The 1868 Republican Ticket The 1868 Democratic Ticket.

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Waving the Bloody Shirt!Waving the Bloody Shirt!

Republican “Southern Strategy”

1868 Presidential Election


Once Johnson is impeached,

Congress passes Reconstruction

Act of 1867.

The South would be reconstructed under the Radical Republicans plan.

Republicans would elect Grant as their President

and he would carry out the

Radical Reconstruction.“The Strong

Government”, 1869-1877. Grant

enforcing the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and

“forcing” the South to change.

President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growth and corruption.

* Credit Mobilier

Scandal.

* Whiskey Ring.

* The “Indian Ring.”

The Tweed Ring in NYC

The Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)

[Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

Who Stole the People’s Money?

Who Stole the People’s Money?

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

The Election of 1872The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption

during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.

Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.

Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.

Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

Popular Vote for President: 1872

Popular Vote for President: 1872

Northern Support WanesNorthern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption.

Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Key monetary issues:

* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

* should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.

The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money

question.”

* debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.

* creditors, intellectuals support hard money.

1875 Specie Redemption Act.

1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

“Regional Balance?”“Regional Balance?”

369369 total electoral votes, need 185185 to win.

164

1876 Election

•Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes.

•Special Commission

gives votes to Hayes.

•Hayes wins the election

•Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President

1876 Election

•Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes.

•Special Commission

gives votes to Hayes.

•Hayes wins the election

•Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President

*

*Disputed Electoral

votes

The Political Crisis of 1877

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain.The Democrats and Republicans work out a

deal to recognize Hayes as PresidentIn return, President Hayes must end

Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South.

Once this happens, there is no protection for the Freedmen and the South will regain their

states and go back to the way it was.

Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes Samuel TildenSamuel Tilden

Agreement between

Democrats and Republicans

•Hayes pulls the troops out of the

South.

•Southerners take over their state

governments called “REDEEMERS”

•Successes FreedmenFreedmen would be lost because

Southerners would take over their state

governments.

•Jim CrowJim Crow laws kept Blacks from voting

and becoming equal citizens.

Agreement between

Democrats and Republicans

•Hayes pulls the troops out of the

South.

•Southerners take over their state

governments called “REDEEMERS”

•Successes FreedmenFreedmen would be lost because

Southerners would take over their state

governments.

•Jim CrowJim Crow laws kept Blacks from voting

and becoming equal citizens.

Cartoon of Hayes: end of Reconst

Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877

Sharecroppers were Freedmen and poor Whites who stayed in

the South and continued to farm.

Freedmen signed a work contract with their former masters

.Picked cotton or whatever crop

the landowner had. Freedmen did not receive “40

acres and a mule”

•Sharecropping is primarily used in farming

•Landowner provided land, tools, animals, house and

charge account at the local store to purchase necessities

•Freedmen provided the labor.

•Sharecropping is based on the “credit” system.

Sharecroppers

Sharecroppers

Advantages Part of a business

ventureRaised their social status

Received 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when

harvestedRaised their self

esteem

DisadvantagesBlacks stay in

SouthSome landowners

refused to honor the contract

Blacks poor and in debt

Economic slavery

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

1. Poor whites and freedmen have no

jobs, no homes, and no money to buy

land.2. Landowners need laborers and have no

money to pay laborers.

4. Landlord keeps track of the money that

sharecroppers owe him for housing, food

or local store.

5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is

paid.

•Pays off debts.

•If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or store

than his share of the crop is worth;

6. Sharecropper cannot leave the

farm as long as he is in debt to the

landlord.

3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as

laborers

•Sign contracts to work landlord’s land

in exchange for a part of the crop.

Sharecroppers

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

social reality

After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were several ways that Southern

states kept Blacks from voting and segregated, or separating people by

the color of their skin in public facilities..

Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites

from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and

from voting.poll taxesliteracy tests grandfather clause

social reality

The systematic practice of discriminating against

and segregating Black people, especially as

practiced in the American South from the end of

Reconstruction to the mid-20th century

Derogatory name for a Black person, ultimately from the title of a 19th-century minstrel song.

Goal: Take away political and constitutional

rights guaranteed by Constitution: Voting and

equality of all citizens under the law.

JC laws

Jim Crow Laws:Jim Crow Laws: segregated Whites and Blacks in

public facilities became the law after Reconstruction:

Jim Crow Laws:Jim Crow Laws: segregated Whites and Blacks in

public facilities became the law after Reconstruction:

•Used at the Used at the local, state local, state levels and levels and

eventually the eventually the national to national to

separate the separate the races inraces in

•kept Blacks, minorities and poor

whites from voting and as 2nd class citizen

status

•kept Blacks, minorities and poor

whites from voting and as 2nd class citizen

status

schools, schools, parks, parks,

transportationtransportation, restaurants, , restaurants,

etc….etc….

Poll Taxes:Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they

didn’t vote.

Literacy Test:Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks

were not literate.

Grandfather clause:Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote…..Most Blacks did

not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote….

social reality

social reality

Supreme Court decision Supreme Court decision which legalized segregation which legalized segregation

throughout the nation.throughout the nation.•““Separate but Equal”Separate but Equal” as as

long as public facilities were long as public facilities were equalequal

•Problem:Problem: Black facilities Black facilities would never be equal to would never be equal to

White facilitiesWhite facilities

•Our nation would be Our nation would be segregated until the 1960’s.segregated until the 1960’s.

The Struggle for African American Suffrage

1865Civil War ends Reconstruction

begins

1870sReconstruction

ends.

1950s-1960sCivil Rights

movement begins.

1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African

Americans from voting

Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black

Americans from 1896 to 1960’s

Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, 1889-1950’s

0 to 2020 to 6060 to 100100 to 200200 or more

Lynchings of Whites/Blacks

South’s Backlash1

The right to vote was taken away

from the Freedmen after Reconstruction

Segregated

1% of Blacks integrated

Less than 5% integrated

25% or more integrated

Reconstruction EndsThere were five main factors that

contributed to the end of Reconstruction.•Corruption: Reconstruction legislatures & Grant’s

administration symbolized corruption & poor government.

•The economy: Reconstruction legislatures taxed and spent heavily, putting the southern states deeper into debt.

•Violence: As federal troops withdrew from the South, some white Democrats used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting. This tactic allowed white Southerners to regain control of the state governments.

•The Democrats’ return to power: The pardoned ex-Confederates combined with other white Southerners to form a new bloc of Democratic voters known as the Solid South. They blocked Reconstruction policies.

•The Country: The Civil War was over and many Americans wanted to return to what the country was doing before the war.

Successes and Failures of Reconstruction

Successes Failures

Union is restored. Many white southerners bitter towards US govt & Republicans.South’s economy grows and

new wealth is created in the North.

The South is slow to industrialize.

14th and 15th amendments guarantee Blacks the rights of citizenship, equal protection under the law, and suffrage.

After US troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny Blacks the right to vote.Freedmen’s Bureau and

other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling.

Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty.

Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education.

Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North.

Which way would the scale tip?Which way would the scale tip?

1. A Two-Party 1. A Two-Party StalemateStalemate

1. A Two-Party 1. A Two-Party StalemateStalemate

Two-Party “Balance”Two-Party “Balance”Two-Party “Balance”Two-Party “Balance”

2. 2. Intense Intense

Voter Voter Loyalty Loyalty to theto the

Two MajorTwo MajorPolitical Political PartiesParties

2. 2. Intense Intense

Voter Voter Loyalty Loyalty to theto the

Two MajorTwo MajorPolitical Political PartiesParties

3. Well-Defined Voting 3. Well-Defined Voting BlocsBlocs

3. Well-Defined Voting 3. Well-Defined Voting BlocsBlocs

DemocraticBloc

DemocraticBloc

RepublicanBloc

RepublicanBloc

White southerners(preservation ofwhite supremacy)

Catholics

Recent immigrants(esp. Jews)

Urban working poor (pro-labor)

Most farmers

Northern whites(pro-business)

African Americans

Northern Protestants

Old WASPs (supportfor anti-immigrant laws)

Most of the middleclass

4. Very Laissez Faire 4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.Federal Govt.

4. Very Laissez Faire 4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.Federal Govt.

From 1870-1900 Govt. did verylittle domestically.

Main duties of the federal govt.:

Deliver the mail.

Maintain a national military.

Collect taxes & tariffs.

Conduct a foreign policy.

Exception administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.

5. The Presidency as a 5. The Presidency as a Symbolic OfficeSymbolic Office

5. The Presidency as a 5. The Presidency as a Symbolic OfficeSymbolic Office

Party bosses ruled.

Presidents should avoid offending anyfactions within theirown party.

The President justdoled out federal jobs.

1865 53,000 people worked for the federal govt.

1890 166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “

Senator Roscoe Conkling

1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential Election: RepublicansElection: Republicans

1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential Election: RepublicansElection: Republicans

Half BreedsHalf Breeds StalwartsStalwarts

Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York)

James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)

compromise

1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential Election: DemocratsElection: Democrats1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential

Election: DemocratsElection: Democrats

1880 1880 Presidential Presidential

ElectionElection


ElectionElection

1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield Assassinated!Assassinated!1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield Assassinated!Assassinated!

Charles Guiteau:I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!

Chester A. Arthur:Chester A. Arthur:The Fox in the Chicken The Fox in the Chicken

Coup?Coup?

Chester A. Arthur:Chester A. Arthur:The Fox in the Chicken The Fox in the Chicken

Coup?Coup?

Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)

Civil Service Act.

The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform.

1883 14,000 out of117,000 federal govt.jobs became civilservice exam positions.

1900 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

Republican Republican “Mugwumps”“Mugwumps”

Republican Republican “Mugwumps”“Mugwumps” Reformers who wouldn’t re-

nominateChester A. Arthur.

Reform to them create a disinterested, impartial govt. run by an educated elite like themselves.

Social Darwinists.

Laissez faire government to them:

Favoritism & the spoils system seen as govt. intervention in society.

Their target was political corruption, not social or economic reform!

TheTheMugwumpMugwump

ss

TheTheMugwumpMugwump

ssMen may come and men may go, but the work of reform shall go on forever. Will support

Cleveland in the1884 election.

1884 Presidential 1884 Presidential ElectionElection


Grover Cleveland James Blaine * (DEM) (REP)

A Dirty A Dirty CampaignCampaign

A Dirty A Dirty CampaignCampaign

Ma, Ma…where’s my pa?He’s going to the White House, ha… ha… ha…!

Little Lost Little Lost MugwumpMugwumpLittle Lost Little Lost MugwumpMugwump

Blaine in 1884

Rum, Romanism & Rum, Romanism & Rebellion!Rebellion!

Rum, Romanism & Rum, Romanism & Rebellion!Rebellion!

Led a delegation of

ministers to Blaine inNYC.

Reference to the Democratic Party.

Blaine was slow torepudiate the remark.

Narrow victory forCleveland [he wins NYby only 1149 votes!.

Dr. Samuel Burchard


ElectionElection


ElectionElection

Cleveland’s First Cleveland’s First TermTerm

Cleveland’s First Cleveland’s First TermTerm The “Veto Governor” from New

York.

First Democratic elected since 1856.

A public office is a public trust!

His laissez-faire presidency:

Opposed bills to assist the poor aswell as the rich.

Vetoed over 200 special pension billsfor Civil War veterans!

The Tariff IssueThe Tariff IssueThe Tariff IssueThe Tariff Issue After the Civil War, Congress raised

tariffs to protect new US industries.

Big business wanted to continue this;consumers did not.

1885 tariffs earned the US $100 mil. in surplus!

Mugwumps opposed it WHY???

President Cleveland’s view on tariffs????

Tariffs became a major issue in the 1888presidential election.



Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison (DEM) * (REP)

Coming Out for Coming Out for HarrisonHarrison

Coming Out for Coming Out for HarrisonHarrison


ElectionElection


ElectionElection

Changing Public Changing Public OpinionOpinion

Changing Public Changing Public OpinionOpinion

Americans wanted the federal govt. to dealwith growing soc. & eco. problems & to curbthe power of the trusts:

Interstate Commerce Act – 1887

Sherman Antitrust Act – 1890

McKinley Tariff – 1890

Based on the theory that prosperityflowed directly from protectionism.

Increased already high rates another 4%!

Rep. Party suffered big losses in 1890 (evenMcKinley lost his House seat!).



Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison again! * (DEM) (REP)


ElectionElection


ElectionElection

Cleveland Loses Cleveland Loses Support Fast!Support Fast!

Cleveland Loses Cleveland Loses Support Fast!Support Fast!

The only President to serve two non-consecutive terms.

Blamed for the 1893 Panic.

Defended the gold standard.

Used federal troops in the 1894Pullman strike.

Refused to sign the Wilson-GormanTariff of 1894.

Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

The 1868 Republican Ticket The 1868 Democratic Ticket.

Documents

Transcript of The 1868 Republican Ticket The 1868 Democratic Ticket.