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1Thanks to our partners:
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David MitchellPresident & CEO Canada’s Public Policy Forum
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Welcome
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
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David LaibsonRobert I. Goldman Professor of Economics,Harvard University
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Nudge economics and retirement savings
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
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David Laibson
Robert I. Goldman Professor of Economics
Harvard University
Behavioral Economics and Behavior Change
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
October 2014
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Behavioral Economics
Improves economic analysis, by incorporating psychological factors that influence economic behavior.
Identifies optimal policies:– Nudges (soft paternalism): changes in the choice
architecture that influence behavior without eliminating any options
– Taxes– Strong paternalism (e.g., the savings rate in the CPP)
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Opt-in enrollment
UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR:
Non-participation
DESIRED BEHAVIOR:
participation
PROCRASTINATION
Opt-out enrollment (auto-enrollment)
START HERE
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Active Choice
UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR:
Non-participation
DESIRED BEHAVIOR:
participation
PROCRASTINATION
START HERE
Must choose for oneself
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UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR:
Non-participation
DESIRED BEHAVIOR:
participation
PROCRASTINATION
Quick enrollment
START HERE
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UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR:
Non-participation
DESIRED BEHAVIOR:
participation
PROCRASTINATION
Quick enrollment
START HERE
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Improving DC participation
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Opt-in enrollment 40%
Quick Enrollment(“check a box”)
50%
Active choice (requirement to choose)
70%
Opt-out (Auto-enrollment)
90%
Participation Rate (1 year tenure)
Madrian and Shea 2001; Choi, Laibson, Madrian, Metrick 2002; Choi, Laibson, Madrian 2009Carroll, Choi, Laibson, Madrian, and Metrick 2009
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Have we cracked the savings code?
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Automatic enrollment (opt-out)Re-enrollment (opt-out)Target date funds (opt-out)Savings rate escalators (opt-out)Quick enrollment (opt-in)SimplificationEducationMatching
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Assumptions for simulation
6.5% guaranteed return 2% inflation rate 6% DC saving rate 100% employer match No leakage Start working at age 22 First job: $35,000 Start saving at age 22 1% real wage growth 50% Soc Sec replacement “4% rule” in retirement
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At retirement:103% replacement ratio
$719,275 DC assets(+ house + Social Security)
Laibson (2011)
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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 $-
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
Taxable withdrawals from retirement accounts among households <55
Source: Argento, Bryant, and Sabelhouse (2014) 13
Leakage grew 17% in 2010
Billions
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For every two dollars that go into the retirement system about one dollar simultaneously leaks out (before retirement)
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For every two dollars that go into the retirement system about one dollar simultaneously leaks out (before retirement)
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Replacement DC
Ratio Assets
Original scenario 1.03 $ 719,275
2.5% balance leakage 0.78 $ 380,584
40% don’t have access 0.68 $ 249,283
Match rate is 0.5 0.64 $ 192,195
Net return is 5.5% 0.61 $ 152,672
20% with access don’t participate 0.59 $ 125,463
Start saving at age 30 0.58 $ 103,644
Soc Sec replacement rate lower 0.53 $ 103,644
A little more realism
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Among those households age 65-74:
Median holding of financial+retirement assets: $72,000.o includes all retirement accounts, savings and checking
accounts, CD’s, mutual funds, brokerage accounts,…
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Source: Survey of Consumer Finances; 2013 wave
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Net National Savings Rate: 1929-2013
Table 5.1, NIPA, BEA
1929
1933
1937
1941
1945
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
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Net National Savings Rate: 1929-2013
Table 5.1, NIPA, BEA
1929
1933
1937
1941
1945
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
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Psychological origins of undersaving
Would you like to have
A) 15 minute massage now
or
B) 20 minute massage in an hour
Would you like to have
C) 15 minute massage in a week
or
D) 20 minute massage in a week and an hour
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Choosing fruit vs. chocolate
TimeChoosing Today Eating Next Week
If you were deciding today,would you choosefruit or chocolatefor next week?
Read and van Leeuwen (1998)
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Patient choices for the future:
TimeChoosing Today Eating Next Week
Today, subjectstypically choosefruit for next week.
74%choosefruit
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Impatient choices for today:
Time
Choosing and Eating
Simultaneously
If you were deciding today,would you choosefruit or chocolatefor today?
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Time
Choosing and Eating
Simultaneously
70%choose chocolate
Impatient choices for today:
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Immediate events get full weight.
Everything else gets half weight.
Present bias
Phelps and Pollak (1968), Akerlof (1991), Laibson (1997)
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Procrastination
Exercise has effort cost 6
Delayed health benefit of 8
Exercise Today: -6 + ½ [8] = -2
Exercise Tomorrow: 0 + ½ [-6 + 8] = 1
Akerlof (1991), O’Donoghue and Rabin (1999)
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Joining a Gym
Cost of membership: $75 per month
Number of visits: 4
Cost per visit: $19
Cost of “pay per visit”: $10
Della Vigna and Malmendier (2006)
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Saving intentions vs. saving behavior
Out of every 100 surveyed employees
68 self-report saving too little 24 plan to
raise savings rate in next 2 months
3 actually follow throughChoi, Laibson, Madrian, Metrick (2002)
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If you recognize your own self-control problems…
You’ll be willing to tie your own hands Force tomorrow’s self to do what today’s self isn’t
willing to do– Personal trainer– Exercise class– Exercise partner
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How to design a commitment contract
Participants divide $$$ between:
Freedom account (22% interest)
Goal account (22% interest) –withdrawal restriction
Beshears, Choi, Harris, Madrian, Laibson, Sakong (2014)
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Initial investment in goal account
FreedomAccount
FreedomAccount
FreedomAccount
Goal Account10% penalty
Goal account20% penalty
Goal accountNo withdrawal
35% 65%
43% 57%
56% 44%
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Summary
People have trouble saving because of present bias and other psychological barriers.
We can get 90% of people to “voluntarily” save using auto-enrollment and other nudges.
But half of this money leaks out of the system before retirement.
It’s not yet clear whether nudges are enough.
One more depressing fact: financial education barely moves the needle (even when it’s offered in real time).
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Moderated by:
Rob CarrickPersonal Finance ColumnistThe Globe and Mail
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In conversation with David Laibson
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
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David DodgeSenior Advisor, Bennett Jones
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"Guaranteeing" retirement income for Canadians
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
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Presentation by David Dodge at the PPF Summit on Pension Reform
Toronto, October 9, 2014
"Guaranteeing" retirement income for Canadians
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• Adequacy of future retirement income is made very problematic by longer life expectancy, population aging, and possibly permanently lower real returns on pension assets
• Increased savings and better returns through new pension arrangements and delayed retirement would improve retirement income adequacy
Retirement income issue
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• Review of demographic trends over the next decades
• Macroeconomic case for more saving and investment
• General implications of demographics for pension arrangements
• Sharing of risks and responsibility for saving between workers, employers and governments
Outline
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• Two key features of demographics with implications for pensions in Canada: – longer individual life expectancy – aging of population as a whole
• Life expectancy at 65 will continue to rise although by how much is uncertain. Current projections call for slower gains in life expectancies than in the past half-century (Graph 1).
Demographics to create stress on pension systems
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Source: Office of the Chief Actuary, Mortality Projections for Social Security Programs in Canada, April 2014.
Graph 1: Male and female life expectancies at age 65 in Canada
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• Longer life has at least 2 implications:
• Risk of lengthening of retirement life relative to working life and/or later retirement. In 2014, retirement age would have to be about 74 years for male labour force participants and 71 years for female participants in order for them to have the same retirement life expectancies as the 65 years of age had in 1966 when the CPP was launched. This compares with an average retirement age of 63 years in 2013
• Escalating spending for the fragile elderly. Such spending per capita rises dramatically with age. Persons 80+ years of age will increase steadily relative to persons 15-64 of age (see Graph 2) and, from the mid-2020s onwards, they will also increase relative to persons 65-79
Two implications of longer life expectancy
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• Source: Statistics Canada
Graph 2: The population of old-age persons will increase steadily relative to the working-age population
20132014
20152016
20172018
20192020
20212022
20232024
20252026
20272028
20292030
20312032
20332034
20350.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
Projected ratio of persons 80+ years of age to persons 15-64 years of age, Canada
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• Canadian population of 65+ years of age to rise to 24% of total population by 2035 from 15% in 2013 as exceptionally large baby-boom cohorts get older
• Because of the much faster growth in the population of seniors (65+ years of age) than the working-age population (15-64 years of age), the number of working age persons for each senior person will fall from 4.5 in 2013 to 2.3 by the late 2050s (see Graph 3). This compares with a peak of 7.8 around 1970. Much of the fall occurs over the next 20 years
Population aging as baby-boom cohorts get older
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43• Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Demographics at a Glance, June 2014.
Graph 3: Ratio of working-age persons to seniors cut by half to 2.3 over the next half century
1961196619711976198119861991199620012006201120162021202620312036204120462051205620610
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Number of persons 15-64 of age for each person 65+ of age, Canada, 1961 to 2061
Low-growth scenario High-growth scenario Medium-growth scenario
ProjectedObserved
ratio
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• Exceptionally large baby-boom cohorts, population aging and continued rise in life longevity will lead to much slower growth in the labour force than in the population of 65+ years of age.
• As a result, the ratio of labour force participants to retirees will fall by around 40% from 4.3 in 2013 to around 2.7 in 2031. This cut will occur under a wide range of scenarios about future labour force participation rates. See Graph 4
Projected steady decline in the ratio of labour force to retired elderly population
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• Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Demographic at a Glance, June 2014.
Graph 4: Projected steady shrinkage of labour force relative to retired population in the next several decades
19811983
19851987
19891991
19931995
19971999
20012003
20052007
20092011
20132015
20172019
20212023
20252027
20292031
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ratio of labour force participants to retirees under two scenarios, Canada
Constant participation rates (2008) High-growth scenario
Observed Projected
ratio
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• Demographics and, possibly, protracted modest returns on pension assets greatly darken the prospects for adequate retirement income in the decades to come at current saving rates and retirement ages.
• Fundamental challenge is how to provide for adequate retirement income for the future population of elderly people without imposing undue burden of taxation on the working population and the business sector
• The solution to generate more retirement income in the future is to start now saving and investing more, and doing so more efficiently
• Higher household saving rate would underpin higher retirement income directly through larger accumulated household wealth while higher investment rate in physical and other forms of capital would underpin it indirectly by boosting growth in productivity, real income and government revenues
The macroeconomic case for more saving and investment
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• Since 1997, household saving rate has averaged 3.5% (Graph 5). In the last decade or so, households have elected to invest massively in housing, financed by borrowing, rather than in financial assets for retirement. Low interest rates provided a strong incentive for household current consumption and disincentive for saving.
The need for more household saving and delayed retirement
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Graph 5
• Source: Statistics Canada.
Modest household saving rate since 1997
19811983
19851987
19891991
19931995
19971999
20012003
20052007
20092011
20130.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
Household net saving and non-financial in-vestment as % of disposable income
Net saving Non-financial capital acquisition
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• To increase household saving for retirement requires:– Higher household saving rate in the working population– Delaying retirement
• Delaying retirement would significantly improve the adequacy of retirement income by shortening the retirement period and permitting a larger accumulation of pension assets
• Average retirement age in Canada has steadily increased from 61.4 years in 2008 to 63 years in 2013 and is expected to rise much further
• Even with increased age of retirement, a higher retirement saving rate will be required, especially if real interest rates remain low
The need for more household saving and delayed retirement
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• An increase in the household saving rate will have a small negative effect on aggregate demand in the very short run, an effect which will automatically be offset in part through the exchange rate and fiscal stabilizers and which should be offset by an easier monetary policy and/or increase in public sector or agency borrowing to finance infrastructure investment.
• In the longer run, higher household saving will enhance growth of real income and support more adequate retirement income
Small negative effects of higher saving rate in very short run but net benefits in the longer run
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• For most employers with DB plans, demographics imply that the number of retirees will rise relative to the number of contributors and probably exceed it in many cases. This will require major adjustments to contributions and/or benefits and/or minimum retirement age in order to sustain solvency
• Given current accounting, tax and regulatory rules, there is a huge incentive to close DB plans
General implications of demographics for pension arrangements
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• For participants in other pension arrangements (DC plans, RRSPs…) to achieve adequate retirement income in the face of longer life expectancy and relatively modest returns on pension assets will require:1. postponing retirement by several years, 2. increasing their saving rate, and 3. participating in new pension arrangements that would
provide higher real returns on contributions (or at least lower MERs) and some pooling of longevity risk
General implications of demographics for pension arrangements
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• Demographics will put public finances under increasing stress. Government spending on income support programs (OAS and GIS) and old-age care (including both home care and health care) is set to increase substantially under current arrangements. New fiscal arrangements, including tax and transfer provisions that provide better incentives for persons to work longer and to save more for their retirement, are clearly warranted.
• To alleviate increasing pressures on the current programs of pay-as-you-go transfers to the elderly financed by taxation (OAS, GIS, medicare, social assistance), governments may need to "force" lower-income households to save more before retirement through mandatory participation in public (CPP) or private pension arrangements
General implications of demographics for pension arrangements
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Issue:– What are the most efficient ways to share responsibility for
meeting goals with respect to retirement income adequacy and plan sustainability between workers, employers and governments, given inherent uncertainties with respect to life expectancy and market returns?
– The burden of coping with deficiencies would ultimately fall on governments, and then would get shifted to the general population, and in particular the working population, in the form of higher taxes and lower program spending
Key issue: risk sharing and responsibility sharing between workers, employers and governments
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Moderated by Paul Ledwell, Executive Vice President, Canada’s Public Policy Forum
Tom Reid, Senior Vice-President, Group Retirement Services (GRS), Sun Life Financial Canada
Robert Brown, Retired Professor, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo
Driving equilibrium:Workplace pension plans
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
Moderated by Barbara Shecter, Senior Business Writer, Financial Post
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CONVERTING PUBLIC SECTOR DB TO DC:The Experience So Far and Implications
Robert L. Brown, PhDFCIA, FSA, ACAS
AndCraig McInnes
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Summary of Findings
• % of labour force covered by DB plans dropped from 39% in 1986 to 29% in 2010
• Most of the drop in the Private Sector• Only 12% of Private Sector have DB Plans• 12% have DC Plans• 76% have Nothing• 81% of Public Sector have DB (most with COLAs)• Creates Pension Envy
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Summary of findings• DC Plans are more expensive for the same level of
benefits as DB plans• Main cause is level of net investment returns• But also high admin costs in DC• And ability of DB plans to pool longevity risk• Switch to DC would mean higher contributions from
employers (taxpayers) and employees
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Convert Public Sector DB to DC: Hope is Win Win
• Hope is to lower costs and run down existing liabilities
• In Private Sector, Only Stakeholder is Shareholders• Goal is Profit• Focus is Short Term• Impact on the rest of Society is not of concern
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Convert Public Sector DB to DC: A Lose Lose
• Legacy Liabilities go up, not down • Because investments move to shorter-term, more
liquid assets that earn lower returns• Legacy Liabilities will be around for 70 or more
years even with a “Hard Freeze”
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Freeze Existing DB Plan
• For the model $10 B Public Sector DB Plan, costs to government would rise 38%
• Could be met with a one-time payment into the plans of $3.29B
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Convert Public Sector DB to DC: A Lose Lose
• History of Conversions bears evidence:--Alaska--Michigan--Nebraska--West Virginia--Saskatchewan
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Convert Public Sector DB to DC: A Lose Lose
• Other Jurisdictions have carefully studied the implications of DB to DC and rejected the idea:– Minnesota– Nevada– New York City– Texas– Wisconsin
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DB Model An Effective and Efficient Mechanism
• Consider a DB Plan with 50/50 Cost and Risk Sharing (Common)
--75.0% of Benefits funded by Investment Income--12.5% by Employer contributions--12.5% from Employee contributions
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DB Model An Effective and Efficient Mechanism
• Consider an Individual Account DC Plan(Common because of CRA Rules)
--55.0% of Benefits funded by Investment Income--22.5% by Employer contributions--22.5% by Employee contributions
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DB Model An Effective and Efficient Mechanism
• Large “Pooled” DC Plans could mitigate partly but are virtually non-existent in Canada
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DB Model An Effective and Efficient Mechanism
• A DB Plan will Produce Significantly (up to 77%) more income than a DC Plan with Equal Contributions
• In Reality, only way to Lower Costs through DC is through Lower Benefits
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DB Plans Provide Dependable And Adequate Retirement Income by Pooling Risk
• A DC Plan transfers significant risks to worker who is not equipped to manage that risk– Investment Risk– Longevity Risk– Expense Risk– Interest Rate Risk– Inflation Risk
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1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
-15%
0%
15%
30%
45%
60%
75%
90%
Replacement rate obtained from personal account savings of workers who invest in alternative portfo-
lios
100% stocks 50% stock / 50% bond 100% bonds
Source: Brookings Institution in Burtless (2009)
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Investment Risk in DC• Financial Advice is Expensive• MERs easily 2 to 3% (200 to 300 bp)• Each Additional 100 bp over a 40-year period
reduces final assets by 1/5• No evidence that Active Management Out-performs
Passive Management• DC/CAP lost 20 to 30% of value in 2008/09 • Resulted in drop in replacement ratio of almost 10
percentage points
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Longevity Risk• In a pooled DB Plan, you share Longevity Risk with
all members of the Plan, Active and Retired• In an Individual Plan, you must Account for your Life
Expectancy plus a Margin• Two Outcomes:
– Draw down income slowly and live poorly– Draw down income rapidly and run out
• Either way, need more liquid assets with• Lower rates of return and lower monthly income
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Mitigation of Longevity Risk:Buy a Life Annuity
• With low “i” life annuities are expensive• Life annuity price assumes 5-star life expectancy
--Must cover Anti-Selection • Hard to get true inflation protection• Insurer in business to make a profit• So, now face interest rate risk and expense risk
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DB Plans Provide Dependable and Adequate Retirement Income
• Retirees with Inadequate Income will fall back on Welfare Transfers (e.g., GIS and Provincial Plans)
• Also has Impact on Cost of OAS (Clawback)• Government Responsible for Protecting Future
Taxpayers from Workers not Saving Enough for Adequate Retirement Income
• Concerns are not Solely Net Profit • Focus is Rightly Longer Term
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Public Policy Needs to Have Long-Term Focus
• Do the Research• Understand Longer-Term Impact of Conversion• Lots of Real-World Case Studies to Learn From
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One Case Study
• 2011 Texas Study showed that if DB Plan Replaced with DC and Self-Directed Investments:--Only 8% of plan members would do better--92% would do worse--2/3rds would do significantly worse (less than 60% of Current Benefit)
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Second Case Study
• New York City Study showed that it would be 57-61% more expensive to deliver the same benefits under a DC plan than under DB
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DB Plans Create Patient Capital • Public Sector DB Plans in Canada manage $900B• 35% of this invested in Alternative Classes (Private
Equity, Infrastructure, Real Estate)• Extremely Well Managed Funds• Low Expense Ratios• Low Liquidity Requirements• Contributes to Financial Stability (Patient Capital)• Employ 10,000 professionals• Help to improve Corporate Governance
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Human Resource Impacts
• Good Pension Plan can Attract Talent• Can incent Early and Later Retirement as Needed• Gives Employees True Retirement Income Security• DC Plans Create Perverse Labour Force Incentives
– When Economy Hot, Workers Can Afford to Retire– When Economy Cold, Workers Stay at Work
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In Conclusion
• “If you look at the DC plans that are out there now, they are likely to produce less benefit per dollar contributed than you would get out of a DB plan, and in that sense they are less efficient … they are small, offer less investment choices, and you have the wrong people making the investment decisions.”
Canadian Pension expert Bob Baldwin
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Moderated by Paul Ledwell, Executive Vice President, Canada’s Public Policy Forum
Tom Reid, Senior Vice-President, Group Retirement Services (GRS), Sun Life Financial Canada
Robert Brown, Retired Professor, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo
Driving equilibrium:Workplace pension plans
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
Moderated by Barbara Shecter, Senior Business Writer, Financial Post
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Fred Vettese, Chief Actuary, Morneau Shepell
Bernard Morency, Premier vice-président, Déposants, stratégie et chef des Opérations, Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec
Fabrice Morin, Principal, McKinsey Canada
Creating equilibrium:At-risk groups
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
Moderated by Janet Ecker, President & CEO, Toronto Financial Services Alliance
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82Thanks to our partners:
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Hassan Yussuff, President, Canadian Labour Congress
Malcolm Hamilton, Senior Fellow, C.D. Howe Institute
Moving to Action: Defining a Long-Term Approach
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
Moderated by David Mitchell, President & CEO, Canada’s Public Policy Forum
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Carol W. Geremia, President, MFS Institutional Advisors and Co-Head, Global Distribution, MFS Investment Management
Paul Moist, National President, Canadian Union of Public Employees
Mark Prefontaine, Assistant Deputy Minister, Financial Sector Regulation and Policy (FSRP) Division, Alberta Treasury Board and Finance
Finding solutions:Sustainability in the public sector
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
Moderated by Paul Ledwell, Executive Vice President, Canada’s Public Policy Forum
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Canada’s Public Policy Forum
Identifying the Solutions:
Defined Benefit Plan Sustainability in the
Public Sector
Paul Moist, National PresidentCanadian Union of Public EmployeesOctober 9, 2014 │ Toronto, Ontario
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Big Picture
•Canada’s #1 pension issue is the lack of workplace coverage.
•Half of middle class baby boomers looking at steep drop in living standards when they retire (Wolfson) and problem projected to get worse with each successive generation (CIBC).
•Combined employee/employer contributions to all mandatory social security programs of 20 advancedEconomies; Canada ranks 2nd last.
(source: World Bank 2010)
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• Need to be careful with this term.
• Employer and employee definitions of “sustainability” differ.
• Sustainability can’t be a goal on its own.
• Benefit security and adequacy also have to be key goals.
“Sustainability”
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“Sustainability”• CUPE rejects notion that DB plans no longer work.
• DB the best way to meet real set of pension goals:
1) secure, adequate, predictable benefits
2) sustainability
• We recognize demographic trends and have been making changes to plans.
• Plan funding improving.
“Sustainability” │CUPE’s View
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DB the Real “Shared Risk”• JSPPs, conditional plan elements (indexing) share risk
automatically.
• Beyond this, CUPE has strong record of working with employers facing funding challenges to find reasonable deals.
• Employer pension costs often downloaded to members during wage bargaining.
DB the Real “Shared Risk”
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Selling “Shared Risk”Selling “Shared Risk”
• Media and governments largely repeat message that these plans share risk between workers and employers.
• Employers face virtually no real risk in “Shared Risk” – only risk shared is between active and retired members.
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NB Gov’t to PSSA Plan Members:
• “My pension is protected better than ever before.”
• “Your pension will be more secure under an SRP.”
• “Members can have confidence that their base benefits are protected better than before and that their benefits will be protected against inflation.”
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92
NB Auditor General Report, 2013 v 1 ch 3
NB Gov’t to Auditor General:
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• Is this double-speak politically sustainable?
• If plans require big cuts to benefits of actives and retirees (and all employers have to do is pay a tiny bit more), plan members will be angrily asking:
I thought we shared risk with our employer?
Selling “Shared Risk”
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• “Shared Risk” plans and others (QC, PEI) allow past promises to be re-opened.
• Unprecedented outside of insolvency: are we now treating all plans as though they are bankrupt?
• Governments continue to make good on debt obligations to other creditors like bondholders
• Aren’t we a country where a deal is a deal?
Broken Promises
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Another Story on DB
• Not “gold plated”
• Largely paid by investment returns, remainder of reasonable cost shared between workers and employers
• Macro-economic effects: positive job, GDP relationships
• Lowered demand on social and income support programs
• Source of macroeconomic strength and “sustainability”
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Carol W. Geremia, President, MFS Institutional Advisors and Co-Head, Global Distribution, MFS Investment Management
Paul Moist, National President, Canadian Union of Public Employees
Mark Prefontaine, Assistant Deputy Minister, Financial Sector Regulation and Policy (FSRP) Division, Alberta Treasury Board and Finance
Finding solutions:Sustainability in the public sector
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
Moderated by Paul Ledwell, Executive Vice President, Canada’s Public Policy Forum
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97Thanks to our partners:
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Peter Neilson, Chief Executive, Investment Savings and Insurance Association of New Zealand; Former Cabinet Minister, Government of New Zealand
Will Sandbrook, Director of Strategy, Research and Analysis, NEST (United Kingdom)
Keith Ambachtsheer, President & Founder, KPA Advisory Services Ltd. And Director Emeritus, Rotman International Centre for Pension Management
Finding solutions:Enhanced individual savings
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
Moderated by Dana Flavelle, Business Writer, Toronto Star
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Net
rep
lace
men
t rat
e fo
r av
erag
e in
com
e w
ork
er
Percentage of retirement incomes from earnings related (tier 2) schemes
Net replacement rate for average income earner Source: OECD 2011
public schemes
private tier 2 scheme
public& private tier 2 scheme
Dot size proportional to replacement rates for people on 1.5 times average income
AUNZ
IRE
AUT SLVSPN
POR
CAN CHL
CZE
DEN
EST
BEL DEU FRA ITY NOR POL SVK SWE SWZ
GREHUNICE
ISR
JAPKOR
LUX
MEX
NTH
TUR
UK
US
New Zealand, Ireland and the UK: The OutliersAmongst OECD countries only New Zealand Ireland and the UK combine low net replacement rates compared to average incomes and rely on a Tier 1 basic old age pension with Tier 3 private savings for a minority of employees.
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Basic problem Examples OutcomeSelf Control People find it difficult to
implement decisions to save. People are tempted to spend when they want to save.People procrastinate even when they know what needs to be done.
Insufficient saving.
Regret Attitudes to losses depend on whether a person was responsible for a decision.
People blame themselves for bad outcomes.People avoid risk when managing their own money.
Poor investment choice.
Loss Aversion Attitudes to risk depend on how investments are framed.
People avoid risk if framed as a loss to current consumption standards.People create special accounts with different reference points to manage money.
Poor investment choice
Poor Judgment People have biased estimates of investment returns.
People over-rely on past history.People rely on anecdotes, not statistics.People are misled by irrelevant information
Incorrect calculation of required saving. Poor investment choice.
The behavioural economic revolution has changed how we view retirement savings issues which auto-enrolment is designed to overcome.
Biases that Distort our Savings and Investing Behaviour
Source: Andrew Coleman, MOTU Research
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The Success of KiwiSaver continued…• At November 2013, 56.7% of all New Zealanders 18+ were enrolled.
Consisting of:• 57.4% of women 18+ and 56.2% of men 18+
• Prior to KiwiSaver only a minority were in Superannuation Schemes and they were disproportionally male, employed in either the public sector or the largest corporates and were from higher income households.
By Household Income<
$20,000$20,001
to $30,000
$30,001 to
$50,000
$50,001 to
$70,000
$70,001 to
$100,000
$100,001 to
$150,000
$150,001 to
$200,000
> $200,000
Don’t know/Prefer not to
say
34.9% 53.9% 50.7% 63.4% 66.1% 56.8% 69.8% 64.7% 60.4%
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Peter Neilson, Chief Executive, Investment Savings and Insurance Association of New Zealand; Former Cabinet Minister, Government of New Zealand
Will Sandbrook, Director of Strategy, Research and Analysis, NEST (United Kingdom)
Keith Ambachtsheer, President & Founder, KPA Advisory Services Ltd. And Director Emeritus, Rotman International Centre for Pension Management
Finding solutions:Enhanced individual savings
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
Moderated by Dana Flavelle, Business Writer, Toronto Star
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Paul LedwellExecutive Vice PresidentCanada’s Public Policy Forum
103
Concluding Remarks
Second National Summit on Pension Reform
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104Thanks to our partners: