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Can foods be addicting? Can foods be addicting?

How to Magnetize a Baby

Blass EM. Devel Psychol 2001;37:762-74.

University of Massachusetts at Amherst

Sugar

Sugar → opiate release → ↑ dopamine Sugar → opiate release → ↑ dopamine

Sugar

• Reduces crying in healthy newborns

• Reduces visible reaction to heel-stick and circumcision

• Has no effect in infants of opiate-addicted mothers

Smith BA. Devel Psychol 1990;26:731-7. Blass EM. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 1994;59:1-96.

Is Sugar a Problem?

 

 

Sugar, 1 teaspoon

Chocolate chip cookies (2)

Soda, 20 ounces

Twizzlers (2.5 oz.)

Calories

15

90

250

263

Soda Serving Sizes

6-ounce bottles

12-ounce cans

16-ounce bottles

20-ounce bottles

Coca-Cola (20 oz.)

• 68 grams sugar + 78 mg caffeine

• 250 calories

Pennington, Bowes and Church's Food Values of Portions Commonly Used (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998)

Coca-Cola

“Caffeine is not addictive.”

From the Coca-Cola Web site:

www2.coca-cola.com/contactus/myths_rumors/ingredients_addictive.html

accessed February 15, 2005

Spot the Addicting Food

Say “Cheeeeeese!”

Casomorphins

Opiates that form as casein (milk protein) is digested.

Casomorphins

From ß-casein:ß-casomorphin-7 Try-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile

ß-casomorphin 5 (bovine) Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly

ß-casomorphin 5 (human) Tyr-Pro-Phe-Val-Glu

Morphiceptin Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH2

From as1-casein:a-Casein exorphin Arg-Gly-Phe-Gin-Asn-Ala

Shah NP. Br J Nutr 2000;84(suppl 1):S3-S10.Teschemacher H. J Dairy Res 1986;53:135-8.

Cheese (2 oz.)

Brie

Cheddar

Feta

Goat

Mozzarella

Swiss

Calories

190

228

150

206

160

214

Fat (grams)

16

19

12

17

12

16

Pennington, Bowes and Church's Food Values of Portions Commonly Used (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998)

Cholesterol (per ounce)

Brie

Cheddar

Feta

Roast sirloinChicken breast (whole)

Chicken breast (skinless)

Beans, grains

Vegetables, fruits

Cholesterol

28

30

25

25

24

20

0

0

Pennington, Bowes and Church's Food Values of Portions Commonly Used (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998)

Dairy Products

Arthritis

Migraine

Digestive Problems

Milk and Prostate Cancer

Ganmaa D, Li X, Wang J, Qin L, Wang P, Sato A. Int J Cancer 2002:98,262-267.

Physicians’ Health Study (Harvard)

≥ 2.5 servings/day of dairy products

20,885 physicians

34% increased risk

of prostate cancer

Relative risk: 1.34 (1.04-1.71)

Chan JM. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:549-54.

Health Professionals Follow-up Study (Harvard)

• Relative risk for advanced cancer: 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2-2.1)

• 83% of milk consumed was skim or lowfat

Giovannucci E. Cancer Res 1998;58:442-7.

> 2 servings/day of milk

47,781 health professionals

60% increased risk

of prostate cancer

• Men and women aged 55 to 85 years

• 3 8-oz servings of milk for 12 weeks

Serum IGF-I 10% (P<.001)

Heaney RP. J Am Dietetic Asso 1999;99:1228-33.

Milk Raises Insulin-Like Growth Factor-IMilk Raises Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I

Wendy’s “Cheddar Lover’s Bacon Cheeseburger”

promotion sold:

• 2.25 million pounds of cheese

• 380 tons of fat

• 1.2 tons of pure cholesterol

USDA Report to Congress on the Dairy Promotion Programs, 2000

The U.S. Government at WorkThe U.S. Government at Work

• Wendy’s “Cheddar Lover’s Bacon Cheeseburger”

• Subway’s “Chicken Cordon Bleu,” “Honey Pepper Melt”

• Pizza Hut’s “Ultimate Cheese Pizza”

• Burger King, Taco Bell

USDA Report to Congress on the Dairy Promotion Programs, 2000

The U.S. Government at WorkThe U.S. Government at Work

Dick Cooper, Vice President of Cheese Marketing, Dairy Management, Inc., at the “Cheese Forum,” December 5, 2000. USDA Report to Congress on the Dairy Promotion Programs, 2000

“Would you give up meat for a week for $1,000?”

1,244 adults, surveyed April 2000

Answered “No”:

White Americans: 24%

Black Americans: 29%

Asian Americans: < 10%

Hispanic Americans: < 10%

Opiate Blockade Cuts Meat Appetite

Ham ↓ 10%

Salami ↓ 25%

Tuna ↓ ~ 50%

Yeomans MR, Wright P, Macleod HA, Critchley JAJH. Effects of nalmefene on feeding in humans. Psychopharmacology 1990;100:426-32.

Benefits of Meatless Diets

• Reverse heart disease

• Lose ~ 10% of body weight

• ↓ cancer risk by ~ 40%

• ↓ blood pressure

• Improve or reverse diabetes

• ↓ risk of Alzheimer’s disease?

Top 10 Rationalizations

7. You’ve got to die of something.

8. I’m a blood type O, so I have to eat meat.

9. Diet advice is always changing. Just eat what you want.

10. My grandfather smoked, drank, and ate all the wrong things and lived to be 90.

Top 10 Rationalizations

4. The stress of denying yourself is worse than “giving in.”

5. Healthy eating is time-consuming.

6. Healthy eating is expensive.

Top 10 Rationalizations

1. There are no bad foods, only bad diets.

2. All foods can fit. Everything in moderation.

3. I can exercise these extra calories off.

Care-Givers’ Rationalizations

“We have to follow people’s tastes.”

“We have to stick to people’s cultures.”

“We need more research before we can say anything.”

“My patients would rather just pop a pill.”

Breaking Free

Avoid temptation and triggering circumstances.

Ask family and friends for support.

Online Information and Support

PCRM.orgNutritionMD.org

Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine 5100 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 400

Washington, DC 20016202-686-2210

Thank you.