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![Page 1: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals
Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN
Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division
![Page 2: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
Contents
• Introduction
• The Past
• The Present
• The Future
![Page 3: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
I would like to introduce myself
• I studied particle physics and then moved, via the random walk of CERN since 1980, through – programming;
– network management;
– management information systems;
– scientific information systems
– publishing, especially electronic publishing.
• I started a web-based document server in 1993.
![Page 4: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
Introduction
Now, for my sins, I am responsible, for:
The CERN Printshop; The CERN Photographic service; The CERN Audio-video service; The CERN Document (or Information) Server; The CERN Desktop Publishing service
From all this, you can probably guess that I have more than a passing interest in CERN’s publications.
![Page 5: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
Introduction
• I could talk (all day) about the processes involved in the production of the wide variety of CERN publications.
• My patricular interest is how we can use new technologies like XML to make publication easier and make the re-use of published information more transparent.– This could be for another time.
• Today I will spend some time talking about how Image Processing contributes to the publishing process at CERN.
![Page 6: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Past
• CERN has been taking photographs since it was founded in 1954. The CERN photographers were keen to record the building of CERN - they continue this today !
• The technology has changed since then but not as dramatically as in other areas such as computers;
• The end product was a negative which could be later printed if so desired– (9cm by 12cm ) in black & white.
– 24x36 mm also black & white
Some examples:
![Page 7: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
1954
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8The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
Recognise this from 1959?
![Page 9: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
No its not Trafalgar Square - its CERN in 1961
![Page 10: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Past
• These photographs are very interesting but ...
• The end result was cubic meters of negatives being stored. – Photographers, like librarians, have to be very careful to classify their
work, if they are ever to find it again.
• Today, we have an archive of more than 800,000 physical images.
• The problem with this rich archive is access - you only get to see if you go there !!
• The other problem is ……….
![Page 11: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
Where is that photo ?
![Page 12: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
Ah - There it is !
![Page 13: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
I know its in here somewhere !
![Page 14: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: Setting the Scene
• About 3 years ago, the CERN photographers joined my group.
• The group was focussed on information management and we had developed a database system for managing our Scientific Information.
• The use of the World-Wide Web to exchange images had become commonplace.
• The photographers had been using a FileMaker database,for their internal "housekeeping".
• We put two & two together and started a project to develop a photographic database.
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15The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: The CERN Photo Database
• The underlying database engine is a commercial product called ALEPH, from Ex-Libris, one of the major suppliers of Library Automation systems.
• We had developed a customized web interface and some other tools, in particular, a submission module which allowed our principal users to upload documents to the server without us being involved.
• We realised that with little extra work, we could use the database for storing image information– Not the images themselves.
– We store references to images which are stored in the file system of Unix server.
![Page 16: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: The CERN Photo Database
• With all the basic parts in place, we started to digitize the images
• We bought a sophisticated film scanner which was adaptable for all of our old negatives and slides.
• We also bought a couple of smaller 35mm slide scanners.
• The Macintosh computers of the Photo Service were "beefed up" so that they could handle the large image files which would be produced.
• We also carried out quite a bit of in-house training for our photographers (2) in the use of image manipulating software and of the web.
![Page 17: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: The CERN Photo Database
• To get us started we uploaded, in one batch, all the information from FileMaker into the photo database.
• It is all very well to have lots of photographs, but you need good descriptive information (metadata) if you are going to be able to find them.
• The Photo Service was tasked with checking the data and completing it where (frequently) it was incomplete. – e.g. a description such as "A detector" is not very helpful, while "A
view of the DELPHI end-cap" together with the keyword "detector' means a lot more to a physicist.
– This is like painting the Forth Road Bridge (if you come from Scotland). It is an ongoing and, essentially, never-ending story.
![Page 18: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: Decisions
• When setting up the photo database, we had some important decisions to take:
What resolution (how many dpi) would we store;What format of images (compressed or not);What size of images would we offer;
• The answers to these questions depended on who were our clients. We identified the following:– CERN scientists and engineers who had asked for the photos in the
first place;
– Other laboratories;
– The press and other media;
– Physicists and other public speakers - not from CERN - looking for images for presentations;
![Page 19: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: Decisions
• We tried to speak to as many of our potential clients as we could.
• In the end we decided on:– We decided to store images in JPEG format at 144 dpi for an A4-size
page. This is perfect for printing on transparencies for presentations. show picture
– So that the images can easily be viewed via WWW, we also offer "half-size" images which open easily in web browsers.
– The results of queries in the database are shown as small "thumbnail" GIF images.
• If someone wants a "high-resolution" version of an image, they can contact us via e-mail, from a clickable link on the web page. We can scan our 35 mm negatives at > 3000 dpi.
![Page 20: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: Decisions
• Since we started, we have learned quite a lot (I think) about the difference between offering an image database and a database of papers on High Energy Physics.
• We had to make a better, i.e. easier to use, interface for searching:– The interface is much better than in the beginning
– We had to offer customised options for images which don't apply to other databases:
• portfolio format
• The use of the database for storing image data has given us a lot of added value:– cross-referencing between images and the publications in which they
appear.
![Page 21: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: the Results
We believe that we have been rather successful
• The database now contains some 2700 records– These can point to more than one image
• Typicial statistics are:– Total number of searches on photo database in September 2000
• 8,612 or about 280 /day
– Total number of photos (thumbnails + images) downloaded during September 2000
• 205,412
• of which 12,057 were full jpeg images
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22The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: Moving Forward
• Recently we have started to investigate the use of digital photography.
• 2 years ago we purchased a professional digital camera, compatible with the existing 35mm cameras.
• At the time this was state of the art, now it is almost a museum piece. Nevertheless, this camera has enabled our photographers to be more productive in some specific areas.
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23The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Present: Moving Forward
• In particular, for our in-house weekly newspaper, the CERN Bulletin, we now use only digital photographs.
• As a weekly publication the deadlines are very tight. – Using digital images, we save a lot of time and lose little in quality
– we print only in black & white.
– Show transparency of Bulletin 41.
– In fact the whole publication is now produced digitally
• We can now quickly produce our web-version – show web version http://bulletin.cern.ch/0041/Art3/Text_E.html
• For images which will not be printed in 'glossy' publications we are moving more and more to digital.– This will lead to a big reduction in costs
• Many photographs are never meant for publication
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24The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Future: An Experiment
• We have just been able to test the latest Nikon Professional camera, the D1, in real life.– Earlier this week CERN staged the LEPFest.
– This was a major event for CERN where high ranking politicians from our member states attended a ceremony on the CERN site.
• On the request of the Press Office, we took digital images and put them on the web in "almost real time”– to give the instant access for their publications.
• We used 3 people, not including the photographer, to:– take the raw images from the camera, via small memory cards;
– filter them - throw away the poor shots;
– touch-up selected images and then submit them to the database.
![Page 25: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Future: An Experiment
• The photo taking started about 12:00
• First images probably got into the database by 12:50– we had the usual ‘first-day’ nerves and it took longer to get up to
speed than expected
• By the end of the event at 18:00, we had accumulated 138 acceptable images in the database.
• The amazing fact was the interest in the photos:– Times of first accesses:
• 12h58: inside CERN
• 12h59: inside CERN
• 13h01: first external access
![Page 26: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Future: An Experiment
• Searches:• 09/10/2000 : 3,459 (2,852 from CERN) - day of the event
• 10/10/2000 : 4,434 (3,676 from CERN)
• 11/10/2000 : 1,106 (944 from CERN)
• Number of thumbnails and photos downloaded:• 09/10/2000: 26,637
• 10/10/2000: 38,810
• 11/10/2000: 9,721
• what they were looking at...
![Page 27: The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nation Periodicals Image Processing and the publishing process at CERN Mick Draper, CERN ETT Division.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e3a5503460f94b2c166/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
Minister Gago (Portugal)
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28The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
Speeches - Ogi (CH)
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29The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
Unveiling
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30The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Best Part - Ballet Bejart
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31The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Future: An experiment
• This was an extremely interesting learning experience for us
• but, as a safety measure we also used film as a backup– about 20 rolls !
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32The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Future is Digital - probably !
• You only have to look at any consumer electronics shop to see that digital photography is here to stay.
• At the top, or professional end, it is also here to stay– There are some instances where film is still better
– But these are very specialised
• I think that by 2002 digital photography will have taken over and traditional colour film will be like black & white today:– The traditionalists still swear by it
– You can still take B&W photographs
• but printing them is now more expensive than colour
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33The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Future: Archiving
• One blot on the digital landscape is the problem of archiving digital information. – At present we keep the negatives and put a digitized version into the
database.
– We can go back to the original if we need to and make a new digital version.
• In the future, there will be no original as such.
• We will not easily be able to go back to a 144dpi image and make it into 300 dpi. – This can easily be seen when you take images off the web and try to
use them in publications.
– You can't do much with a small 72 dpi GIF image when you are trying to produce an A0 poster using QuarkXpress.
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34The 36th Annual Meeting of Editors of United Nations Periodicals
The Future: Archiving
• At the moment, I have no answer to this problem - which is the same as storing any kind of information electronically. – Do we know if we will be able to read the 'raw data' files in 10 years -
No !
– Can we afford to store images at the highest resolution - probably
– What format do we adopt - TIFF is best but expensive in storage.
• We also have to change the expectations of our customers– We need to sell them cost benefits against glossyness”
• The CERN photo service charges
• Digital photos will be free - if not printed and cheaper if printed in non-photo quality
– This will be OK for most of our customers
• but there are always the diehards !