thaneshwar - rfid report

8/13/2019 thaneshwar - rfid report

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

RFID based Secured access system implemented on 8051 microcontroller . This is a very

useful application of RFID Radio!fre"uency identification) and is very commonly used in

institutes# offices# homes and so on. $n RFID system consists of a reader device and a

transponder. $ transponder or ta% has a uni"ue serial number &hich is identified by the

reader. 'ere RFID has been interfaced &ith $T8()51 to provide secured access. The

relevant messa%es are also displayed on a 1*+, -)D.

RFID automated access for door controls to buildin%s# departments# rooms# securedclosets &irin%# /# etc. and cabinets is very cost effective and secure to use. 2any people

do not reali3e ho& easy it is to implement card access systems such as card access door or

doors usin% RFID readers and RFID )ards or 4eyfobs for Secured $ccess )ontrol

2ana%ement. ou can even use smart readers for computer rooms and securin% individual

computers.

In fact access based entrance and e+its usin% access smart technolo%y is rapidly

becomin% the &ay of the future for many businesses# %overnment buildin%s# hospitals#

museums and other establishments re"uirin% secured but easy to control access solutions.

$ccess based systems use either 1,5 6'3 RFID or 17.5* 2'3 RFID readers# cards and

6eyfobs.

Features:

-o& po&er re"uirement.

9+cellent characters appearance.

Reliability.

-o&er cost.

In our pro:ect &e are implementin% the RFID based secured access system by usin%

microcontroller. The system communicates &ith an administrator ) via a serial

communications lin6 and 'yperTerminal. RFID technolo%y is based on the concept of

ma%netic couplin%# &hich is the principle that current flo&in% in one circuit can induce

current flo& in another circuit throu%h a ma%netic field %enerated in the space bet&een the

circuits.

1



CHAPTER 2.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

,.1 /loc6 Dia%ram of RFID /ased system

,



CHAPTER 3.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

1.

Fi%;7.1 circuit dia%ram

7



,.

FI<;7., RFID Reader

=



7.

Fi%;7.7 RFID Ta%

5



CHAPTER .

CIRCUIT DE!CRIPTION

• DE!IGNING:

The main intension of this pro:ect is to desi%n a RFID based Secured access system

usin% 8051 microcontroller $T8()51 . In order to fulfill this application there are fe& steps

that has been performed i.e.

1 Desi%nin% the po&er supply for the entire circuitry.

, Selection of microcontroller that suits our application.

7 Selection of -)D

= Selection of -,(7D

5 Selection of RFID 2>D?-9

)omplete studies of all the above points are useful to develop this pro:ect.

• PO"ER !UPPL# !ECTION:

In!order to &or6 &ith any components basic re"uirement is po&er supply. In this

section there is a re"uirement one volta%e level i.e. 5@ D) po&er supply.

Ao& the aim is to desi%n the po&er supply section &hich converts ,70@ $) in to 5@ D).

Since ,70@ $) is too hi%h to reduce it to directly 5@ D)# therefore &e need a step!do&n

transformer that reduces the line volta%e to certain volta%e that &ill help us to convert it in to

a 5@ D). )onsiderin% the efficiency factor of the brid%e rectifier# &e came to a conclusion to

choose a transformer# &hose secondary volta%e is 7 to = @ hi%her than the re"uired volta%e

i.e. 5@. For this application 0!(@ transformers is used# since it is easily available in the

mar6et.

The output of the transformer is (@ $)B it feed to rectifier that converts $) to pulsatin% D).

$s &e all 6no& that there are 7 6ind of rectifiers that is

1 half &ave

, Full &ave and

7 /rid%e rectifier

'ere &e short listed to use /rid%e rectifier# because half &ave rectifier has &e less in

efficiency. 9ven thou%h the efficiency of full &ave and brid%e rectifier are the same# since

*



there is no re"uirement for any ne%ative volta%e for our application# &e %one &ith brid%e

rectifier. Since the output volta%e of the rectifier is pulsatin% D)# in order to convert it into

pureD) &e use a hi%h value 1000?FC1500?F of capacitor in parallel that acts as a filter.

The most easy &ay to re%ulate this volta%e is by usin% a 805 volta%e re%ulator# &hose output

volta%e is constant 5@ D) irrespective of any fluctuation in line volta%e.

• !ELECTION OF MICROCONTROLLER:

$s &e 6no& that there so many types of micro controller families that are available in

the mar6et.

Those are

1 8051 Family

, $@R microcontroller Family7 I) microcontroller Family

= $R2 Family

/asic 8051 family is enou%h for our applicationB hence &e are not concentratin% on hi%her

end controller families. In order to fulfill our application basic that is $T8()51 controller is

enou%h. /ut still &e selected $T8(S5, controller because of inbuilt IS in system

pro%rammer option. There are minimum si+ re"uirements for proper operation of

microcontroller. Those are;

1 po&er supply section

, pull!ups for ports it is must for >RT0

7 Reset circuit

= )rystal circuit

5 IS circuit for pro%ram dumpin%

* 9$C@ pin is connected to @cc.

>RT0 is open collector thatEs &hy &e are usin% pull!up resistor &hich ma6es >RT0 as an

IC> port. Reset circuit is used to reset the microcontroller. )rystal circuit is used for the

microcontroller for timin% pluses. In this pro:ect &e are not usin% e+ternal memory thatEs

&hy 9$C@ pin in the microcontroller is connected to @cc that indicates internal memory is

used for this application.

• !ELECTION OF LCD: $ $%&u%' (rsta$ '%s*$a LCD is an electronically!

modulated optical device shaped into a thin# flat panel made up of any number of color or



monochrome pi+els filled &ith li"uid crystals and arrayed in front of a li%ht source

bac6li%ht or reflector.

• !ELECTION OF L2+3D:

This device is suitable for use in s&itchin% applications at fre"uencies up to 5 6'3.

The -,(7D is assembled in a 1* lead plastic pac6aa%e &hich has = center pins connected

to%ether and used for heatsin6in% The -,(7D is assembled in a ,0 lead surface mount &hich

has 8 center pins connected to%ether and used for heatsin6in%.

• !ELECTION OF RFID MODULE:

Radio!fre"uency identification RFID is a technolo%y that uses communication

throu%h the use of radio &aves to e+chan%e data bet&een a reader and an electronic ta%

attached to an ob:ect# for the purpose of identification and trac6in% .

• CIRCUIT OPERATION:

The RFID ta% is used as an identity for a particular user. If the identity serial number

of the ta% of the user is matched &ith the one already stored in this system# he %ets

immediate access throu%h it. This RFID based secured access system also has many

additional features. For e+ample# a ne& user can re%ister himself &ith the system. $

re%istered user can also &ithdra& his entry from the system. These features can be accessed

by pressin% a tactile s&itch connected to the microcontroller.

In be%innin%# the user is prompted to scan his ta% or ID. The serial code of the ta% is

identified by the reader module and is sent to $T8()51 for chec6in%. If the ID is matched by

the microcontroller# the user %ets the access. >n the contrary# if the ta% is not identified# a

messa%e Gron% IDE is displayed on -)D screen.

$ ne& user needs to press the s&itch to re%ister after &hich his identity is verified t&ice &ithRFID ta%. The ne& record is stored by the microcontroller to %rant future access. The system

also sho&s 9rrorE if the ta%s do not match durin% verification. $n e+istin% user can delete his

record by pressin% the same s&itch. $%ain the verification is carried out and the user is

deleted ifthe IDs match. If a different ta% is scanned throu%h the reader# -)D displays you

have sho&n different IDE.

Ghen an RFID ta% comes in this ran%e# the reader detects it and sends a uni"ue code

of the ta% serially. This serial code# consistin% of 1, bytes# is received by the microcontroller.

8



This code is treated as an ID for the user and is stored as an array in the microcontroller. If

the ID is matched &ith this code# the user is %ranted access thou%h the system. For more

details on &or6in% and connections of the circuit# refer RFID interfacin% throu%h serial

interrupt.

(



CHAPTER,.

COMPONENT DE!CRIPTION

,.1 AT-+C,1:

$T8()51 is an 8!bit microcontroller and belon%s to $tmelHs 8051 family. $T8()51

has =4/ of Flash pro%rammable and erasable read only memory 9R>2 and 1,8 bytes of

R$2. It can be erased and pro%ram to a ma+imum of 1000 times.In =0 pin $T8()51# there

are four ports desi%nated as 1# ,# 7 and 0. $ll these ports are 8!bit bi!directional ports# i.e.#

they can be used as both input and output ports. 9+cept 0 &hich needs e+ternal pull!ups# rest

of the ports have internal pull!ups. Ghen 1s are &ritten to these port pins# they are pulled

hi%h by the internal pull!ups and can be used as inputs.

P% C/0%urat%/:

10



Fi%;5.1 in Dia%ram of 8051

These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can also be accessed individually. ort 0

and , are also used to provide lo& byte and hi%h byte addresses# respectively# &hen

connected to an e+ternal memory. ort 7 has multiple+ed pins for special functions li6e serial

communication# hard&are interrupts# timer inputs and readC&rite operation from e+ternal

memory. $T8()51 has an inbuilt ?$RT for serial communication. It can be pro%rammed to

operate at different baud rates. Includin% t&o timers hard&are interrupts# it has a total of

si+ interrupts.

• Features:

)ompatible &ith 2)S!51J roducts

=4 /ytes of In!System Repro%rammable Flash 2emory

9ndurance; 1#000 GriteC9rase )ycles

Fully Static >peration; 0 '3 to ,= 2'3

Three!level ro%ram 2emory -oc6

1,8 + 8!bit Internal R$2

7, ro%rammable IC> -ines

T&o 1*!bit TimerC)ounters

Si+ Interrupt Sources

ro%rammable Serial )hannel

-o&!po&er Idle and o&er!do&n 2odes

• PIN DE!CRIPTION:

CCSupply volta%e.

GND

<round.

P/rt ort 0 is an 8!bit open!drain bi!directional IC> port. $s an output port# each pin can

sin6 ei%ht TT- inputs. Ghen 1s are &ritten to port 0 pins# the pins can be used as hi%h

impedance inputs. ort 0 may also be confi%ured to be the multiple+ed lo& order addressCdata

bus durin% accesses to e+ternal pro%ram and data memory. In this mode 0 has internal

11



pullups. ort 0 also receives the code bytes durin% Flash pro%rammin%# and outputs the code

bytes durin% pro%ram verification. 9+ternal pullups are re"uired durin% pro%ram verification.

P/rt 1ort 1 is an 8!bit bi!directional IC> port &ith internal pullups. The ort 1 output

buffers can sin6Csource four TT- inputs. Ghen 1s are &ritten to ort 1 pins they are pulled

hi%h by theinternal pullups and can be used as inputs. $s inputs# ort 1 pins that are

e+ternally bein% pulled lo& &ill source current II- because of the internal pullups. ort 1

also receives the lo&!order address bytes durin% Flash pro%rammin% and verification.

P/rt 2

ort , is an 8!bit bi!directional IC> port &ith internal pullups. The ort , output

buffers can sin6Csource four TT- inputs. Ghen 1s are &ritten to ort , pins they are pulled

hi%h by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. $s inputs# ort , pins that are

e+ternally bein% pulled lo& &ill source current II- because of the internal pullups. ort ,

emits the hi%h!order address byte durin% fetches from e+ternal pro%ram memory and durin%

accesses to e+ternal data memory that use 1*!bit addresses 2>@ K DTR. In this

application# it uses stron% internal pullups &hen emittin% 1s. Durin% access to e+ternal data

memory that use 8!bit addresses 2>@ K RI# ort , emits the contents of the , SpecialFunction Re%ister. ort , also receives the hi%h!order address bits and some control si%nals

durin% Flash pro%rammin% and verification.

P/rt 3

ort 7 is an 8!bit bi!directional IC> port &ith internal pullups. The ort 7 output

buffers can sin6Csource four TT- inputs. Ghen 1s are &ritten to ort 7 pins they are pulled

hi%h by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. $s inputs# ort 7 pins that are

e+ternally bein% pulled lo& &ill source current II- because of the pullups. ort 7 also servesthe functions of various special features of the $T8()51 as listed belo&;

P/rt P% A$terate Fu(t%/s

7.0 RD serial input port

7.1 TD serial output port

7., IAT0 e+ternal interrupt 0

7.7 IAT1 e+ternal interrupt 1

7.= T0 timer 0 e+ternal input

1,



7.5 T1 timer 1 e+ternal input

7.* GR e+ternal data memory &rite strobe

7. RD e+ternal data memory read strobe

ort 7 also receives some control si%nals for Flash pro%rammin% and verification.

R!T

Reset input. $ hi%h on this pin for t&o machine cycles &hile the oscillator is runnin%

resets the device.

ALE4PROG

$ddress -atch 9nable output pulse for latchin% the lo& byte of the address durin%

accesses to e+ternal memory. This pin is also the pro%ram pulse input R>< durin% Flash

pro%rammin%. In normal operation $-9 is emitted at a constant rate of 1C* the oscillator

fre"uency# and may be used for e+ternal timin% or cloc6in% purposes. Aote# ho&ever# that one

$-9 pulse is s6ipped durin% each access to e+ternal Data 2emory. If desired# $-9 operation

can be disabled by settin% bit 0 of SFR location 89'. Gith the bit set# $-9 is active only

durin% a 2>@ or 2>@) instruction. >ther&ise# the pin is &ea6ly pulled hi%h. Settin% the

$-9!disable bit has no

effect if the microcontroller is in e+ternal e+ecution mode.

P!EN

ro%ram Store 9nable is the read strobe to e+ternal pro%ram memory. Ghen the

$T8()51 is e+ecutin% code from e+ternal pro%ram memory# S9A is activated t&ice each

machine cycle# e+cept that t&o S9A activations are s6ipped durin% each access to e+ternal

data memory.

EA4PP

9+ternal $ccess 9nable. 9$ must be strapped to <AD in order to enable the device to

fetch code from e+ternal pro%ram memory locations startin% at 0000' up to FFFF'. Aote#

ho&ever# that if loc6 bit 1 is pro%rammed# 9$ &ill be internally latched on reset. 9$ should

be strapped to @)) for internal pro%ram e+ecutions. This pin also receives the 1,!volt

pro%rammin% enable volta%e

@ durin% Flash pro%rammin%# for parts that re"uire 1,!volt @.

5TAL1

Input to the invertin% oscillator amplifier and input to the internal cloc6 operatin%

circuit.

17



5TAL2

>utput from the invertin% oscillator amplifier.

Os(%$$at/r C6ara(ter%st%(s

T$-1 and T$-, are the input and output# respectively# of an invertin% amplifier&hich can be confi%ured for use as an on!chip oscillator# as sho&n in Fi%ure 1. 9ither a

"uart3 crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an e+ternal cloc6

source# T$-, should be left unconnected &hile T$-1 is driven as sho&n in Fi%ure ,.

There are no re"uirements on the duty cycle of the e+ternal cloc6 si%nal# since the input to the

internal cloc6in% circuitry is throu%h a divide!by!t&o flip!flop# but minimum and ma+imum

volta%e hi%h and lo& time specifications must be observed.

I'$e M/'eIn idle mode# the )? puts itself to sleep &hile all the on!chip peripherals remain

active. The mode is invo6ed by soft&are. The content of the on!chip R$2 and all the special

functions re%isters remain unchan%ed durin% this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by

any enable interrupt or by a hard&are reset. It should be noted that &hen idle is terminated by

a hard &are reset# the device normally resumes pro%ram e+ecution# from &here it left off# up

to t&o machine cycles before the internal reset al%orithm ta6es control. >n!chip hard&are

inhibits access to internal R$2 in this event# but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To

eliminate the possibility of an une+pected &rite to a port pin &hen Idle is terminated by reset#

the instruction follo&in% the one that invo6es Idle should not be one that &rites to a port pin

or to e+ternal memory.

P/7er8'/7 M/'e

In the po&er!do&n mode# the oscillator is stopped# and the instruction that invo6es

po&er!do&n is the last instruction e+ecuted. The on!chip R$2 and Special Function

Re%isters retain their values until the po&er!do&n mode is terminated. The only e+it from

po&er!do&n is a hard&are reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not chan%e the on!chip

R$2. The reset should not be activated before @)) is restored to its normal operatin% level

and must be held active lon% enou%h to allo& the oscillator to restart and stabili3e.

Pr/ra9 Me9/r L/( B%ts

>n the chip are three loc6 bits &hich can be left unpro%rammed ? or can be

pro%rammed to obtain the additional features. Ghen loc6 bit 1 is pro%rammed# the lo%ic

level at the 9$ pin is sampled and latched durin% reset. If the device is po&ered up &ithout a

1=



reset# the latch initiali3es to a random value# and holds that value until reset is activated. It is

necessary that the latched value of 9$ be in a%reement &ith the current lo%ic level at that pin

in order for the device to function properly.

ARCHITECTURE OF -8BIT MICROCONTROLLER

Fi%; 5., $rchitecture of 8051

5.2 RFID MODULE:

RFID technolo%y is based on the concept of ma%netic couplin%# &hich is the principle

that current flo&in% in one circuit can induce current flo& in another circuit throu%h a

ma%netic field %enerated in the space bet&een the circuits. In passive RFID# there are t&o

ma:or components; the reader and the mobile ta%.

The reader has t&o main functions; the first is to transmit a carrier si%nal# and the second is to

receive a response from any ta%s in pro+imity of the reader. $ ta% needs to receive the carrier

si%nal# modify it in some &ay correspondin% to the data on the card# and retransmit the

modified response bac6 to the reader.

In modern passive RFID devices# the ta% consists of a small inte%rated circuit that performs

the modulation and an antenna. The benefit of passive RFID is that it re"uires no internal

po&er sourceB the circuit on the ta% is actually po&ered by the carrier si%nal. Thus# the carrier

si%nal transmitted from the reader must be considerably lar%e so that the response can be read

15



even from the card.

$s sho&n in the above bloc6 dia%ram RFID systems are classified accordin% to the properties

of the data carrier called a transponder or ta%. The t&o ma:or classes of RFID transponders

are active and passive.

$ctive transponders contain a battery or are connected to an e+ternal po&er source. $ctive

transponders are capable of lon%er communication distance and can perform data collection

tas6s even &hen no reader is present.

assive transponders are po&ered by RF field. assive transponders are smaller# have lo&er

cost and re"uire no periodic maintenance.

The simple RFID devices are sin%le bit 9lectronic $rticle Surveillance 9$S ta%s. It simply

detects the presence and absence of an 9$S transponder in the reader 3one. 9$S ta%s are

passive and must not contain inte%rated circuits.

Fi+ed RFID and 2obile RFID; Dependin% on mobility# RFID readers are classified into t&o

different types; fi+ed RFID and mobile RFID. If the reader reads ta%s in a stationary position#

it is called fi+ed RFID. These fi+ed readers are set up specific interro%ation 3ones and create

a LbubbleL of RF ener%y that can be ti%htly controlled if the physics is &ell en%ineered. This

allo&s a very definitive readin% area for &hen ta%s %o in and out of the interro%ation 3one. >n

the other hand# if the reader is mobile &hen the reader reads ta%s# it is called mobile RFID.2obile readers include hand helds# carts and vehicle mounted RFID readers from

manufacturers such as 2otorola# Intermec# Sirit# etc.

There are three types of RFID ta%s; passive RFID ta%s# &hich have no po&er source and

re"uire an e+ternal electroma%netic field to initiate a si%nal transmission# active RFID ta%s#

&hich contain a battery and can transmit si%nals once an e+ternal source HInterro%atorH has

been successfully identified# and battery assisted passive /$ RFID ta%s# &hich re"uire an

e+ternal source to &a6e up but have si%nificant hi%her for&ard lin6 capability providin%

%reater ran%e.

2ost passive RFID devices operate in one of three fre"uency bands; lo& fre"uency 1,5

6'3# hi%h fre"uency 17.5* 2'3# and ultra!hi%h fre"uency =00 to (70 2'3. Githin these

bands#

there are various &ays to modulate the si%nal so the reader can easily decipher the data.

RFID can be used in a variety of applications# such as;

M $ccess mana%ement

1*



M Trac6in% of %oods and RFID in retail

M Trac6in% of persons and animals

M Toll collection and contactless payment

M 2achine readable travel documents

M Smartdust for massively distributed sensor net&or6s

• RF TRAN!MITTER AND RECEIER MODULE:

These modules are no& &idely and cheaply available &ith the operatin% fre"uency of

=77 2'3. The transmitter module accepts serial data. The encoder I) ta6es in parallel data at

the T side pac6a%es it into serial format and then transmits it &ith the help of a RF

transmitter module. $t the R end# the decoder I) receives the si%nal via the RF receiver

module# decodes the serial data and reproduces the ori%inal data in the parallel format .

FEATURE!

Ran%e in open space Standard )onditions; 100 2eters

R Receiver Fre"uency; =77 2'3

-o& o&er )onsumption

9asy For $pplication

R >peratin% @olta%e; 5@T Fre"uency Ran%e; =77.(, 2'3

T Supply @olta%e; 7@ N *@

1



Fi%; 5.7 =77 2'3 Transmitter

• THE T533 ;Tras9%ss%/ M/'u$e):

The T=77 &ireless RF transmitter uses onCoff 6eyin% to transmit data to the

matchin% receiver# R=77. The data input O6eysP the sa& resonator in the transmitter &hen

the input is Q7 volts or %reater# $2 modulatin% the data onto the =77 2'3 carrier. The data

is then demodulated by the receiver# &hich accurately reproduces the ori%inal data. The data

input is )2>S level )ompatible &hen the unit is run on Q5 volts.

Ghen drivin% &ith a )2>S input# there must be enou%h level to achieve at least 7@

on the data input# 5@ is preferable. This is due to the start!up time of the oscillator needin% to

be fast to accurately reproduce your data. If the volta%e is too lo&# the oscillator &ill not start

fast enou%h to accurately reproduces your data# especially at hi%her data rates. -uc6ily not

much drive is needed# so this should be easy since it is 22K ohms of load. Almost any CMOS

output will drive this without any problems. There are some CMOS outputs which have very

little drive capability which may not work so testin! the volta!e at the data input may be a

wise choice if you are havin! problems.

18



Fi%; 5.= =77 2'3 RF Receiver

• T6e R533 ;Re(e%<er M/'u$e):

The receiver sho&n in Fi%ure also contains :ust one transistor. It is biased to act as a

re%enerative oscillator# in &hich the received antenna si%nal causes the transistor to s&itch to

hi%h amplification# thereby automatically arran%in% the si%nal detection. Ae+t# the ra&E

demodulated si%nal is amplified and shaped!up by op!amps. The result is a fairly clean di%italsi%nal at the output of the receiver. The lo%ic hi%h level is at about ,C7 of the supply volta%e#

i.e.# bet&een 7 @ and =.5 @.

The ran%e of the simple system sho&n in Fi%ures is much smaller than that of more e+pensive

units# mainly because of the lo& transmit po&er appro+. 1 mG and the relative insensitivity

and &ide!band nature of the receiver. 2oreover# amplitude!modulated noise is not

suppressed in any &ay.

,.3 LI=UID CR#!TAL DI!PLA# ;LCD):

$ $%&u%' (rsta$ '%s*$a LCD is a thin# flat panel used for electronically displayin%

information such as te+t# ima%es# and movin% pictures. Its uses include monitors for

computers# televisions# instrument panels# and other devices ran%in% from aircraft coc6pit

displays# to every!day consumer devices such as video players# %amin% devices# calculators#

and telephones. $mon% its ma:or features are its li%ht&ei%ht construction# its portability# and

its ability to be produced in much lar%er screen si3es than are practical for the construction of

1(



cathode ray tube )RT display technolo%y. Its lo& electrical po&er consumption enables it

to be used in battery!po&ered electronic e"uipment. It is an electronically!modulated optical

device made up of any number of pi+els filled &ith li"uid crystals and arrayed in front of a

li%ht source bac6li%ht or reflector to produce ima%es in color or monochrome. The earliest

discovery leadin% to the development of -)D technolo%y# the discovery of li"uid crystals#

dates from 1888.

• PIN DE!CRIPTION:

Fi%;5.5 in Dia%ram of -)D

CC> !! a' EE:

Ghile @)) and @SS provide Q5@ and %round respectively# @99 is used for

controllin% -)D contrast.

R! ;REGI!TER !ELECT):

There are t&o important re%isters inside the -)D. Ghen RS is lo& 0# the data is to

be treated as a command or special instruction such as clear screen# position cursor# etc..

Ghen RS is hi%h 1# the data that is sent is a te+t data &hich should be displayed on the

screen. For e+ample# to display the letter LTL on the screen you &ould set RS hi%h.

,0



R" ;READ4"RITE):

The R" line is the LReadCGriteL control line. Ghen RG is lo& 0# the information

on the data bus is bein% &ritten to the -)D. Ghen RG is hi%h 1# the pro%ram is effectively

"ueryin% or readin% the -)D. >nly one instruction L<et -)D statusL is a read command.$ll others are &rite commands# so RG &ill almost be lo&.

EN ;ENABLE):

The EN line is called L9nableL. This control line is used to tell the -)D that you are

sendin% it data. To send data to the -)D# your pro%ram should first set this line hi%h 1 and

then set the other t&o control lines andCor put data on the data bus. Ghen the other lines are

completely ready# brin% EN lo& 0 a%ain. The 1!0 transition tells the ==80 to ta6e the data

currently found on the other control lines and on the data bus and to treat it as a command.

D8D? ;DATA LINE!):

The 8!bit data pins# D0!D are used to send information to the -)D or read the

content of the -)DEs internal re%isters. To display letters and numbers# &e send $S)II codes

for the letters $!# a!3 and numbers 0!( to these pins &hile ma6in% RS1. There are also

instruction command codes that can be sent to the -)D to clear the display or force the

cursor to the home position or blin6 the cursor. Ge also use RS0 to chec6 the busy fla% bit

to see if the -)D is ready to receive the information. The busy fla% is D and can be read

&hen RCG 1 and RS0# as follo&s; if RCG 1# RS 0. Ghen D1 busy fla% 1# the

-)D is busy ta6in% care of internal operations and &ill not accept any ne& information.

Ghen D 0# the -)D is ready to receive ne& information.

,. OLTAGE REGULATOR

The Di%ital board can use any po&er supply that creates a D) volta%e bet&een * and

1, volts. $ 5@ volta%e re%ulator 805 is used to ensure that no more than 5@ is delivered to

the Di%ital board re%ardless of the volta%e present at the 1, connector provided that volta%e

is less than 1,@D). The re%ulator functions by usin% a diode to clamp the output volta%e at

5@D) re%ardless of the input volta%e ! e+cess volta%e is converted to heat and dissipated

throu%h the body of the re%ulator. If a D) supply of %reater than 1,@ is used# e+cessive heat

&ill be %enerated# and the board may be dama%ed. If a D) supply of less than 5@ is used#

insufficient volta%e &ill be present at the re%ulators output.

,1



Fi%;5.* @olta%e Re%ulator

,., RE!I!TOR!

COLOUR CODE $s Resistors are so small it is not possible to print their resistance

value on the side so a )olour code system is used.

Fi%; 5. )olour )ode >f Resistors

,,



FI<!10., )>2/IA$TI>A >F R9SIST>RS

• RE!I!TOR COMBINATION

R E!I!TOR! IN !ERIE!

Ghen t&o or more resistors are placed end to end they are said to be connected in

series. The positions of resistors in circuits are sho&n by a se"uence of numbers from R1# R,#

R7# up&ards. Aot to be confused &ith their values ,R, =4 etc.Total resistance for resistors

in series is R R1 Q R,

R E!I!TOR IN PARALLEL

Ghen t&o or more resistors are placed side by side they are said to be connected in

parallel. Total resistance for t&o resistors in parallel is R R1 + R,C R1 Q R,.

,7



R E!I!TOR! IN !ERIE! @ PARALLEL

The total resistance for resistors placed in a combination of series and parallel is

found in sta%es. First add the t&o resistors in series. Then find the total resistance.

R= R1 QR, Then R R= + R7 C R= Q R7

This can be combined into R1 Q R, + R7 C R1 Q R, Q R7

,. CAPACITOR

The capacitorHs function is to store electricity# or electrical ener%y. The capacitor also

functions as a filter# passin% alternatin% current $)# and bloc6in% direct current D).

This symbol is used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit dia%ram. The capacitor is constructed

&ith t&o electrode plates facin% each other# but separated by an insulator. Ghen D) volta%e

is applied to the capacitor# an electric char%e is stored on each electrode. Ghile the capacitor

is char%in% up# current flo&s.

• ELECTROL#TIC CAPACITOR ;ELECTROCHEMICAL T#PE CAPACITOR )

$luminum is used for the electrodes by usin% a thin o+idi3ation membrane.

-ar%e values of capacitance can be obtained in comparison &ith the si3e of the

capacitor# because the dielectric used is very thin

Fi%5.8E LECTROL

#TIC

CAPACITOR

,=



• CERAMIC CAPACITOR!

)eramic capacitors are constructed &ith materials such as titanium acid barium used

as the dielectric. Internally# these capacitors are not constructed as a coil# so they can be used

in hi%h fre"uency applications. Typically# they are used in circuits &hich bypass hi%h

fre"uency si%nals to %round. These capacitors have the shape of a dis6. Their capacitance is

comparatively small.

Fi%;5.( )eramic )apacitor

• MICACAPACITOR

These capacitors use 2ica for the dielectric. 2ica capacitors have %ood stability

because their temperature coefficient is small. /ecause their fre"uency characteristic

is e+cellent# they are used for resonance circuits# and hi%h fre"uency filters. $lso# they

have %ood insulation# and so can be utili3ed in hi%h volta%e circuits. It &as often used

for vacuum tube styleradio transmitters#etc.

2ica capacitors do not have hi%h values of capacitance# and they can be relatively

9+pensive.

Fi%;5.( 2ica )apacitor

,5



,.? DC MOTOR

'ere slo& speed dc motor &ith %ear bo+ to reduce the speed of the platform. This type of

%ear motor is %ettin% from the second hand machine. Supply volta%e of this dc motor is * to (

volt dc. $s &e vary the volta%e speed is also vary. )urrent consumption of dc motor is ,00

ma. It is also possible to use a stepper motor. If &e use stepper motor then &e re"uire a hi%h

current supply. Aormal stepper motors re"uire a minimum 1 $ po&er supply.

/rushless D) motors use a rotatin% permanent ma%net in the rotor# and stationary

electrical ma%nets on the motor housin%. $ motor controller converts D) to $). This desi%n

is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of transferrin%

po&er from outside the motor to the spinnin% rotor. $dvanta%es of brushless motors includelon% life span# little or no maintenance# and hi%h efficiency. Disadvanta%es include hi%h

initial cost# and more complicated motor speed controllers

Fi%; 5.10 Dc 2otor

,.- PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD:8The use of miniaturi3ation and sub miniaturi3ation in electronic e"uipment desi%n has

been responsible for the introduction of a ne& techni"ue in inters component &irin% and

assembly that is popularly 6no&n as printed circuit.

The printed circuit boards )/s consist of an insulatin% substrate material &ith metallic

circuitry photo chemically formed upon that substrate. Thus )/ provides sufficient

mechanical support and necessary electrical connections for an electronic circuit.

,*

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current

http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.germes-online.com/direct/dbimage/50164827/DC_Motor.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.germes-online.com/catalog/63/68/1201/38903/sell_da_no_water_needed_urinal_attachment.html&h=360&w=360&sz=20&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=MOFZ33FKBNkdrM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=121&prev=/images?q=dc+motor&um=1&hl=en&sa=N

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current



A'<ataes /0 *r%te' (%r(u%t /ar's: 8

1 )ircuit characteristics can be maintained &ithout introducin% variations

inter circuit capacitance.

, Gave solderin% or vapour phase reflo& solderin% can mechani3e

component &irin% and assembly.

7 2ass production can be achieved at lo&er cost.

= The si3e of component assembly can be reduced &ith correspondin%

decrease in &ei%ht.

5 Inspection time is reduced as probability of error is eliminated.

T*es /0 PCBs: 8

There are four ma:or types of )/Es; !

1 Sin%le sided )/; ! In this# copper trac6s are on one side of the board# and are the

simplest form of )/. These are simplest to manufacture thus have lo& production

cost.

, Double sided )/;! In this# copper trac6s are provided on both sides of the substrate.

To achieve the connections bet&een the boards# hole platin% is done# &hich increase

the manufacturin% comple+ity.

7 2ultilayered )/; ! In this# t&o or more pieces of dielectric substrate material &ith

circuitry formed upon them are stac6ed up and bonded to%ether. 9lectrically

connections are established from one side to the other and to the layer circuitry by

drilled holes# &hich are subse"uently plated throu%h copper.

= Fle+ible )/; ! Fle+ible circuit is basically a hi%hly fle+ible variant of the

conventional ri%id printed circuit board theme.

PCB Mau0a(tur% Pr/(ess: 8

There are a number of different processes# &hich are used to manufacture a )/# &hich is

ready for component assembly# from a copper clad base material. These processes are as

follo&s

,



reprocessin%; ! This consists of initial preparation of a copper clad laminate ready

for subse"uent processin%. Ae+t is to drill toolin% holes. assin% a board throu%h

rollers performs cleanin% operation.

hotolitho%raphy; ! This process for )/s involves the e+posure of a photo resistmaterial to li%ht throu%h a mas6. This is used for definin% copper trac6 and land

patterns.

9tchin%; ! The etchin% process is performed by e+posin% the surface of the board to an

etchant solution &hich dissolves a&ay the e+posed copper areas .The different

solutions used are; Fe)l# )u)l# etc.

Drillin%; ! Drillin% is used to create the component lead holes and throu%h holes in a

)/ .The drillin% can be done before or after the trac6 areas have been defined. Solder 2as6in%; ! It is the process of applyin% or%anic coatin%s selectively to those

areas &here no solder &ettin%s is needed .The solder mas6 is applied by screen!

printin%.

2etal latin%; ! The platin% is done to ensure protection of the copper trac6s and

establish connection bet&een different layers of multiplayer boards. )/s are stac6ed

before bein% ta6en for final assembly of components .The )/ should retain its solder

ability.

/are!/oard Testin%; ! 9ach board needs to ensure that the re"uired connections e+ist#

that there are no short circuits and holes are properly placed .The testin% usually

consists of visual inspection and continuity testin%.

,.+ KEIL !OFT"ARE:

2any companies provide the 8051 assembler# some of them provide share&are

version of their product on the Geb# 4iel is one of them. Ge can do&nload them from their

Gebsites. 'o&ever# the si3e of code for these share&are versions is limited and &e have to

consider &hich assembler is suitable for our application.

• Ke%$ U<%s%/2:

This is an ID9 Inte%rated Development 9nvironment that helps you &rite# compile#

and debu% embedded pro%rams. It encapsulates the follo&in% components;

$ pro:ect mana%er

$ ma6e facility

,8



Tool confi%uration

9ditor

$ po&erful debu%%er

To %et start here are some several e+ample pro%rams

• Bu%$'% a A**$%(at%/ % U<%s%/2:

To build compile# assemble# and lin6 an application in u@ision,# you must;

Select ro:ectU>pen ro:ect

For e+ample# C1E5AMPLE!HELLOHELLO.U2

Select ro:ect ! Rebuild all tar%et files or /uild tar%et. ?@ision, compiles# assembles# and

lin6s the files in your pro:ect.

• Creat% /ur O7 A**$%(at%/ % U<%s%/2:

To create a ne& pro:ect in u@ision,# you must;

Select ro:ect ! Ae& ro:ect.

Select a directory and enter the name of the pro:ect file.

Select ro:ect ! Select Device and select an 8051# ,51# or )1*+CST10 device

from the Device

Database

)reate source files to add to the pro:ect.

Select ro:ect ! Tar%ets# <roups# and Files. $ddCFiles# select Source <roup1#

and add the source files to the pro:ect.

Select ro:ect ! >ptions and set the tool options. Aote &hen you select the

tar%et device from the Device Database all!special options are set automatically. ou

only need to confi%ure the memory map of your tar%et hard&are. Default memory model

settin%s are optimal for most.

• A**$%(at%/s:

Select ro:ect ! Rebuild all tar%et files or /uild tar%et.

• Deu% a A**$%(at%/ % U<%s%/2:

To debu% an application created usin% u@ision,# you must;

Select Debu% ! StartCStop Debu% Session.

?se the Step toolbar buttons to sin%le!step throu%h your pro%ram.

ou may enter <# main in the >utput Gindo& to e+ecute to the main ) function.

,(



>pen the Serial Gindo& usin% the Serial V1 button on the toolbar.

Debu% your pro%ram usin% standard options li6e Step# <o# /rea6# and

So on.

,.1 PROTEU!:roteus is the embedded system simulation and developin% platform developed by

/ritain -ab center )ompany# this soft&are has the follo&in% characteristics;

)an carry on the intellectual principle /ututB The ones that paid soft&are

debu%%in% and one!chip computer and peripheral circuit of the one!chip computer# in

coordination &ith emulationB 2eet the standard of the one!chip computer soft&are simulation

system.

Support common one!chip computer type and 'I-IS )o. $R2 series -)

rocessor and common peripheral device# li6e 8,55# $D)080(.

)an &ith 7 4eil @ersion# $DSl t&o inte%rated development environment combine#

until and after the pro%ram compilin% that lan%ua%e ) &rite &ith collect# carry on the system

simulation that the soft&are and hard&are combines.

,.11 L2+3D IC

• *00m$ >?T?T )?RR9AT )$$/I-IT 9R )'$AA9-

• 1.,$ 9$4 >?T?T )?RR9AT non repetitive 9R )'$AA9-

• 9A$/-9 F$)I-IT

• >@9RT929R$T?R9R>T9)TI>A

• -><I)$- P0P IA?T @>-T$<9 ? T> 1.5 @ 'I<' A>IS9 I22?AIT

• IAT9RA$- )-$2 DI>D9S

DE!CRIPTION

The Device is a monolithic inte%rated hi%h volta%e# hi%h current four channel driver

desi%ned toaccept standard DT- or TT- lo%ic levels and drive inductive loads such as relays

solenoides# D) and steppin% motors and s&itchin% po&er transistors. To simplify use as t&o

brid%es each pair of channels is e"uipped &ith an enable input. $ separate supply input is

provided for the lo%ic# allo&in% operation at a lo&er volta%e and internal clamp diodes are

included.

70



This device is suitable for use in s&itchin% applications at fre"uencies up to 5 6'3. The

-,(7D is assembled in a 1* lead plastic pac6aa%e &hich has = center pins connected to%ether

and used for heatsin6in% The -,(7DD is assembled in a ,0 lead surface mount &hich has 8

center pins connected to%ether and used for heatsin6in%.

Fi%; 5.11 /loc6 dia%ram of -,7(D

,.12 E=UIPMENT! RE=UIRED

The various tools and e"uipments re"uired for construction of an intercom are %iven

belo&; !

1. Solder 6it consist of;

a. Solderin% iron.

b. Solderin% &ire.

c. Flu+.

,. )ombination pliers.

7. T&ee3ers

=. -on% nose pliers

5. en 6nife

*. /rushes.

. Scre& drivers.

71



8. Small files.

(. )utter

10. )lipper

11. /readboard.

PRECAUTION!

1. The "uantity of solderin% of component on )/ should be %ood "uantity.

,. The component fitted on the )/ should loosely fit.

7. Do not touch the )/ layer &ith hands and for fittin% component use lon% nose

liers only.

=. ?se ,5 & pencil bit solderin% iron only.

7,



CHAPTER.

CODING

VincludeWre%51.hX

sfr ldata0+0a0B

sbit en7YB

sbit r& 7Y*B

sbit rs7Y5B

int msdelayvoidB

int delayvoid B

sbit s11Y0B

sbit s,1Y1B

sbit s71Y,B

sbit s=1Y7B

sbit vt1Y=B

int "B

unsi%ned char lcddataunsi%ned charBunsi%ned char lcdcmdunsi%ned charB

unsi%ned char arivZ[\L/?S $T -$ST ST>L]B

unsi%ned char ariv1Z[\L D>>R >9A L]B

unsi%ned char ariv,Z[\L D>>R )->S9D L]B

unsi%ned char &elZ[\L^^^^ G9-)>29 ^^^L]B

void mainvoid

\ int iB

lcdcmd0+78B

delayB

lcdcmd0+0eB

delayB

lcdcmd0+01B

delayB

77



lcdcmd0+0*B

delayB

lcdcmd0+80B

delayB

CC 10+ffB

vt1B

&hile1\

"0B

&hilevt1\

if"0\

s11B

s,0B

]

"QQB

delayBdelayBdelayBdelayBdelayBdelayBdelayB

delayBdelayBdelayBdelayBdelayBdelayBdelayB

s10B

s,0B

lcdcmd0+01B

delayB

lcdcmd0+80B

delayB

fori0BiW15BiQQ\

lcddataariv1Zi[B

delayB

]

]

s10B

s,0B

lcdcmd0+01B

delayB

7=



lcdcmd0+80B

delayB

fori0BiW15BiQQ\

lcddataariv,Zi[B

delayB

]

]

]

unsi%ned char lcdcmdunsi%ned char value

\

ldatavalueB

rs0B

r&0B

en1B

msdelayB

en0B

return B

]

unsi%ned char lcddataunsi%ned char value

\

ldatavalueB

rs1B

r&0B

en1B

msdelayB

en0B

return B

]

int delayvoid

\ int i0#:0B

fori0BiW100BiQQ

\

75



for:0B:W100B:QQ

\]

]

]

int msdelayvoid

\

int i0B

fori0BiW500BiQQ

\]

]

7*



CHAPTER?.

APPLICATION

^ RFID is used for many applications such as;$utomated electronic toll stations &hich can

identifyvehicles passin% throu%h &ithout havin% to stop and then debits their account.

Identify and monitor railcars and containers. RFID ta%s help farmers trac6 their farm animals#

and is used in &ildlifeconservation. $lso helps to identify our animalcompanions if they

should ever become lost.

^ )ustomerscan pay for their fuel at the pump &ith :ust a &ave of their 6ey ta%. $n increase

in demand has beenseen for security applications such as homeland security# employee

identification# %ainin% entrance andcontrollin% access of vehicles to buildin%s# %ated

communities# corporate campuses and airports.

^ Some other current uses for RFID include &aste mana%ement# automatin% par6in% and

mana%in%traffic# the dispensin% of all types of products# providin% s6i lift access# the trac6in%

of library boo6s andmore.

^ 2a:or %ro&th in the future of RFID &ill come from real!time location systems RT-S#

assetmana%ement# ba%%a%e handlin% and cash less payment systems. /usiness se%ments such

as retail#lo%istics# &arehousin% and manufacturin% &ill %reatly benefit from an increase in

supply chain.

7



CHAPTER -.

COCLU!ION

In conclusion# the ob:ective to build an RFID based attendance system &ith a door unit &as

successfully achieved. In terms of performance and efficiency# this pro:ect has provided a

convenient method of attendance mar6in% compared to the traditional method of attendance

system. /y usin% databases# the data is more or%ani3ed. This system is also a user friendly

system as data manipulation and retrieval can be done via the interface# ma6in% it a universal

attendance system. Thus# it can be implemented in either an academic institution or in

or%ani3ations.

'o&ever# some further improvements can be made on this RFID in order to increase

its reliability and effectiveness. ^/y incorporated an indicator or an -)D screen in the

system to indicate &hen an unre%istered card is scanned. ^$n I camera can be inte%rated

into this system to enable the monitor to vie& the person &ho ma6es the transaction to avoid

a problem of a person scannin% in for another person. ^$ reminder alert also can be

developed to effectively trac6 any ID that has been absent for an unacceptable times in a ro&.^Finally# this attendance system can be improved by addin% a feature &here the attendance

system indicates &hen an employee or a student is late for &or6 or classes as the case maybe.

78



CHAPTER+.

REFERENCE!

TE5T BOOK! REFERED:

1. OThe 8051 2icrocontroller and 9mbedded SystemsP by 2uhammad $li 2a3idi and anice

<illispie 2a3idi# earson 9ducation.

,. 8051 2icrocontroller $rchitecture# pro%rammin% and application by 49AA9T'

$$-$

7. $T29- 8()51 Data sheet

"EB!ITE! IE"ED:

777.at9e$.(/9

777.'a$$asse9%(/'u(t/rs.(/9

777.9a%98%(.(/9

777.a$$'atas6eets.(/9

777.'%%.(/9

777.7%%*e'%a./r

thaneshwar - rfid report

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