The 1920’s Chapter 32. The Red Scare A fear of communism that swept the United States following...

The 1920’s

Chapter 32

The Red Scare• A fear of communism that swept the United States following World

War I • Lasts from 1919-1920• Labor Unions Suffer

– A wave of strikes and a few terrorist bombings heightened the tensions.

– laws against "criminal syndicalism" (labor unions), – long sentences for the Industrial Workers of the World leaders tried

and convicted for their strike activities. • Sacco-Vanzetti Trial• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer initiated the Palmer Raids

(1920) against "suspicious" foreigners across the country. – These raids violated many suspects' and detainees' civil liberties and

led to the formation of the American Civil Liberties Union to protect the rights of the many innocent people jailed.

• The red scare sparked a fear and intolerance of foreigners that led to:– deportation of many radicals– a revival of the KKK – the enactment of stiff immigration quota laws

The KKK

Ku Klux Klan pamphlet: "America for Americans"This image is from a Ku Klux Klan pamphlet published in the mid-1920s, when the Klan claimed as many as five million members nationwide. The Klan portrayed itself as defending traditional, white, Protestant America against Jews, Catholics, and African Americans. (Private Collection)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Ku Klux Klan parade in Washington, D.C., September 13, 1926In a brazen display of power, the Ku Klux Klan organized a march in the nation's capital in 1926. By this time, the Klan was already in decline.


Immigration

• 800,000 immigrants from 1920-1921 – 2/3’s from southern and eastern Europe

• Emergency Quota Act of 1921 – 3% of U.S. immigration from census in 1910– Mostly southern Europeans were excluded

• Immigration Act of 1924– 2% of U.S. immigration from census in 1890– No Japanese– 1931 more immigrants left than came to U.S.

Prohibition• The 18th Amendment• Adopted 1919; Repealed 1933

• Section 1 After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof, for beverage purposes, is hereby prohibited.

• Section 2 The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

• Section 3 This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided by the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission thereof to the States by the Congress.

Gangsters

Clarence Darrow at the Scopes Evolution trial

Clarence Darrow's (at left) passionate devotion to freedom of thought, led him to the courtroom pictured here, in defense of John Thomas Scopes, a teacher accused of teaching the theory of evolution. (Library of Congress)


Technological Advances

• Cars• Airplanes• Radio• Movies • Band-Aid• Q-Tip• Assembly Line*

• Kool-Aid• Lie Detector• Traffic light• Fuel-injected

Rocket• Hair Dryer• Bulldozer• Sliced Bread

Ford Highland Park assembly line, 1928Pictured here is the assembly line for Model-A Fords, at Ford's main assembly plant in 1928. Assembly line workers quickly perform the same task on car after car as the chassis moves past them at the rate of six feet per minute. Ford pioneered the assembly line as a way to reduce both cost and dependence on skilled workers. He paid the highest wages in Detroit but required complete obedience from his workers, even to the point of prohibiting whistling while at work. (From the Collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village)


Ford adHenry Ford constantly worked to reduce car prices on his cars. He also promoted installment buying, promising in this ad that "with even the most modest income, [every family] can now afford a car of their own." This ad also encouraged impulse buying: "You live but once and the years roll by quickly. Why wait for tomorrow for things that you rightfully should enjoy today?" (Library of Congress)


Model T Films(1913. Archive Films.)


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Consumerism

Christmas in ConsumerlandGiving a modern twist to an ancient symbol, this advertising catalog of the 1920s offered an enticing array of new electric products for the home. (Strong Museum)


General Electric adElectric appliances became commonplace in the 1920s and advanced the consumer economy. Note here the obvious link between a daughter and her mother, whose domestic tasks appear to be made easier and more appealing by an electric range, a vacuum cleaner, and an iron. (Picture Research Consultants & Archives)


Radio adBetween 1922 and 1930, the number of families owning radios swelled from 60,000 to almost 14 million. Manufacturers such as RCA produced a variety of sizes and shapes and took out full-page advertisements in popular publications to inform the public about the latest development in design and technology. (Library of American Broadcasting, University of Maryland at College Park)


The Movies

Moviemaking at Warner BrothersPioneering in sound films in a movie-mad decade, Warner Brothers Pictures earned profits of more than $17 million in 1929. ()


Valentino in Son of the SheikRudolph Valentino, the leading male movie star of the 1920s, starred in such costume epics as The Sheik and Son of the Sheik. This poster advertises Son of the Sheik, which appeared after Valentino's death in 1926, at the age of 31, from complications following the removal of his appendix. (Billy Rose Theatre Collection, The New York Public Library)


Los Angeles with carsIn the 1920s, civic leaders in Los Angeles cultivated an image of perpetual sunshine, warm weather year-round, and abundant water. This photo from the late 1920s includes some of these and more--the personal automobile, a sporty touring car with its top down, and wide boulevards lined with palm trees and other semitropical vegetation to emphasize the warm climate. (Los Angeles Public Library)


The Weary BluesThis is the original cover for The Weary Blues, the first book of poetry by Langston Hughes, published in 1926. Hughes later wrote that the book included some of the first blues that he had ever heard, dating to his childhood in Lawrence, Kansas. Both the reference to the blues in Hughes's poetry and the cover design for the book evoke the connection between music and poetry that was part of the Harlem Renaissance. (Picture Research Consultants & Archives)


Louis ArmstrongLouis Armstrong, born in 1900, first began to play the trumpet in New Orleans but emerged as a leading innovator in jazz after 1924, when he joined Fletcher Henderson's orchestra in New York. Some of his recordings from the 1920s are among the most original and imaginative contributions to jazz. (Frank Driggs Collection)


Famous People

Babe RuthBabe Ruth had widespread appeal as one of the country's first sports superstars. Here a photograph of his mighty home run swing appears on a school notebook, showing the new link between sports and consumerism. (Private Collection)


LindberghIn a celebrity-obsessed decade, Lindbergh rocketed to instant fame after his 1927 solo transatlantic flight. (National Archives)


The Lost Generation

• Hart Crane• John Dos Passos• William Faulkner • F. Scott Fitzgerald • Earnest Hemingway• Thornton Wilder• Thomas Wolf

They gained this name because of their belief that they were lost in the greedy and materialistic world that was lacking moral values.

The Bull Market

• Buying on a Margin– 10% down on a stock– Not real value of stocks

• Secretary of Treasury Mellon– Give tax breaks to big business as it would

trickle down– Pay off debt through taxes– Lost popularity after stock market crash

when taxes when up and people couldn’t pay the high taxes.

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The 1920’s Chapter 32. The Red Scare A fear of communism that swept the United States following...

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