Thayer Revolution and Ideology in the Asia-Pacific

8/14/2019 Thayer Revolution and Ideology in the Asia-Pacific

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AsiaPacific Region

Professor Carl ThayerPresentation to

March 11, 2010


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Examine the history of

Examine the history of revo ut onary eve opments n the AsiaPacific Region after the

revo ut onary eve opments n the AsiaPacific Region after the

Compare and contrast the causes and dynamics of major

Compare and contrast the causes and dynamics of major revolutionary and ideological developments in the region

revolutionary and ideological developments in the region


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Consider the intertwining of

Consider the intertwining of nat ona sm an commun sm, both pre and post

nat ona sm an commun sm, both pre and post

Analyse the difference outcomes

Analyse the difference outcomes

insurgencies in the region

insurgencies in the region


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Evaluate if there is a difference Evaluate if there is a difference between countries that were

forged through

a struggle

for

between countries that were

forged through

a struggle

for

were not.

were not.


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Revolving nature of political systems in ancient Greece

Transformation of society to create a more

Ideology mated with revolution to produce


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one governmental system by another that is

social relations and economic ownership. ,

when taken together serve as a guide for ation

. that promotes change.


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The Communist Manifesto

V. I.

Lenin

Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism

Josef Stalin Communism is Soviet power plus the

electrification of the whole country


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Revolutionary Developments Since the First World War

Bolshevik Revolution

(October

1917)

3rd Communist International (1919 43). The COMINTERN intended to fight "by all

available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as

a rans on s age o e comp e e a o on o e State." [


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nd

(1937 46)

Protracted three

stage

war

against

Japan

Peoples Republic of China (October 1949) Maos New Democracy (1940) set two stages, New

Democracy and Socialism. Agrarian Law (1950)


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Classification: landlords, rich peasants, middle , , .

Peoples Tribunals: landlords denounced

Industrialization

gr cu ura co ec v za on Great Leap Forward (1958)


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North coal and tin

mines

coffee, tea, rubber

South large rice

, plantations


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oun ng o renc ommun s ar y


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n W rl W r Ja an occu ies Indochina Se tember 1940

Preparation for armed insurrection Viet Minh united front formed 1941 National democratic or two stage revolution

August Revolution 1945 Seizure of power throughout the country Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945

Kuomintang Army occupies North Vietnam Indochinese Communist Party dissolves itself


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1940 45 Japanese occupation et n nat ona emocrat c revo ut on

August Revolution

1945

Resistance War Against the French (1946 54) 1947 protracted war

1949 Chinese communists win power Chinese advice and support


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R i n W r A in Fr n rmy eaves, renc return Resistance War against France 1946 54

1947 protracted war

1949 Mao triumphs in Chinese civil war 1950 Border Campaign 1950 53 Korean War 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu


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Democratic Republic

of

Vietnam1955 75


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C mm ni I l Marxism

End exploitation of man by man State to control means of production

, his need

Leninism Vanguard party and professional revolutionary Dictatorship of the proletariat

a n sm Central planning and large scale industrialisation = +


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Population Classification (from China)

an or s Rich peasants Middle peasants

Poor peasants Landless

Land Redistribution and its excesses Farm animals and farming implements


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Average Land Holdingshectares per person

Classification Before After

Landless .02 .15

Poor peasant .05 .14

Middle .12 .17

Rich .21 .21

Landlord .65 .10


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Land Controlled

in

hectares

Classifica- Land owned Land Land owned

before

reform

epeasant

. . .

oorpeasant

. . .

Landless .026 .081 .141


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campaign after partition Quotas of wicked landlords executed

background homes and property seized

Rectification of Errors campaign


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A gricultural P roducers Cooperatives (collectives)

Lowlevel

APCs Means of production pooled

Income based on shares

Highlevel APCs Land socialized (collective ownership) Work brigades and teams based on gender and

age Income based on work points

o communes n e nam e na


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R m n r i n r k r m 250 points helping in rice 118 minding a buffalo

nursery a year 240 points helping in a

crche all year

80 points harrowing 65 points manure hauling

3 500 k 210 points weeding 210 points growing

50 points bailing out water

180 points ploughing, digging

nurseries (young rice plants)

180 points lifting young rice plants 145 oints harvestin

20 points making small dykes 15 cro rotection and

combating insects


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Scale Per Working Day

Grade 1 sweeping yards, feeding pigs 6 points

Grade 2 draining water, making baskets 7 points

Grade 3 hoeing and weeding food crops, 8 points

Grade 4 digging, bailing water, minding herdof bufflaloes or oxen

9 points

Grade 5 ploughing, harrowing, planting,manuring clearing, lifting water

10points


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h r E n mi r

Handicrafts collectivized

Industry nationalised State Owned Enterprises (SOEs)

Central Planning

, Soviet and Chinese aid

,

Heavy industry


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Vietnam War,

1960

75

.

Ho Chi Minh Trail at ona erat on ront o out etnam

(1960) [Viet

Cong] Guerilla War (1961 64)

Conventional War (1965 73) North versus South (1973 75)


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Political system frozen in place

Industry destroyed Dependent on Soviet and

Chinese aid Women assume village

leadership positions

Provincial autarky Backtracking on socialism


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Communism in

Cambodia

Samlaut

Norodom

Rebellion

1967

Sisowath

King/Prince Sihanouk


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e nameseCommunist

sanctuariesestablishedin Cambodia-Minh Trail

1968 Tet


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D m r i K m h 1 77


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Khmer Rouge Regime

Ieng Sary - Pol Pot - Son SenNuon Chea

Brother No 2 Khieu Samphan

Ta Mok the butcherDeuch head of S21


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Centre


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ng e s


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Eastern Zone

Rebellion

1978

KhmerRou e Pol Pot


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Ideology in Burma, 1962 88

Military run Revolutionary Council

seizes power Political parties banned

Central command economy

Elimination of foreign ownership in business State sanctioned religion


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Burma Socialist

Program

Party

(BSPP)

The System of Correlation of Man and s nv ronment

BSPP ideology codified/autarky

BSPP transformed into mass party 1971


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Outcomes of Communist Insurgencies

Huk Rebellion (1947 July 1950 )

Indonesia Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, 1924) 1926 revolution suppressed

1948 Madiun 1965 GESTAPU

f


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Outcomes of Communist Insurgencies

Communist Party of Burma (1939)

Malaysia Communist Party of Malaya (1930) The Emergency 1948 60

Ceased armed struggle in 1989 Naxilites in India (1967), Maoists in Nepal (1994)

C f R l i i h


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Consequences of Revolution in the 20 t Century

,

One party regimes remain in power in China

China and Vietnam failed economic policies Late 1970s Chinese economic reforms 1986 Doi Moi (renovation) Vietnam

Both high growth rate economies Ideology transformed

Thayer Revolution and Ideology in the Asia-Pacific

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