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That's one small step for a man,a giant leap for mankind(Neil Armstrong)1Sara HejaziIslamic Azad University, South Tehran BranchThe main sections of APA research papers are:

Title pageAbstractIntroductionMethodResultDiscussionReferencesAppendices

2Good Titlemaking a clear compelling first impressionincluding key termstrimming details; containing central ideaexcluding synonymswriting phrasally not sententiallyavoiding numeralsusing less punctuation3Good Titleusing less acronymscapitalizing initialsavoiding overdramatizing or overstatingavoiding obscene language or slangsavoiding abusive allusionsusing the right terminologyensuing exact translation4Good Titlebeing succinct (less than 18 words)being specific, not generalnot needing to be outstandingly creativeinclude casesavoiding quotingbeing Entitled by it5Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1

Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger Boston College

Author Note Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology, Boston College.

This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694 awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc, Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. E-mail: christina.leclerc.1@bc.edu

6Authors name (Byline) and Institutional Affiliation

Authors name (byline):

First name, middle initial(s), and last nameOmit all titles (e.g., Dr., Professor) and degrees (e.g., PhD, EdD).

Institutional affiliation:

the location where the author or authors were when the research was conducted, which is usually an institution

Include no more than two affiliations per author

If an author has no institutional affiliation, list the city and state of residence below the authors name.

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8Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1

Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger Boston College

Author Note Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology, Boston College.

This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694 awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc, Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. E-mail: christina.leclerc.1@bc.edu

9Author NoteFirst paragraph: Complete departmental affiliationSecond paragraph: Changes of affiliation (if any)Third paragraph: Acknowledgment and Special circumstancesFourth paragraph: Person to contact (mailing address, e-mail)

10AbstractAn abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article

A good abstract is:

accuratenonevaluativecoherent and readableconcise

11An abstract should describe

the problem under investigationthe participantsthe methodthe basic findingsthe conclusions and implications12EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2 Abstract Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task. Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages. Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search

13IntroductionIntroduce the problemExplore importance of the problemDescribe relevant scholarshipState hypotheses and their correspondence to research design14EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3 Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional InformationFrequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for ones attentional processes to select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young adults (e.g., Anderson, 2005; Calvo & Lang, 2004; Carretie, Hinojosa, Marin-Loeches, Mecado, & Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary drives to approach rewarding situations and to avoid threat and danger (Davis & Whalen, 2001; Dolan & Vuilleumier, 2003; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997; LeDoux, 1995).6.16 Two or More Works Within the Same ParenthesesAlphabetically in the same order in which they appear in the reference15Citing references in textAPA Style uses the author-date citation system. This system allows readers to find the source cited in texts in the reference list, where each source is listed alphabetically(chapter 6)To insert a citation in text, include the authors surname and year of publication. For a direct quotation, include the page number or specific location of the phrase or sentences in the original work.

16Here are some examples of how to use the author-date citation when paraphrasing.

Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples

Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003)

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19EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 4

Calvo & Lang, 2004; Carretie et al., 2004; Juth, Lundqvist, Karlsson, & Ohman, 2005; Nummenmaa et al., 2006).From this research, it seems clear that younger adults show detection benefits for arousing information in the environment. It is less clear whether

Continuity in presentation of idea, 3.05By using: Punctuation marks, transitional words, time links, cause-effect links, addition links, contrast links

20However, despite the preservation of emotion-processing regions with age (or perhaps because of the contrast between the preservation of these regions and age-related declines in cognitive-processing regions; Good et al., 2001; Hedden & Gabrieli, 2004; Ohnishi, Matsuda, Tabira, Asada, & Uno, 2001; Raz, 2000; West, 1996), recent behavioral research has revealed changes that occur with aging in the regulation and processing of emotion. According to the socioemotional selectivity theory..No capitalization in naming theories, 4.16

21 Similar results have been found when examining eye-tracking patterns: Older adults looked at positive images longer than younger adults did, even when no age differences were observed in looking time for negative stimuli

Using the colon between two grammatically complete clausesCapitalization of words beginning a sentence after a colon, 4.14

22 We hypothesized that on the whole, older adults would be slower to detect information than young adults would be (consistent with Hahn, Carlson, Singer, & Gronlund 2006; Mather & Knight, 2006); the critical question was whether the two age groups would show similar or divergent facilitation effects with regard to the effects of emotion on item detection...

Using the semicolon to separate two independent clauses not joined by a conjunction, 4.0423 This is because there is reason to think that the positivity effect may be operating only at later stages of processing (e.g., strategic, elaborative, and emotion regulation processes) rather than at the earlier stages of processing involved in the rapid detection of information (see Mather & Night, 2005, for discussion)

Using the comma betwixt elements in a series, 4.03Punctuation with citations in parenthetical material, 6.2124Indeed, a couple of prior studies have provided evidence for intact early processing of emotional facial expressions with aging. Mather and Knight (2006) examined young and older adults abilities to detect happy, sad, angry, or neutral faces presented in a complex visual array. Mather and Knight found that

Citing references in text, inclusion of year within paragraph, 6.11, 6.12

25When angry faces, compared with positive and neutral faces, served as nontarget distractors in the visual search arrays, however, older adults were more efficient in searching, compared with younger adults,

Prefixes and suffixes that do not require hyphens, Table 4.2

26Prefixes and Suffixes That Do Not Require HyphensTable 4.2 (Compendium)Prefix or suffix Example Prefix or suffix Exampleable retrievable

after aftereffect

anti antisocial

bi bilingual

cede intercede

co coworker

counter counterbalance

equi equimaxextra exracurricular

gram cardiogram

infra infrared

inter interstimulus

Intra intraspecific

like wavelike macro macrocosm

mega megawatt27MethodIdentify subsectionsParticipant (subject) characteristicsSampling proceduresSample size, power, and precisionMeasures and CovariatesResearch designExperimental manipulations or interventions28 MethodParticipants Younger adults (14 women, 10 men, M age= 19.5 years, age range: 1822 years) were recruited with flyers posted on the Boston College campus. Older adults (15 women, nine men, M age= 76.1, age range: 6884 years) were recruited through the Harvard Cooperative on Aging (see Table 1, for demographics and test scores).

Using numerals to express numbers representing age, 4.31Numbering and discussing tables in text, 5.05

29Ten pilot participants were asked to

Numbers expressed in words at beginning of sentences, 4.32

Valence and arousal ratings. Valence and arousal were judged on 7-point scales (1= negative valence o or low arousal and 7 = positive valance or high arousal)

Italicization of anchors of a scale, 4.21

30ResultsSummarize the collected data and the analysis performed on them

Report the data in sufficient detail

Do not hide uncomfortable results by omission

31ResultsRecruitment (provide dates defining the periods of recruitment)Statistics and data analysisAncillary analyses (report any other analysis performed)Participant flowIntervention or manipulation fidelityAdverse events (events with serious consequences)32 Resultsresponse times (RTs) were analyzed for 24 trials of each target emotion category. RTs for error trials were excluded (less than 5% of all responses) as were RTs that were 3 SD from each participants mean

Using abbreviationsSymbols, 4.45; Numbers; 4.31(statistical functions, fractional or decimal quantities, percentages, ratios, and percentiles and quartiles)Abbreviations accepted as words, 4.24

33DiscussionThis CautionExamine, interpret, and qualify the results and draw inferences and conclusion from them.

with a clear statement of the support or nonsupport for your original hypotheses.

with a reasoned and justifiable commentary on the importance of your findings.3434Although the pattern of results for the young adults has differed across studiesin the present study and in some past research, young adults have shown facilitated detection of positive information, whereas in other studies, young adults have shown an advantage for negative informationwhat is important to note is that the older adults detected both positive and negative stimuli at equal rates.

Use of em dash to indicate an interruption in the continuity of a sentence, 4.06

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Refriend References:

Pamphlet by Dr. Ameri

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition), Washington. DC: Author.

www.apastyle.org

www.goodreads.com

www.photo.net

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We shall not cease from explorationBut the end of all our exploringShall be to return to where we startedAnd know it for the first time(T.S. Eliot)Thanks37Basics of APA Style[Track 001], track 00129074.482