FAMOUS PEOPLEFAMOUS PEOPLEFAMOUS PEOPLEFAMOUS PEOPLE

Sir Charles Spencer Sir Charles Spencer Sir Charles Spencer Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin,"Charlie" Chaplin,"Charlie" Chaplin,"Charlie" Chaplin, (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, film director and composer best-known for his work during the silent film era. He became one of the most famous film stars in the world. Chaplin used mime, slapstick and other visual comedy routines; His most famous role was that Of The Tramp, which he first played in The Keystone comedy Kid

Auto Races at Venice. Chaplin was one of the most

creative and influential

personalities of the silent-film era. He was influenced by his predecessor, the French silent film comedian Max Linder, to

whom he dedicated one of his films, His working life in entertainment spanned over 75 years, from the Victorian stage and the Music Hall in the United Kingdom as a child performer, until close to his death at the age of 88.

Walter EliasWalter EliasWalter EliasWalter Elias "WaltWaltWaltWalt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer and an international icon. Disney is famous for his influence in the field of

entertainment during the 30s he is particularly noted for being a film producer and a popular showman, as well as for being the creator of one of the most famous fictional characters Mickey Mouse, a character for which Disney himself was the original voice.

PoliticsPoliticsPoliticsPolitics

he Great Depression of 1929 was a worldwide depression

that lasted for 10 years. Its kickoff in the U.S. economy was “Black Thursday”, October 24, 1929, when 12.9 million shares of stocks were sold in one day, triple the normal amount. Share prices fell 15-20%, causing a stock market crash. By 1933, the height of the Depression, unemployment had risen from 3% to 25% of the nation’s workforce. Wages for those who still had jobs fell 42%.GPD was cut in half, from $103 to $55 billion.

This was partly because of deflation, where prices fell

10% per year. By

1933, world trade

plummeted 65% as measured in dollars and 25% in total number of units.

The Depression caused many farmers to lose their farms. At the same time, years of erosion and a drought created the “Dust Bowl” in the Midwest, where no crops could grow. Thousands of these farmers and other unemployed workers traveled to California to find work. Many ended up living as homeless “hobos” or in shantytowns called “Hoovervilles”, named after then-President Herbert Hoover.

T

itler's rise to power was based upon long-term factors - resentment in the

German people, the weakness of the Weimar system - which he exploited through propaganda (paid for by his rich, Communist-fearing backers), the terror of his storm troopers, and the brilliance of his speeches. During the 'roaring twenties' Germans ignored this vicious little man with his programme of hatred. But when the Great Depression ruined their lives, they voted for him in increasing numbers. Needing support, and thinking he could control Hitler, President Hindenburg made the mistake in January 1933of giving Hitler the post of Chancellor. In that period Hitler began to persecute the Jewish people, and all the races which he considered that were not as his race. World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated as WWII or WW2), was a global military conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world’s nations including all of the great powers : eventually forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military personnel mobilised. In a state of "total war," the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it

was the deadliest conflict in human history, resulting in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities. The war is generally accepted to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany and Slovakia, and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and most of the countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth. Germany set out to establish a large empire in Europe. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or subdued much of continental Europe; amid Nazi-Soviet agreements, the nominally neutral Soviet Union fully or partially occupied and annexed territories of its six European neighbours. In June 1941, the European Axis launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, giving a start to the largest land theatre of war in history, which, from this moment on, was tying down the major part of the Axis military power. In December 1941, Japan, which had been at war with China since 1937, and aimed to dominate Asia, attacked the United States and European possessions in the Pacific Ocean, quickly conquering much of the region. Finally on 2 September 1945, the war ended.

H

Dirigible Dirigible Dirigible Dirigible HindenburgHindenburgHindenburgHindenburg

WHAT WAS THE REAL CAUSE OF THIS DISASTER?

ACCIDENT OR ATTACK?

The LZ 129 Hindenburg was a German dirigible

zeppelin which was destroyed by fire while landing in New Jersey on May 6th, 1937. This accident killed 36 people (about one third of people on board). The incident was widely covered by the media of the time and marked the end of the airship as a means of transportation. Originally it had only 50 passenger capacity, and increased its capacity to 72 in 1937. For aerodynamic reasons, the units of the passengers were inside the body of the dirigible, not shelves. This was built with cotton, coated with iron oxide and cellulose acetate butyrate impregnated with aluminum powder (aluminum powder and iron oxide form a mixture called "termite" that is highly flammable). It was manufactured by Luftschiffbau Zeppelin in 1935.

At first, it was intended to fill the Hindenburg with helium, but an order from the U.S. Army on this item, forced the Germans to change the design to use highly flammable hydrogen. Although the density of hydrogen is half of the helium, it just increased its capacity by 10%. Dirigibles or zeppelins were built in large numbers during the First World War for military purposes. With Hugo Eckener at the head of the Zeppelin company and the construction of the airship Graf Zeppelin, which managed to go around the world and travel to the Arctic, the Germans controlled the world market. Encouraged by the success of Zappelin Graf, Eckener decided to embark on the construction of a dirigible "bigger, stronger and safer", which would be the largest flying machine ever built, “the airship LZ 129 Hindenburg”. The Nazis saw the Hindenburg as a unique opportunity to advertise its global power. Although Eckener was a fascist, he never stopped his contempt for the Nazi regime.

Theories about the accident

The mechanical cause

The accepted hypothesis is that an unexpected event caused the ignition of hydrogen that was used for the support of the zeppelin. The reason for the ignition is still a mystery, although it appears to have been caused by a spark from static electricity or a lightning (because there was a storm at the time of the accident). This was combined with other factors such as hydrogen expelled from the Hindenburg landing maneuver or the paint used to cover it, which later it was found that it was highly dangerous, it could be the cause of the rapid fire that engulfed the structure in a few seconds.

Sabotage The hypothesis supposes that someone from inside the Hindenburg could have caused the fire. That someone could have been Eric Spehl, who died in the accident. The reason would be to destroy a great symbol of Nazi Germany.

In favor of this theory there are details as Spehl's girlfriend was a Communist and anti Nazi. The fire broke out near his work area and several witnesses said they had seen something like the flash of a camera (Spehl was a photographer), which could have been used as a trigger. Another possible saboteur was investigated by the FBI Acrobat Joseph Spa, who did not sympathized with the Nazis and he had the opportunity to place an explosive with the excuse of going to feed his dog.

After the disaster and subsequent investigation, Adolf Hitler ordered to end up with the fleet of commercial airships. The veteran LZ-127 Graf Zeppelin was scrapped, but the LZ-130 Graf Zeppelin II, having finished its construction even though the fatal crash of his twin aircraft was used briefly before leaving the service as a platform for the secret investigation of British radar systems that resulted fruitless.

Music in the 30’s

The rhythmic swing dates back to the 1920's but acquired importance in the 30’s. It gave its name not only to dance but also to a whole period in the history. Swing was broadcasted from coast to coast through the live broadcasts by radio

stations of the big band concerts. The names of Benny Goodman, Jimmie Lunceford, the Dorsey brothers and Duke Ellington became popular among the general public and the swing’s strength came to the old Europe. Even in Nazi Germany itself, came the echoes of that music, clearly defying the fascist regime's hostile attitude towards this music.

It was in Paris where the most important swing incursion phenomenon occurred outside American frontiers. A major musical movement was consolidated around the influential music critic, Hugue Panassié, who in 1932 founded the Hot Club of France, the magazine "Jazz Hot" in 1935 and the label "Swing"in 1937. Panassié included in the original Quintet of the Hot Club two musicians of great significance for the future of jazz in Europe: the violinist Stephane Grappelli, and especially the Belgian guitarist Django Reinhardt, the European jazz musician that has influenced their fellow Americans of any race over all time.

DID YOU KNOW? The media used to named Lindy Hop, Jitterbug, Lindy, and Swing as terms that described the same dance style between 30’s and 40’s.

Jazz is a cross between traditional African and

European music, in a precise scenario, the United States, whose origins date

from the early seventeenth century, following the arrival of black slaves. But only at the beginning of the twentieth century came the first documented jazz style whose centre lay in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Consequently between the mid-thirties and

until almost the end of World War II, jazz music was the favourite one in United States. Neither before nor after that will happen again.

Since its inception, jazz has branched out into many sub-styles, which makes it

difficult to find a single description that fits them all. But in jazz could distinguish basically three main instruments: the trumpet carrying the weight of the melody, the

clarinet played countermelodies and trombone played rhythmic sounds. Behind this basic trio, the bass tuba or double bass interpreted bass tones, and the battery the rhythmic accompaniment. The exuberance and volume were more important than finesse, the improvisation focused on the overall sound.

While blues and ragtime emerged independently influenced the jazz style and form, besides continued to coexist with it, and served as an important vehicle for jazz

improvisation.

THE EXPERTS SAID...

"But jazz to me is one of the inherent expressions of Negro life in America;

the eternal tom-tom beating in the Negro soul the tom-tom of revolt against

against weariness in a white world, a world of subway trains, and work, work,

work; the tom-tom of joy and laughter, and pain swallowed in a smile.

"Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain" (1926)

"Jazz is a good barometer of freedom. In its beginnings, the United States

spawned certain ideals of freedom and independence through which,

eventually, jazz was evolved, and the music is so free that many people say

it is the only unhampered, unhindered expression of complete freedom

yet produced in this country. “Duke Ellington”

30’s A SWING

PERIOD

OF TIME

JAZZ

The most famous sport personalitiesThe most famous sport personalitiesThe most famous sport personalitiesThe most famous sport personalities

Babe Didrickson Babe Didrickson Babe Didrickson Babe Didrickson Mildred "Babe"

Didrickson was not just one the best athletes of the 1930's

but one the greatest of all-time. She first made a name for herself during the Olympic Trials. Didrikson competed as a one women team and finished first. She competed in exhibitions of several sports such as 80 meter hurdles, the Javelin and the high jump.

Bronko Nagurski: Bronko Nagurski: Bronko Nagurski: Bronko Nagurski: The sound of his name brings to mind images of bone-crushing power football. Nagurski is one of pro football early stars and was a member of the first group inducted into the NFL Hall of Fame. Besides being a powerful runner he was also a superb blocker. He was such a

star on defense in college that the award for the most outstanding defensive player of the year is named the Bronko Nagurski award. Joe Louis: Joe Louis: Joe Louis: Joe Louis: he was not only the best heavyweight boxer of this decade but possibly of all-time. Louis was the heavy weight champ from 1937 to 1949 when he retired. Joe was first black heavyweight champ since Johnson. He was instructed never to smile after beating a white opponent but would later become a national icon for all Americans when he beat Max Schmelling in their famous rematch fight in 1938.

Don Budge and Fred Don Budge and Fred Don Budge and Fred Don Budge and Fred Perry: Perry: Perry: Perry: The 30’s was a good time for men's tennis. It was a time when a lot of the game greats emerged. No two were better at in the decade of the 30's then Perry and Budge. Fred Perry is considered the greatest British men's player of all time he was the first player ever to win the Grand Slam. Budge did so in 1938. He accomplished something only two male players have ever been able to do. These two players won

the majority of the Major titles in the decade. Wilbur Shaw:Wilbur Shaw:Wilbur Shaw:Wilbur Shaw: Wilbur Shaw was the second driver to win three Indy 500's and the first to win it back to back in 1939 and 1940. Between the years 1933-40 He finish first or second six times. Shaw first raced at the Speedway was in 1927 where he finished 4th. In 1936 he decided the best chance to win he needed to own his car.

Letters to the editorLetters to the editorLetters to the editorLetters to the editor CongratsCongratsCongratsCongrats! In my opinion the magazine is very complete! I read it every day. The sections that I like most are the sports and music. Congratulations to everyone! Michael Bradley. RacismRacismRacismRacism I would ask you if in the next edition you can talk about racism??? Thank you very much. Ann Lee. Adolph HitlerAdolph HitlerAdolph HitlerAdolph Hitler I want to comment about an article that was published last week. It was about Adolph Hitler, I would like to say my admiration to this politic. I think that with him, our country will become a developed nation. Thank you! Joseph BecherJoseph BecherJoseph BecherJoseph Becher Good Morning! I complete agree with Becher. Heil Hitler! Edith Schneider. Hitler goHitler goHitler goHitler governmentvernmentvernmentvernment Good Morning! I want to say my completely disagreement with Edith and Joseph. How people like them could say something like that! Is obviously that they are

German, because I can't explain to myself how they can say that! I mean, many people had died because of his “government”. Please! Think before speak people! Thanks! Alisson Mcdannold. New sectionsNew sectionsNew sectionsNew sections Good evening people! First I would like to congrats to the magazine’s people! You have created a very good one! Just a little comment, could you added more sections, such as events, famous people, typical cooking etc. please take my suggestion. Thank you so much! Elizabeth Brown VoteVoteVoteVote Miss Nancy doesn't vote; Mr. Marsh is a conservative Democrat and votes a straight Democratic ticket because he believes firmly in the two tenets of old-line Democracy: white supremacy, low tariffs. He does vote liberal in the primaries because he feels that to do otherwise would be throwing away his vote; the socialistic trend is necessary and coming. The best thing is to make if sound and peaceful. Marsh Taylor

Vote IIVote IIVote IIVote II "I ain't never voted yet. Ain't old enough and don't think I will till I git old enough, neither. My papa, he's a 'Publican, but I'm going to be a Democrat myself. He don't vote in every election neither. but I'm going to when I get old enough. Milliard Ketchum EducationEducationEducationEducation I quit that old second grade when I was fourteen. I left home and went to work. Been on my own ever since. I went down here to Woolard and went to work on a farm.... I would really like to learn. The boys they make fun of us when we can't read the funnies or nothing. I look at pictures in books, and things like that in the recreation hall, so they won't laugh at me. I wish I had gone on to school now and would go as far as I could if I get the chance. Kate Brumby Education IIEducation IIEducation IIEducation II I didn't git much larnin', jest the primary grades. Well, to the fifth grade, but that's the same as the eighth now. Folks don't know nothin' now. You can take these college graduates and put 'em up to talk. Why they can't talk! All

my chillun's got a middlin' fair education." – Clyde Fisher, Negro worker DisagreementDisagreementDisagreementDisagreement I want to express my complete disagreement with the government. I lost my job because of the depression and now I could not find one. Please, president helps us!!! Ian Brown Education IIIEducation IIIEducation IIIEducation III I got no education at all. As I told you, I was nine when I went to work in the mill, and when I'd come home of a night I never felt much like learning. Sometimes my father makes me do a little spelling but I never done so well at it. Then dad died when I was twelve, and after that nobody could help me. Mum had never studied but she worked as hard as possible, for her family. Amy Adams, retired mill worker Congrats IICongrats IICongrats IICongrats II I would like to congrats to your job. I mean, this magazine is excellent, is complete, funny, and also is very educative. The most important is that you can give your opinion and being listened, in some way. Philip Dawson