Based on an original PowerPoint by Ms. Susan M. Pojer

with additional slides by Bob Daugherty

Based on an original PowerPoint by Ms. Susan M. Pojer

with additional slides by Bob Daugherty

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850

ß California statehood.

ß What to do with territory gained through the Mexican War

ß Southern “fire-eaters” threateningsecession.

ß Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:

Personal liberty laws

ß California statehood.

ß What to do with territory gained through the Mexican War

ß Southern “fire-eaters” threateningsecession.

ß Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:

Personal liberty laws

Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 ß Worked out by “Immortal Trio” of Henry

Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster

ß California would come in as a free state

ß Territories of Utah and New Mexico would choose slave status (Pop. Sovereignty):

ß Texas would give up its disputed territory in return for $10 Million dollars to pay debts

ß Slave auctions prohibited in Washington, D.C. but slavery allowed

ß Stronger Fugitive Slave Law (backfired for South)

ß Worked out by “Immortal Trio” of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster

ß California would come in as a free state

ß Territories of Utah and New Mexico would choose slave status (Pop. Sovereignty):

ß Texas would give up its disputed territory in return for $10 Million dollars to pay debts

ß Slave auctions prohibited in Washington, D.C. but slavery allowed

ß Stronger Fugitive Slave Law (backfired for South)

Getting the Compromise Getting the Compromise Passed! Passed!

Senator Stephen Douglas nursed bill through Congress

Pres. Taylor (though a slave owner) opposed spread of slavery and was likely to veto bill

It would only be passed over his…

DEAD BODY!

And then….

Taylor died suddenly!

Coincidence or Conspiracy?

Questions about the 1850 Compromise to

consider

Questions about the 1850 Compromise to

considerß Why can it be said that the Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North?

ß Who benefited most from the Compromise?

ß Why can it be said that the Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North?

ß Who benefited most from the Compromise?

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

“So this is the lady who started this great war.”

-- Abraham Lincoln

“So this is the lady who started this great war.”

-- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852 Sold 300,000

copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Uncle Tom and Simon Legree

The character of Sam helped create the stereotype of the lazy, carefree "happy darky."

Stereotypes Created by Uncle Tom’s CabinBut the book does turn me “fence-sitters” against

slavery and helped keep Britain and France from supporting the Confederacy during the Civil War

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]ß Nativists

(America for Americans)

ß Anti-Catholic

ß Anti-immigrant

ß Anti-Irish

ß Nativists (America for Americans)

ß Anti-Catholic

ß Anti-immigrant

ß Anti-Irish

1849 Secret Order of the Star- Spangled Banner created in

NYC.

1849 Secret Order of the Star- Spangled Banner created in

NYC.

1852 Presidential 1852 Presidential ElectionElection

1852 Presidential 1852 Presidential ElectionElection

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

“We Polked them in ’44, we’ll Pierce ‘em in ’52!”

END OF WHIG PARTY

and NATIONAL PARTIES. INSTEAD WE ARE

LEFT WITH DANGERO

US SECTIONA

L PARTIES!

1852Electi

on Result

s

1852Electi

on Result

s

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)• In an effort to please Southerners Stephen In an effort to please Southerners Stephen

Douglas proposed this actDouglas proposed this act• Divided free Nebraska territory into two Divided free Nebraska territory into two

territories: Kansas & Nebraskaterritories: Kansas & Nebraska• Popular Sovereignty would decide Popular Sovereignty would decide

free/slave status (assumed Kansas would free/slave status (assumed Kansas would go slave)go slave)

• Repudiates 36Repudiates 36°30’ Missouri Compromise °30’ Missouri Compromise lineline

• Led to “Bleeding Kansas” atrocitiesLed to “Bleeding Kansas” atrocities• Led to birth of new Republican PartyLed to birth of new Republican Party

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Hoping to win Kansas for their side both groups began settling (and arming) Kansas

John Brown’s Pottawatomie John Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre 1856Massacre 1856

In retaliation for a “border ruffian” attack on Lawrence, KS John Brown and his son’s massacre five pro-

slavery men along a Creek

LeCompton ConstitutionLeCompton Constitution

• Constitution allowed voters to vote for Kansas “with Constitution allowed voters to vote for Kansas “with slavery” or “with no slavery”slavery” or “with no slavery”

• HOWEVER…..HOWEVER…..

If they voted against slavery provisions STILL allowed If they voted against slavery provisions STILL allowed owners with slaves already in Kansas to keep them!owners with slaves already in Kansas to keep them!

New and weak Pres. Buchanan agrees to support New and weak Pres. Buchanan agrees to support LecomptonLecompton

Anger ,led by Sen. Stephen Douglas, leads to vote on Anger ,led by Sen. Stephen Douglas, leads to vote on entire Constitutionentire Constitution

Whole constitution voted down and Kansas remains Whole constitution voted down and Kansas remains territory….territory….

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854ß Caused by Kansas Nebraska

Act

Made up of:

ß Northern Whigs.

ß Northern Democrats.

ß Free-Soilers.

ß Know-Nothings.

ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

ß Caused by Kansas Nebraska Act

Made up of:

ß Northern Whigs.

ß Northern Democrats.

ß Free-Soilers.

ß Know-Nothings.

ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

“The Crime Against Kansas”

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Rep. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Rep. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

John L. Magee’s Southern Chivalry—

Argument Versus Clubs

Preston Brooks savagely beat

Sumner on floor of US Senate

1856 Presidential 1856 Presidential ElectionElection

1856 Presidential 1856 Presidential ElectionElection

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore

Democrat Republican American Party

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore

Democrat Republican American Party

1856Electio

n Result

s

1856Electio

n Result

s

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857o A slave had lived in

North as a free man with his master

o Sued for his freedom

o Results:

1. Overturned Missouri Compromise of 1820

2. African-Americans were not considered citizens (“They have no rights that a white man need respect.”)

What caused thePanic of 1857??

What caused thePanic of 1857??

What were itseffects on the

nation?

What were itseffects on the

nation?

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)

Debates, 1858

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)

Debates, 1858

“A House divided against itself, cannot stand.”

“A House divided against itself, cannot stand.”

Stephen Douglas

& the Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas

& the Freeport DoctrinePopular

Sovereignty?

PopularSovereignty

?

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectioElectio

nn

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectioElectio

nn

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860

Republican Party Platform in 1860ß Non-extension of slavery [for the

Free-Soilers.

ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.

ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

Crittenden Compromise:

A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Crittenden Compromise:

A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

War Comes at Fort Sumter! April 12, 1861

War Comes at Fort Sumter! April 12, 1861