RESEARCH Open Access

The 1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro thatnever happened: has the source of one ofthe largest volcanic climate forcing eventsof the nineteenth century beenmisattributed?Christopher S. Garrison* , Christopher R. J. Kilburn and Stephen J. Edwards

Abstract

The 1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro in the Philippines is regarded as one of the most significant volcanic climateforcing events of the nineteenth century. Modern databases have assigned the eruption a VEI of 4? and Magnitudeof 4.7. Our analysis of historical sources, however, suggests that there was no such eruption in 1831 and that thisdate is the result of a misinterpretation of a traveller’s account which had been taken to be the primary source. Wetherefore suggest that the 1831 eruption is a false event. In this case, one or more eruptions elsewhere must havebeen responsible for producing the climate-impacting stratospheric sulphate aerosol in 1831. Our results reveal theneed to re-evaluate the hazard assessment of Babuyan Claro volcano and also, potentially, the quantitative treatmentof the 1831 stratospheric sulphate aerosol in climate models. The Babuyan Claro example discussed in this papertherefore reinforces a call for the careful analysis of primary historical sources in volcanology.

Keywords: False eruption, Misattributed eruption, Historical, Volcanology, Climatology

IntroductionVolcanic eruptions that produce sulphate aerosols inthe stratosphere are important climate forcing events(Robock 2000). A body of evidence points to such aneruption in 1831. Unusual atmospheric optical phenomenawere observed around the world in August, September andOctober 1831, including a high haze, a dimmed blue orgreen sun and ‘volcanic’ sunsets (Arago 1832; Kiessling1888; Symons 1888). When the Krakatoa Committee ofthe Royal Society of London was searching for analo-gous examples of the optical phenomena seen after the1883 eruption of Krakatoa, in Indonesia, they identifiedthose in 1831, along with those observed in 1783 afterthe Grímsvötn (Laki) eruption, in Iceland, as the twomost similar to have been reported in the previous fourcenturies (Symons 1888). Anomalous surface temperatures(regionally warmer or cooler than normal) occurred

between 1831 and 1833 (White et al. 1997; Shindell et al.2004; Fischer et al. 2007; McCarroll et al. 2013). Asulphate peak detected in ice-cores from Greenland whichis ranked as either the second (Zielinski et al. 1994), third(Sigl et al. 2013) or fifth (Gao et al. 2008) largest of thenineteenth century has been dated to 1831, with depos-ition continuing until 1833 (Sigl et al. 2013). Even ifranked fifth (Gao et al. 2008), the only larger nineteenthcentury peaks are those produced by the eruptions ofTambora (1815, Indonesia), Unknown (1809), Cosegüina(1835, Nicaragua) and Krakatoa.The largest magnitude eruption listed for 1831 in the

standard catalogue of historical volcanism (the Smithson-ian Global Volcanism Program (GVP) database) is that ofBabuyan Claro, in the Philippines, with a Volcanic Explo-sivity Index (VEI) of ‘4?’ (GVP 2013). The question markindicates a VEI value that was “particularly difficult to as-sign [or was] based on purely circumstantial evidence”(Simkin et al. 1981). A VEI ≥ 4 is associated with a ‘defin-ite’ stratospheric injection of eruption products (Newhall

* Correspondence: c.garrison@ucl.ac.ukUCL Hazard Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University CollegeLondon, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

© The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-018-0078-9

and Self 1982). This eruption has therefore commonlybeen inferred to be the likely source of the 1831 strato-spheric sulphate aerosol (Zielinski et al. 1994; White et al.1997; Fischer et al. 2007; Sigl et al. 2013) and, given themagnitude of the associated Greenland sulphate peak, it isregarded as one of the most significant volcanic climateforcing events of the nineteenth century, particularly sowhen treated as a double eruption with the 1835 (VEI = 5)eruption of Cosegüina, producing ‘enhanced’ forcing ef-fects over a decadal time frame (Zielinski 1995; Arfeuilleet al. 2014; Longpré et al. 2014; Toohey & Sigl 2017). Thiseruption is also listed in the Large Magnitude ExplosiveVolcanic Eruptions (‘LaMEVE’) database (the thresholdfor inclusion in which is a VEI of at least 4), with a Magni-tude (M) of 4.7 (Crosweller et al. 2012).However, the record of the 1831 eruption of Babu-

yan Claro in the GVP database is based solely on his-torical observations (GVP 2013) and Zielinski (1995)has highlighted the need for the ‘thorough study’ of this‘less well known’ eruption. In this paper we identify andanalyse the relevant historical observations to investigateif they are commensurate with the suggested VEI andMagnitude (Crosweller et al. 2012; GVP 2013). Our ana-lysis shows that, to the contrary, there is no reason to be-lieve that Babuyan Claro did erupt in 1831 and that itsrecord in the present-day literature is the result of mis-taken assumptions. We therefore suggest that the 1831eruption of Babuyan Claro is a false event and that oneor more alternative eruptions will have to be identifiedas the source of the 1831 stratospheric sulphate aerosol.

MethodHistorical sources (typically written records) can generallybe divided into two categories. ‘Primary’ sources providefirst-hand evidence of a historical event, for example con-temporaneous eye-witness statements. ‘Secondary’ sourceslater mention, discuss or interpret those primary sources.Primary sources are therefore of paramount importance inproviding the evidentiary base for the secondary sources.Since the primary sources for the 1831 eruption of Babu-yan Claro were not immediately identified in the GVPdatabase (GVP 2013), we identified them according to thefollowing method.An initial set of sources was selected from the refer-

ences and bibliographies of the successive editions of theVolcanoes of the World (Simkin et al. 1981; Simkin andSiebert 1994; Siebert et al. 2010; GVP 2013). The earliersources from which they drew their information werethen identified by the multi-step process illustrated inFig. 1. In some cases, an earlier source could be identi-fied explicitly where cited with a complete reference.In other cases its identity could be inferred, for example,on the basis of a partial reference. The multi-step processwas repeated iteratively for successively earlier sources,

tracing several routes back through the literature, until theprimary source(s) for the eruption had been obtained.A total of 39 sources were analysed for the 1831 eruption

of Babuyan Claro (written in English, French, German andItalian), as well as two supplementary sources from before1831 that mention Babuyan Claro island (written inEnglish and Spanish). These included the standard cata-logues of historical volcanism by von Hoff (1841), Daubeny(1848), Landgrebe (1855), Scrope (1862), Fuchs (1865),von Humboldt (1869), Mercalli (1907), Schneider (1911),Sapper (1917, 1927), Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes ofthe World (CAVW) (1951–1975) [Part II: PhilippineIslands and Cochin China (van Padang 1953)] andMacdonald (1972). Table 1 contains an entry for eachsource including (i) textual extracts along with translationsinto English where necessary; (ii) a classification as to pri-mary (‘P’) or secondary (‘S’) source type where appropriate;and (iii) in the case of secondary sources, a list of the earl-ier sources (if any could be identified) on which they werebased.

Results and discussionThe single primary source for the 1831 eruption ofBabuyan ClaroFigure 2 shows the network of routes traced back throughthe sources for the 1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro. Astriking feature is that they all lead to Meyen (1835) as theprimary source.In 1835, Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen (b. 1804, d.

1840) published ‘Reise Um Die Erde’ (Voyage Round theWorld), an account of his round-the-world voyage (1830–1832) aboard the Prinzess Louise (Meyen 1835; CDSB2008). He had previously trained as a surgeon and publishedan important work in the field of botany (Meyen 1830;CDSB 2008).In July 1831 the Prinzess Louise left the Hawaiian islands

for China. The ship passed the remote island of BabuyanClaro whilst traversing the channel between the Philippinesand Taiwan (Fig. 3). The island forms a part of the Luzonvolcanic arc (Defant et al. 1990) and has two active vol-canoes: the stratovolcano Babuyan Claro, which rises to1080 m. a.s.l. at the centre of the island, and Smith vol-cano, a smaller cone at the western end of the islandwith a peak at 688 m. a.s.l. (GVP 2013) (Fig. 4).On page 181 of volume 2 of his account, Meyen records

that: “…We chose to approach through the BalingtangStraits and, on the following morning [7th August 1831],had the Island of Babuyan in view on the left and theIsland of Balingtang on the right. The mountains ofBabuyan could exceed a few thousand feet in height,their western peak forming a steep cone, which is prob-ably the volcano which only a short time ago hadcaused the inhabitants of the Island to flee. Balingtang

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 2 of 21

island has some strangely shaped rocks in its vicinity…”(Meyen 1835, italics added; Table 1).The western peak is Smith volcano. The italicised sen-

tence is Meyen’s only reference to a volcano on BabuyanClaro island in his whole account. Assuming a straightline between the ship positions that Meyen noted in hismeteorological log for 12 h on the 6th August and 18 hon the 7th August (Meyen 1835), Fig. 3 shows the re-con-structed course of the Prinzess Louise. The reconstructionsuggests that Meyen would still have been about 14 kmdistant at his closest approach.Meyen evidently believed (a) that a volcanic event had

taken place on the island, ‘probably’ at Smith volcano; (b)that it had caused the inhabitants of the island to flee; and(c) that it had occurred ‘only a short time ago’. However,his use of the term ‘probably’ indicates that he couldnot have observed any unambiguous evidence of a recenteruption. Prior to his passage past the island, his accountcontains no record of any of the phenomena, such ascannon-like booms, smoke columns or ash fall, whichmight have evidenced an eruption nearby (although, co-incidentally, it appears that he did observe at least oneof the unusual atmospheric optical phenomena which

were being seen around the world at the same time, seeMeyen 1835; Table 1). His account includes no recordof having met any of the fleeing inhabitants or, indeed,of having met anyone else who had done so. His use ofthe phrase ‘only a short time ago’ is difficult to interpretbecause elsewhere in his account he uses similar phrasesto indicate intervals from hours to decades, depending onthe context (Meyen 1835). Meyen’s (1835) account there-fore provides no suggestion that he was reporting a vol-canic event which he had witnessed himself. Rather, it ismore likely that he was reporting one which he had readabout (or otherwise become aware of) from an unacknow-ledged source describing an earlier event which had driventhe inhabitants of the island to flee.We have identified evidence pointing to at least one

such event. The eighteenth century historian Vicente deSalazar reported that, in 1681, a volcano on top of a highmountain on Babuyan Claro island threw out ‘fire, rocksand ash’ and produced a ‘huge boom’ (de Salazar 1742;Table 1). Although this description points to a compara-tively modest eruption, de Salazar (1742; Table 1) furtherreported that Fr. Matheo Gonçalez, a Dominican priestvisiting the island at the time, drew a vivid comparison

Fig. 1 Flowchart illustrating the method used to identify the primary source(s)

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 3 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

1GlobalV

olcanism

Prog

ram

(2013)

[Volcano

esof

theWorld,4th

ed.]

“Startdate:1831,Stop

date:U

nkno

wn,Erup

tionCertainty:

Con

firmed

,VEI:4?,Eviden

ce:H

istoricalObservatio

ns,

Activity

Areaor

Unit:Babu

yanClaro”(‘H

olocen

eSpreadsheet’do

wnloadablefro

mtheGVP

database)

N.BWhe

nview

ingtheerup

tivehistoryof

Babu

yanClaro

volcanothroug

hthe‘Volcano

Search’optionof

theGVP

database,a

VEI=

4(with

outthequ

estio

nmarkmod

ifier)

ispresen

ted.How

ever

thisisseem

inglyan

artefact

oftheweb

interface

andtheVEI=

4?presen

tedin

the

authoritativeHolocen

espreadsheetdata

downloadable

from

theGVP

database

isthecorrectvalue(pers.comm.

Dr.BenAnd

rews,Sm

ithsonian

Institu

tion,28/04/2016).

S‘Referen

ces’un

der‘Gen

eral

Inform

ation’

2Sieb

ertet

al.(2010)

[Volcano

esof

theWorld,3rd

ed.]

“Start:1831,Duration:?,Vo

lcanoNam

e:Babu

yanClaro

(Luzon

-Nof),Num

ber:0704–03=

,VEI:4?,Vo

lV/T:−

/8”

(p.260)

SStandard

catalogu

esof

historical

volcanism

(p.1),‘Referen

ces’

(pp.479et

seq.)

3PH

IVOLC

S(2008)

“Nam

e:Babu

yanClaro,Year:1831,Site:C

rater,Erup

tion

Character:Explosive.”

SVanPadang

(1953)

4SimkinandSieb

ert(1994)

[Volcano

esof

theWorld,2nd

ed.]

“Start:1831,Duration:?,Vo

lcanoNam

e:Babu

yanClaro

(Luzon

-Nof),Num

ber:0704–03=

,VEI:4?,Vo

lV/T:−

/8”

(p.207)

SStandard

catalogu

esof

historical

volcanism

(p.1),‘Referen

ces’

(pp.303et

seq.)

5Simkinet

al.(1981)

[Volcano

esof

theWorld,1sted

.]“Volcano

Nam

e:BA

BUYA

NCLA

RO(LUZO

NIS-N

OF),

Num

ber:0704–03”

(p.64)

“Volcano

Nam

e:SM

ITHVO

LCANO(LUZO

NIS-N

OF),

Num

ber:0704–04=

,STA

RT:1831,ERUPTIVE

CHARA

CTERISTICS[Three

symbo

ls:C

entralcrater

erup

tion,no

rmalexplosions,d

estructio

nof

land

,prop

erty],VEI:3?,VVLT:−

8[norecorded

lava

volume,0.1km

3teph

ra”(p.64)

SStandard

catalogu

esof

historical

volcanism

(p.1),‘Bibliography’

(pp.215et

seq.)

6COMVO

L(1981)

“Nam

e:Babu

yanClaro…Its

firsterup

tionwas

repo

rted

in1831.”

SVario

uslate

C19

thandC20

th

sourcesinclud

ingVanPadang

(1953),Saderra

Masó(1924),

Smith

(1924),Saderra

Masó(1904).

7MacDon

ald(1972)

N.B.N

oreferenceto

an1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.

n/a

n/a

8Lamb(1970)

“vii-viii.1831...Babuyan

(Babujan),Ph

ilipp

ineIs.

(H,K,S,Sh)...19oN122°E…

(Sappe

r’sassessmen

t)b 2…d.v.i./E m

ax=300.”(p.514)

“...The

Babu

yanerup

tionisge

nerally

accepted

asagreat

one.”(p.515)

SHum

phreys

(1940)

Shaw

(1936)

Sapp

er(1917,1927)

Symon

s(1888)

9VanPadang

(1953)

[CAVW

,PartII:Ph

ilipp

ineIsland

sandCochinChina]

“I.Nam

eandlocatio

n...BABU

YANCLA

RO(7,4–3).”

(p.42)

“I.Nam

eandlocatio

n...SMITHVO

LCANO(7,4–4)…

III.

Volcanicactivity.Som

eof

theolde

rerup

tions

may

have

been

ofBabu

yanClaro

(7,4–3)…

1831

[Three

symbo

ls:

Erup

tionin

thecentralcrater,no

rmalexplosions,

destructionof

arableland

].”(p.43)

SBecker

(1901)

Smith

(1924)

Sade

rraMasó(1905,1924,1925)

Alvir(1928)

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 4 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

10Hum

phreys

(1940)

“Atanyrate,volcanicdu

stisso

fine,andtheup

per

atmosph

ereabove11

kmso

freefro

mmoistureand

verticalconvectio

n,that

once

such

dustisthrown

into

thisregion

,asitob

viou

slywas

bytheexplosions

ofSkaptarJökull,andAsamayam

a,in

1783;Babuyan,in

1831...itmustrequ

ire,asarule,b

ecause

ofits

slow

descen

t,fro

m1to

3yearsto

getback

totheearth.”

(pp.

593–594)

“Date:1831–1832…

Natureof

Discrep

ancy:C

old…

Prob

able

Cause:…

Babu

janIsland

s,1831”(p.615)

S–

11Shaw

(1936)

“Volcanicerup

tions

sinceA.D.1800…

1831

Babu

yanClaro.”

(v.2,p

.25)

S–

12Alvir(1928)

“Babuyan

Claro

-Thisvolcanowas

repo

rted

tohave

erup

tedin

1919.”(p.758)

n/a

n/a

13Sapp

er(1927)

“Zum

philipp

inischen

System

(1)ge

hörenfolgen

deVu

lkanzone

n:[...]

5.Babu

yanClaro,1000m,in19o40’N

.Br.,121o

56′

Ö.L.,hatte1831

heftigen

A.,de

ssen

Feinaschen

inEuropa

Däm

merun

gsersche

inun

genverursacht

habe

ndü

rften

(neuerding

sbe

zweifelt).Tätig

um1860.1917un

d1918

Anzeichen

neuerTätig

keit.

[...]

(1)Neuenachrichten

inM.Saderra

Masó,Active

Philipp

ineVo

lcanoe

s(Bull.Weather

Bureau

April

1922)Manila,A

uszugin

Bull.volcanolog

ique

1925,S.306–310.”(p.320)

[Translatio

n:“The

followingvolcaniczone

sbe

long

tothePh

ilipp

inesystem

(1):

[...]

“5.Babuyan

Claro,1000m,...un

derw

entapo

werful

erup

tionin

1831,w

hose

fineashe

scouldhave

caused

thetw

iligh

teffectsin

Europe

(recently

questio

ned).

[...]

(1)New

inform

ationin

M.Saderra

Masó,Active

Philipp

ineVo

lcanoe

s(Bull.Weather

Bureau

April1922)

Manila,Sum

maryin

Bull.volcanolog

ique

1925,S.306–310.”]

N.B.Itisinterestingthat

Sapp

erintrod

uces

theph

rase

‘recentlyqu

estio

ned’

tohis1927

entryforthiserup

tion.

Heciteson

lySade

rraMasó(1922),the

summaryof

which

presen

tedin

Sade

rraMasó(1925)

states

that

apreciseknow

ledg

eof

thedatesof

historicalerup

tions

ofBabu

yanClaro

volcanois‘rather

wantin

g’.H

owever,

even

ifSapp

erdiden

tertainanysuch

doub

tsin

1927,

thereisno

eviden

ceto

sugg

estthat

they

constraine

dtheuseof

his1917

teph

ravolumerang

eby

laterauthors.

SSade

rraMasó(1922,1925)

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 5 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

14Sade

rraMasó(1925)

“Claro

Babu

yanVo

lcano.Ontheisland

ofBabu

yanne

arthecenter

at19

o40’N

,121

o56

E.Since1656,w

hen

Dom

inican

Mission

ariesvisitedtheisland

forthefirst

time,ithasbe

enrepo

rted

asactivebu

tprecisedates

oferup

tions

arerather

wantin

g.In

1907

WORC

ESTER

took

photog

raph

swhich

show

twone

wrecent

craters.

In1917,W

.D.SMITHof

theBu

reau

ofMines,visitedit

andfoun

dconvincing

indicatio

nsof

recent

outbursts.

Morerecently,M

ay17th

and19th,1918,Captain

ROSÉS

oftheinterisland

S.S.“M

auban”

onsailing

closeto

the

island

saw

thevolcanoin

erup

tion.Westof

themain

volcanorises

anothe

rremarkablewellp

reserved

cone

calledSm

ithvolcano,which

was

activewith

inthe

pastsixmon

ths.Severalo

fthevolcanoe

sappe

aring

inprevious

lists,asforinstances,thosepu

blishe

dby

PERRY,MARC

ALLIand

othe

rs,are

extin

ctvery

old

volcanoe

sof

theworn-do

wn-stocktype

;...”(pp.

385–386)

n/a

Mercalli(1907)

Perrey

(1860)

15Sade

rraMasó(1924)

(see

Sade

rraMasó1925)

16Sm

ith(1924)

“Ontheway,Iwas

enabledto

remainabou

ttw

oho

urs

onBabu

yanClaro,w

here

thereisavolcanowhich

has

been

activeas

recentlyas

1860.The

rearetw

ovolcanoe

son

thisisland

,one

abe

autifullysymmetricalcind

ercone

,abou

t2220

ft[670

m]inhe

ight,and

theothe

rless

symmetricalbu

tshow

ingtw

ocraterswhich

contain

steam

vents.Thesm

allervolcanocontains,b

esides

the

fineashthat

givesitits

shape,arecent

flow

ofscoriaceou

sbasalt.Theolde

rflowsof

thisvolcanoare

also

basaltic.Therehasbe

enno

serio

userup

tionsince

1860.The

few

peop

lelivingon

theisland

repo

rt,

however,thatsteam

explosions

occurred

onthesm

aller

mou

ntaintenyearsagoandon

thelarger

four

years

ago.Noashe

sreache

dthevillage

inanyof

these

explosions,how

ever.A

sitison

lyin

thelastthirty-five

yearsthat

theisland

hasbe

eninhabited,

the

inhabitantsknow

nothingof

theerup

tions

of1860.”

(p.264)

“BABU

YANCLA

RO.Fergu

sonsays:Babuyan

Island

isabou

t13

kmin

ano

rthe

astandsouthw

est

directionandhasan

averagewidth

ofabou

t10

km.

Atthewestern

pointisavolcano670m

high

.This

mou

ntainisconicalinshapeandeviden

tlycontains

asm

allcraterat

itssummit.Flow

sof

roug

hscoriaceou

sbasaltsurrou

ndthebase

andthe

mou

ntainitselfisbu

iltup

ofalternatingbasaltflows

andde

positsfro

mexplosiveerup

tions,ang

ular

basalt

fragm

ents,b

omblapilliandsm

allslaglikemasses.

Thewriter

hadan

oppo

rtun

ityto

land

here

fora

SBecker

(1901)

Fuchs(1881)

[Meyen

(1835)]

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 6 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

shorttim

eand,

althou

ghun

ableto

reachthesummit,

collected

specim

ensof

thebasaltfro

mon

eof

the

earlier

flowsandfro

mthelatestflow.Intheeastern

partof

theisland

isanothe

rvolcano,1160

min

height

andhe

avily

timbe

red.

Onits

southe

rnside

wereactivefumaroles.Severalerup

tions

ofthe

volcanoe

sof

thisisland

have

been

noted.

Horsburgh

in1817

men

tions

avolcanoon

the

western

point,thou

ghhe

does

speakof

any

erup

tionhaving

occurred

.Fuchs

[1881]

men

tions

anerup

tionas

having

occurred

in1831.Becker

quotes

Meyen

asmen

tioning

thiserup

tion,and

Sempe

ras

statingthat

Babu

yanClaro

seem

edthen

(1860)

tobe

continually

inerup

tion.”(p.304)

N.B.Itisinterestingthat,con

sisten

twith

Maree

(2005),Smith

becameaw

areon

hisbriefvisitto

Babu

yanClaro

island

that

ithadbe

enun

inhabited

tillcom

parativelyrecently(alth

ough

heseem

sto

have

been

unaw

arethat

ithadbe

enpreviously

inhabitedin

themoredistantpast).

17Sade

rraMasó(1922)

(see

Sade

rraMasó1925)

18Sapp

er(1917)

“Babuyan

Claro,1000m,hatte

1831

(5)eine

nhe

ftige

nAusbruch,de

ssen

Feinaschen

noch

inEuropa

schö

neDäm

merun

gsersche

inun

gen

mitverursachthabe

ndü

rften

(6).

[...]

(5)Masóa)

S.12.M

eyen

,Reise

II,S.181.

(6)Repo

rtof

theKrakatoa

Com

mittee

oftheRo

yal

Society.Lond

on1888.S.396.”(p.149)

[Translatio

n:“Babuyan

Claro,1000m,und

erwen

ta

powerfuleruptionin

1831

(5)thefineashe

sof

which

couldhave

contrib

uted

tothebe

autiful

twiligh

teffectseven

inEurope

(6).

[.] (5)Masóa)

P.12.M

eyen

,Reise

II,P.181.

(6)Repo

rtof

theKrakatoa

Com

mittee

oftheRo

yal

Society.Lond

on1888.P.396.”]

N.B.A

nearlier

reference(p.148)m

akes

clearthat

thefirstreferenceisto

Sade

rraMasó(1904).

“Tabellede

rbe

kann

tenRiesen

ausbrüche…

1831

Babu

yanClaro

b 2“(p

p.338–340)

[Translatio

n:“Tableof

know

nlarge

erup

tions…1831

Babu

yanClaro

b 2”]

“a1a 2

bede

utet

darin

wiede

rFörderun

gvonüb

er1bzw.1/10cbkm

Lava,b

1b 2

voneb

ensoviel

Lockermassen.“(p

.337)

[Translatio

n:“In

thefollowinga 1

a 2againde

notes

SSade

rraMasó(1904)

Symon

s(1888)

Meyen

(1835)

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 7 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

theprod

uctio

nof

over

1or

1/10

km3of

lava,

b 1b 2

ofthesameam

ount

ofteph

ra.“]

19Schn

eide

r(1911)

“90...Babuyan

Claro...121

o56’3.19o30’n...A

usbrüche

:1831,1860.”(p.242)

[Translatio

n:“90...Babuyan

Claro...Eruptions:

1831,1860”]

S–

20Mercalli(1907)

“Babuyane-Claro

(1000m.),situatone

lleisole

Babu

yane

,che

form

anolapartepiù

setten

trionalede

ll’archipelago:eb

beun

’eruzion

emolto

fortene

l1831.”(p.305)

[Translatio

n:“Babuyane-Claro

(1000m.),

locatedin

theBabu

yanisland

s,which

form

the

northe

rnmostpartof

thearchipelago:un

derw

ent

apo

werfuleruptionin

1831.”]

SPerrey

(1860)

21Sade

rraMasó(1905)

“[Nam

e]Babu

yánClaro...[Dateof

erup

tion]

1831,

1860”(p.187)

S–

22Sade

rraMasó(1904)

“Nam

e:Babu

yánClaro...D

ateof

erup

tion:1831,

1860”(p.12)

S–

23Becker

(1901)

“The

remaining

volcanicmou

ntains

ofthe

archipelagolie

inon

egrou

pat

itsno

rthe

rnen

d.Mr.James

Horsburgh

men

tions

the

little

island

Cam

aguínde

Babu

yane

sas

having

form

erlybe

enavolcano,andsays

that

onthewesten

dof

theIsland

ofBabu

yan

Claro

thereisavolcano[re

f:Horsburgh

1817,

p.328].M

eyen

states

that

in1831

thelatter

unde

rwen

taviolen

terup

tion.Sempe

r[see

Sempe

r(1869)]saysBabu

yanClaro

seem

sto

becontinually

inerup

tion...”(p.54)

SSempe

r(1869)

Meyen

(1835)

Horsburgh

(1817)

24Symon

s(ed.)(1888)

[Rep

ortof

the

Krakatoa

Com

mittee

oftheRo

yal

Society]

“Babujan

Island

s,1831,(Great

erup

tion)”(p.396)

SJudd

(1881)

Daube

ny(1848)

25Fuchs(1884)

“Onconn

aîtplusieursvolcansdans

lespe

tites

îles

Bajuban,qu

ison

tsituéesau

nord

del’archipe

l.L’un

d’en

treeux,leClaro

Babyan

(10o

27′lat.Bor.

et110

o42′lon

git.or.),est.toujou

rsactif

eteut

uneérup

tionen

1831.”(p.236)

[Translatio

n:“Severalvolcanoe

sareknow

nin

theBajubanisles,which

arelocatedin

theno

rth

ofthearchipelago.One

ofthem

,Claro

Babyan...

isstillactiveandun

derw

entan

erup

tionin

1831.”]

S–

26Fuchs(1881)

(see

Fuchs1865,1884)

27Judd

(1881)

N.B.N

oreferenceto

an1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.

n/a

n/a

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 8 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

28Vo

nHum

boldt(1869)

(see

vonHum

boldt1858)

29Sempe

r(1869)

N.B.N

oreferenceto

an1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yan

Claro

althou

ghSempe

rmen

tions

“…einwiees

sche

intin

beständige

rErup

tionbe

findliche

Vulcan

aufB

abuyan

Claro…

“(p.

14)

[Translatio

n:“…

avolcanoon

Babu

yanClaro

which

seem

sto

bein

constant

erup

tion…

”]

n/a

–

30Fuchs(1865)

“Zwischen

Form

osaun

dde

nPh

ilipp

inen

liege

nzw

eivulkanischeInseln,C

laro

Babyan

und

Cam

ingu

in.D

erVu

lkan

aufC

laro

Babyan

liegt

19o27′n

.Br.,119

o42′ö

stl.L.un

dhatnach

Meyen

1831

eine

nAusbruchge

habt.”(p.47)

[Translatio

n:“BetweenForm

osaandthePh

ilipp

ines

lietw

ovolcanicisland

s,Claro

Babyan

andCam

ingu

in.

Thevolcanoon

Babu

yanClaro...,accordingto

Meyen

,un

derw

entan

erup

tionin

1831.”]

SMeyen

(1835)

31Scrope

(1862)

“Som

eof

thelesser

island

swhich

conn

ectForm

osa

with

thePh

ilipp

ines

have

been

seen

inerup

tion.In

thislatter

grou

pno

less

than

nine

teen

lofty

insulated

conicalm

ountains,allcalledin

thecoun

try‘volcane

s,’areen

umerated

byVo

nBu

ch.”(p.460)

n/a

n/a

32Perrey

(1860)

“1831-Le

volcan

situéàlapo

inte

méridionalede

l’îleClaro

Babu

yan(Philippine

s),entre

lesîlesBashi

etLuçon,par19

o27′lat.N

.et119

o42′lon

g.E.,

eutun

eérup

tionsiviolen

te,q

ue,p

ouréchapp

erà

l’embrasem

ent,leshabitantsde

l’îlefurent

forcés

des’e

nfuiravec

laplus

grande

rapidité

(3).Les

petites

îlesBaschi,etlesBabu

yane

s,qu

i,dit

Hum

boldt(4),suivantletémoign

agede

Meyen

,on

tdo

nnéen

core

en1831

lespectacled’un

eviolen

teérup

tionde

flammes...”

[...]

“(3)Landg

rebe,l.c.,p.348,d’après

Meyen,Reise

umdie

Erde,t.II,p.184.DeBuch,l.c.,p.438,m

êmesource.

(4)Cosmos,t.IV,p.

421″

(p.180)

[Translatio

n:“1831-Thevolcanolocatedat

the

southe

rntip

ofClaro

Babu

yanisland

(Philippine

s),

betw

eentheBashiislands

andLuzon,...,

unde

rwen

tan

erup

tionso

violen

tthat,inorde

rto

escape

theblaze,theinhabitantsof

theisland

wereforced

tofleewith

thegreatestrapidity

(3).

Thesm

allB

aschiislands,and

theBabu

yans,w

hich,

states

Hum

boldt(4),accordingto

thetestim

onyof

Meyen

,yielded

in1831

thesigh

tof

aviolen

terup

tionof

flames...

[...]

SVo

nHum

boldt(1859)

Land

greb

e(1855)

VonBu

ch(1836)

[Meyen

(1835)]

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 9 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

“(3)Land

greb

e,l.c.,p.

348,accordingto

Meyen

,Reiseum

dieErde

,v.II,p.

184.DeBu

ch,l.c.,

p.438,samesource.

(4)Cosmos,v.IV,p.

421″]

33Vo

nHum

boldt(1859)

(see

vonHum

boldt1858)

34Vo

nHum

boldt(1858)

“Diekleine

nBaschi-In

seln

unddieBabu

yane

n,welcheno

ch1831

nach

Meyen

’sZe

ugnißeine

nhe

ftigen

Feuerausbrucherlitten,verbinde

nForm

osamitde

nPh

ilipp

inen

...”(v.4,p

.404)

[Translatio

n:“The

smallB

aschi-islands

andtheBabu

yans,

which

accordingto

Meyen

’stestim

onyun

derw

enta

powerfulfiery

erup

tionin

1831,con

nect

Form

osa

with

thePh

ilipp

ines...”]

SMeyen

(1835)

35Land

greb

e(1855)

“8.D

ieInselC

laro

Babu

yan.Sieliegt

inde

rMitte

zwischen

denBashi-Inselnun

dLuzon,ob

erhalb

Cam

iguin.Auf

ihrerSüdspitze,un

ter19

o27′n

.Br.

und119

o42′ö

stl.L.,b

emerkt

man

eine

nmeh

rere

tausen

dFuss

hohe

nVu

lcan,d

ernach

Meyen

’sZe

ugniss

(s.d

essenReiseUm

dieErde

.Bd.

II.S.

184)

imJ.1831

eine

nso

heftigen

Ausbruchhatte,

dass

dieBewoh

nerde

rInselsichzurschn

ellsten

Flucht

genö

thigtsahan,um

dem

sichernVerderbe

nzu

entgeh

en.”(p.348)

[Translatio

n:“8.Babuyan

Claro

island

.Thisislocated

inthemiddlebe

tweentheBashi-islands

andLuzon,

aboveCam

igun

.Atits

southe

rnpo

int...avolcano

severaltho

usandfeet

high

canbe

seen

,which

accordingto

Meyen

’stestim

ony(see

hisVo

yage

arou

ndtheWorld,Volum

eII,Page

184)

unde

rwen

tsuch

apo

werfuleruptionin

1831,thattheinhabitants

oftheisland

hadto

fleeas

quicklyas

possible,in

orde

rto

escape

from

theircertainde

struction.”]

N.B.The

referenceto

v.2,p.

184of

Meyen

(1835)

iseviden

tlyamistakenreferenceto

p.181.Itis

interestingto

note

thede

gree

ofem

bellishmen

twhich

hasbe

enintrod

uced

here:not

onlydidthe

inhabitantshave

tofleetheisland

butthey

had

todo

so‘asqu

icklyas

possible’.

SMeyen

(1835)

36Daube

ny(1848)

“The

volcanicchainisalso

conn

ectedmoreclosely

with

theisland

ofForm

osaby

abu

rningmou

ntain

existin

gin

thegrou

pof

theBabu

janIsland

sinterm

ediate,inwhich

agreaterup

tionthat

occurred

in1831

drovetheinhabitantsfro

mtheisland

.”(p.399)

SVo

nBu

ch(1836)

37Vo

nHoff(1841)

N.B.N

oreferenceto

an1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yan

Claro

(alth

ough

atv.2,p.

182,vonHoffdo

esrefer

n/a

n/a

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 10 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

toMeyen

’s‘Reise

umdieWelt[sic]’).

38Vo

nBu

ch(1836)

“17o

Volcan

del’îlede

Babu

jan,

Lat.19

o27’N

.;Long

.119

o42′1/4.E.d

eParis.C

evolcan

quia

quelqu

esmillepied

sde

hauteur,est.situédans

lapartieou

estde

l’île.U

negrande

érup

tionqu

ieut

lieuen

1831,força

leshabitantsàpren

drelafuite

etàabando

nner

l’île(M

eyen

,Voyage,II,181).”(p.438)

[Translatio

n:“17

oVo

lcanoon

theisland

ofBabu

jan,...This

volcano,which

issomeseveraltho

usandfeet

high

,is

locatedat

thewestern

endof

theisland

.Agreaterup

tion,

which

took

placein

1831,forcedtheinhabitantsto

take

fligh

tandabando

ntheisland

(Meyen

,Voyage,II,181).”]

SMeyen

(1835)

39Meyen

(1835)

“Inde

rNacht

zum

7ten

Aug

ustnähe

rten

wirun

sde

nBashee-In

seln,d

eren

Läng

eno

chaufa

llenKarten

,diewir

anBo

rdde

rPrinzess

hatten

,verschied

enange

gebe

nwar.

WirwähltendieStrasseBalingtangzurDurchfahrtun

dhatten

amfolgen

denMorge

ndieInselB

abuyan

zur

Linken

,und

dieInselB

alingtangzurRechtenim

Gesicht.

DieBergevonBabu

yankönn

eneinige

TausandFuss

anHöh

eüb

ersteige

n,ihre

westlicheSpitzebildet

eine

nschroffenKege

lberg,

derwahrscheinlichde

rVu

lcan

ist,

welcher

noch

vorkurzer

ZeitdieBewoh

nerde

rInselzur

Flucht

getriebe

nhatte.DieBalingtang-Inselh

atin

ihre

Nähesehr

merkw

ürdigge

staltete

Klippe

n…”(v.2,p

.181)

[Translatio

n:“Duringthenigh

tbe

fore

the7thAug

ust,we

approached

theBashee-Island

s,thelatitud

eof

which

was

recorded

differentlyon

allthe

mapsaboard

the

Princess.W

echoseto

approach

throug

htheBalingtang

Straits

and,

onthefollowingmorning

,had

theIsland

ofBabu

yanin

view

ontheleftandtheIsland

ofBalingtang

ontherig

ht.The

mou

ntains

ofBabu

yancouldexceed

afew

thou

sand

feet

inhe

ight,the

irwestern

peak

form

ing

asteepcone

,which

isprob

ablythevolcanowhich

only

ashorttim

eagohadcaused

theinhabitantsof

theIsland

toflee.Balingtangisland

hassomestrang

elyshaped

rocks

inits

vicinity…”]

N.B.O

nhisapproach

toBabu

yanClaro

island

,Meyen

repo

rted

theob

servationof

asolarhalo

andan

extend

edtw

iligh

t:“Am

3ten

Aug

ust…

KurzvorMittags-Ze

it,alsun

sdie

Sonn

efastim

Zenith

stand,

bildetesich

einDun

strin

gum

dieselbe

,dessenRadius

211/2o

betrug

;dieFarbede

sRing

eswar

nichtso

bestim

mt,wiedieeine

sRege

nbog

ens,

undim

Inne

rnde

rRing

esbe

fand

sich

eine

Wolkenm

asse,

welchedu

nklerwar,alsdiede

sum

gebe

nden

Him

mels,

durchwelchewirdieSonn

ekaum

durchseh

enkonn

ten.

Esbe

fand

sich

Niemandan

Bord

desSchiffes,de

mein

solche

rSonn

en-Ring,

welcher

etwas

Aeh

nlichkeitmitde

m

P/S

n/a

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 11 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

soge

nann

tenHofede

sMon

deshatte,zu

Gesicht

gekommen

war.”(v.2,p

p.180–181)

[Translatio

n:“Onthe3rdAug

ust…

Shortly

before

Mid-day,

with

theSunalmostat

theZe

nith

forus,a

hazy

Ring

appe

ared

arou

ndthesame,who

seradius

was

211/2o;the

colour

oftheRing

was

notso

well-d

efined

asthat

ofaRainbo

w,and

inside

theRing

therewas

locateda

Cloud

-masswhich

was

darker

than

that

ofthe

surrou

ndingsky,throug

hwhich

wecouldhardlysee

theSun.Therewas

no-one

onbo

ardtheShip

who

hadob

served

such

aSun-Ring

before,w

hich

hadsome

similaritywith

theso-calledMoo

nHalo.”]

“Auchwurde

indiesen

Tage

neine

Däm

merun

gbe

merkt,

diebe

inaheeine

Stun

denach

Sonn

en-Untergang

anhielt,

woran

woh

ldienied

ereDeclinationde

rSonn

e,nämlich

gerade

16o,d

engrössten

Anthe

ilhatte;diese

Däm

merun

gwurde

aber

auch

nurwen

igeTage

hind

urch

beob

achtet.”(v.2,p

.181)

[Translatio

n:“A

Twiligh

twas

also

expe

rienced

inthese

days

which

continuedalmostan

hour

afterSun-set,

which

was

mainlycaused

bythelow

declinationof

the

Sun,namely16

o;thisTw

iligh

twas

onlyob

served

fora

few

days

however.”]

Asolarhalo

know

nas

a‘Bisho

p’sRing

’issometim

esob

served

afteravolcanicerup

tion(M

eine

land

Meine

l1983).C

ausedby

thediffractio

nof

sunlight

byvolcanog

enicaerosolp

articles,ittypically

appe

arsas

abrighter

whitish-blue

disc

surrou

ndingthesun,

enclosed

byadimmer

redd

ish-brow

nrin

g:the

inne

randou

terradius

oftherin

gvariesby

several

degreesde

pend

ingon

theparticular

size

distrib

ution

oftheaerosolb

utaveragevalues

arec.10-11o

and

22-23o

respectively(Sym

ons1888;M

eine

land

Meine

l1983).M

eyen

’sde

scrip

tionseem

s,ho

wever,a

closer

match

toamorecommon

22osolarhalo.

Causedby

therefractionof

sunlight

(ormoo

nlight)b

yatmosph

ericice-crystals,thisappe

arsas

abrighter

rainbo

w-like

arcarou

ndadimmer

portionen

closing

thesun,with

awelld

efined

redd

ishinne

rradius

at21.7oextend

ingou

twardto

amorediffu

sebluish-w

hite

edge

(Lynch

andLiving

ston

2001).Thecircum

scrib

ed22

osolarhalo

which

isob

served

athigh

solarelevations

isparticularlypron

ounced

(Kön

nen2015).Theextend

edtw

iligh

tappe

arsto

bean

observationof

theun

usual

atmosph

ericop

ticalph

enom

enabe

ing

contem

porane

ouslyob

served

elsewhe

rein

theworld

atthetim

e(asmen

tione

din

theIntrod

uctio

n)bu

tis

thereforeno

tlocaltoBabu

yanClaro

island

oreven

toEastAsia(Arago

1832;Kiessling1888;Sym

ons1888).

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 12 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

40Horsburgh

(1817)

“CLA

ROBA

BUYA

N,orOLD

BABU

YAN,inlat.19

o37’N

.,lon.122o

17′E.,distantabou

t10

leaguesto

the

eastwardof

Calayan,isthemostno

rthe

rlyandhigh

est

oftheseisland

s,in

extent

abou

t2or

21/2leagues.

Thereisareef

projectin

gfro

mtheWesten

dof

theisland

,andthemou

nton

thispartisavolcano;be

twixtwhich,

andthemou

ntains

ontheeasternpart,the

reisaconcave

curvein

theform

ofacrescent,w

henview

edfro

mthe

northw

ardor

southw

ard;

butwhe

ntheisland

isseen

atagreatdistance

from

theeastward,

itappe

arsas

one

roun

dmou

ntain,with

ade

tached

hummockto

the

northw

ard.”(p.328)

n/a

n/a

41DeSalazar(1742)

“CAP.XX

III.FUNDACIONDELA

MISSIONde

Battanes,

ymuertede

losPadres

Fr.M

athe

oGon

çalezyFr.

Juan

Rois...Elaño

de1680...elaño

sigu

iente,...H

aban

sumam

ente

afligidos,y

atem

orizados

conelmucho

sueg

o,pied

ras,ycenizas,qu

eactualmen

tearrojaba

desiun

Volcan,q

ueay

enun

mon

tealto

dedicha

Isla,q

ueàtodo

scausabaterribleho

rror,y

espanto;

yconlaocasionde

lape

na,enqu

ese

hallabanles

comen

zòàpred

icar

elPadreFr.M

athe

o,explicando

les

laspe

nasde

elInferno,ylo

incompreh

ensiblede

los

torm

entos,qu

ehande

pade

cerloscond

enados

por

unaeternidad,

abrassando

seen

susvorazesllamas,

espe

cialmen

telosqu

esien

doChristiano

s,avian

apostatado

delaFeè,yeran

causade

quese

cond

enassensushijos,ynietos,p

ortene

rlosen

aquella

Isla,tan

apartado

sde

lavista,ycommun

icacion

deelMinistro,qu

epu

diesse

doctrin

arlos,ybautizarlos.

Estand

oactualam

ente

pred

icando

elPadreFr.

Mathe

o,eragrande

elestruend

o,yruidode

elVo

lcan,com

ode

gruessos

tiros

deartilleria,con

loqu

alfuetangrande

laconm

ocion,qu

ela

doctrin

ade

elPadrecausòen

todo

sellos,qu

earrassados

enlagrim

assusojos,d

ieronclarissimas

muestrasde

ungrande

arrepe

ntim

ientode

sus

culpas,y

serin

dieron

àlavoluntad

deelPadreFr.

Mathe

o,de

term

inando

sàde

xaraquella

Isla,y

accompañaraldichoReligioso,p

araqu

elos

restiru

iesseàlaIglesia,comolo

executaron

puntualm

ente,sin

qued

arni

unosolo

entoda

laIsla.VinoseelPadreconellosàCagayan...”

(pp.

518–520)

[Translatio

n(M

ontseManzano

Fernande

z):“Chapter

XXIII.Fou

ndationof

theMission

ofBattanes,and

deathof

theFathersFr.M

athe

oGon

çalezand

Fr.JuanRo

is….Year1680…thefollowingyear…

Peop

lewereworriedandfrigh

tene

dby

avolcano,

which

was

ontopof

ahigh

mou

ntainandthat

n/a

n/a

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 13 of 21

Table

1Historicalsourcesanalysed

forthe1831

erup

tionof

Babu

yanClaro.The

sourcesarelistedin

reverseyear

orde

r.Alltranslations

areon

eof

theauthor’s(CG)ow

nexcept

forthetranslationof

source

no.41(Con

tinued)

No.

Source

Text

Source

Type

:Prim

ary/Second

ary

Earlier

source(s)iden

tified.

was

throwingou

tfire,rocksandash.Thisvolcano

caused

everyone

adreadful

horror.W

iththeoccasion

oftheirsadn

ess,Father

Fr.M

athe

ostartedpreaching

tothem

,explainingthepu

nishmen

tsof

Hell,andthe

incompreh

ensibletorm

entsthat

thosecond

emne

dforeternity

wou

lden

dure,b

urning

invoraciou

sflames.Especially

thosewho

wereChristians

andhad

abando

ned(had

apostatized

from)theirfaith

.For

thisreason

they

hadalso

cond

emne

dtheirchildren

andgrandchildren,andforhaving

them

isolated

ontheisland

,far

from

thesigh

tandthereachof

aMinisterwho

couldindo

ctrin

ateandbaptisethem

.One

day,whe

nFather

Fr.M

athe

owas

preaching,

therewas

ahu

gebo

omandno

isefro

mthe

volcano,as

ifitwas

heavyartillery

fire.Peop

lewere

somoved

bythepreachingfro

mthepriestthat,

with

theireyes

fullof

tears,they

show

edvery

clear

sign

sof

agreatrepe

ntance

fortheirsins,and

did

whatFather

Mathe

owanted.

They

werede

term

ined

toleavethat

Island

,and

toaccompany

thepriest,so

that

they

couldbe

includ

edin

theChu

rchagain.

They

leftstraight

away

andtherewas

noon

elefton

thewho

leisland

.Fathe

rFr.M

athe

owen

twith

them

toCagayan…”]

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 14 of 21

for the inhabitants between the observed phenomena andthe torments of those condemned to Hell, whereuponthey all decided to return with the priest to the mainlandin order to remain in communion with the Church.Whether this is a wholly objective account is unclear.Based on the historical and genealogical research that shehas conducted with the Ibatan people living on BabuyanClaro, Maree (2005) also suggests that the 1681 eruptionled to the depopulation of the island and that it remaineduninhabited thereafter until the second half of the nine-teenth century. Additional research will be necessary toinvestigate this evidence further. Clearly, it would seemdoubtful that Meyen (1835) would knowingly have con-sidered a span of 150 years to be ‘only a short time ago’but whether the unacknowledged source from which hegleaned his information reliably represented the date ofthe event described is as yet unknown.For present purposes, it can be concluded that

Meyen’s (1835) account does not represent a primarysource and cannot provide any evidence for an eruptionof either volcano on Babuyan Claro island in 1831.

The 1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro in the later literatureIf this is the case, the question arises as to how an1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro came to appear in thelater literature and, in particular, how it came to berepresented with a VEI of 4? and Magnitude of 4.7

(Crosweller et al. 2012; GVP 2013). Inverting the set ofroutes from the present day back to Meyen (1835)(Fig. 2) suggests several possible pathways from 1831forward to the present day. In fact, the present day repre-sentation of the 1831 eruption can plausibly be ex-plained taking into account the steps taken by just twoauthors.Leopold von Buch published an eruption catalogue in

1836, one year after the publication of Meyen (1835). Heincluded the following entry: “Volcano on the island ofBabujan [sic]...This volcano, which is some several thou-sand feet high, is located at the western end of the island.A great eruption, which took place in 1831, forced the in-habitants to take flight and abandon the island (Meyen,Voyage, II, 181).” (Von Buch 1836; Table 1). Meyen’s 1835account is the only source that Von Buch cites to supportthis entry and yet the two are markedly different. VonBuch evidently regarded the passage as pointing to avolcanic eruption and seems to have made the follow-ing implicit assumptions: (A1) that it must have been a‘great’ eruption, otherwise the inhabitants would nothave fled; and (A2) that ‘a short time ago’ must arbitrarilymean it took place in 1831. Von Buch’s (1836) cataloguewas influential and, based on this interpretation of Meyen’saccount, an entry for a fictitious ‘great’ eruption onBabuyan Claro island in 1831 was widely included inthe subsequent literature.

Fig. 2 Network of routes traced back through the sources for the 1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro. The arrows indicate the citation of an earlier source

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 15 of 21

Karl Sapper published an eruption catalogue in 1917.When he was satisfied there was sufficient evidence,Sapper categorised a number of historical eruptions bytheir products (lava and/or tephra) and their volume(> 0.1 km3 and > 1 km3). Sapper also cited Meyen’s 1835account but, reflecting Von Buch’s interpretation, he tookthe existence of a ‘great’ (or ‘powerful’) eruption of ‘Babu-yan Claro’ in 1831 as a fact (Sapper 1917; Table 1). On thebasis of his reading of the Report of the Krakatoa Com-mittee of the Royal Society (Symons 1888), however, hetook a further step. Part IV, section V of that Report pre-sents a list of observations of unusual atmospheric opticalphenomena over the period 1500–1886, accompanied bya list of historical eruptions. In the case of 1831, alongsidethe unusual atmospheric optical phenomena seen inAugust, September and October 1831, six eruptions werelisted including that of Babuyan Claro (“Babujan Islands(Great eruption)”) (Symons 1888). The Report did not ex-plicitly discuss the attribution of the phenomena to oneeruption or another. Sapper, however, explicitly stated a

further assumption (A3) that the eruption of BabuyanClaro could have contributed to the unusual atmos-pheric optical phenomena observed in Europe (in August,September and October 1831) (Sapper 1917; Table 1) onthe basis of which he assigned it a commensurate tephravolume of 0.1 to 1 km3 (Sapper 1917, Table 1). This vol-ume estimate has been widely used in subsequent quanti-tative treatments of the eruption.For example, erupted volume (lava and/or tephra) is a

key determinant in assigning a value for the VolcanicExplosivity Index (VEI): volumes of 0.01 to 0.1 km3 arecorrelated with a VEI of 3 and 0.1 to 1 km3 with a VEIof 4 (Newhall and Self 1982). Sapper’s (1917) volumeswere used to assign VEI values, although they were treatedas ‘rough estimates’ and were not mechanistically mapped:a number of early nineteenth century eruptions to whichSapper had assigned a 0.1–1 km3 volume have been vari-ously assigned VEI values of 3, 3? and 4 (Simkin et al. 1981;Newhall and Self 1982). The 1831 event was initially treatedas an eruption of Smith volcano and assigned a VEI = 3?

Fig. 3 The re-constructed course of the Prinzess Louise passing Babuyan Claro island in August 1831. The use of this static ArcGIS map image ispermitted in academic publications (including research journals) with the following source attribution: Esri, HERE, De Lorme, MapmyIndia, (c)OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community. (https://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-online/reference/static-maps.htm, accessed 22/02/2018)

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 16 of 21

(Simkin et al. 1981). It was subsequently reclassified as aneruption of Babuyan Claro volcano (COMVOL 1981;Simkin and Siebert 1994) with a VEI of 4? (Simkin andSiebert 1994), bringing the value into line with Sapper’s0.1–1 km3 volume estimate and assigning to BabuyanClaro the largest VEI value of any eruption listed in 1831.It is noteworthy that the reclassification was contempor-ary with Zielinski et al.’s (1994) identification of thiseruption as the source of the large magnitude Greenlandsulphate peak. A VEI of 4? continues to be cited in theGVP database (GVP 2013, although see the accompanyingnote in Table 1).Erupted volume also determines the Magnitude (M) of

explosive eruptions, defined as (Pyle 2000):

M ¼ log10 mass of erupted tephra or lava kgð Þð Þ‐7

The LaMEVE database lists a Magnitude of 4.7 for thiseruption, which is consistent with taking the mid-pointof Sapper’s 0.1–1 km3 volume and using a default tephradensity of 1000 kg m− 3 to obtain a mass of 5 × 1011 kg(Crosweller et al. 2012). The VEI of 4? and Magnitude of

4.7 (Crosweller et al. 2012; GVP 2013) are therefore es-sentially re-statements of Sapper’s (1917) 0.1–1 km3 esti-mate for tephra volume.

The 1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro as a false eruptionOur analysis shows that there is no reason to believethat there was an 1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro. Al-though Meyen’s (1835) account has long been treated asthe single primary source for an 1831 eruption of BabuyanClaro, in fact it provides no evidence of any such eruptionand, indeed, it is possible that it mistakenly refers to anevent as far back as 1681. The records of such an eruptionin the present-day literature can be explained as the resultof Von Buch’s (1836) and Sapper’s (1917) mistaken assump-tions about this account. These results are summarised inFig. 5. We therefore suggest that the 1831 eruption ofBabuyan Claro is a false event and that the records of itin the present-day literature are erroneous, includingthe VEI of 4? listed in the GVP database (GVP 2013)and the Magnitude of 4.7 listed in the LaMEVE database(Crosweller et al. 2012).

Fig. 4 The volcanoes of Babuyan Claro island. Image reproduced with permission: Jonathan Torgovnik / Getty Images News / Getty Images. Smithvolcano, in the foreground (known locally as ‘Pokis’, meaning ‘bald’ or alternatively as ‘Mt. Babuyan’), underwent a series of eruptions between 1907and 1924 (Maree 2005; GVP 2013). Babuyan Claro volcano (‘Chinteb a Wasay’, meaning ‘cut of the axe’ or alternatively ‘Mt. Pangasun’) is in the middledistance (Maree 2005; GVP 2013)

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 17 of 21

Consequences for volcanology and climatologyDiscounting the 1831 eruption, the remaining historicaleruptions of volcanoes on Babuyan Claro island listed inthe GVP database comprise, for Babuyan Claro volcano,1860 (VEI = 2) and 1913 (VEI =2, uncertain) and forSmith volcano, 1652 (VEI =3) and 1907–1924 (five erup-tions, all VEI = 2) (GVP 2013). The modest eruption re-ported by de Salazar (1742) in 1681 is not listed. In theabsence of a historical eruption with a VEI ≥ 4, BabuyanClaro might not be as violently explosive as previouslythought: it may thus have a lower potential for triggeringtsunamigenic hazards (Paris et al. 2014) and its inclusionin the LaMEVE database will no longer be warranted.Neither will there be any evidence to suggest that Babu-yan Claro appears to form ‘part of a high sulphur produ-cing system’ (Zielinski 2000).The mis-identification of an eruption of Babuyan Claro

as the source of the 1831 stratospheric sulphate aerosolwill have hidden its actual source: at least one alternativeeruption will have instead produced the Krakatoa-likeunusual atmospheric optical phenomena observed aroundthe world in August, September and October 1831(Arago 1832; Kiessling 1888; Symons 1888), the surfacetemperature anomalies which occurred between 1831and 1833 (White et al. 1997; Shindell et al. 2004; Fischeret al. 2007; McCarroll et al. 2013) and the large magnitudeGreenland sulphate peak deposited during 1831–1833(Zielinski et al. 1994; Gao et al. 2008; Sigl et al. 2013).A small magnitude sulphate peak resulting from de-

position during 1831–1833 has also been reported inice-cores from Antarctica (Sigl et al. 2013). Although thedetection of near synchronous (within c. 1 year) sulphatepeaks in both Greenland and Antarctic ice-cores suggestsa single low-latitude (tropical) eruption, as was thought tobe the case with Babuyan Claro, another possibility is that

the sulphate peaks are the result of independent erup-tions higher in the northern and southern hemispheres(Sigl et al. 2013). It has been suggested, for example,that the timing of the Antarctic sulphate peak insteadlikely points to a local Antarctic eruption in 1833 (Crowleyand Unterman 2013). The alternative source of theGreenland sulphate peak could therefore be located at amid- or high- latitude site in the northern hemisphere.If Babuyan Claro is discounted, the next largest magni-tude eruptions listed for 1831 have a VEI of 3 (GVP2013): Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia, off the south coast ofSicily (37.1o N.) (also known as Ferdinandea, Giulia (Julia)and Graham Island); Guagua Pichincha, Ecuador (0.1o S.);and Mount St. Helens, U.S.A. (46.2o N.). A VEI of 3 isassociated with only a ‘possible’ stratospheric injectionof eruption products (Newhall and Self 1982) but this ismore likely to happen at a mid- or high- latitude sitethan a low latitude site given the decrease in height ofthe tropopause from c. 15–17 km at the equator to c.8–9 km at the poles: it has been estimated, for example,that the columns of some 23% of eruptions at mid- orhigh- latitude sites with a VEI of 3 may penetrate thetropopause (Pyle et al. 1996). Whether one of theseknown 1831 eruptions could be the source of theGreenland sulphate peak or whether an as yet unknowneruption is responsible is the subject of continuing work.Although a detailed discussion is beyond the scope of

this paper, a change of source eruption for the Greenlandsulphate peak from one at a low-latitude site to one at amid- or high- latitude site in the northern hemispherecould have quantitative consequences for the correctrepresentation of the 1831 stratospheric sulphate aerosolin climate models. The mass (and therefore the forcingeffect) of the 1831 stratospheric sulphate aerosol is typ-ically reconstructed by ‘scaling up’ the magnitude of the

Fig. 5 The suggested (pre-) history of the 1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 18 of 21

Greenland sulphate peak (Zielinski 1995; Gao et al. 2008;Arfeuille et al. 2014; Toohey and Sigl 2017). The choice of‘scaling factor’ depends on the geographical location(latitude) of the assumed source eruption. Substitutinga mid-latitude site in the northern hemisphere insteadof the low-latitude site of Babuyan Claro, for example,would be expected to reduce the reconstructed mass byat least 25% (Zielinski 1995; Toohey and Sigl 2017).The Babuyan Claro example is therefore distinct from

other examples of misattributed eruptions where a climateimpacting stratospheric sulphate aerosol has been produced,but where the change in source location involves only asmall distance at similar latitude. For example, a VEI 5eruption in 1641 (GVP 2013), which produced an even lar-ger Greenland sulphate peak than that in 1831 (Zielinski etal. 1994; Sigl et al. 2013), had previously been attributed toAwu, in Indonesia, but Delfin et al. (1997) established thatit had taken place at Parker volcano, also in thePhilippines, only c. 300 km away.

ConclusionsThe 1831 eruption of Babuyan Claro is regarded as one ofthe most significant volcanic climate forcing events of thenineteenth century (Zielinski 1995; Arfeuille et al. 2014;Toohey and Sigl 2017). However, our analysis shows thatthere is no reason to believe that there was an eruption ofBabuyan Claro in 1831. The historical account whichhas long been treated as the single primary source forthis eruption, Meyen (1835), in fact provides no evidence ofany such eruption. The records of an 1831 eruption ofBabuyan Claro in the present-day literature can be ex-plained as the result of Von Buch’s (1835) and Sapper’s(1917) mistaken assumptions about this account. Wetherefore suggest that the 1831 eruption of BabuyanClaro is a false event and that its records in the present-day literature are erroneous, including the VEI of 4? listedin the GVP database (GVP 2013) and the Magnitude of 4.7listed in the LaMEVE database (Crosweller et al. 2012).The literature on false or misattributed eruptions is

comparatively sparse. Two recent examples are Guidoboni(2010), discussing an example dating to 1198 which hadbeen assigned a VEI of 1 and the above-discussed Delfinet al. (1997). The Babuyan Claro example therefore repre-sents a significant further example of recent date and largemagnitude. In the absence of a historical eruption with aVEI ≥ 4, the hazard assessment of Babuyan Claro volcanowill have to be re-evaluated and, for example, the inclu-sion of Babuyan Claro in the LaMEVE database will nolonger be warranted.At least one alternative eruption, potentially at a mid-

or high- latitude site in the northern hemisphere and witha high sulphur yield, will have to be identified as the sourceof the 1831 stratospheric sulphate aerosol. Such a changeof source eruption could have quantitative consequences

for the correct representation of the 1831 stratosphericsulphate aerosol in climate models. The Babuyan Claro ex-ample thus emphasises the potential for misattributederuptions to have a significant impact on both volcanologyand climatology and reinforces Guidoboni’s (2010) call forthe careful analysis of primary historical sources in volcan-ology. Whether one of the remaining historical eruptionslisted for 1831 in the GVP database could be the source orwhether an as yet unknown eruption is responsible is thesubject of continuing work.

AbbreviationsCAVW: Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes of the World; CDSB: CompleteDictionary of Scientific Biography; COMVOL: (Philippines) Commission onVolcanology; GVP: Global Volcanism Program; LaMEVE: Large MagnitudeExplosive Volcanic Eruptions; PHIVOLCS: Philippine Institute of Volcanologyand Seismology; VEI: Volcanic Explosivity Index

AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Montse Manzano Fernandez for providing thetranslation of de Salazar (1742), Ben Andrews (Smithsonian Institution) forinformation regarding the GVP database and Danielle Charlton (UCL HazardCentre) for assistance with the preparation of Fig. 3. We would also like tothank Russell Blong, an anonymous second reviewer and Christopher Newhallfor the improvements to the manuscript which resulted from their comments.

FundingThis work was self-funded (CG).

Availability of data and materialsAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in thispublished article.

Authors’ contributionsCG carried out the analysis presented in this study and drafted the manuscript.CK and SE critically reviewed the manuscript and provided guidance andexpertise on the volcanological context. All authors read and approved the finalmanuscript.

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.

Received: 27 February 2018 Accepted: 21 August 2018

ReferencesAlvir A (1928) Extrusives and Ejectamenta of some Philippine volcanoes. In: proc.

III Pan Pac. Sci. Congr. 1926, Vol. 1, Tokyo, pp. 758–760.Arago F (1832) Notices scientifiques par M. Arago: des Comètes en général, et en

particulier, de la Comète qui doit reparaître en 1832 et dont la révolution Estde 6 ans 3/4 in: bureau des longitudes Annuaire pour l’An 1832. BachelierPère et Fils, Paris, pp. 156–288. Available at: http://gallica.bnf.fr. (Gallica,Bibliothèque nationale de France).

Arfeuille F, Weisenstein D, Mack H, Rozanov E, Peter T, Brönnimann S. Volcanicforcing for climate modeling: a new microphysics-based data set coveringyears 1600–present. Clim Past. 2014;10(1):359–75. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014.

Becker G. Report on the geology of the Philippine Islands. Washington: U.S. Geol.Survey 1899–1900, 21st Ann. Rep. Part 3; 1901.

Buch V. Description physique des Îles Canaries, suivie d’une indication desprincipaux volcans du globe. Paris et Strasbourg: F.G. Levrault; 1836. Available at:http://books.google.com

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 19 of 21

CDSB. Meyen, Franz Julius Ferdinand. In: Complete Dictionary of ScientificBiography, vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner’s Sons; 2008. p. 344–5. Availablevia Gale Virtual Reference Library Accessed 5 Jan. 2017.

COMVOL. Catalogue of Philippine volcanoes and solfataric areas. Quezon City:Philippine Comm. Volc; 1981.

Crosweller HS, Arora B, Brown SK, Cottrell E, Deligne NI, Guerrero NO, Hobbs L,Kiyosugi K, Loughlin SC, Lowndes J, Nayembil M, Siebert L, Sparks RSJ, Takarada S,Venzke E. Global database on large magnitude explosive volcanic eruptions(LaMEVE). J Appl Volcanol. 2012;1(4):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-5040-1-4.

Crowley TJ, Unterman MB. Technical details concerning development of a 1200yr proxy index for global volcanism. Earth Syst Sci Data. 2013;5(1):187–97.https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-187-2013.

Daubeny C. A description of active and extinct volcanos, of earthquakes. In: Andof thermal springs, 2nd edn. London: Richard and John E. Taylor; 1848.

De Salazar V (1742) Historia de la Provincia de el Santissimo Rosario de Philipinas,China y Tunking, de el Sagrado orden de Predicadores: tercera parte. Manila.Available at: http://bdh.bne.es. (Biblioteca Digital Hispánica, BibliotecaNacional de España).

Defant MJ, Maury RC, Joron J, Feigenson MD, Leterrier J, Bellon H, Jacques D,Richard M. The geochemistry and tectonic setting of the northern section ofthe Luzon arc (the Philippines and Taiwan). Tectonophysics. 1990;183:187–205.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90416-6.

Delfin FG Jr, Newhall CG, Martinez ML, Salonga ND, Bayon FEB, Trimble D, Solidum R.Geological, 14C and historical evidence for a 17th century eruption of Parkervolcano, Mindanao. Philippines J Geol Soc Philippines. 1997;52(1):25–42.

Fischer EM, Luterbacher J, Zorita E, Tett SFB, Casty C, Wanner H. Europeanclimate response to tropical volcanic eruptions over the last half millennium.Geophys Res Lett. 2007;34:L05707. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027992.

Fuchs C (1865) Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde C. F. Winter’scheVerlagshandlung, Leipzig & Heidelberg. Available at: http://books.google.com.

Fuchs C. Vulcani e Terremoti. Milan: Dumolard; 1881.Fuchs C. Les Volcans et les Tremblements de Terre, 4th edn. Paris: Félix Alcan; 1884.Gao C, Robock A, Ammann C. Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500

years: an improved ice-core based index for climate models. J Geophys Res.2008;113:D23111. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010239.

Global Volcanism Program (GVP) (2013) Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.4.1. (Venzke,E (ed.)). Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013.Accessed 22 Sept 2015.

Guidoboni E. History and volcanology: dialogue overdue? The case of a falseeruption in medieval Italy. Eos, Trans Amer Geophys Union. 2010;91(26):231.https://doi.org/10.1029/2010EO260002.

Horsburgh J. The India directory, or directions for sailing to and from the eastindies, 2nd edn. London; 1817.

Von Humboldt A (1859) Cosmos. Gide, Paris.Von Humboldt A (1869) Cosmos. Harper Brothers, New York.Humphreys W. Physics of the air, 3rd edn. New York and London: McGraw Hill; 1940.Judd J. Volcanoes: what they are and what they teach. New York: D. Appleton; 1881.Kiessling J (1888) Untersuchungen über Dämmerungserscheinungen zur

Erklärung der nach dem Krakatau-Ausbruch beobachteten atmosphärisch-optischen Störung. L. Voss, Hamburg. Available at: http://www.e-rara.ch.(ETH-Bibliothek Zürich).

Können GP. The prodigious halo of the other Huygens. Appl Opt. 2015;54(4):B185–93. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.00B185.

Lamb H. Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment ofits meteorological significance. Phil Trans R Soc A. 1970;266:425–533. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1970.0010.

Landgrebe G. Naturgeschichte der Vulcane. Gotha: Justus Perthes; 1855.Longpré M-A, Stix J, Burkert C, Hansteen T, Kutterolf S. Sulfur budget and global

climate impact of the a.D. 1835 eruption of Cosigüina volcano, Nicaragua.Geophys Res Lett. 2014;41:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061205.

Lynch DK, Livingston W. Color and light in nature, 2nd ed. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press; 2001.

MacDonald GA. Volcanoes. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc; 1972.Maree J. The Ibatan: A Genealogy of the People of Babuyan Claro Island.

Philippines: Summer Institute of Linguistics; 2005.McCarroll D, Loader NJ, Jalkanen R, Gagen MH, Grudd H, Gunnarson BE, Kirchhefer AJ,

Friedrich M, Linderholm HW, Lindholm M, Boettger T, Los S O, Remmele S,Kononov YM, Yamazaki YH, Young GHF, Zorita E. A 1200-year multiproxyrecord of tree growth and summer temperature at the northern pineforest limit of Europe. The Holocene. 2013;23(4):471–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683612467483.

Meinel A, Meinel M. Sunsets, twilights and evening skies. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press; 1983.

Mercalli G. I Vulcani attivi della terra. Milan: Hoepli; 1907.Meyen FJF. Phytomie. Berlin; 1830.Meyen FJF. Reise Um Die Erde. Berlin; 1835. Available at: http://books.google.comNewhall C, Self S. The volcanic Explosivity index (VEI): an estimate of explosive

magnitude for historical volcanism. J Geophys Res Oceans. 1982;87(C2):1231–8.https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC02p01231.

Paris R, Switzer AD, Belousova M, Belousov A, Ontowirjo B, Whelley PL, Ulvrova M.Volcanic tsunami: a review of source mechanisms, past events and hazards inSoutheast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea). Nat Hazards.2014;70(1):447–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0822-8.

Perrey A (1860) Documents Sur les tremblements de terre et les phénomènesvolcaniques dans l’archipel des Philippines. Extrait des Mémoires del’Academie de Dijon.

PHIVOLCS (2008), Active Volcanoes. Philippine Institute of Volcanology andSeismology. http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph. Accessed 12 Mar 2015.

Pyle DM. In: Sigurdsson H, Houghton BF, SR MN, Rymer H, Stix J, editors. Sizes ofvolcanic eruptions. In Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. London: Academic Press; 2000.

Pyle DM, Beattie PD, Bluth GJS. Sulphur emissions to the stratosphere from explosivevolcanic eruptions. Bull Volcanol. 1996;57:663–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050119.

Robock A. Volcanic eruptions and climate. Rev Geophys. 2000;38(2):191–219.https://doi.org/10.1029/1998RG000054.

Saderra Masó M. Volcanoes and seismic centers of the Philippine Archipelago.Washington: Bulletin 3 (Census of the Philippine Islands), Department ofCommerce and Labour (Bureau of the Census); 1904.

Saderra Masó M. Census of the Philippine Islands 1903, vol. 1. Washington:United States Bureau of the Census; 1905.

Saderra Masó M. Active Philippine volcanoes. Bull. Manila: Weather bureau, April; 1922.Saderra Masó M. Active Philippine Volcanoes. Manila: Seism. Bull. Philipp. Weather

Bureau, Publ. 19; 1924.Saderra Masó M (1925) Philippine Volcanoes. Verh. Geol. Mijnb. Gen. Ned. & Kol.

Geol. Ser., Vol VIII, Mouton & Co., Hague, pp. 379–386.Sapper K. Katalog der geschictlichen Vulkanausbrüche. Straßburg: Trübner; 1917.Sapper K. Vulkankunde. Stuttgart: J. Engelhorns Nachf; 1927.Schneider K. Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde. Berlin: Gebrüder

Borntraeger; 1911. Available at: http://archive.orgScrope G. Volcanos...With a descriptive catalogue of all known volcanos and

volcanic formations, 2nd edn. London: Longman, Green, Longmans andRoberts; 1862.

Semper C. Die Philippinen und ihre Bewohner, a. Würzburg: Stuber; 1869.Available at: http://books.google.com

Shaw N. Manual of meteorology, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;1936.

Shindell DT, Schmidt GA, Mann ME, Faluvegi F. Dynamic winter climate response tolarge tropical volcanic eruptions since 1600. J Geophys Res. 2004;109:D05104.https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004151.

Siebert L, Simkin T, Kimberly P. Volcanoes of the world, 3rd edn. Berkeley and LosAngeles: Univ. of California Press; 2010.

Sigl M, McConnell JR, Layman L, Maselli O, McGwire K, Pasteris D, Dahl-Jensen D,Steffensen JP, Vinther B, Edwards R, Mulvaney R, Kipfstuhl S. A new bipolar icecore record of volcanism from WAIS divide and NEEM and implications forclimate forcing of the last 2000 years. J Geophys Res Atmos. 2013;118:1151–69.https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018603.

Simkin T, Siebert L. Volcanoes of the world, 2nd edn. Tucson: Geoscience Press; 1994.Simkin T, Siebert L, McClelland L, Bridge D, Newhall C, Latter JH. Volcanoes of the

world. Stroudsburg: Hutchinson Ross Publishing; 1981.Smith W. Geology and mineral resources of the Philippine Islands. Manila: Bureau

of Printing; 1924.Symons GJ, editor. The eruption of Krakatoa and subsequent phenomena.

London: Trübner & Co; 1888.Toohey M, Sigl M. Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical

depth from 500 BCE to 1900 CE. Earth Syst Sci Data. 2017;9:809–31. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-809-2017.

Van Padang N. Philippine Islands and Cochin China. In: Part II, Catalogue of theActive Volcanoes of the World including Solfatara Fields. Naples: InternationalVolcanological Association; 1953.

Von Hoff K. Chronik der Erdbeben und Vulcan-Ausbrüche, Zweiter Theil. Gotha:Justus Perthes; 1841. Available at: http://books.google.com

Von Humboldt A. Kosmos. Stuttgart and Tübingen: Gotha; 1858.

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 20 of 21

White DE, White JW, Steig EJ, Barlow LK. Reconstructing annual and seasonalclimatic responses from volcanic events since AD 1270 as recorded in thedeuterium signal from the Greenland ice sheet project 2 ice core. J GeophysRes Atmos. 1997;102(D16):19683–94. https://doi.org/10.1029/97DJ00774.

Zielinski G. Stratospheric loading and optical depth estimates of explosivevolcanism over the last 2100 years derived from the Greenland ice sheetproject 2 ice core. J Geophys Res. 1995;100(D10):20,937–55. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD01751.

Zielinski G. Use of paleo-records in determining variability within the volcanism-climate system. Quat Sci Rev. 2000;19:417–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00073-6.

Zielinski GA, Mayewski PA, Meeker LD, Whitlow S, Twickler MS, Morrison M,Meese DA, Gow AJ, Alley RB. Record of volcanism since 7000 BC from theGISP2 Greenland ice core and implications for the volcano-climate system.Science. 1994;264(5161):948–52. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5161.948.

Garrison et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2018) 7:8 Page 21 of 21