract Thinking• 10-20 years: Level I
Abstract Thinking • 14-15 years: Level II
Abstract Thinking • 18-20 years: Level III
Abstract Thinking • 20-26 years: Complex
Judgment and Self-Awareness
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Lots of smart, successful people smoke weed; it doesn’t make you dumb.
TRUTH: Adolescents who smoke are 6 times more likely to drop out of school and 3 times less likely to go to college. Also, teens who smoke lose an average of 6-8 IQ points, even if they stop smoking at 18.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana does not cause mental illness.
TRUTH: Cannabis users have significantly higher risk of depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana makes you happier over the long term.
TRUTH: Regular use is associated with lower satisfaction in relationships, work, leisure pursuits, and life in general.
Negative Effects of Smoking (anything)• 1 Joint = 4 Cigarettes
• 5 joints a week = 1 pack of cigarettes• Respiratory effects: Chronic bronchitis
• Coughing• Phlegm• Wheezing
• Link to cancer: What we do know• Smoking tobacco causes cancer.• Marijuana has 50% more carcinogens than tobacco.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana doesn’t cause lung cancer.
TRUTH: Marijuana contains 50% more carcinogens than tobacco smoke, and pot smokers report chronic bronchitis and other respiratory illnesses.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana makes you a better driver, especially compared to alcohol.
TRUTH: Marijuana intoxication doubles your chance of a car crash.
Marijuana and Driving• Marijuana impairs spatial location, sense
of time and speed• following too closely• swerving in and out of traffic
• There is no federal standard for marijuana concentration levels in the blood• ANY marijuana use is technically illegal• What constitutes impairment?• CO: 5 nanograms of THC/mL of blood
“People just don’t believe it. People under the influence of cannabis often deny feeling impaired in any way.”
- Asbridge, 2012
Studies Have Shown: Data on Driving• 1 in 8 nighttime drivers tested positive for marijuana. That rate
doubled between 2007 and 2014.
• Drivers under the influence of marijuana are twice as likely as other drivers to be involved in motor vehicle crashes. Even more risk with high doses and higher frequency of use.
• Habitual marijuana users are nearly 10 times more likely to be involved in crashes, with users who crashed having smoked within 3 hours of their accidents.
The Path to Addiction: Cannabis Use Disorder• Past-year marijuana use rose from 4.1% to 9.5% between 2002 and
2013.• Cannabis use disorder increased from 1.5% to 2.9% during that
period.• Symptoms:
• Using more, for longer periods• Desire to quit or inability to quit• Failure at work, school, or home• Tolerance and/or withdrawal
From the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2016
Cannabis Use Disorder, cont.
Adults:9%1 in 11
Age 14:25%1 in 4
Age 17:18%1 in 6
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana is only PSYCHOLOGICALLY addictive, but there are no physical symptoms.
TRUTH: Chronic marijuana users experience withdrawal symptoms including irritability, restlessness, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and cravings.
Risk Factors for Use or Addiction
• Prior arrests, especially in African-American and Hispanic teens
• Impulsivity• Comorbid psychiatric disorders
such as schizophrenia or depression
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: No one goes to treatment for marijuana addiction.
TRUTH: More young people are in treatment for marijuana abuse or dependence than for alcohol and all other drugs.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana is not a “gateway” drug.
TRUTH: Most people who use pot never go on to other drugs, however, 99% of people who are addicted to other drugs started with marijuana.
Marijuana Trends• Dabbing • Vaping• Edibles• Topical products
Hashish
Hash Oil
Vaping Hash Oil
Edibles• Fun and yummy! ….• Marketed to youth• Derive benefits w/o smoke• No THC wasted in smoke
• 1 puff on a joint ~ 5 mg THC• 1 “serving” = 10 mg THC• 1 package = up to 10 servings• Effects delayed up to 30 min
Whoopi Goldberg: Marketing to Women
• “Feminine Products” with elegant packaging • Great potential for placebo effect• Highly unscientific and highly profitable
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana can’t kill or hurt you.
TRUTH: Smoking a joint may not result in an overdose, but smoking a cigarette doesn’t, either. We would never say smoking tobacco doesn’t kill you.
Does It Kill You?• Lung damage• Heart damage• Traffic accidents• Other accidents• Suicide
• Between 1997 and 2005, marijuana was listed as a secondary cause for 279 deaths in the United States.
alcoh
ol
tobacc
o
marijua
na
synthe
tic m
arijua
na
cocain
ehe
roin
MDMA
inhala
nts
stimula
nts
sedati
ves
020406080
100
ATOD Lifetime – Past Year – Past Month Usage Among Texas College Students
(2015)
Past Month Past Year Lifetime
Perc
ent o
f Stu
dent
s Sur
veye
d
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 20150
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Alcohol Tobacco Marijuana
Past-Month College Alcohol-Tobacco-Marijuana Use Since 1997
Tobacco
Stero
ids
Marijuana
Inhalants
Heroin
Hallucin
ogenus
Ecsta
sy
Cocaine/C
rack
Alcohol
Any Illicit
Drug
Rohypnol
Methamphetamine
Synthetic M
arijuana
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Youth Lifetime Use 2014
Region State Nation
Nation Texas Region 7 & 8 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Alcohol Tobacco Marijuana
Self-Reported Substance Use Among Youth, 2014
Alcohol Any Illicit Inhalants Marijuana Tobacco0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Past Month Use by Grade – Region 7&8
Grade 12 Grade 11 Grade 10 Grade 9Grade 8 Grade 7 Grade 6
Ease of Access• 30% of students in grades 6-12 report that it is Somewhat
Easy/Very Easy to obtain marijuana.• Tobacco: 32%• Alcohol: 44%
Alcohol Tobacco Marijuana05
101520253035404550
Somewhat or Very Easy Access
Series 1 Column1 Column2
Perception of Harm• 86% of students report that
tobacco is Somewhat/Very Dangerous
• 74% report that marijuana is Somewhat/Very Dangerous
• 31% report that at least one of their close friends uses tobacco
• 39% report that at least one of their close friends uses marijuana
Medicine and Politics and Business• Who decides what’s medicine?
• Lawyers?• Lawmakers?• Popular vote?• Doctors?• Scientists?
• Anecdotes aren’t evidence.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana is medicine.
TRUTH: Marijuana may contain medical components, like opium does. But we don’t smoke opium to get the effects of morphine, and smoked marijuana is not medicine.
Medical Marijuana
• 23 states have legalized smoked “medical marijuana” in some way
• Less than 5% of medical marijuana card holders have cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, or other serious illnesses
• The average medical marijuana patient is 31 years old, white, male, with a history of drug abuse, citing “chronic pain” as his illness
Is Smoking or Eating Marijuana Really Medicinal?• No. Period.
• Already available• Marinol (nausea/vomiting from
chemotherapy)
• In development• Sativex (MS and cancer pain)• Epidiolex (epilepsy)
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: The sick and dying need medical marijuana to stay alive.
TRUTH: Less than 2-3% of legal medical marijuana users report having cancer, HIV/AIDS, glaucoma, MS, or other life-threatening diseases.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana should be rescheduled to facilitate medical and legitimate use.
TRUTH: Components of marijuana can be – and are – scheduled for medical use, and research is already legitimate.
What Is a Schedule I Drug?• Schedule I drugs
• no currently accepted medical use • high potential for abuse• use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence• Examples: heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy, Quaaludes, and peyote
• Schedule II drugs• high potential for abuse • use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence• Examples: Vicodin, cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, Dilaudid,
Demerol, oxycodone, fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Medical marijuana has not increased general use.
TRUTH: States that have medical marijuana laws have higher rates of use and abuse/dependence, and more problems among youth.
Costs Incurred in Medically Legal States• Higher potency weed• Expanded use• More frequent/severe consequences
• Youth problems including higher dropout rate, lower college rate, addiction• Motor vehicle crashes• Overdoses and poisonings• Higher abuse and addiction rates• Workplace issues• Black market problems
• Unforeseen problems: nonsmokers have no rights
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana does not affect the workplace.
TRUTH: Marijuana impairs productivity and increases absences, tardiness, accidents, compensation claims, and turnover.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Federal agencies suppress medical marijuana research.
TRUTH: Millions in taxpayer funds are used to investigate cannabis treatments, and efforts are supported by NIH, NIDA, and the DEA.
LEGALIZATION
“The Devil Shift”•Advocacy coalitions (on all sides) tend to exaggerate the bad intentions and unwavering positions of opposing coalitions. Anyone who disagrees with them must be mistaken about the facts, operating from the wrong value premises, or acting from evil motive.
REEFER MADNESS!1914-1960s
• 1914: California outlaws• 1936: Reefer Madness• 1951: Boggs Act
The Cultural Shift1960s
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML)
“We will use medical marijuana as a red herring to give marijuana a good name.”
Keith Stroup, 1979
Medical Marijuana Reality
How It Works• States legalize according to
popular vote and state legislature
• Availability varies• Home grows, dispensaries,
caregivers• City and county govts create
ordinances, restrictions or bans• Some states have no age limits• Branding and marketing is OK
State of the States
Where’s Texas?SB339: (June 1, 2015) allows the use of cannabis oil that is no more than 0.5% THC and at least 10% CBD for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. The bill requires patients to get approval from two certified specialists.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Marijuana users are clogging our prisons.
TRUTH: 0.1% of state prisoners are behind bars for possession with no prior offenses, and most of those pled down from serious crimes.
What about those jailed smokers?• .1% - one-tenth of one
percent – in state prisons are serving sentences for first-offense marijuana possession.
• .3% in state prisons are serving for possession with prior offenses.
• 1.4% are imprisoned for offenses involving only marijuana-related crimes.
State Prison Population
1st offense w/ priors only MJ all others
What really happens:• A car is pulled over for a minor
violation.• The officer smells marijuana and runs
a background check.• The check reveals that the driver is
on probation.• The driver is arrested for marijuana
possession.• The driver is sentenced for a
probation violation with a concurrent sentence for possession.
• On record, the driver is serving time for marijuana possession.
Federal prison stats:• .2% are incarcerated simply for marijuana use.• Of the 6,961 marijuana offenders in federal prison in 2011, 103
were there for possession. • The median amount of marijuana for those convicted of possession
is 115 pounds. • Federal marijuana offenders are the most likely of all drug
offenders to receive reduced sentences.• The government convicted only 48 offenders (both possession
and trafficking) having less than 5,000 grams of marijuana. The average was 3,800 grams – which is 8,000-10,000 joints.
Innovative Criminal Justice Solutions• Drug Courts• Low Level Dealer Interventions• Hawaii’s Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE)
• Small but certain punishments that escalate
“Changing addict behavior is easy. Changing judge behavior is hard.” –Adele Herrell
HOPE Control GroupProbation no-shows 9% 23%Positive urine tests 13% 46%New arrest rate 21% 47%Probation revocation 7% 15%Incarceration days 138 days 267 days
Would arrests go UP under legalization?• Marijuana arrests x 3 = Alcohol
arrests.• public drunkenness + drinking-age
violations + driving while intoxicated• Legal marijuana = higher costs.
• possession + underage use + sales to minors + homegrowing violations + packaging/zoning + public intoxication + driving while intoxicated… ∞
• Alcohol + Marijuana = ???
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: We can get tax revenue if we legalize marijuana.
TRUTH: With increased use, public health costs will rise. For every dollar gained in alcohol and tobacco taxes, ten dollars are lost in legal, health, social, and regulatory costs.
5 Ways Tax Revenue Estimates Are Unrealistic
As prices rise,
Demand falls.
Prices
Demand
1. Legalization would drive marijuana prices down.
5 Ways, cont.
10%DecreasedPrice
3%
NumberOf Users
5%
QuantityConsumed
2. Lower prices increase use and harm.
The Obvious Solution:
Taxation!
5 Ways, cont.
5 ways, cont.3. Tax revenues would be exceeded by harm costs.• Violent crime goes up in states with legal marijuana.
4. Tax collection and regulation would have high costs.
• Tax revenue would never exceed harm costs.• Tax collection itself will require spending tax dollars.
5. Tax Evasion and Smuggling Would Be Widespread.
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Legalization would remove the black market and stop enriching gangs.
TRUTH: With legal marijuana taxed and only available to adults, there is plenty of room for a black market. Gangs and cartels make the bulk of their money in hard drugs.
California’s Model (2010)Tax marijuana at $800 per pound
(That’s $50/ounce)Marijuana can be produced for about $75 per pound
(That’s less than $5/ounce)
0 $5 - - - - - - - - - $50
Qualitative Evidence in Colorado•The black market isn’t hurting in Colorado
•Drug cartels are using legal marijuana facilities to launder money from trafficking cocaine, heroin, and marijuana
•Violence in Mexico is not declining
Legalization in Other Countries• Portugal• Holland• Uruguay
Portugal: the Public Health Approach
• Decriminalization ≠ Legalization• Dissuasion panels – similar to drug courts• Selling and trafficking are still criminal
offenses• The new headlines:
• “Ten Years of Legalization Has Cut Portugal’s Drug Abuse Rate in Half”
• “Portugal Shows the Best Way to Keep Kids From Pot Is to Make It Legal”
• …Mixed Results.
Holland: Beware Commercialization
• “Nonenforcement” ≠ Legalization• Decriminalization of possession and
regulated sale• TOURISM• Local Bans and Black Market• Developments:
• Youth Use increased 300%• Higher potency led to tolerance and
dependency• Other drugs flourish
• Results: Operation Backtrack
Uruguay: True Legalization; Inefficient Regulation
• Private citizens or co-ops may grow limited plants
• All sales are federal• Commercialization is avoided • Customers must be on a registry
• Smoking on the job and driving high are punishable by expulsion from the registry
The Real Beneficiaries• Mainstream tobacco companies • Accessories manufacturers
• Junk food corporations
What does a marijuana activist look like?
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Alcohol is legal; why shouldn’t marijuana also be legal?
TRUTH: Alcohol and tobacco are good examples of why we SHOULDN’T legalize marijuana. Both are abused by youth and adults, and cost billions in tax dollars each year.
Myth: The Legality of Alcohol and Tobacco Strengthen the Case for Legal Marijuana
• Our experience with alcohol and tobacco provide a clear warning AGAINST legalization.• Alcohol kills 100,00 each year. • Tobacco kills 500,000 each year.
• Big Tobacco Big Cannabis• Alcohol Prohibition wasn’t a total failure• Commercial Speech Is Free Speech
Targeting Kids in the Tobacco Industry“The base of our business is the high school student.” (Lorillard)“We must get our share of the youth market….” (R.J. Reynolds)“The 14-18 year old group is an increasing segment…RJR must soon establish a successful new brand in this market….” (R.J. Reynolds)“[Young people are] the only source of replacement smokers….” (RJR)“Cherry Skoal is for somebody who likes the taste of candy, if you know what I’m saying.” (U.S. Smokeless Tobacco)“[In] an attempt to reach young smokers…present the cigarette as one of a few initiations into the adult world….” (Brown & Williamson)“We don’t smoke that shit. We just sell it. We reserve the right to smoke for the young, the poor, the black, and the stupid.” (R.J. Reynolds)
But We Know Better Now….Right?
Big Marijuana vs. Science
learnaboutsam.org
LIE: Legalization is inevitable. The vast majority of the country wants it.
TRUTH: The big businesses that want legal marijuana are pouring tens of millions of dollars into the movement.
Why try to prevent the inevitable?• Prevention works.• Community Coalitions work.• Marijuana addiction is preventable
and treatable.
Reefer Sanity: Project SAM• Avoid black-and-white thinking
• “We can either stick to our failed policies or completely legalize”• Marijuana Policy Goals
• Reduce harm• Avoid jeopardizing future of possession arrestees• Promote research of FDA-approved, pharmacy-dispensed marijuana-based medications• Prevent a Joe Camel scenario
• Use/Possession Laws• Small offenses result in evaluation, education, referrals• Smoke-free laws• Expunged criminal records
• Production/Dealing Laws• No mandatory minimums• Assessment and treatment in prison• Services for reentry
• Driving• Strict regulation and enforcement
ResourcesSan Antonio Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse: 210-225-4741; www.sacada.orgPrevention Resource Center, Region 8: www.prcregion8.orgCircles of San Antonio Community Coalition: www.circlesofsa.orgProject SAM: Smart Approaches to Marijuana: www.learnaboutsam.orgTexas Public Policy Research Institute: www.ppri.tamu.eduTexas Department of State Health Services: www.dshs.state.tx.usNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: www.niaaa.nih.govNational Institute on Drug Abuse: www.drugabuse.gov
References
16 states with laws specifically about legal cannabidiol (CBD). Retrieved from http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=006473Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., and Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 344:e536. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536 Belluz, J. (2016, April 5). Whoopi Goldberg is launching a line of marijuana products to treat period pain. There’s no science behind them. Retrieved from http://www.vox.com/2016/4/5/11349176/whoopi-goldberg-marijuana-periodBerning, A., Compton, R., & Wochinger, K. (2015). Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved from http://www.nhtsa.gov/About+NHTSA/Press+Releases/2015/nhtsa-releases-2-impaired-driving-studies-02-2015Bloom, J. W., Kaltenborn, W. T., & Paoletti, P. (1987). Respiratory effects of non-tobacco cigarettes. British Medical Journal 1987; 295: 1516-18.Cannabis company seeks NFL stadium naming rights. (2016, April 4). Retrieved from http://www.mjbizdaily.com/cannabis-company-seeks-nfl-stadium-naming-rightsCerdá, M., Wall, M., Keyes, K. M., Galea, S., & Hasin, D. (2012). Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: Investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 120(1-3): 22-27.Cher, L. (2016, March 21). Uruguay’s half-baked marijuana experiment. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/21/uruguay-marijuana-legalization/Deaths from marijuana v. 17 FDA-approved drugs. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.oregon.gov/Pharmacy/Imports/Marijuana/Public/DeathsFromMarijuanaV17FDAdrugs.pdfDrug Enforcement Administration. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.dea.gov
References, cont.
Flynn, M. (2016, March 18). Texas lawmaker doesn’t seem to understand medical marijuana bill she helped pass. Houston Press. Retrieved from http://www.houstonpress.com/news/texas-lawmaker-doesnt-seem-to-understand-medical-marijuana-bill-she-helped-pass-8251297History of marijuana as medicine. Retrieved from http://www.medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.timeline.php?timelineID=000026Leaf Science. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.leafscience.comLearn about marijuana. (2015, April). Retrieved from http://www.learnaboutmarijuanawa.org/factsheets/cannabinoids.htmlLegal medical marijuana states and DC. Retrieved from http://www. medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881#CaliforniaMarchbanks, M. P., Krinhop, K., Williams, A., Kim, Y., Seibert, A., Baker, C., Peairson, S. (2015, August 31). Texas survey of substance use among college students. Public Policy Research Institute, Texas A&M University.Marijuana “edibles” make candy complicated. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.teens.drugabuse.gov/blog/post/marijuana-edibles-make-candy-complicatedMayet, A. et al. (2012). Cannabis use stages as predictors of subsequent initiation with other illicit drugs among French adolescents: Use of a multi-state model. Addictive Behaviours, 37(2), 161-166.Medical Marijuana. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881O’Connell, T.J., & Bou-Matar, C.B. (2007). Long-term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California (2001-2007): Demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(16).
References, cont.
O’Connell, T.J., & Bou-Matar, C.B. (2007). Long-term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California (2001-2007): Demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(16).Pascual, A. (2016, February 11). What happened with marijuana legalization in Uruguay? Retrieved from https://panampost.com/editor/2016/02/11/what-happened-with-marijuana-legalization-in-uruguayRayne, S. (2016, March 20). Legal American weed is not leading to a major drop in Mexico’s violent crime rates. American Thinker. Retrieved from http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2016/03/legal_american_weed_is_not_leading_to_a_major_drop_in_mexicos_violent_crime_rates.htmlSabatier, P., Hunter, S., & McLaughlin, S.. (1987). The Devil Shift: Perceptions and Misperceptions of Opponents. The Western Political Quarterly, 40(3), 449–476. http://doi.org/10.2307/448385Sabet, K. A. (2013). Reefer Sanity. New York, New York: Beaufort.SAM: Smart approaches to Marijuana. (2016). Retrieved from https://learnaboutsam.orgSix facts about marijuana. (2015, April 14). Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/14/6-facts-about-marijuanaMarijuana: The brain changer. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/research/action/speaking-of-psychology/marijuana-brain.aspxTexas school survey of drug and alcohol use. (2014). Public Policy Research Institute: Texas A & M University.Whoopi and Maya: Medical cannabis. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.whoopiandmaya.com