Thailand Pricing and Marketing Policy for … No. 4963-TH Thailand Pricing and Marketing Policy for...

Report No. 4963-TH

ThailandPricing and Marketing Policy forIntensification of Rice Agriculture(In Two Volumes) Volume II: Supporting Tables

September 7, 1984

Projects DepartmentEast Asia and Pacific Regional Offki:e

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Document of the World Bank

This report has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients onlyin the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise bedisclosed without World Bank authorization.

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

$1 = B (Baht) 238 1 = $0.04

METRIC EQUIVALENTS

1 hectare (ha) - 2.47 acres = 6.25 rai1 meter (m) - 3.28 feet1 kilometer (km) - 0.62 mile1 kilogram (kg) - 2.2. pounds

THAI FISCAL YEAR

October 1 - September 30

ABBREVIATIONS

AFCT - Agricultural Federation of Cooperatives ofThailand

BAAC - Bank for Agriculture and AgriculturalCooperatives

DFT - Department of Foreign Trade, Ministry of CommerceDIT - Department of Internal Trade, Ministry of

CommerceETO - Express Transport OrganizationFAF Farmers Aid FundGOT - Government of ThailandMOAC - Ministry of Agriculture and CooperativesMOF - Marketing Organization of FarmersNESDB - National Economic and Social Development BoardNFC - National Fertilizer CorporationOAE - Office of Agricultural Economics, MOACPWO - Public Warehouse OrganizationRPC - Rice Policy Committee

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Table of Contents

VOLUME I: THE MAIN REPORT

Page No.

PREFACE ...... ..... ..0 .*****......................... a...... vi

I. OBJECTIVES AND SUMMARY ................... s e......*............ 1

II. THE ROLE OF RICE ............... .......... .. e.***.... 5A. The Nature of the World Rice Market ................... , 5B. The Role of Rice Pricing in the Thai Economy ........... o. 5C. The Role of Thailand in the International Rice Market ... BD. Taxation as a Means of Extracting an Investible

Agricultural Surplus .................................. 9

III. OBJECTIVES AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT OF PRICE INTERVENTIONIN RICE AGRICULTURE ..* ....... o*** ... .o*o.o................... 11A. Structure of Rice Taxation .... . ... *....... o..*. ...... .. 11B. Rice Policy Objectives ..... ..........o...................... 12C. Rice Price Support Programs .. ........................... 13D. Rice Marketing Efficiency and Price Transmission ........ 17E. Comparing the Effectiveness of Past Policy Instruments .. 17

IV. POLICY TRADE-OFFS FOR INTENSIFICATION ........ &* ...... ... 18A. Present Status of Intensification in Rice Production .... 18B. Increasing Use of Fertilizer and Other Modern Inputs .... 20

Fertilizer, ... o.................. o.................................. 20Agro-Pesticide Use.. ............. 600*@*@ ......... ..... . 23

C. Effects of Rice Tax Reform on Rice Supply and Welfare ... 23D. Combining Tax Reform with Price Stabilization ........... 27

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .... o ....... o............... 31A. Intensification and Government's Cheap

Rice Policy ............................ 31B. Achieving Intensification while Preserving Stability in

the Domestic Price of Rice ............. .......... 32C. Recommendations for Reform of Rice Export Taxation ...... 32D. The Need for Government Procurement ..................... 34E. Promoting Greater Fertilizer Availability and Use ....... 34F. Institutional Implications ... ........................... 35G. Implications For Poverty Alleviation ....... ......... ..... . 36

REFERENCES oeowe.v....................... o...o......... ...........*.- 37

This document has a resricd distribuion and may be used by recipients only in the peformance ofther official duies. Its contents may wt otherwise be discsed vithout World Bank authorizatio

- ii -

Page No.APPENDICES

1. Rice Taxation in Relation to Other Pricing Distortions....... 39A. Taxes and Subsidies.............. ...*.................... 39B. Distortion of Gross Margins.............................. 40

2. Government Procurement and Marketing Programs ................. 45A& Introduction .............. ....... S 45B. Rice Purchasing for Price Support and Stabilization...... 45C. Subsidized Fertilizer Distribution ........................ 53

3. The Efficiency of Marketing and Government's Role.o.......... 64A. Introduction ............................................. 64B. Price Determ!,nation and Transmission ...................... 65C. Market Efficiency ........... 6.... 67D. Market Information... ..... . . ....... 69E. The Role for Government ................................. 69

4. Government Agricultural Price Policy Making and the Role of Rice 75A. General Price Policy Naking.............................. 75B. Rice Policy Making .............. 77

CHART

WB 23075 Organization Chart of Organizational Agencies Involved inAgr t'aitural Development in Thailand 83

MAP

IBRD 15912R THAILAND: Sub-Regions, Agro-Ecological Zones and Per CapitaIncome

- iii -

VOLUME II: SUPPORTING TABLES

Page No.

I. AGRICULTURE IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE .................... 11.01 The Agricultural Economy of Thailand in Regional

Perspective Changes 1970-1980 ....................... 21.02 Growth of Cereal Produietion and Population in the 1970s

and Cereals Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) in SoutheastAsia * ....... ******.................******* 3

1.03 Cereals Productivity, Percentage Irrigated Land andFertilizer Use in Southeast Asia .................... 4

1.04 Fertilizer Use and Rice Yields for Selected Countries inAsia ................................................ 5

1.05 Fertilizer Retail Prices for Selected Products,December 1981 ........... ; 6

1.06 Fertilizer Use by Product ............................. 71.07 Estimated Fertilizer Use on Rice (DDD mt NPK), from

Chemical Sources, Selected Locations in Asia,1960-1980 ...................................................... 8

1.08 Producer Prices of Paddy (Rough Rice), Selected Locationsin Asia, 1960 to 1981 ............................... 9

1.09 Area, Production and Yield of Paddy (Rough Rice)by Country - Asia, 1979 to 1981...................... 11

_.PRICES .,*o**.**,,.,...... 12.2.01 Average Wholesale Prices (Bangkok) of Selected Agriculture

Commodities, 1960-80 ..... o.00......0.... ...... 6...... 132.02 Development of Producer Prices of Major Commodities in

Thailand, 1967-81 .. ......... g ................... 142.03 Export and Domestic Prices of Rice and Paddy............ 152.04 Fertilizer Nutrient Price and.Selected Nutrient to Crop

'Price Ratios **eeeee............. ............. 162.05 CIF Price, Bangkok Price and Local Price of Ammonium

Sulphate and 16-20-0 Fertilizer Formula, 1963-83 ... o 172.06 CIF Prices for Ammonium Sulphate, Urea and Ammonium

Phosphate, 1963-83 ....... .. *.. ... .......... ....... 182.07 Output/Fertilizer Price Ratios, Thailand, 1967-80 ..... 192.08 Fertilizer and Paddy Prices ........................... 202.09 Comparison of Short Run and Long Run Elasticities

of Area Planted in Rice with Respect to Price ofRice, 1937-1963 and 1963-1977 ......................... 21

FIGURES2.10 Export and Wholesale prices for 5Z Rice ................0 222.11 Farm Paddy Price and Bangkok Whole Sale Rice Price..... 232.12 Rate of Price Appreciation and Storage Cost Rate

Northeast (Khon Kaen) ............... .......... ...... 24

- iv -

2.13 Relationship between Paddy Prices, Yield andFertilizer Use .............. . . ... . 25

III. TAXES AND LEVIES .......................... ................... 263.01 Rice Export Premium .... ................. ....... .e. .... 273.02 Rice Reserve Requirement ................... . .... . 283.03 Export Taxes and Central Government Revenue ............. 293.04 Proportion of Export Taxes to Total

Government Revenues .......... .. ........ . 30

IV. RICE PRICE SUPPORT AGENCIES AND PROGRAMS ...................... 314.01 MOF: Paddy Bought in Relation to Changwat Allocation

and Market Surplus, 1982/83 .......................... 324.02 Estimates of Extra Margins Accruing to Various Groups,

by Source of Gain .............. o ..................... 344.03 Ratio of MOF Paddy ?rocurement in each Changwat to

Output of Major Crop and Total Procurement, 1982/83 ... 354.04 Financial Transfers under the MOF Paddy Procurement

Program, 1982/83 ..... . ......... 0 ............ 364.05 FAE's Allocation of All Projects by Agency Classifica-

tion, FY75-82 ........................................ 374.06 FAP's Total Allocation, by Func.tional Classification,

PY75-82 .......................................... o.............. 384.07 Total Amount Drawn from FAF by Functional Classifica-

tion, PY75-82 ................. . .. . .................. 39

V. RICE PRODUCTION, EXPORTS AND FARM SURPLUSES ................... 405.01 Paddy and Rice Supply by Glutinous and

Nonglutinous Varieties .. 415.02 Paddy Production and Rice Exports ....................... 425.03 Incidence of Agricultural and Rice Surpluses ............ 435.04 Proportion of Agricultural Households by Types and

Income Groups, 1975/76 .............................. 445.05 Agricultural Sales from Rice Farms, by Subregion,

1975/76 ............................................... 45

VI. GROSS MARGINS FOR RICE AND RELATED CROPS...................... 466.01 Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model Al -

Paddy for the Northern Region, 1980/81 ....... a ...... 476.02 Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model A2 -

Non-Glutinous Paddy for the Northeast Region, 1980/81 486.03 Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model A3 -

Paddy for the Central and Western Central Region,1980/81 ...................... ..... a.. 49

6.04 Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model A4 -Paddy for the Southern Region, 1980/81 . . 50

6.05 Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model B1Glutinous Paddy for the Northern Region, 1980/81 51

6.06 Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model B2 -

Glutinous Paddy for the Northeast Region, 1980181 526.07 Financial and Economic Costs and Returns:

Models Cl and C2 - Corn and Mungbean.......... 53

6.08 Financial and Economic Costs and Returns:Models C3, C5, C6 - Cassava, Peanut and KenafProduction 1980/81 .. * * * .** ******.................................* 54

6.09 Financial and Economic Costs and Returns:Model C4 - Sugarcane Production 1980/81 .............. 55

6.10 Details on Financial Cost: Model Al - Paddy for theNorthern Region, 1980/81 .......... 0 ....... ....... ...... 56

6.11 Details on Financial Cost: Model A2 - Paddy for theNorthern Region, 1980/81 ............. .. o.-.*.. 57

6.12 Details on Financial Cost: Model A3 - Paddy for theWestern Central Region, 1980/81 .................... 58

6.13 Details on Financial Cost: Model B1 - Paddy (Glutinous)for the Northern Region, 1980/81 ..................... 59

6.14 Details on Financial Cost: Model B2 - Paddy (Glutinous)for the Northern Region, 1980/81 ...................... 60

6.15 Details on Financial Cost: Model Cl - Corn for theLower North Region, 1980/81 ........................ 61

6.16 Details on Financial Cost: Model C2 - Mungbean for theLower Northeast Region, 1980/81....................... 62

6.17 Details on Financial Cost: Model C3 - Cassava for theNortheast Region, 1980/81 ............ * ............ o.. 63

6.18 Details on Financial Cost: Model C4 - Sugarcane for theWestern Central Region, 1980/81 ...................... 64

6.19 Details on Financial Cost: Model C5 - Peanut for theLower Northeast Region, 1980/81 ...................... 65

6.20 Details on Financial Cost: Model C6 - Kenaf for theNortheast Region, 1980/81 ............................ 66

VII. FERTILIZER AND AGRO-PESTICIDE USE AND FINANCE ................. 677.01 Quantity of Fertilizer Used by Crops, 1976-82 .. o....... 687.02 Average Fertilizer Application Rate, Thailand, 1973/74

and 1978/79 Crop Years .................... .... 697.03 Fertilizer Consumption by Crop and by Region. 1981 707.04 Fertilizer Used in Thailand, 1969-83 ............... 717.05 Projection of Thailand's Fertilizer Demand - By Nutrient,

1982-92 ................... ... 727.06 Use of Farm Pesticides Classified by Type of Use,

1973-81 ........ ......... .... ...... 737.07 Estimated Fertilizer Use on Rice, 1981 .....* ........... 747.08 Use of Fertilizer on Paddy, 1981 ....................... 757.09 The Use of Fertilizer under BAAC Credit-in-Kind Program,

1980/83 ...................................................... oeo 767.10 Fertilizer Quantitites Financed through Institutional

Credit in Thailand, 1975-79 ............... ..... 777.11 MOF Fertilizer Distribution by Province and Agro-Economic

Zonel, 1977-82 ........ ............................................ 787.12 Components of Short-Term Production Loans to Individual

Farmers by Bank of Bangkok 1970-82 ................... 807.13 Accumulated Irrigable Crop Area in Thailand, 1968/69-

1985/86 ................................................ - .... 81

- vi -

BACKGROUND PAPERS*

1. Financial and Economic Analysis of Farm Enterprise Models by Hyung Kim

2. Institutional Basis of Thai Rice Price Policies by Anmar Siamwalla andKanok Wongtrangan

3. A Study of Price Transmission, Market Distortions and Subregional Effectsfor Selected Agricultural Commodities by Chaiwat Konjing

4. Pricing Policy and Resource Use in Paddy Farming - Case Study of theNorthern Chao Phya Area by John Weatherhogg and Phillip Judd

5. A Study of the Supply and Welfare Effects of Rice Price Policy, SelectedFarm Households, Northeast and Upper North Regions of Thailand by GeraldO'Mara and Vinh Le-Si

6. Evaluation of Covernments Rice Procurement Policy in 1982/83 - TheOperation of the Marketing Organization of Farmers by Chirmsak Pinthong

7. Increasing Fertilizer Use - The Effects of Market Imperfections andCovernment Interventions by Ebhard Reusse and Choeng-Hoy Chung

- =Available on Request from East Asia Projects Department, World Bank,Washington, D.C. 20433.

- vii -

PREFACE

This report presents the findings of a mission which visitedThailand in July 1983. This mission comprised: Choeng-Hoy Chung (Chief),Gerald O'Mara, Hyung Kim, Enr'que Rueda-Sabater (Bank) and John Weatherhoggand Ebhard Reusse (FAO/CP). Studies were also undertaken for the mission byPhillip Judd, Chirmsak Pinthong, Chaiwat Konjing and Ammar Siamwalla. Back-ground papers (available on request) are listed at the end of the Table ofContents. Governmentscomments have been incorporated following discussions ofthe report with Government on July 16-18, 1984.

The work of this mission complements earlier effort to: (a) iden-tify program and policy priorities for the overall agricultural sector (seeWorld Bank Report No. 3705a-TH, December 1982); and (b) analyze overallpricing and marketing policy (see Ammar Siamwalla and others, Thailand -Agricultural Marketing and Pricing Policy, March 1981). The first focusses onproduction improvement programs and the importance of various constraints toimproving production. The latter covers pricing and marketing for a largenumber of agricultural products but emphasized trade, domestic consumption andgeneral marketing problems. The objective of this study is to evaluate theimpact of pricing and marketing policy for rice with emphasis on intensifica-tion and input use and the welfare and efficiency effects on variouscategories of rice farmers in Thailand. It also evaluates the financialimplications of key pricing and marketing policies and programs affecting riceagriculture.

A number of the mission's recommendations have been adopted byGovernment. It has, for example, scaled down its rice and paddy purchaseprograms and has initiated measures to make more urea fertilizer available at alower cost. Government has also agreed to reduce its costly program forsubsidized rice fertilizer and would further investigate the feasibility ofintroducing a more automatic system of taxes and subsidies to stabilize riceprices.

The mission is particularly indebted to NESDB for their support andto the Office of Agricultural Economics, Land Development Department, KhonKaen University and Chiangmai University for data assistance.

THAILAND


I. Agriculture In International Perspective

-2 - Table 1.01

THAILAND

PRICING AND IJARKETING POLICY FOR INTRNSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

The Agricultural Economy of Thailand in Regional Perspective:Changes 1970-80

(Index numbers for 1980, with 1970 - 100)

Burma Indonesia Thailand Philippines Korea Japan

Population 127 126 128 130 118 112Cultivated land 96 108 131 104 96 89Irrigation area 118 124 135 157 116 98Forest area 100 99 71 77 99 100Agr. production 131 140 165 158 151 101paddy production 157 155 129 148 120 82

Agr. labor force 103 104 118 108 99 60X lab. force in agr. 86 88 94 85 73 53

Tractors 182 153 460 218 2,314 394Fertilizer/ha 309 371 229 162 160 124Paddy yield 148 141 99 133 120 101Cereals yield 150 144 97 123 137 105Variability of agr.

production /a 12 32 35 15 17 4

/a Measured as coefficient of variation for agricultural production.

Source: World Bank Report No. 4366-TH, Thailand - Managing Public Resources forStructural Adjustment, August 31, 1983.

3 Table 1.02

THAILAND

PRICING AND TAEING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Growth of Cereal Production and Population in the 1970s andCereals Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) n Southeast Asia

(Average annual growth in Z)

Cereal production Population 1979/80 SSR (Z) /a

Bangladesh 2.3 2.6 88.0Burma 4.6 2.4 106.9India 2.3 2.1 92.2Indonesia 4.4 2.0 89.3Kampuchea -10.9 -0.2 82.5Lao PDR 1.6 2.3 83.1Malaysia 2.3 2.6 52.1Nepal 0.1 2.3 100.4Pakistan 3.9 2.8 98.7Philippines 4.3 2.8 91.4Sri Lanka 3.4 1.7 61.7Thailand 3.1 2.5 133.0Viet Nan 1.8 2.2 85.6

Southeast Asia 2.7 2.2 -

China 3.8 1.7 96.2

Asia 3.0 2.0 -

Asia ex-China 2.4 2.2

World 2.6 1.9

/a SSR - Production/Apparent Consumption. Apparent consumption is taken asproduction + imports + release from stock - exports - additions to stocks.

Source: "Crop Intensification - The Need of the Future," Address delivered atthe International Rice Research Conference, April 18-22, 1983, IRRI;and Table 3.

- 4 - Table 1.03

THAILAND


Cereals Productivity, Percentage Irrigated Land and Fertilizer Use in Southeast Asia

Cereals yield Irrigated land Rice Fertilizer Doublekg/ha as Z of total irrigation (NPK) used rice crop

Countries 1978-81 cuLtivated Land /a rate /b kg/ha Ic ratio /d

Bangladesh 1,963 17.7 13 44.6 133Burma 2,415 10.0 17 10.5 103India 1,341 23.3 43 29.6 105Indonesia 2,879 27.8 76 44.1 135Kampuchea 936 2.9 7 - 103Lao PDR 1,406. 18.1 9 - 103Malaysia 2,818 8.6 84 103.2 157Nepal 1,606 9.9 28 8.8 103Pakistan 1,607 70.4 75 51.9 108Philippines 1,592 13.1 54 34.6 153Sri Lanka 2,423 24.5 92 71.8 152Thailand 1,944 14.7 35 17.4 105Vietnam 2,064 28.1 38 30.0 121Asia 12621 24.99 41 61.5/e 113China 2,977 46.4 - 129.0 -

/a For 1980.

/b irrigation rate - irrigated harvested area/total harvested area x 100; 1975.

Ic For 1979, based on total arable land and permanent crops.

/d Double crop ratio - total rice area/net rice area x 100; 1975.

/e For Asia including China.

Source: "Rice-Wheat Cropping System in Relation to Agro-Ecological Capability andCereals Production in Southeast Asia," by R.B. Singh, Regional PlantProduction and Protection Officer, FAO Regional Office for Asia and thePacific, Bangkok, January 1983.

_ 5 _ Table 1.04

THAILAND


Fertilizer Use and Rice Yields for Selected Countries in Asia

Paddy/N Fertilizer use (1978) Yield (1979)price ratios (N kg/ha) (ton/ha)

Japan 2.27 449.6 6.2

Korea 1.35 391.9 6.6

Taiwan n.a. 94.0 3.7

Bangladesh 0.62 41.4 1.9

Sri Lanka 0.58 62.5 2.0

Burma 0.51 8.5 2.0

Indonesia 0.93 44.9 3.0

Malaysia 0.41 57.1 2.9

Philippines 0.32 38.5 2.0

India 0.30 26.7 1.8

Pakistan 0.26 44.1 2.5

Thailand 0.26 16.5 1.9

World n.a. 75.4 2.6

Sources: World Bank, EPDCE, Rice Handbook, 1981; FAO, Production Yearbook,1979; and FAO, Fertilizer Yearbook, 1979.

6 - Table 1.05

THAILAND

PRICING AND YARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGFICILTURE

Fertilizer Reta!! Prices for Selected Products, December 198L(US$/meLrIc ton)/a

TripleAmmonium Diammoniun Super- NPK Potassium

Country Urea sulphate phospbate phosphate compound chLoride Remarks(AS) (DAP) (TSP) (15-15-15) (HOP)

Afghanistan 158.10 - 225.30 142.30 177.90 - Subsidized prices December(9-25-25) 17, 1981.

Bangladesh 186.60 - 186.60 134.30/b - 127.20 Subsidized prices per162.50o7 November 7,1981.

Burma 49.20 - - 170.00 69.80 81.70 Subsidized prices since(12-12-19) 1972; fluctuations on

account of currency ratedifferentials.

India 258.50 - 396.00 286.00/c 231.00 143.00 Subsidized maximum pricesexclusive of taxes perJuly 11, 1981.

Indonesia 110.30 102.40 141.80 110.30 110.30 110.30 Subsidized maximum pricessince 1976 for urea, DAP,TSP and 15-15-15 and since1979 for AS and MOP.

Tran 114.50 67.40 152.70 fd - - Subsidized prices since1979.

Malaysia - 202.50 420.50 329.30 406.00 200.20 Average ex-godown pricesaccording to NAFAS InApril 1981.

Nepal 258.30 200.00 - 225.00 229.20 131.00 Subsidized prices perOctober 27, 1980.

Pakistan 187.90 84.90 202.00 - - Subsidized prices perFebruary 24, 1980.

Papua New Guinea 281.70 211.10 - 357.30 - 228.60 Unsubsidized prIces perAugust 1979.

Philippines 318.10 241.60 474.80 - 279.10 285.20 Average subsidized maximum(14-14-14) prices per July 23, 1981.

Republic of Korea 319.50 .142.50 - - 249.70 110.00 Subsidized prices per(17-21-17) December 1, 1980 until

December 23, 1981.

Sri Lanka 134.80 206.70 294.00 130.00 134.80 140.40 Subsidized maximum prices(5-15-15) for Colombo district per

September 16, 1981.

Thailand 313.00 163.00 - - 256.50 265.20 16Z special import duty onurea.

/a IMF exchange rates of November 1981.W Powder TSP.77 Cranular TSP.Td Figures not available.

Source: FADINAP (Fertilizer Advisory, Development and Information Network for Asia and the Pacific, ESCAPIFAO) techni-cal liaison offices.

_ 7 _ Table 1.06

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRlJCULTURE

Fertilizer Use by Product(1,000 metric tons product)

Urea AS DAP TSP MOP Others Total

Afghanistan (1980/81) 74 - 21 7 - 1 103Bangladesh (1981/82) 527 - 49 212 46 9 843Burma (1981/82) 170 - - 6i 6 2 239Fiji (1980/81)/a - 49 - 6 5 13 73India (1981/82) /b 6,726 1,003 737 47 1,163 815 13,491Indonesia (1981/82) 2,021 282 - 644 - 325 3,272Iran (1981/82) /c 602 61 608 5 - 2 1,278Malaysia (1981/82) /d 158 60 15 5 230 591 1,059Nepal (1981/82) /e 25 6 1 - - 543 2,474Pakistan (1981/82) /f 1,316 364 251 - - 543 2,474Philippines (1981/82)T / 307 126 13 1 64 274 785Republic of Korea (1981/82) /h 511 15 - - 44 1,093 1,663Sri Lanka (1981/82) /i 127 76 - 26 61 76 366Thailand (1981/82) Li 21 213 - - 4 554 792

/a Others include mainly SSP.

/b "AS" includes CAN and ammonium chloride; "Others" include SSP, compound and mix-tures.

/c "AS" includes CAN.

/d IFA estimates: "AS" includes ammoniur nitrate; "Others" include SOP, compounds androck phosphate.

/e Others are NPK (20-20-0), (23-23-0) and (15-15-15).

/f "AS" includes CAN, "Others" include SSP, SPO, compounds and mixtures.

I "AS" includes CAN and ammonium chloride; "Others" includes NPK (16-20-0) and(14-14-14).

/h "Others" includes compounds (mainly NPK (17-21-17) and (21-17-17)) and fused (super)phosphates.

Ii "Others" includes rock phosphate, apatite and compounds.

ai "Others" includes various mixtures, most common NPK (16-20-0).

Source: "News in Brief," "Comparative Economic Indicators of the Fertilizer Sector inSelected Developing Countries of the Asia-Pacific Region," December 1982,FADINAP/ARSAP, Agriculture Division, ESCAP, Bangkok, Thailand.

Table 1.07

wCu AM MAR1to IMC POLcICY at FORIRMTMFCsTIOnM OF nRC ACIICtULTURg.

ftatdForth leer U.s. onicle From esica MSorae, Selected Locatlonu In hats. 1960-N0('000 a Kmt)

Saas4sdesk 8uru Intta ledonesia Japan S. 1ore W, HR1aaYta Patlata Pbttlppitns Sri Lanka Taiwan. China Thailan/a /b C id It /f ib It 11 /k /1

1960 7.1 - 76.3 - 1.094.2 107.1 - 3.1 21.8 - 119.4 4.61961 7.2 - 106.3 19.2 13122.1 120.1 - 3. 29.6 7.3 130.9 6.21962 6.6 4.4 144.7 59.1 1.059.2 119.7 - 6.0 13.0 10.1 143.3 8.71963 15.7 3.0 174.0 57.2 1,066.3 131.4 - 6.9 26.8/. 12.3 141.5 12.41964 14.4 6.1 247.4 65.3 3,024.4 137.1 - 8.7 26.5- 16.0 168.1 17.4I965 17.3 4.7 251.3 74.2 1.064.1 127.9 18.5/. 7.1 17.4 3l.5 155.6 13.31966 24.3 5.8 352.2 67.2 1.031.6 158.6fe 21.2 11.2 35.2/u 14.0 160.7 22.11967 30.7 33.9 539.2 39.6 1.068.3 191.2 26.4 19.0 66.5 24.9 174.8 42.3196l 34.6 13.6 563.4 97.1 1.248.2 161.37; 27.9 21.5 61.0 30.2 176.T 57.21969 61.5 24.6 634.6/a 151.8 1.201.2 205.37; 32.1 30.8 56.9/. 29.7 171.6 61.61970 45. 13.3 700.9 159.7 1.275.3 195.57 36.8/u 28.3 73.17; 32.4 57.4 42.91971 36.5 20.9 776.1 183.5 1.076.4 196.92i 37.3 38.2 79.97; 39.4 122.3 35.3t972 58.3 28.3 854.9 204.9 936.5 217.7 36.6 44.0/. 95.67; 39.4 94.2 63.91973 58.2 17.1 944.2 307.0 917.3 240.7 39.8. &o0.o7; 1i6.4- 54.0 156.0 6 .01974 41.3 32.1 1.042.9 317.2 914.6 266.2 40.27; 43.0 66.2 43.5 162.6 61.31975 69.0 40.0 151.8/a 342.1 880.6 294.3 40.5; 64.0 98.3 21.1 179.5 85.61976 77.2 41.4 1,351.4 369.4 1.013.6 213.7 40.ST. 76.0 106.8 33.9 188.6 110.0/.1977 104.11- 48.5 1.631.6 461.6 1.020.3 250.3 a.&. U6.0 131.0 55.5 213.2 133.21976 113.6 71.9 I.334.4 572.6 1.039.5 296.1 n.e. 106.0 147.2 62.5 185.3 131.31971 130.2 77.5 2.002.0 641.8 1.013.4 289.4 a.S. 125.0 347.0 59.2 178.3 195.31980 132.9 64.3 2.305.9 922.1 785.1 280.5 n.m. n.e. 145.8 94.2 193.9 174.6

Ares ('000 ha) 10.309 '.677 30.773 9.005 2.377 1.233 713 2.0O4 3.459 865 637 9,6001960 hjiba 12.9 18.0 58.0 102.4 330.3 227.5 n.e. 61 5 42.2 111.5 304.4 38.2

/a A_samd as 322 of total crop consmtion. For 1977 - actual rice conamprln baaed on A. Ilquc. country report "ianu1adeb.' la APO Pertilleer Dilrt-tattoo In Selected 4atas Countris (Tokyo. 1979). 1975-80 - oa_md eca percent as 1977. Source of totl crop consauptlon - 1950-71 - RengladeebAgricutueral Corporation a abn in lItnatry of Agricultere. lacgladeab Ariculture In Statiatics U1acca. 1973). 1972-76 - FAD Annual ertllizerReview. 1978-0 - PAO Menthly Bulletis of Statistice. Vol. 5. Mo. 3. March 1982.

/b Scarce of totel crop consuption - IPA AnmAl Renew and rAo Fertiltier Yearbook. rot percent of total conamptton used for rice - unualstry of amningaNd Ftn_s. eparc to the Pyithu Ituctcw on the Financial and Socitl Cadition of the Soct ltst Republic of the 0nlon of bana. 1976/77 to 19121/3.

/4 Prior co 1969. asaumd a 322 of total crop eonnmption bmaad on Da-it GCm. "Nitrogen Uae and Poodgratn Production, IndIa, 1973/74, 1978/79 and1983/64." trauionnl paper go. 55. Cornell Univeraity, AtSAD Emloyment and Income Diatributlon Project (lbreb 1973). Ater 1975 aaaumd ae *OZ oftotal cons_aptto baead on *.. Sikderas country rpeort India-," in APO FercUtllr Diatributlon ... a ct. ears In betan are interpolated value.For tocta crop consumption - PertUilier Ststletlca, The FercUtlr Aanciatio. of Xndia (Om Delhi.

(d Far 1961-75. aaind a. 50.96Z or total fond crop co amption. Source: BD Reporc Mo. 163 D10, Agricultural Sector Survey Ans 13. For 134-75,source: Secrecariat Pertl leer Committee, Departent of agrIculture, 1976. For 1976-80, *seumd as 75Z of total crop conau"fton. derived fromC.T Lee. rFerttlUer Marketig itn Astan Countriea' FAD Ragionalt Oftce for SAls and the Far tact. Sangkok 1979.

le Source: 'SWrvy on Cost of Production," litnitry of Agriculture, Forestry *Ad Pt-heieas, Japan, annul.

If For 190-65, seamed as 33 of total crop conaimption. For 1966-71, dertid from P.. aonn and 3.3. Too, "'A Rvew of the Crop Production Eatirtec andKay Stattatica Related to Grain Policy," Korte, Developnt I"citute, 1976. 1972-74. Interpolated value; 3975-80, aaemd aa 362 of total crop con-aoptm derived fron C.Z. Lee, "FertUti r MArkttin .. op etci

/e Source: for 1965, from TI Kngr fling. "A study Inco the Sourcee of Agriculturl GCrowth In Vst Malayasa.- For 1970. 1973-76, from K. anmapathy. Cutdeto lertiliar te in 196t 69 and 1971/72 - interpotetd values.

ab Free 1960-72. assmed aa 10. of total crop consumption bsed 00 antmatee abon in the r port "Fertlizer Consmption and Market OaveAopant tiPakist&n." CSSO Pakistan lercuiller Coopny. Ud. (undatd). Source of total coaaupton - 25 ypar of Pakiatan in Statietica, Pakt rAn Central Statis-tical Of fAc. 1972. For 1973-79. aorcea Gove-rmnt of PakLetsn Statiatica Dtvieton. Fakiatan Statistical Ta_rboo. 1980 (Karachi, 1981).

/t Source: for total coneu pcton - for 1955-71 from "fats Sertee on Rice Statiatics." Philippine Council for Agriculture and neources Research. 1961.For 1972-79, from Kigepl M. Zcs, -Ik ftlippine Do_matic PertItter * rfating Situation. aisograp pper permoated at theA Rice 3trateg Ssutir beldLn toe _nce. Phitlppinsa. Septemer 980. 1980 ftroe Frtililer and FPeticide SAthorlty. PhUippinee. easrt In betwen are Interpolated valuee. Forpercent use an rir - 1963, 1966 d 1969-72 from "Data Setoee on Rice Statistics," eo et.

Source: Ceyon Perth ler Corporatton, eMtinal Fertilarr Secretariat.

|k Source: IWS. Tauan Statletical Data Sook 1982. Coucil for Eeonomic Planning and Development. Executive lan. Jum 1982.

A Source: for total consumpion - FA Fertilizer Yearbonok lAm. For percent ua oan rice - 1960-76, Department of 7eonomic Research, Rek of Thatlnd,1975. 1977/78 *re tnter;wlstod values. 1976. from J. X2t0chatsrl. country r port 'TU-land.' In APO rertaixer Distribution In Selected AstanCoGntrias. op cit. 1979. frm Agro_ alcal. Mea In Utmifl. SW. Jan 1981. kophotk 1980,s.eemed s percent *c 1979.

/o idIc ated data availabLe from enarce. cted. Other yare are taterpleted or *asmed as antionad tn above footnoca.

9 Table 1.08Page I of 2

THAILAND


Producer Prices of Paddy (Rough Rice),Selected Locations in Asia, 1960 to 1981

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1981

BangladeshTaka/kg 0.31 0.59 n.a. 1.95 2.70 3.46USC/kg 6.52 12.40 n.a. 13.15 16.60 17.43

India /aRupeiekg n.a. 0.40 0.53 0.81 1.05 1.15USe/kg n.a. 8.41 7.06 9.06 13.24 12.64

IndonesiaItupiah/g n.a. n.a. 21.63 50.55 113.42 119.75US,/kg n.a. n.a. 5.72 12.18 18.10 18.59

Japan /aYen/kg 51.90 78.50 99.80 189.10 228.67 245.07USC/kg 14.49 21.75 27.91 62.00 88.77 111.45

South KoreaWon/kg 11.80 28.89 54.95 167.88 321.84 n.a.USc/kg 18.15 10.66 17.36 34.69 48.77 n.a.

Pakistan /aRupee/kg 0.29 0.29 0.34 1.73 n.a. n.a.USe/kg 6.10 6.09 7.08 17.47 n.a. n.a.

PhilippinesPesos/kg 0.20 0.30 0.36 0.92 1.08 1.23USe/kg 9.01 7.65 5.56 12.27 14.20 15.00

Sri Lanka /aRupee/kg 0.58 0.58 0.67 1.58 2.39 2.75USc/kg 12.21 12.15 11.30 20.48 13.28 13.38

TaiwanNT$kg 4.20 4.13 4.72 11.08 13.40 n.a.US¢/kg 10.54 10.30 11.77 30.78 37.21 n.a.

ThailandBaht/kg 0.89 0.86 0.63 1.98 3.23 3.75USC/kg 4.21 4.13 3.01 9.71 15.66 16.30

- 10 - ~~~~Table 1.08Page 2 of 2

/a Government procurement price.

Sources: Bangladesh 1960,1965 - Season and Crop Report of East Pakistan(Dacca).

1970-81 - Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, MonthlyStatistical Bulletin of Bangladesh(Dacca).

India 1965-80 - India Directorate of Economics and Sta-tistics, Ministry of Food and Agricul-ture, Bulletin on Food Statistics (NewDelhi).

1981 - The Fertilizer Association of India, Fer-tilizer Statistics 1980/81 (New Delhi1981).

Indonesia 1970-81 - Indonesia Biro Pusat Statistik, IndicatorEkonomi (Jakarta, 1970-81).

Japan 1960-79 - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry andFisheries, Statistical Yearbook of theMinistry of Agriculture (Tokyo, annual).

1980/81 - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry andFisheries, Monthly Statistics of Agricul-ture, Forestry and Fisheries (Tokyo,December 1982).

South Korea 1960-80 - Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,Yearbook of Agriculture and Forestry Sta-tistics (Republic of Korea, annual.

Pakistan 1960-75 - Pakistan Ministry of Food, Agricultureand Development, Agriculture Wing, Agri-cultural Statistics of Pakistan(Islamabad, 1975).

Philippines 1960-81 - Bureau of Agricultural Economics, "t PricesReceived and Paid by Farmers," annual.

Sri Lanka 1960-70 - Sri Lanka Department of Census and Sta-tistics, Statistical Abstract of theDemocratic Socialist Republic ofSri Lanka (Colombo, annual).

1975-80 - Central Bank of Ceylon, Central Bank ofCeylon Review of the Economy (Colombo,1981).

Taiwan, China 1960-80 - Taiwan Province, Department of Agricul-ture and Forestry, Taiwan AgriculturalPrices Monthly (Taipei).

Thailand 1960-75 - Thailand Ministry of Agriculture, Agri-cultural Statistics of Thailand (Bangkok,annual).

1980/81 - Agricultural Economics Research Division,Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.

Quoted in: R.R Herdt and A.C. Palacpac, World Rice Facts andTrends, IRRI, Department of Agricultural Economics, April 1983.

-1ll1- Table 1.09

THAILAND


Area, Production and Yield of Paddy (Rough Rice) by Country - Asia, 1979-81

Area ('000 ha) Production ('000 mt) Yield (mt/ha)Location 1979 1980 1981 1979 1980 1981 1979 1980 1981

Asia 127,713 128,749 129,281 341,707 360,277 372,863 2.68 2.80 2.88

Afghanistan 210 190 190 455 380 380 2.17 2.00 2.00Bangladesh 10,064 10,309 10,391 19,090 20,844 20,084 1.90 2.02 1.93Burma 4,442 4,677 4,800 9,750 13,000 13,650 2.19 2.78 2.84China 33,873 33,772 32,683 143,750 139,254 143,254 4.24 4.12 4.38India 39,414 39,773 40,300 63,559 79,926 81,081 1.61 2.01 2.01Indonesia 8,804 9,005 9,376 26,282 29,651 32,776 2.99 3.29 3.50Iran 300 310 315 1,212 1,174 1,212 4.04 3.79 3.85Japan 2,497 2,377 2,278 14,948 12,188 12,824 5.99 5.13 5.63Kampuchea 1,200 1,320 1,465 1,000 1,580 1,850 0.83 1.20 1.26Korea, North 773 783 793 4 500 4,000 4,300 5.82 5.11 5.42Korea, South 1,233 1,233 1,224 7,274 6,154 7,032 5.90 4.99 5.75Lao PDR 689 690 725 925 1,042 1,145 1.34 1.51 1.58Malaysia 738 718 778 2,111 2,083 2,109 2.86 2.90 2.71Nepal 1,245 1,260 1,260 2,060 2,464 2,477 1.65 1.96 1.97Pakistan 2,034 1,935 1,985 4,829 4,685 4,955 2.37 2.42 2.50Philippines 3,637 3,459 3,500 7,836 7,723 8,131 2.15 2.23 2.32Sri Lanka 783 845 864 1,878 2,088 2,222 2.40 2.47 2.57Taiwan, China 721 637 668 3,214 3,087 3,117 4.46 4.85 4.67Thailand 9,435 9,600 9,800 15,758 18,500 19,250 1.67 1.93 1.96Viet Nam 5,481 5,740 5,750 10,742 10,000 10,500 1.96 1.74 1.83Other Asia /a 140 116 136 534 454 514 3.81 3.91 3.78

World 143,298 144,705 145,143 377,184 395,878 410,939 2.63 2.74 2.83

/a Asian countries with lesa than 100,000 ha of paddy production in 1979-

Source: USDA Foreign Agriculture Circular, Grains, FG-22-82, September 30, 1982.

- 12 -

THAILAND


II. Prices

TNAILAND

PRICINYC Am MARXETING POLICY FOR IPNNSIPICATION OF NICE ACRICULWVRZ

Averaue Wholesale PrLIes (Banakok) ofSelected Africultural Cousodittes . 195-1

CB per metric ton)

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1961 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1971 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Nonglutinous, paddy.no. 2 La 845 905 1,096 954 762 834 1,197 1,235 1,151 1,093 1,011 848 1,101 1,538 2,248 2,310 2,254 2,261 2,469 2,584 3,159 3,585Nongluttnoue, rice, 52 /a 1,486 1,633 1,893 1,682 1,44 1,536 2,086 2,398 2,001 2,205 1,90S 1,578 1,974 2,865 3,773 3,723 2,822 3.865 4,250 4,522 5,671 6,500Noogluttnoue, rice, 207 La 1,186 l1,40 n.m. n.A. 1.349 1,396 1,882 2,120 1,933 1,147 1,614 1,429 1,718 2,408 3,680 3,520 3,641 3,610 3,849 4,196 5,155 5,935Al broken (super) /c 956 1,237 1,441 1,324 12008 1,068 1,648 1,650 1,620 1,286 1,197 1,022 1,123 1,962 2,808 2,982 2,480 2,785 2,842 3,026 3,928 3,682Glutinous rlee, 20U# 1,700 1,348 1,136 1,531 1,S01 1,946 2,289 2,134 2,044 1,730 1,172 1,136 1,762 3,055 3,440 3,540 3,740 3,234 5,068 4,016 - -tIeIt /b 1,010 12108 989 1,027 1,042 1,202 1,125 1,165 971 1,105 1,230 1,189 1,160 1,185 2,543 2,482 2,208 2,091 2,142 2,626 3,050 2,909

Sorghu., good r n.o. n, n, n.e. n.', n.c. 890 2,OSO 920 1,006 1,111 1,000 867 1,520 2,133 1,983 1,900 1,921 1,969 2,416 - -Itushgecan %arge k 1,992 2,310 3,03O 2,890 2,460 2,100 2,570 3,330 2,940 2,520 2,167 2,967 3,167 3,367 4,500 S,217 8,433 8,200 6,199 7,196Cassava (lour (tapioca

flour) lb 2,081 1,920 2,3151 1*,96 1,672 1,839 1,964 1,951 1,792 1,757 1,813 2,140 2,236 2,717 3,747 3,506 3,429 3,686 3,250 5,884 5,770 4,623 rCastor bean, Sood /b 2,921 2,610 2,040 2,410 2,400 2,170 2,090 2,680 3,100 2,600 2,350 2,550 3,883 8,530 5,510 4,100 5,333 6,700 7,371 7,343 - -Sesame (bla ek), *oa A 4,700 4,400 3,490 4,230 4,960 4,880 4,620 5,310 5,140 4,990 4,867 4,900 6,033 7,867 7,700 10,033 12,367 12,317 11,219 13,174 - -Groundnute (shelled),good /b 4,128 3,510 3,590 3,680 4,110 4,100 3,660 4,370 4,340 4,200 4,100 4,117 5,417 6,637 8,583 9,050 8,717 12,383 12,809 13,039 - -Soyean, ChlengmAt,good 1,890 2,580 2,420 1,930 1,980 2,680 2,500 2,3170 2,420 2,410 2,433 2,617 3,100 5,600 5,217 5,300 5,767 6,567 5,704 6,296 - -Cotton __ 3,760 4,380 3,860 3,350 3,330 4,080 3,260 3,760 4,370 4,090 4,020 4,910 5,550 7,230 20,080 7,340 10,200 10,133 9,270 12,470 -. -Iapok (gInned), good A 6,022 5,606 6,499 7,004 6,754 5,830 1,413 1,004 7,563 7,642 8,717 9,967 8,850 9,050 11,217 11,467 13,233 13,433 13,206 12,956 - -Ketta, high grade lb 3,196 3,583 2,343 2,733 2,850 3,019 3,311 1,975 2,526 3 040 2,967 3,650 4,861 3,165 3,630 3,981 4,500 1,838 5,148 5,784 6,362 6,366

Susarcane /e. n.a. 110 118 120 146 119 96 142 176 136 141 143 145 162 216 300 300 300 297 323 na. -Rubber, No, I Ld 12,849 9,593 8,733 8,124 7,716 8,111 7,617 6,003 6,387 8,139 6,740 5,495 5,500 9,880 9,753 8,510 10,941 11,870 13,910 17,620 19,040 14,940Rubber No, 3 2d 12,601 9,336 8,463 7,891 7,584 7,930 7,446 5,851 6,237 7,995 6,580 1,295 S,300 9,680 9,553 8,310 20,841 11,760 13,850 17,520 18,940 14,840

Sourceaea Department o1 Internal trade, Milnistry of Comerce.

Departuant of Businese 2concelees, tnietry of Coerce.e Sugar Inttitute.

Rubber Division, Mlinistry of Agriculture and Cooperativee,

- 14 - Table 2.02

THAILAND


Development of Producer Prices of Major Commodities in Thailand, /a 1967-81(B/kg)

Producer pricesSugar- Mung-

Year Paddy cane Rubber Tobacco Cassava Maize Sorghun beans Kenaf Cotton

1967 1.25 n.a. 5.06 13.28 0.47 0.82 0.89 2.61 1.61 3.501968 0.97 0.11 5.49 13.46 0.33 0.71 0.75 2.73 1.89 3.751969 0.86 0.11 6.94 15.27 0.54 0.76 0.79 1.81 1.31 3.641970 0.63 0.11 5.72 15.18 0.47 0.84 0.84 2.30 -1.68 3.851971 0.80 0.11 4.74 15.09 0.52 0.70 0.75 2.24 2.24 3.871972 1.31 0.11 4.77 15.74 0.47 0.86 0.91 2.57 2.83 4.451973 1.96 0.13 6.86 21.69 0.34 1.35 1.16 2.68 2.62 5.461974 2.23 0.18 7.38 21.74 0.30 2.06 1.85 1.54 2.35 6.751975 1.98 0.25 6.42 23.50 0.41 1.85 1.69 3.74 2.65 6.391976 1.87 0.28 9.15 24.14 0.46 1.67 1.49 4.98 2.99 6.071977 2.12 0.27 9.49 29.98 0.46 1.61 1.51 6.99 2.63 7.571978 2.53 0.27 10.74 30.24 0.36 1.64 1.53 5.64 2.91 -1979 2.40 0.30 14.55 36.38 0.74 2.04 1.93 5.69 3.13 9.101980 3.75 0.43 16.12 44.79 0.78 2.40 2.28 5.52 3.85 8.831981 3.43 0.59 14.49 36.20 0.45 2.36 2.57 5.59 3.25 8.50

/a Average for whole Kingdom.

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Office of Agricultural Economics.

-15- Table 2.03

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARXETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICL AGRICULTURE

Export and Domestic Prices of Rice and Paddy

Wholesale Nonglutinous riceBangkok Wholesale FOB

paddy Bangkok Bangkok Ratios(1) (2) (3) (1)/(2) (2)/(3)

1962 1,172 1,893 2,549 0.62 0.741963 1,031 1,632 2,415 0.61 0.701964 874 1,544 2,315 0.57 0.671965 912 1,536 2,287 0.59 0.671966 1,282 2,086 2,654 0.61 0.791967 2,343 2,398 3,139 0.56 0.761968 2,349 2,001 3,534 0.62 0.571969 1,211 2,205 2,879 0.55 0.771970 1,157 1,905 2,366 0.61 0.811971 950 1,578 1,846 0.60 0.851972 1,170 1,822 2,101 0.64 0.871973 1,690 2,865 4,235 0.59 0.681974 2,426 3,773 9,500 0.64 0.401975 2,530 3,723 6,152 0.68 0.611976 2,380 3,822 4,359 0.62 0.881977 2,414 3,866 4,542 0.62 0.851978 2,605 4,250 6,488 0.61 0.661979 2,706 4,522 5,575 0.60 0.811980 3,260 5,671 6,968 0.57 0.811981 Qtr I 3,682 6,479 8,481 0.57 0.76

Qtr II 3,956 7,149 8,876 0.55 0.81Qtr III 3,995 6,616 9,310 0.60 0.71Qtr IV 3,350 5,753 7,983 0.58 0.72

1982 Qtr 1 3,336 5,765 6,902 0.58 0.84

Note: (1) - No. 1 grade; (2) - 5Z white rice; (3) - average.

Source: Bank of Thailand.

- 16 - Table 2.04

THAILAND


Fertilizer Nutrient Price and Selected Nutrient to Crop Price Ratios

Nutrient price, B/kg Nutrient: crop Price ratio16-20-0: 21-0-0: 13-13-21: 21-0-0: 15-15-15:

Sugar- Sugar- Cas- Cas-Year 21-0-0 16-20-0 13-13-21 15-15-15 Rice cane cane sava sava

1968 9.76 6.75 5.62 6.20 6.69 88.73 51.09 29.58 18.791969 8.90 6.39 5.51 6.04 7.43 80.91 50.09 16.48 11.191970 8.90 6.61 5.51 6.04 10.49 80.91 50.09 18.94 12.851971 8.81 6.25 5.64 5.84 7.81 80.09 51.27 16.94 11.231972 8.81 6.72 6.26 6.11 5.13 80.09 56.91 18.74 13.001973 12.14 9.36 8.47 7.76 4.78 93.38 65.15 35.71 22.821974 16.67 13.89 10.64 10.89 6.23 96.61 59.11 55.57 36.301975 15.39 12.94 11.04 11.58 6.54 61.56 44.16 37.54 28.241976 7.50 8.61 8.65 8.86 4.60 26.79 30.89 16.30 19.261977 9.52 8.75 7.73 8.18 4.13 35.26 28.63 20.70 17.781978 11.20 7.01 7.88 8.29 2.77 41.48 29.19 31.11 23.031979 12.09 11.18 9.09 9.50 4.66 40.30 30.30 16.34 12.841980 16.05 13.96 12.27 11.79 3.72 37.33 28.53 20.58 15.121981 17.58 14.54 12.25 12.83 4.24 29.80 20.76 39.07 28.51

Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, MOAC.

Table 2.05

- 17 -

THAILAND

PRICING AND 1ARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

CIF Price. Bangkok Price and Local Price of Anmnonium Sulphate and16-20-0 Fertilizer Formula. 1963-83

(Baht/ton)

Ammonium Sulphate (21:0:0) 16-20-0CIF Bangkok Local CIF Bangkok Local(1) (2) (3) (2)-(1) (3)-(2) (1) (2) (3) (2)-(1) (3)-(2)

1963 906 1,112 1,334 206 222 1,619 1,920 2,304 301 3841964 1,075 1,304 1,565 229 261 1,856 2,189 2,627 333 4331965 1,272 1,524 1,832 252 308 1,762 2,082 2,498 320 4161966 1,272 1,527 1.832 255 305 1,777 2,099 2,519 322 4201967 1,177 1,420 1,704 243 284 1,631 1,934 2,321 303 3871968 1,259 1,512 1,814 253 302 1,535 1,825 2,190 290 3651969 1,200 1,360 1,632 160 272 1,437 1,714 2,057 277 3431970 1,200 1,360 1,632 160 272 1,495 1,780 2,136 285 3561971 1,166 1,340 1,632 174 268 1,401 1,673 2,008 272 3351972 1,166 1,340 1,608 174 268 1,529 1,818 2,182 289 3641973 1,624 1,926 2,311 302 385 2,228 2,610 3,372 282 7621974 3,016 3,380 3,500 364 120 3,939 4,730 5,000 791 2701975 1,456 2,778 3,232 1,322 454 3,177 4,444 4,660 1,267 2161976 1,078 1,286 1,574 208 288 2,218 2,809 3,100 591 2911977 1,321 1,823 2,000 502 177 2,311 2,743 3,150 432 4071978 1,792 2,183 2,352 391 169 2,729 3,008 3,242 279 2341979 2,036 2,408 2,539 372 131 3,340 3,866 4,026 526 1601980 2,759 3,170 3,370 411 200 4,491 4,928 5,025 437 971981 3,100 3,440 3,692 340 252 4,600 4,958 5,233 358 2751982 1,840 2,517 3,017 677 500 3,950 4,550 4,900 600 3501983/a 1,880 2,300 2,700 420 400 3,700 4,200 4,500 500 300

8/ Preliminary estimate.

Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, Market of Fertilizer, Economics Paper No. 142,October 1982, with updates from the fertilizer trade.

- 18 - Table 2.06

THAILAID


CIF Prices for Ammonium Sulphate. Urea and Ammovium Phosphate, 1t63-73(Baht/tou)

Ammniwu AmmoniumSulphate Urea Phosphate /a

1963 906 n.a. 1,6191964 1,075 n.a. 1,8561965 1,272 n.a. 1,7621966 1,272 n.a. 1,7771967 1,177 u.a. 1,6311968 1,259 1,500 1,5351969 1,200 1,710 1,4371970 1,200 1,800 1,4951971 1,166 1,900 1,4011972 1,166 2,590 1,5291973 1,624 4,800 2,2281974 3,016 6,000 3,9391975 1,456 n.a. 3,1771976 1,078 n.a. 2,2181977 1,321 n.a. 2,3111978 1,792 n.a. 2,7291979 2,036 n.a. 3,3401980 2,759 n.a. 4,4911981 3,100 4,600 n.a.1982 1,840 n.a. 3,9001983 1,800 n.a. 3,700

/a 16-20-0 formula.

Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, Market of Fertilizer, EconomicsPaper No. 142, October 1982.

- 19 - Table 2.07

THAILAND


Output/Fertilizer Price Ratios, Thailand, 1967-80

All crops Rice (paddy)AOP /a AFP /b Ratio RP /c FP /d Ratio

1967 0.77 2.73 0 28 1.24 2.32 0.531968 0.68 2.61 0.26 1.41 2.19 0.641969 0.65 2.52 0.26 1.11 2.06 0.541970 0.79 2.51 0.32 1.04 2.14 0.491971 0.80 2.49 0.32 0.80 2.01 0.401972 0.87 2.56 0.34 1.31 2.18 0.601973 0.90 3.79 0.24 1.96 3.37 0.581974 0.94 5.69 0.17 2.23 5.00 0.451975 0.96 5.69 0.17 1.98 4.66 0.421976 0.99 4.27 0.23 1.87 3.10 0.601977 1.05 4.00 0.26 2.37 3.15 0.751978 1.14 4.40 0.26 2.31 3.24 0.711979 1.16 4.59 0.25 2.24 4.03 0.561980 1.39 5.18 0.27 2.68 5.03 0.531981 3.00 5.10 0.581982 2.70 5.00 0.54

Average (67-80) 0.94 3.79 0.25 1.75 3.18 0.55

1983, 1st half 2.60 4.50 0.58

/a Average output price: rice, maize, sugarcane, cassava, mungbeau,(baht/kg).

/b Average fertilizer price (baht/kg).

/c Rice price (baht/kg).

/d Price of 16-20-0 fertilizer formula (baht/kg).

Source: /a and /b Wisat Maekarron, "The Utilization of Natural Gas inFertilizer Industry", Master Thesis submitted to Department ofEconomics, Chulalonigkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 1981./c and /d Office of Agricultural Economics.

THAILAND


Fertilizer and Paddy Prices /a

Price (baht/metric ton)1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Average 1983

Urea /b - 3,290 - 7,800 - 4,000 - 5,600Ammotium sulfate (20%) 1,8481 1,848 3,126 3,400 3,226 1,574 1,574 2,300Super phosphate (20% P20 ) 1,859 1,901 3,708 5,450 4,610 3,880 3,560 -Double superphosphate t48X P205) 2,502 2,789 4,775 7,010 7,915 5,842 4,139 -

Potassium chloride (60% K20) 2,098 2,216 4,186 4,375 4,380 3,829 3,472 -Ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) 2,248 2,422 4,186 4,730 4,444 2,816 3,473 4,500Paddy (unhusked rice) 629 800 1,311 1,959 2,232 1,975 1,484 2,600

Price ratio of N/paddy(ammonium sulfate-N) 15 12 12 9 7 4 8 4.3

/a UIS$1 - B 20

/b Data supplemented by trade sources; 1983 US$1 = B 23.

Source: Division of Agricultural Economics, Office of the Under-Secretary of State, Ministry ofAgriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand.

s-

-21. - Table 2.09

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFIC&TION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Comparison of Short-Run and Long-Rxm Elasticities of Area Plantedin Rice with Respect to Price of Rice, 1937-63 and 1963-77

Medhi & DowlingBehrman (1937-63) (1963-77)

Region and province SR LR SR LR

NortheastChayapum 0.34 0.24 0.30 0.21Nakornratchsrima 0.55 0.57 0.19 0.14Burirum 0.25 0.14 n.a. n.a.Surin 0.36 0.31 0.12 0.13Srisaket 0.16 0.26 0.17 0.14Ubonratchthanee 0.22 0.33 n.a. n.a.Nong Khai 0.15 0.31 0.01 0.01Udonthanee 0.15 1.04 0.03 n.a.Roi-Et 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.03

NorthMaehongsorn n.a. n.a. 0.16 0.23Chiengmai n.a. n.a. 0.03 0.11Chiengrai n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.01

CentralChai-nat 0.19 0.25 0.01 0.01Singburi 0.02 0.08 0.02 n.a.Lopburi 0.50 0.46 n.a. n.a.Saraburi 0.07 0.07 0.21 n.a.Angthong 0.04 0.09 0.01 0.01Ayuthaya 0.08 0.07 0.03 n.a.Nonthaburi 0.23 0.24 n.a. n.a.Pathumthani 0.12 0.23 0.07 0.21Prachinburi 0.08 0.18 0.14 0.15Chachoengsao 0.15 0.14 0.07 0.07

Lower NorthUttradit 0.24 0.45 0.25 0.11Sukhothai 0.21 0.21 0.30 0.15Phitsanulok 0.28 0.56 0.07 n.a.Kamphaengphet 0.07 0.07 0.33 n.a.Phichit 0.27 0.33 n.a. n.a.Petchbun n.a. n.a. 0.22 U.a.Uthai Thani 0.13 0.21 0.46 0.72

Source: Medhi Krong Kaen and J. Malcolm Dowling, Agricultural Supply Responseof Some Major Crops in Thailand, February 1983.

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

...) "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z

it I

-23 - Figure 2.11

THAILANDPRICING AND MARKETING POUCY FOR INTENSIRCATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Form Paddy Price and Bangkok Wholesal Rice Prkce

Baht/Ton

8.000-

6.000 1' LI

4,000_ t \o

4.000- 1

3.000-

2AW-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sI

1.000-

1970 '71 '72 '7 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '7 W '8t '8

Lone Yew

----- ~Fafnat Price- Urobf Po ce w'S Rs

-~ ~~~~~ --. S Pobd ad

Souce: PNwh A mynn & Othe*s IrnpcS of Rim Pdcr Poliy on Proclctio Crw to & Trade, 1983.

Wold Bonk-25909

- 24 - Pigure 2.12

THAILANDPRICING AND MARKETING POUCY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Rate of Price Appreciation and Storage Cost Rate Northeast (Khon Kaen). Av. 1972-82

Percent

(Storage Begins in Api)

6 …----- Cumulative Storage4 ~ / ,oil Cost Rcite

4

2

0

-2Rcte of Pice Appreciation

-4

-6Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Percent

14 ~ (Storage Begins In January)

12

II0 Rate of Price Appreciation

6

4

_ / -- Cumulative Storage Cost Rote

2

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Wbdd Bor* - 25785

THAILANDPRICING AND MARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Nothern Chao Phya Inigated RlceRelationship between Paddy Prices, Yield and Fertilizer Use

DRY SEASON 1972-794.0

3.0

I2.0

1.0

2.0 3.0 4.0 10 20 30

Yield ton/ha Fertilizer Appfled kgfral

Woold Barn-25895

I'A

m

- 26 -

THAILAND


III. Taxes and Levies

7 Trabie 3e0l

PuIcIuc A" VAKnZsc POLiCYT POR iWTZNSIPCATlmN Or tCi AnICULcm z

RExportne Prte_

r.~~~~~~~~~~ par..

Par 22, 1974 Jur 26. 1974 Oct 30, 1974 De 23. 1974 Jon 03, 1975 Dec 04, 19753 Jo 22, 1976 Dec l6. 1977 Otr 15. 1900 Oct 29. 1981to to toCte to to to to to to

Jun 25, 1974 tct 29, 1974 goc 22, 1974 Jun 02, 1975 Dec 03, 1975 Jan 21, 1976 Dec 15, 1977 Oct 14. 1930 OCt 28, 1961 (3lov 1982)

Whit. rice 1OWZ 5,100 6,500 3.750 2,100 1,700 1,000 7O0 900 700 400White ries 5S 5,100 6,500 3,750 2,100 1,700 800 700 900 700 400whilt, rlce 102 4.600 4.000 3,250 1.700 1,300 700 500 700 So0 330Whit, rtce 152 6,600 4,0o0 3,250 1,700 1,300 700 SW 700 SW 350White rice 20 4,600 4,000 3,250 1,700 1.300 700 S00 700 30 250White riet loer than 202 4.100 3,SW 2,750 1,300 900 300 400 700 Soo 230White brkes ritee, Al super 1,400 2,900 2.050 900 300 300 400 600 400 250

special.White broken rice. Al super 2.350 2.000 1,250 600 200 200 200 300 300 100

sod apecialWhite brakoe rIce. A1 2.50 2,00W 1,250 600 200 200 200 300 300 IOD

ar" tastyWhlte brokes rice, Cl super, 2.0S0 1,100 3.000 500 100 100 tO0 500 30 100

specal t ordiLaryWbht. braesw rice, C3 2.050 1,70D 1,000 500 100 100 100 500 300 100Whlte braken rics, others - - - - - - - - - -Gluttiou rice, long graIn 10 4,100 3,500 3,000 3,600 1,200 700 400 900 600 250Clutino rice, long grain 351 - - - - - - - 900 600 250Gtisotts, Tice. chort gral 107 4.100 3.S00 3.000 1,400 1,200 700 00 900 600 250Broken glutisous rtce, 2.550 2.200 1.700 730 350 200 200 900 300 100

Al specialBroken glutlou, rice, 2,550 2.200 1,700 730 350 200 200 9W 3W 1o

Cl spc tsiCargo rice, I00 ,3100 3,SW0 2,750 1.300 900 700 450 700 S00 250Cargo rice. 32 &.100 3,500 2.750 1 300 900 700 450 700 S00 250Cargo ric, 102, 352 asd 252 3.800 3.200 2z,43 3.100 250 300 400 700 500 230Cargr rice. Iousr than 201 - - - - - - - 700 Soo 250greoen carup rke of aIt gBrdes 2,050 3,700 1,000 500 10 100 W00 S00 300 100ParboUed rice. 3002 & 5S2 1600 3.000 2,250 1,050 4*0 400 600 700 500 250

rsfotled rtce, tO 157 3.400 2,8at 2,0S0 1,030 450 200 200 700 500 250Parbotled rie., 257 3.400 2.800 2,030 1.050 4*0 200 200 700 500 250Parboiled rice. o-er then 253 - - - - - - - 7'° 30 250Broken parboled rice of a11 2,050 1,700 1,00o 500 00 100 100 70W 300 100

gtadeahlhte rice flour 1.15D 800 600 S00 300 100 100 200 200 50

Cluttiosa rlce flour:nl_e 1.150 600 600 S00 t00 100 100 200 200 50Ordinary 1.150 800 600 Soo 100 100 100 2W 200 5a

Vertedlti _de fro rice 600 *00 300 200 _ _ 100 100 -

Note: 1. Since J.kury 22, 1976 the premim asn eaperts of giutinees rice to Laos has ber umempted.

2. Prior to February 1981, eporters seve required to reserv, rtce for sale to the Coeressnt Casily for dosestie consutttos) at a ficed price.(a) Pro Deceeber 25, 1974 to Novsber 6, 1975 resrve 1001 at 8 2.730 per too for uhite rice 52 and 8 22,60 tar uhite rice 302.(b) Fros Noveeber 7. 1973 to Docesbr 3, 1975 reerve 302 at 8 2,750 per ton for white rice 52 and 8 2,650 for whlte rice I, te) Preo Decesber . 1975 to JauAry 13, 1976 reoerve 501 at 8 3,150 per too for Atoit riew 53 aed a 3.050 for flite rice 102.(d) Prose Jsusry 22, 1976 to October 18, I976, there sere no reserve requaireonts(e) Pros October 19. 3976 to Harch 29, 1977 resete 302 for white rice IO3 aset 5S, 152 for other tice. sd 1S foer brakn rtce to bh dvattered tn thts ratio 4a0

of 52 wbite rice at 3 3.800 per ton aod 602 of 152 flite rice at 3 3,000 per too.Ct) Prosm March 30, 1977 to July 29. 1977. 202 for fhlt. rice 100 and 532 IO3 for others, ecspept 52 for broken ric, other then A3 special delwered in soe pro-

Portion ad prices as is).(g) Pros July 21, 1977 to November 38, 1977, 402 for whice rice 1002 and 53. 20Z for others except IOZ for broken rce other then Al special delivered to M52

wlute rice at 8 3,000 per ton.(bh Prco Kovember 18, 1977-Dsceber 1980, 530 for white rice I00Z snd 51, 302 for other white rtce, brokeno U prim spcial. gIutioeus rke, sad 202 of others

delivered at 13Z white rice at 8 3.000 per toe.(1 Pros Decebter 1980 util Pebrusry 1981. rlce reserwves et 602.

Feb 27, 1961 Jun 1, 1981 Jul 1. 1983 Oct 29. 1981 Dec 8. 198 Jon 7. 1962 Feb 2. 1982to co to to to to to

White vice5: sod iOZ 1,943 2,126 2.164 2,000 1,000 750 * 350IO3 - 202 1,943 2,124 2,184 1,750 875 43 213253 and loeur 1,943 2,124 21364 1,750 875 438Broken. A3 sup.rlapecitl 1,9L3 2.124 2.184 1,750 875 438 215Broken, Al ordinaty 324 353 364 300 150 436 -All other braken 324 353 36& 300 130 - -

Parboiled 8tcc5: to 1002 1.943 2,124 2,184 1.730 875 438 215areas 324 353 364 300 ISO - -

CQtlonoe Rice101 to 1001 1.943 2,12' 2,184 1,750 875 438 215roken 324 333 34A 300 150 - -

Soues Dak of Thailand and Dpartesut of Dreige trade, Mllntry of Commerce.

- 28 - Table 3.02

THAILAND


Rice Reserve Requirement(B/ton)

02/27/81 06/01/81 07/01181 10/29/81 12/08/81 01/07/72 02102/82

05/31/81 06/30/81 10/28/81 12/07/81 01/06/82 02/18/82 05112/82/a

White Rice100% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 2,000 1,000 750.00 3505% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 2,000 1,000 750.00 35010% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21515% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21520% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21525% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 -Lower than 25% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 -Broken, Al superspecial 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 215

Broken, Al all 323.82 352.95 363.94 300 150 437.50 -Other broken 323.82 352.94 363.94 300 150 - -

Parboiled Rice100% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 2155% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 2151O0 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21515% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21520% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21525% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 -Broken 323.82 352.94 363.94 300 150 - -

Cargo Rice100% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 2155% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21510% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21515% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21520% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 215Broken 323.82 352.94 363.94 300 150 - -

Glutinous Rice10% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 21520% 1,942.92 2,123.64 2,183.64 1,750 875 437.50 215Broken 323.82 352.94 363.94 300 150 - -

/a Rice reserve requirement eliminated as of May 12, 1982.

Source: Department of Foreign Trade, MOC.

Table 3.03-29-

THAILAND


Export Taxes and Central Government Revenue(in million Baht)

Central Rice RiceFiscal Govt. Rice export reserve Rubberyear /a revenue premium tax requirement cess Other

1961 7,212 830 189 - 212 32

1970 19,744 654 135 9/b 195 63

1975 39,034 795 514 665 325 471

1978 63,120 1,510 524 527 1,177 74

1980 93,933 1,517 907 738 2,501 55

1981 113,953 1,436 1,241 1,312 1,837 49

1982 116,309 971 1,093 330/b 645 32

1983 141,000 850/b 1,085 - 965 50

/a FY1961-82: actualFY1983: estimated

/b Mission estimates.

Source: Bank of Thailand, except rice reserve requirement which is calculatedbased on the data given by Piyasvasti Amranand and others, Impact ofRice Priciug Policy on Production, Consumption and Trade, March 1983(mimeographed).

Table 3.04- 30 -

THAILAND


Proportion of Export Taxes To Total Government Revenues(in Z)

Est. Proj.1960 1970 1975 1978 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

Rice 14.1 4.1 5.2 4.0 3.4 3.6 2.0 1.5 0.6

Of which:

Premiums (11.5) (3.3) (2.0) (2.4) (1.6) (1.3) (0.8) (0.6) n.a.

Export tax (2.6) (0.7) (1.3) (0.8) (1.0) (1.1) (0.9) (0.8) n.a.

Reserve requirement (-) (0.1) (1.9) (0.8) (0.8) (1.2) (0.3) (-) (-)

Rubber 2.9 1.0 0.8 1.9 2.7 1.6 0.6 0.7 n.a.

Other 0.4 0.3 1.2 0.1 0.1 n.s. n.s. n.s. n.a.

Central government reve-nue (billion baht) 7.2 19.7 39.0 63.1 93.9 114.0 116.3 141.0 160.0

n.s. - less than 0.5%.n.a. - not avallable.

Source: Table 3.04.

- 31 -

THAILAND


IV. Rice Price Support Agencies and Programs

-32 - Table 4.01Page 1 of 2

THAILANqD

PRICING AND 'NARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

MOF: Paddy Bought in Relation to Changwat Allocation and Market Surplus, 1982/83

(1) (2) (3)/aAllocated Marketable

Paddy bought fund surplus (1)/(3) (2)/(3)(kg) (baht) (kg)

NorthChiang-ai 26,233,091 81,000,000 566,432,650 4.63 14.30Chiangmai 9,517,780 80,000,000 195,330,500 4.87 15.36Lamphun 2,007,768 9,000,000 80,252,000 2.50 11.21Lampang 2,167,227 12,000,000 121,068,100 1.79 9.91Payao 13,894,385 45,000,000 279,462,800 4.97 16.10Uttaradit 9,883,750 30,000,000 125,021,250 7.91 23.99Nakhon Sawan 9,439,380 36,000,000 590,644,800 1.59 6.10Phitsanulok 22,696,252 70,000,000 453,143,300 5.01 15.45Phetchabun 4,714,081 30,000,000 383,880,750 1.23 7.81Phichit 17,659,954 60,000,000 397,996,900 4.44 15.08Kamphaeng-Phet 14,953,519 45,000,000 247,101,000 6.05 18.21Sukhothai 10,694,455 36,000,000 242,418,000 4.41 14.85

Central RegionBangkok 6,336,377 22,000,000 -598,090,000 -1.06 -3.68Ratchaburi 7,321,035 24,000,000 112,004,000 6.54 21.43Uthal Thani 8,788,442 30,000,000 141,887,450 6.19 21.14Chai Nat 15,061,340 50,000,000 239,381,800 6.29 20.89Ang Thong 7,832,494 39,000,000 129,219,100 6.06 30.18Singburi 8,813,721 39,000,000 174,943,000 5.04 22.29Lob Buri 17,283,896 60,000,000 296,872,000 5.82 20.21Saraburi 22.522,115 75,000,000 228,083,730 9.87 32.88Suphan Buri 13,735,498 100,000,000 263,213,000 5.22 3.99Ayutthaya 12,452,553 45,000,000 280,563,900 4.44 16.04Phthum Thani 17,189,144 50,000,000 157,030,000 10.95 31.84Nonthaburi 4,459,914 15,000,000 -35,120,550 -12.69 -42.11Nakhon Pathom 18,565,914 60,000,000 50,741,100 36.59 118.25Petchaburi 9,850,333 32,000,000 25,285,000 38.96 126.56Sazut Prakarn 6,632,004 23,000,000 7,950,650 83.41 289.28Chachaengsao 17,347,302 60,000,000 284,937,150 6.09 21.06Samut Sakhon 4,821,572 19,000,000 -3,043,200 -158.44 -624.34Prachin Buri 13,440,343 30,000,000 228,956,000 5.87 13.10Nakhon Nayok 4,010,984 17,000,000 132,608,950 3.02 12.82Chon Buri 5,646,135 20,000,000 -35,686,500 -15.82 -56.04

/a Marketable surplus - output of 1981/82. First crop minus Changwadconsumption assuming per capita consumption of 150 kg/head/year.

Table 4.0133 - Page 2 of 2

(1) (2)Marketable

Paddy bought Allocated fund surplus (1)/(3) (2)/(3)(kg) (baht) (kg)

NortheastKhon Kaen 5,917,488 40,000,000 146,084,750 4.05 27.38Udon Thani 12,474,248 45,000,000 300,457,000 4.15 14.98Nong Khai 18,712,276 50,000,000 149,171,600 10.53 33.52

Nakhon Phafnom 11,933,536 39,000,000 104,528,450 11.42 37.31Mukdaharn Sakon Nakhon 7,597,431 30,000,000 159,747,850 4.76 18.78Maka Sarakham 2,160,423 30,000,000 182,659,400 1.18 16.42Kalasin 2,245,928 30,000,000 173,938,000 1.29 17.25Roi Et 5,661,515 30,000,000 254,205,000 2.23 11.80Nakhon Ratchasima 7,260,837 30,000,000 290,552,800 2.50 10.33Chaiyaphum 7,906,743 24,000,000 -20,983,100 -37.68 -114.38Buri Ram 13,065,703 40,000,000 401,614,350 3.25 9.96Surin 18,731,955 60,000,000 400,578,750 4.68 14.98Si Sa Ket 20,934,718 65,000,000 262,065,050 7.99 24.80Ubon Ratchathani 3,514,230 45,000,000 303,579,000 1.16 14.82Yasothon 4,748,582 15,000,000 131,951,700 3.60 11.37Loei 4,576,515 15,000,000 50,656,700 9.03 29.61

Source: Working Paper No. 6.

- 34 - Table 4.02

THAILAND


Estimates of Extra Margins Accruing to Various Groups by Source of Gain(Baht/ton Paddy)

MOF high buyingprice Delivery Total /a

Farmer's Miller's to exporter Exporter's Farmer's Miller'spaddy paddy above market special paddy paddy(30%) (70%) price expense (30%) (70%)

MOF -450 -450 -450 -450(100) (100)

Miller +320 +300 -192 +128 +108(28.4) (24)

Exporter +192 -64 +128 +128(28.4) (28.4)

Politicalaffiliates +58 +58 +58

(12.9) (12.9)Local staff +40 +40

(8.9)Low-level MOF

staff +40 +6 +6 +46(10.2)

armners' leader +40 +40(8.9)

Farmers +130 +30 +130 +30(28.9) (6.7)

/a Figures in parenthesis are percentages of the total extra margindistributed for each category.


_ 35 - Table 4.03

THAILAND

PRICING AND MAR.KETING POLICY FOR INlTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Ratio of MOF Paddy Procurement iln Each Changavt to Outputof Malor Crop and Total Procurement, 1982/83

Paddy bought asproportion of Changwat procurement1981/82 paddy as proportlon of

Paddy bought 1982/83 production total procurement(kg) (Z) (X)

Central RegionBangkok 6,336,347 5.84 1.24Ratchaburi 7,321,034.55 3.55 1.43Utharl Thani 8,788,442 5.14 1.92Chalnat 15,061,340.98 5.25 2.45Angthong 7,832,494 4.67 1.53Slugburi 8,813,721 4.32 1.73Lopburi 17,283,891 4.53 3.34Saraburi 22,522,115 9.42 4.41Suphanburi 13.735,498 3.73 2.69Ayutthaya 12,452,553 3.46 2.44Pathun Thani 17,189,144 8.40 3.37Nonthaburi 4,459,914 3.44 0.87Nakhon Pathom 18.565,914 14.32 3.64Petchaburi 9,850,333.2 12.45 1.93Sanut Prakarn 6,632,004 8.22 1.30Chachoengsao 17,347,302 4.93 3.40Samat Sakhon 4,821,572 14.17 0.94Prachinburi 13,440,343.1 4.31 2.63Nakhon Nayok 4,010,984 2.45 0.79Chonburi 5,646,135 8.26 1.11

NortheastRhon Xaen 5,917.487.5 1.77 1.16Udon Thani 12,474,247.6 2.41 2.44Nong Xhani 15,712,275.5 6.49 3.08Nakhorn Phanom 9,354,231 5.43/a 1.83Mbkdaharn 2,579,305 } - 0.51Sahon Nakhon 7,597,431 2.71 1.49Naha Sarakham 2,160,423.2 0.74 0.42Kalasin 2,245,928 0.80 0.44Rol Et 5,661,515 1.44 1.11Nakhon Ratchasima 7,260,837 2.15 1.42Chidyaphbun 7,906,743 1.80 1.55Buri Ran 13,065,702.5 2.31 2.56Surin 18,731,955 3.40 3.17Si Sa get 20,934,718 4.97 4.10Ubon Ratchathani 3,514,230 0.65 0.69Yasothorn 4,748,582.2 2.47 0.93Loel 4,576,515 3.92 0.90

NorthChiangral 26,233,091 3.74 5.14Chiangmal 9,517,780 2.58 1.86Lamphun 2,007,768 1.55 0.39Laupang 2,167,227 0.99 0.42Payao 13,894,385 4.06 2.12Uttaradit 9,883,750 5.34 1.94Nakhon Sawan 9,439,380 1.29 1.83Phitsanulok 22,696,252 4.14 4.45Petchabun 4,714,081 0.97 0.92Phichit 17,659,954 10.33 3.46Kauphaeng Phet 14,952,519 4.66 2.93Sukothai 10,694,455 3.37 2.10

/a Mudabarn's 1981/82 crop was included in 1981/82 Nakhon Phanom's crop.


THAILAND


Financial Transfers Under the HOF Paddy Procurement Proaram, 1982/83(Baht per ton of Paddy)

Receipt ExpenditureRevolving Rice Differences Transportation Rice mixing

Operating fund premium with market Ginny mill to and Weight Godown ShipSource expenses (implicit)ja exemption Total price bag Bangkok transport loss rent loading lb Total

Farmers' Aid Fund -550 -270 -820

Ministry of Finance -231 -231

HO? +550 +270 +231 +1,051 -450 -75 -145 -125 -29 -52 (-12) -876

Rice miller +75 +145 +220

Exporter +125 +29 +52 (+12) +206

Parm beneficiaries /c 450

/a Calculated from average paddy price of B 3,000/ton, 18S return on revolving fund wlth average shortage period of 6 months (opportunity cost ofcapitaL is assumed to be equal to the rate of return),

/b Lending at Sri Chang Island was included only for delivery there and is not included in total.

/c Distribution of benefit is summarized in Table 7.


THAILAND

PRICING AND MARK£TING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

FAF's Allocation for All ProAects by Agency Classification, FY75-82 /a(in million baht)

Agency 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Total

Ministry of Agriculture and 803,49 30.72 114.65 85.60 853,61 871.79 426.72 784.58 3,971.16CooperativesMinistry of Finance - 0.105 0.06 0.01 0.08 - - - 0.26Mlnistry of Commerce - - 2.45 80,0 100.0 - 70.0 200.0 452.45Ministry of Interior - 3.11 7.0 10.0 - 46.02 - - 66.13Ministry of Industry - 440,0 128.0 - 325.0 - 30.50 780.0 1,703.50Central Security Command - - - 60.0 40.0 36.0 - - 136.06National Energy Bureau - - - 31.73 - - - - 31,73Office of the Aids-de-camp - - - - 2.0 - - - 2.0Public Warehouse OrganizatLion - 7.0 9.81 2.0 - - 175.29 - 194.10Marketing Organization of Farmers 897.49 214.24 496.15 671.10 1,763.15 1,992.21 602.79 2,047.73 8,684.86Dairy Farm Organization of Thailand - - - - 12.99 - 80.0 22.97 115.96Fihliery Organization - - 25.0 - - - 10.0 - 35.0The Cold Storage OrganizaLion - - - - - - - 11.0 11.0Bank of Agriculture & Agricultural - - - 385.0 - 47,0 - 127.2 559.20CooperativesOffice of Farmers Aid Fund - 0.18 - 0,03 0,03 - - 1.0 1.24

Total 1,700,98 695.36 783,12 1,325,47 3,096.86 2,993.08 1,395.30 3,974.48 15,964.65

/a Fiscal year ending September 30 of year started.

Source: Rangsun Thanapornpun, the role of Farmers Aid Fund, July 1980 and mission updates.

Table 4.06_ 38 -

THAILAND

PRICING AN) MAR1ETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

FAF's Total Allocation, by Functional Classification, FY75-82(uillion baht)

Function 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Total

To Support/Guarantee Price 672.6 569.5 430.8 505.7 1,832.0 1,884.8 337.5 2,574.0 8,806.9Rice 636.6 107.0 189.0 310.0 1.251.2 1,734.8 - 1,384.0 5,606.6

Marketing Organization of Farmers (500.0) (100.0) (163.3) - (900.0) 1,504.8 _ (1,150.0) (4,318.1).Public Warehouse Organization - (7.0) (9.8) - - _ _ - (16.8)

iSugar & sugarcane - 440.0 130.4 - 325.0 - 242.5 780.0 1,917.9Cotton 42.0 - 21.6 30.0 100.0 100.0 - 110.0 403.6Haize - 22.5 89.8 103.7 120.8 40.0 25.0 280.0 704.3Hung bean - - - 60.0 30.0 - - - 90.0Garlic - - - - 5.0 - - - 5.0Salt - - - 2.0 - - - - 2.0Coconut - - - - - - - 20.0 20.0Coffee - - - - - - 70.0 - 70.0

To Promote Livestock Ireeding - - - 41.8 15.0 24.2 121.5 - 202.5

To Promote Fisheries - 0.7 33.0 5.0 6.4 2.7 21.5 23.0 92.3

To Promote Crop PlanAlng 1,003.0 101.8 220.0 740.0 1,028.3 748.1 851.7 20.6 5,716.5Ceneral - 2.4 - - 120.0 - 110.6 1,027.6 1,260.6Rlce fertilizers 691.5 54.0 152.5 401.3 527.5 277.1 577.8 302.4 2,984.1Sugarcane fertilizers 164.0 37.7 - 49.2 17.1 50.1 - 717.2 1,035.2Rice & sugarcane fertilizers - - 56.7 - - - - - 56.7Seeds - - - 63.0 8.0 - 143.2 - 214.2Plant insecticide 38.2 - 3.3 7.5 0.5 11.5 - 3.5 64.5Water sourcelirrigation - - - 31.7 355.2 292.0 - - 678.9Artificial rain 0.73 6.9 7.5 1.4 - 14.0 - - 30.5Land reforcm 100.1 - - - - - 16.6 - 116.7Research & development 8.42 - - - - 3.6 4.6 16.6Credit - - - 100.0 - - - - 100.0Water pups - - - 25.9 - 100.0 - 125.9

Marketing of Plant Crops 25.0 - 79.3 5.0 94.7 43.3 - 52.0 299.0Revolving funds - 7.0 - - - - - 7.0

Barns & silos 25.0 - 67.3 - 94.7 20.0 - 52.0 261.7Vehicles - - 5.0 - - 20.6 - - 25.6Agricultural market places - - - 5.0 - - - 5.0

Others - 23.3 20.1 28.0 120.4 290.1 100.0 277.3 882.5FAU office expense - 0,3 - - -0.1 - - 1.0 1.4Ald to farmers in natural disasters - 20.0 30.0 10.0 120.3 290.1 100.0 126.3 696.7Others - 3.0 18.0 18.0 - - - 150.0 189.0

Total

Source: Rangaun Thanapornpun. The Role of Farmers Ald Fund, July 1980 and mission updates.

Table 4.07- 39 -

THAILAND

PRICING AND MAZKETINC POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Total Amounts Drawn Pros FAF by Functional Classification Y75-42(mILLLon baht)

Function 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Total

To Support/Guarantee Prlce 577.6 566.2 414.6 463.1 1,723.3 1 884.8 337.5 2,374.0 8 341.1Rice U 105.2 185.4 310.0 1,151.2 1,734.- 1,184.0Marketing Organization of Farmers (405.0) (100.0) (163.3) - (900.0)(1,504.8) - (950.0) (4,023.1)Public Warehouse Organization - (5.3) (6.2) - - - - - 11.5

Sugar & sugarcane - 438.4 117.9 - 321.3 - 242.5 780.0 1,900.1Cotton 42.0 - 21.6 18.7 100.0 100.0 - 110.0 392.3Maize - 22.5 89.8 103.7 120.8 40.0 25.0 280.0 681.8Mung bean - - _ 30.0 25.0 - - - 55.0Carlic - - - - 5.0 10.0 - - 15.0Salt - - - 0.7 - - - 0.7Coconut - - - - - - - Z0.0 20.0Coffee - - - - - - 70.0 - 70.0

To Promote Livestock Breeding - - - 41.8 15.0 7.6 59.0 5.8 136.8

To Promote Fisheries - 0.7 33.0 5.0 6.4 0.2 13.3 14.1 72.7

To Promote Crop Planttng 879.0 99.9 211.8 719.3 1.021.1 728.3 728.4 758.9 5.146.7General - 0.6 - 56.8 119.6 - 65.9 57.8 300.7Rlce fertilizers 571.4 54.0 147.8 397.6 526.4 277.1 540.5 698.3 3,213.1Sugarcane fertilizers 164.0 37.7 - 46.8 18.3 42.6 - - 309.4Rice & sugarcane fertilizers - - 54.6 - - - - - 54.6Seeds - 0.7 - 63.0 - - 103.2 - 166.9Plant insecticide 36.1 - 2.5 6.8 0.5 11.5 - 1.1 58.5Water source/irrigation - - - 22.5 350.0 284.5 - - 657.0Artificial rain 0.7 6.8 6.9 0.2 - 13.3 - - 27.9Land reform. 100.0 - - - - - 15.9 - 115.9Research & development 6.7 - - - - - 3.0 1.7 11.4credit - - - 100.0 - - - - 100.0Water pumps - - - 25.7 - 99.3 - - 125.0

Marketing of Plant Crops 25.0 - 79.3 5.0 67.2 40.1 - - 216.6Revolving funds -- - - -Barns & silos - - - - 67.2 19.5 - - 86.7Vehicles - - - - 20.6 - - 20.6Agricultural market places - _ - 5.0 - - - _ 5.0

Others - 22.5 19.6 26.1 114.3 272.1 97.0 189.9 741.5YFA offlce expense - 0.2 0.1 0.02 0.03 - -0.6 0.9Aid to farmers In natural disasters - 19.2 19.6 10.0 114.3 272.1 97.0 39.3 571.5Others - 3.0 - 16.0 - - - 150.0 169.0

Tot-a

Source: Rangsun Thanapornpun, The Role of Farmers Ald Fund, July 1980 and mlsslon updates.

- 40 -

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

V. Rice Production, Exports and Farm Surpluses

THAILAND

PRICING AND HARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Paddy and Rice Supply by Glutinous and Nonglutinous Varieties(Million metric tons)

See-feed-loss Rice available Apparent domestic riceHilled rice Stock Exports /d (15t Milled Population for and utilization for food

Crop Paddy productlon equivalent lb change milled rice products) dd-year/e industry use + industry (kilos peryear /a Total Ng. GI. Total Ng. Cl. Total Total Ng. Gl. Total Ng. G1. (milItonis Total Ng. Cl. capita) Ng. + C1.

1967/68 9,625 6.80 2.80 6.25 4.05 2.20 -0.10 1.10 1.00 0.10 0.95 0.60 0.35 34.0 4.10 2.35 1.75 1201968/69 10,430 6.85 3.55 6.80 4.45 2.35 -0.25 1.05 0.95 0.10 1.00 0.65 0.35 35.1 4.50 2.60 1.90 1281969/70 13,410 8.60 4.85 8.70 5.60 3.10 -0.35 1.10 1.00 0.10 1.30 0.85 0.45 36.4 5.95 3.40 2.55 163

1970/71 13,570 8.40 5.15 8.80 5.45 3.35 +0.30 1.60 1.45 0.15 1.30 0,80 0.50 37.5 6.20 3.50 2.70 1651971/72 13,744 8.90 4.85 8.95 5.80 3.15 +0.25 2.15 1.95 0.20 1.35 0.85 0.50 38.5 5.70 3.25 2.45 148 51972/73 12,413 8.35 4.05 8.05 5,40 2.65 +0.50 0.90 0,80 0.10 1.20 0.80 0.40 39.7 6.45 4.30 2.15 162 >1973/74 14,898 10.10 4.80 9.70 6.55 3.15 -0.60 1.05 0.95 0.10 1.45 1.00 0.45 40.8 6.60 4.00 2.60 1621974/75 13,386 9.00 4.40 8.70 5.85 2.85 -0.15 1.00 0.90 0.10 1.30 0.90 0.40 41.9 6.25 3.90 2.35 149 1

1975/76 15,300 10.10 5.20 9.95 6.55 3.40 +0.35 2.10 1.90 0.20 1.50 1.00 0.50 43.0 6.70 4.00 2.70 1561976/77 15,070 10.30 4.80 9.80 6.70 3.10 +0.10 3.00 2.80 0.20 1.45 1.00 0.45 44.0 5.45 3.00 2.45 1241977/78 14,010 10.10 3.90 9.10 6,55 2,55 - 1.60 1.45 0.15 1.35 1.00 0.35 45.1 6.15 4.10 2.05 1361978/79 17,470 11.85 5.60 11.35 7.70 3.65 -0.10 2.80 2.70 0.10 1.70 1.15 0.55 46.1 6.75 3.85 2.90 1461979/80 15,758 10.06 5.70 10.24 6.54 3.70 +0.36 2.80 2.70 0.10 1.54 0.98 0.56 47.3 6.26 3.22 3.04 1321980/81 17,368 11.87 5.50 11.29 7.72 3.58 -0.20 3.04 2.90 0.14 1.69 1.15 0.54 48.4 6.36 3.47 2.89 131

/a Crop year begins April I and ends March 31.7i Paddy converted to rice at 0.65 x paddy production. g7j A minus change means a stock build-up during the CY; a plus change means a stock drawdown; nonglutinous rice only. s/d Exports are for calendar year; i.e., 1967168 - 1968 CY exports; glutinous rice normally ts less than 102 of total exports. m/e National Economic and Social Development Board.

SSource: Agriculture Operations Center and OEffice of Agricultural Economics, Minlstry of Agriculture.

- 42 - Table 5.02

TlAILAND


Paddy Production and Rice Exports(Million metric tons)

Paddy production Rlce exportsCrop year Glutinous Nonglutinous Total G-G Private t-aders Total

1967/68 2.80 6.82 9.62 0.35 0.72 1.07

1968/69 3.55 6.88 10.43 0.32 0.70 1.02

1969/70 4.85 8.56 13.41 0.33 0.73 1.06

1970/71 5.15 8.42 13.57 0.61 0.97 1.58

1971/72 4.85 8.89 13.74 0.54 1.57 2.11

1972/73 4.05 8.36 12.41 0.31 0.54 0.85

1973/74 4.80 10.10 14.90 0.30 0.73 1.03

1974/75 4.40 8.99 13.39 0.37 0.58 0.95

1975/76 5.20 10.10 15.30 - - 1.97

1976/77 4.80 10.27 15.07 - - 2.95

1977/78 3.90 10.11 14.01 0.48 1.13 1.61

1978/79 5.60 11.87 17.47 1.19 1.61 2.80

1979!80 5.70 10.06 15.76 1.03 1.77 2.80

1980/81 5.50 11.86 17.36 1.12 1.92 3.04

1981/82 n.a. n.a. 18.50 1.34 2.29 3.63

Source: Agriculture Operations Center, MOAC.

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Incidence of Agricultural and Rice Surpluses

All agricultural households Rice producing householdsSurplus as a % of Ag, Production Surplus as a % of rice production

Subregion >30 >10 <10 Total >30 >10 <10 Total

Total Thailand 47.6 65.9 34.1 30.9 42.6 58.4

Bangkok IBKK Proper 0 5.0 50.0 - - -

BKK Fringe 11.0 92.9 7.1 11.8 91.8 9.2BKK Suburban 4.8 90.4 9.6 20.0 60.0 40.0

OtherEast Central 80.4 88.0 12.0 59,4 69.4 30.6Mid. Central 74.5 84.4 15.6 68.4 80.8 19.2West Central 55.8 73,7 26.3 47.8 57.7 42.3Lower Northeast 27.2 50.6 49.4 15.8 30.0 70.0Upper Northeast 20.0 44.6 56.4 19.4 30.8 69.2Lower North 62.6 76.9 23.1 51.4 60.0 40.0Upper North 38.2 64.6 35.4 10.4 18.3 81,7Lower South 66.6 76.9 23.1 6.1 9.1 90.9Upper South 62.7 75.0 25.0 9.9 16.3 83.7

Source: NSO, 1975/76 Socio Economic Survey tapes.

sIs

lo

THAILAND

PRICING AND MAHRETINC POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Prooortion of Aaricultural Households by Types and Income Groups, 1975/76 /a(X) -)

Household types by croe enterprisesRlce and no Rice and All crop enterprises as Z of:

other maJor cr other ua4or crops No rice gubrego whole eNon- Sub- Non- Sub- Non- Sub- Non- Nub-

Poor poor total Poor poor total Poor poor total Poor poor Poor poor total

Northeastupper 36.5 37.9 74.4 7.5 14.8 22.3 1.5 1.9 3.4 45.5 54.6 9.8 11.9 21.7Lower 28.7 27.0 55.7 16.4 16.2 32.6 3.7 8.0 11.7 48.8 51.3 10.2 10.8 21.0

Subtotal 47.2 52.8 20.1 22.6 42.7

North-- Vp-per - - - 32.5 56.9 89.4 4.6 5.9 10.5 37.1 62.9 4.8 8.2 13.0 iLower 14.8 30.9 45.7 8.1 28.7 36.8 6.5 11.0 17.5 29.5 70.5 4.0 9.6 13.6

Subtotal 33.7 66.3 8.9 17.8 26.6

CentralHiddlT 8.2 69.4 77.6 0.5 20.0 20.5 1.6 - 1.6 10.3 89.7 0.5 5.4 5.9Went 6.0 68.6 74.6 0.3 6.6 6.9 1.6 17.0 18.6 8.2 91.8 0.8 7.2 8.0East 7.5 24.4 31.9 1.8 13.6 15.4 3.6 24.4 28.0 17.2 82.8 0.9 4.3 5.3

Subtotal 12.1 87.9 2.2 17.0 19.2

Sout.hVper O8.5 26.0 34.5 10.6 27.5 38.1 6.9 20.4 27.3 26.0 74.0 2.3 6.6 9.0Lower 9.8 5.3 15.1 25.6 12.0 37.6 24.8 22.6 47.4 60.2 39.9 1.5 1.0 2.5

Subtotal 52.9 47.1 3.8 7.6 11.5

Total 282.8 617.5 35.0 65.0 100.0

/a Totals and subtotals may not add up due to rounding.

Source: Derived from NSO, 1975/76 Socioeconomic Survey data given in Oey Meeuok and Ian Porter, Profiles of Agricul-tural Households in Thatland (Draft), February 1983.

_ 45 Table 5.05

THAILAND

PRICINC AND KARKITUIc PMOICY YOR SNTENSIFICArION OF RICE AICULTURE

Agricultural Sales fro, Rie Parus, by Subretion, 1975176

Total paddy sale All agriculturalQuantity Value surplus (value)'000 tons S '000 S '000 baht 2

Upper North 264.9 3.7 394.1 2.6 709.4 14.3Lower Niorth 1,507.4 21.0 3,063.4 20.4 506.6 10.2Upper N.E. 560.2 7.8 916.0 6.1 1,238.8 25.0Lower N.E. 369.3 5.1 732.5 4.9 974.7 19.7West Central 827.8 11.5 1,716.0 11.5 303.4 6.1Mid Central 1,640.1 22.8 3,749.4 25.0 412.0 8.3East Central 680.3 9.5 1,506.1 10.1 232.6 4.7Upper South 64.0 0.9 132.4 0.9 410.8 8.3Lower South 2.1 n.m. 5.2 u.s. 104.8 2.1Bangkok - - - - 4.8 0.1Greater Bangkok 1,278.9 17.7 2,768.8 18.5 56.6 1.1

Total 7,195.0 100.0 14,983.9 100.0 4,954.50 100.0

Source: NSO, Socio-econouic Survey, 1975176 tapes.

- 46 -

THAILAND

- PRICING AND MARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

VI. Gross Margins for Rice and Related Crops

- 47 - Table 6.01

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICS AGRICULTURE

Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model Al -Paddy for the Northern Region 1980/81

(per rai)

North Upper North Lower NorthFinancial Economic Financial Economic Financial Economic

Value of ProductionYield (kg) 343 343 449 449 349 349Price (baht/kg) 3.46 5.36 3.40 5.27 3.51 5.44Gross value of production (baht) 1,186.78 1,839.51 1,526.6 2,366.23 1,224.99 1,898.73

Production Cost (baht)Traded InputsSeed 34.64 53.69 21.16 32.80 34.58 53.60Fertilizer 19.19 18.90 32.87 32.38 16.18 15.94Pesticide 3.42 3.18 0.91 0.85 4.77 4.44Fuel 17.54 11.40 0.74 0.48 30.22 19.64Equipment 183.57 107.20 30.35 17.72 229 133.74Maintenance 1.76 1.03 2.00 1.17 1.47 0.86

Subtotal 260.12 195.41 88.03 85.40 316.22 228.21

Nontraded InputsManure 0.01 0.01 - - - -

Draft animal 67.97 67.97 248.50 248.50 68.47 68.47LaborLand preparation 3.70 3.70 4.92 4.92 3.19 3.19Irrigation 9.32 9.32 9.08 9.08 9.51 9.51Weeding 10.77 10.77 13.01 13.01 9.43 9.43Fertilizing 3.64 3.64 3,36 3.36 4.22 4.22Pest control 10.20 10.20 9.47 9.47 10.29 10.29Harvesting 112.39 112.39 73.58 73.58 129.23 129.23Collecting 31.36 31.36 26.21 26.21 42.07 42.07Threshing 25.84 25.84 51.74 51.74 24.53 24.53Transport 12.90 12.90 15.87 15.87 17.30 17.30Planting 92.83 92.83 104.52 104.52 128.93 128.93

Subtotal 380.93 380.93 560.26 560.26 447.17 447.17

Returns to Land and Management 545.73 1,263.17 878.31 1,720.57 461.60 1,223.35

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, MOAC, OAE.

- 48 - Table 6.02

THAILAND

PRICING AND mARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model A2 -Nonglutinous Paddy for the Northeast Region 1980/81

(per rai)

Northeast Upper Northeast Lover NortheastFinancial Economic Financial Economic Financial Economic

Value of ProductionYield (kg) 216 216 214 214 222 222Price (bahttkg) 3.29 5.10 3.17 4.91 3.27 5.07Gross value of production (baht) 710.64 1,101.49 678.38 1,051.49 725.94 1,125.21

Production Cost (baht)Traded InputsSeed 22.01 34.12 25.87 40.10 21.79 33.77Fertilizer 32.00 31.52 13.68 13.47 32.46 31.97Pesticide 2.11 1.96 4.62 4.30 2.04 1.90Fuel 2.49 1.62 5.66 3.68 - 0.00Equipment 35.12 20.51 51.23 29.92 12.77 7.46Maintenance 1.04 0.61 0.91 0.53 0.85 0.50

Subtotal 94.77 90.34 101.97 92.00 69.91 75.60

Nontraded InputsManureDraft animal 159.28 159.28 132.98 132.98 178.32 178.32Labor

Land preparation 1.56 1.56 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02Irrigation 13.33 13.33 9.25 9.25 14.69 14.69Weeding 14.52 14.52 16.25 16.25 17.43 17.43Fertilizing 9.11 9.11 8.37 8.37 10.41 10.41Pest control 5.29 5.29 2.19 2.19 4.58 4.58Harvesting 111.58 111.58 123.00 123.00 116.38 116.38Collecting 28.62 28.62 27.41 27.41 22.51 22.51Threshing 30.61 30.61 31.42 31.42 30.04 30.04Transport 18.22 18.22 29.47 29.47 20.18 20.18Planting 128.18 128.18 121.72 121.72 130.97 130.97

Subtotal 520.30 520.30 503.09 503.09 546.53 546.53

Returns to Land and Management 95.57 490.86 73.32 456.40 109.50 503.08

Source: MOAC, OAE

_49- Table 6.03

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARKEIING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model A3 -Paddy for the Central and Western Central Region 1980/81

(baht per rai)

Central Western Western CentralFinancial Economic Financial Economic Financial Economic

Value of ProductionField (kg) 316 316 247 247 333 333Price (baht/kg) 3.65 5.66 3.56 5.52 3.69 5.72Gross value of production (baht) 1,153.40 1,787.77 879.32 1,362.95 1,228.77 1,904.59

Production Cost (baht)Traded Inputs

Seed 50.93 78.94 51.27 79.47 28.59 44.31Fertilizer 47.48 46.77 27.26 26.85 58.95 58.07Pesticide 6.76 6.29 5.38 5.01 23.77 22.13Fuel 14.33 9.31 9.40 6.11 31.68 20.59Equipment 188.17 109.89 234.20 136.77 294.11 171.76Maintennnce 2.74 1.06 2.14 1.25 2.9 1.69

Subtotal 310.41 252.81 329.65 255.46 440.00 318.56

Nontraded InputsManure 0.60 0.60 - - - -Draft animal 62.94 62.94 47.37 47.37 -Labor


Subtotal 430.22 430.22 313.39 313.39 341.25 341.25

Returns to land and management 412.77 1,104.74 236.28 794.10 447.52 1,244.79

Source: MOAC, OAE.

- 50- Table 6.04

TRAILAND


Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model A4 -Paddy for the Southern Region 1980/81

(per rai)

Financial Economic

Value of ProductionYield (kg) 281 281Price (baht/kg) 3.34 5.18Gross value of production (baht) 938.54 1,454.74

Production Cost (ba7nt)Traded InputsSeed 22.26 34.50Fertilizer 44.69 44.02Pesticide 1.84 1.71FuelEquipment 160.46 93.71Maintenance 2.05 1.20

Subtotal 231.30 175.14

Nontraded InputsManure 1.52 1.52Draft animal 69.50 69.50LaborLand preparation 13.13 13.13Irrigatiou 12.68 12.68Weeding 18.28 18.28Fertilizing 8.13 8.13Pest control 5.46 5.46Harvesting 144.91 144.91Collecting 14.97 14.97Threshing 52.46 52.46Transport 36.70 36.70Planting 157.30 157.30

Subtotal 535.04 535.04

Returns to Land and Management 172.20 744.56

Source: MOACs OAE.

- 51- Table 6.P3

THAILAND


Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model B1 -Glutinous Paddy for the Northern Region 1980181

(per rai)

North Upper North Lower NorthFinancial Economic Financial Economic Financial Economic

Value of ProductionYield (kg) 448 448 464 464 344 344.00Price (baht/kg) 2.84 3.96 2.88 4.02 2.79 3.89Gross value of production (baht) 1,272.32 1,774.89 1,336.32 1,864.17 959.76 1,338.87


Seed 23.10 35.81 24.55 38.05 21.60 33.48Fertilizer 36.46 35.91 44.88 44.21 16.73 16.48Pesticide 2.47 2.30 1.62 1.51 3.63 3.38Fuel 3.14 2.04 1.28 0.83 19.87 12.92Equipment 103.51 60.45 88.19 51.50 130.36 76.13Maintenance 2.12 1.24 1.98 1.16 3.63 2.12

Subtotal 170.80 137.75 162.50 137.26 195.82 144.50

Nontraded InputsManure 0.92 0.92 1.31 1.31 -Draft animal 164.71 164.71 176.01 176.01 160.47 160.47Labor


Subtotal 522.92 522.92 513.35 513.35 550.85 550.85

Returns to Land and Management 578.60 1.114.22 660.47 1,213.56 213.09 643.51

Source: MOAC. OAE.

Table 6.06-52-

THAILAND


Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Model B2 -Glutinous Paddy for the Northeast Region 1980/81

(baht per rai)

Northeast Upper Northeast Lower NortheastFinancial Economic Financial Economic Financial Economic

Value of ProductionYield (kg) 198 198 206 206 204 204

Price (bahtfkg) 2.56 3.57 2.46 3.43 2.43 3.39

Gross value of production (baht) 506.88 707.10 506.76 706.93 495.72 691.53


Seed 19.31 29.93 16.72 25.92 18.52 28.71

Fertilizer 25.50 25.12 18.57 18.29 32.13 31.65Pesticide 2.58 2.40 5.38 5.01 4.71 4.39

Fuel 2.22 1.44 3.38 3.38 0.14 0.09

Equipment 36.21 21.15 47.52 27.75 11.45 6.69

Maintenance 1.27 0.74 1.60 0.93 1.10 0.64

Subtotal 87.09 80.78 93.17 80.10 68.05 72.16

Nontraded InputsManure 2.09 2.09 2.19 2.19 - -Draft animal 174.90 174.90 164.79 164.79 161.47 161.47

LaborLand preparation 1.51 1.51 1.47 1.47 1.33 1.33Irrigation 6.39 6.39 7.61 7.61 9.94 9.94Weeding 11.51 11.51 14.54 14.54 14.81 14.81

Fertilizing 5.90 5.90 5.96 5.96 4.76 4.76

Pest control 5.79 5.79 2.71 2.71 6.38 6.38

Harvesting 105.54 105.54 111.62 111.62 116.61 116.61

Collecting 28.63 28.63 23.06 23.06 24.87 24.87Threshing 29.48 29.48 25.06 25.06 27.94 27.94

Transport 27.21 27.21 30.01 30.01 21.03 21.03Planting 114.37 114.37 118.90 118.90 114.70 114.70

Subtotal 513.32 513.32 507.92 507.92 503.84 503.84

Returns to Land and Management (93.53) 113.00 (94.33) 118.91 (76.17) 115.53

Source: MOAC, OAE.

_ 53 - Table 6.07

THAILAND


Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Models Cl and C2 -Corn and Mungbean(baht per rai)

Farm Model C1 Farm Model C2(Corn) (Mungbean)

Lower North Region Lower NortheastFinancial Economic Financial Economic

Value of ProductionYield (kg) 312 3.12 124 124Price (baht/kg) 2.56 2.63 6.42 6.63Gross value of production 798.72 821.88 796.08 821.55

(baht)

Production Cost (baht)Traded InputsSeed 22.97 23.64 89.88 92.76Fertilizer 1.88 1.85 13.00 12.81Pesticide 2.63 2.45 11.58 10.78Fuel - 0.00 - 0.00Equipment 170.94 99.83 34.69 154.40Maintenance 1.63 0.95 - -

Subtotal 200.05 128.72 149.15 136.60

Nontraded InputsManure -Draft animal 48.31 48.31 - -LaborLand preparation 10.91 10.91 0.50 0.50Irrigation - - - -Weeding 82.77 82.77 50.94 50.94Fertilizing 1.91 1.91 f6.63 50.94Pest control 5.22 5.22 - 6.63Harvesting 69.97 69.97 62.27 62.27Collecting - - 2.03 2.03Threshing - 2.40 12.40 25.22 25.22Transport 40.07 20.50 20.50Planting 40.07 40.07 14.41 14.41Drying and packing - - 5.33 5.33

Subtotal 271.56 271.56 187.83 187.83

Returns to Land and 327.11 421.61 459.10 497.12Management

Source: MOAC, OAE.

- 54 Table 6.08

THAILAND

PRICING AND HARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Financial and Economic Costs and Returns: Models C3, C5, C6 -Cassava, Peanut and Kenaf Production 1980/81

(baht per rai)

Farm Model C3 Farm Model C5 Farm Model C6(Cassava) (Peanut) (Kenaf)Northeast Lower Northeast Northeast

Financial Economic Financial Economic Financial Economic

Value of ProductionYield (kg) 2,207 2,207 168 168 197 197Price (baht/kg) 0.51 0.53 7.33 7.76 3.50 3.65Gross value of production (baht) 1,125.57 1,173.97 1,231.44 1,304.09 689.5 718.46

Production Cost (baht)Traded InputsSeed 60.17 62.76 207.42 219.66 31.57 32.90Fertilizer 3.33 3.28 5.24 5.16 8.51 8.38Pesticide - 0.00 7.39 6.88 3.16 2.94Fuel 4.16 2.70 - - 4.08 2.65Equipment 173.52 101.34 66.54 38.86 130.34 76.12Maintenance 2.93 1.71 0.77 0.45 3.97 2.32

Subtotal 244.11 171.79 287.36 271.01 181.63 125.31

Nontraded InputsManureDraft animal - - - - - -Labor 24.21 24.21 95.60 94.60 44.78 44.78

Land preparation 24.98 24.98 77.87 77.87 39.22 39.22IrrigationWeeding 162.34 162.34 145.24 145.24 120.77 120.77Fertilizing 0.92 0.92 1.65 1.65 0.80 0.80Pest control - - 7.33 7.33 0.80 0.80Harvesting 145.08 145.08 124.80 124.80 118.34 118.34Collecting - - 11.55 11.55 41.17 41.17Threshing - - -

Transport 22.66 22.66 18.61 18.61 17.02 17.02Planting 71.40 71.40 141.49 141.49 50.62 50.62Drying and packing 120.19 120.19 162.27/a 162.27

Subtotal 451.59 451.59 744.33 744.33 595.79 595.79

Returns to Land and Management 429.87 550.59 199.75 288.76 (87.92) (2.64)

/a Includes packing 8.86; peellng, cleaning, drying 120.34; soaking stalk 33.07.

Source: .OAC, OAE.

- 55 - Table 6.09

THAILAND


Financial and Economic Cost. and Returns: Model C4 - Sugarcane Production 1980/81(baht per ral)

Average sugarcane First sugarcane First ratoon cane Second ratoon caneFinancial Economic Financial Economic Financial Economic Financial Economic

Value of ProductionYield (ton) 6.81 6.81 7.21 7.21 6.58 6.58 5.19 5.19Price (ton) 650 664.95 650 664.95 650 664.95 650 664.95Cross value of production (baht) 4,426.50 4,528.31 4,686.50 4,794.29 4,277 4,375.37 3,373.5 4,048.20

Production Cost (baht)Traded InputsSeed 335.11 342.82 769.83 787.54 159.02 162.68 - -Fertilizer 210.21 207.06 214.49 211.27 221.86 218.53 147.9 0.00Peaticide 40.88 38.06 54.45 50.69 24.82 23.11 21.36 144.88Fuel 10.47 6.81 11.88 7.72 8.23 5.35 9.09 19.89Equipment 466 272.14 468.26 273.46 158.08 92.32 68.41 5.91Maintenance 14.87 8.68 15.30 8.94 14.14 8.26 14.51 39.95

Subtotal 1.077.54 875.57 1,534.21 1,339.62 586.15 510.24 260.46 219.10

Nontraded InputsManure Draft animal 12.36 12.36 9.26 9.26 20.94 20.94 3.71 3.71LaborLand preparation 33.47 33.47 33.48 33.48 - - - -Irrigatlon 15.93 15.93 21.66 21.66 7.27 7.27 11.05 11.05Weeding 218.74 218.74 186.65 186.65 252.52 252.52 307.96 307.96Fertilizing 35.50 35.50 38.85 38.85 32.25 32.25 26.95 26.95Peat control 38.54 38.54 48.18 48.18 25.51 25.51 24.15 24.15Harvesting 313.89 313.89 317.83 317.83 332.42 332.42 237.36 237.36Collecting - - - - - - - -Threshing - - - - - - - -Transport 113.55 113.55 133.82 133.82 86.85 86.85 80.09 80.09Planting 249.46 249.46 182.78 182.78 65.97 65.97 - -

Subtotal 1.031.45 1.031.44 972.51 972.51 823.73 823.73 691.27 691.27

Returns to Land and Management 2,317.51 2,621.30 2,179.78 2,482.16 2,867.12 3,041.40 2,421.77 2,540.72

Source: MOAC, O0E.

- 56- Table .3

ThAILAND

pICma Mmn .TIanut pOICT FOR INT3NIFICATI0N OF RICI ACRtCLT1tI3

Detail. on Pinarl.I Conts Mod l - Paddy for the ortbern ReaSon. 1 /061

NOrth ~~~~~~~~~~Uour North ln Lower North lbOveatity Unit Total U*ttty D /olt Total Quantity Unit Total

Unit Hirod tend ont (6) value (63

Returnaltin h - 341 - - - - 449 - - _ - 34 - _

Prtee obtained 3 - - - 3.46 - - - - 3.60 - - - - 3.51 -neVen 3 _ _ - - 1.6.76 - - - - 1.526.60 - - - - 1224.99

CoatLe.d preparation

Man-l SD 0.01 0.09 0.12 30.63 3.70 - 0.22 0.22 22.36 4.92 - 0.09 0.09 3S.44 3.19AIMa MD 0.14 0.73 0.92 11.47 51.06 o.a8 2.72 2.90 69.96 202.96 0.24 0.6? 1.06 12.95 53.13

Machine hr. 0.66 0.90 1.56 62.56 126.66 0.01 0.13 0.23 76.46 16.05 0.72 1.06 1.31 65.16 154.15lrrigation contr l

n e l IMD - 0.33 0.31 28.24 9.32 - 0.19 0.39 23.29 9.06 - 0.27 0.27 15.22 9.S3achine bra 0.01 0.46 0.63 20.95 13.62 0.03 - 0.03 5.73 0.17 0.0 0.94 0.95 2S.00 21.75

Pleeting - umnul MD 1.15 I.U 3.03 30.63 92.63 0.96 3.27 4.23 24.70 104.32 1.46 1.89 3.35 38.48 126.93MXatrial Cooed) k 1.42 6.75 10.17 3.40 36.64 0.20 6.20 6.60 3.30 21.1U 0.16 10.62 11.00 1.16 36.5

Iboding - namel MD 0.03 0.31 0.34 31.67 10.77 0.10 0.46 0.3 23.22 13.01 0.02 0.26 0.23 33.66 9.43Fertlitner application

- umet aD - 0.11 0.13 28.02 3.64 - 0.14 0.14 24.02 3.36 - 0.12 0.12 35.14 4.22Material - mnore kg - 0.01 0.03 0.43 0.03 - - - - - - - - -

- fertililer kg 3.02 0.0o 3.10 6.19 16.12 5.31 - 5.31 5.13 27.26 2.92 - 2.92 5.54 15.61eteticide application

anam l -0 0.01 0.19 0.20 51.00 10.20 - 0.22 0.22 6.19 9.47 0.02 0.19 0.21 48.9 20.29achtIne br. - 0.01 0.01 18.66 0.19 - - - - - - _ - _ _

Material (pestlcide) hm 0.30 - 0.10 32.63 3.42 0.03 - 0.03 30.33 0.91 0.16 - 0.16 29.81 4.77tervnattng - m_rl D I." 1.392 3.91 26.74 112.39 0.93 2.36 3.27 22.30 73.1 2.25 1.26 3.51 34.63 129.23Collecting aD 0.10 1.00 I.10 28.50 31.16 0.24 0.97 1.21 21.66 26.21 0.06 1.13 1.21 34.76 42.07Tbre-hing

Manal MD 0.23 0.43 0.66 30.04 25.56 0.22 2.10 2.32 22.30 531.74 0.29 0.41 0.74 33.14 24.53Anlml MD - 0.06 0.06 66.50 3.19 - - - - - - 0.03 0.03 26.13 0.63

Mathise bra 0.1 0.09 0.25 73.60 13.40 - - - - - 0.26 0.16 0.44 70.31 30.96Transportlig

Mni:a aD 0.13 0.34 0.47 27.4 12.90 0.22 0.15 0.57 27.66 15.67 0.21 0.32 0.51 32.64 17.30Al I a 0.03 0.17 0.20 53.70 11.74 0.14 1.02 3.16 39.27 45.S6 0.01 0.11 0.12 95373 11.49Mahine brh 0.15 0.31 0.46 62.76 19.66 0.14 - 0.14 "4.65 6.26 0.14 0.19 0.33 53.74 17.74

thererTl liter 2.60 - 1.66 I0."4 37.4 0.07 - 0.07 10.57 0.74 2.66 - 2.68 11.27 30.22E4quprst _ed a - - - - 2.64 - - - - 5.03 - - - - 2.42tEqpomt minte-anc I - - - - 1.76 - - - - 2.00 - - - - 1.47Opprtcsity Coot S - - - 38.29 - - - - 36.56 - - - - 45.77

Total coot (-,cludenland oud) 6 - - - 616.47 - - - 661.24 - - - - 606.63ste/hg 3 - - - - 1.97 - - _ _ 1.36 - - - 2 35

Crne args * - - - - 510.31 - - - - U5.36 - - - - *16l36Land need 5 33.5 126.68 160.47 - 160.47 13.46 172.35 18.33 - 188.31 46.01 119.00 167.01 - 167.01

i- Of asrecononic none 10.

Lb Of areoonoolic noon 6.

*ot: aD - usaumiy. 8 hotre per day. Am tl - 6 barn par day. uncbhm - 6 hour. par day.

sucesn "MC. OAR.4

- Si - Table 6.13

TSIIAN

PrtcIc 4Amp ItKINC rPolcY P01 tIUTINsInCATIOn oF micr waOrlcIuLTm

etal e nnnactal Cot: Iel 4a - Pddy tfr the Vertibrn 3.33o.. Ittl511

aI-rth_t S t-r 0orthoe.et Is nEt ;erth.aat TbQuantity unit ToI'll Iatlty 13.1t 1.1.1 Omwntly We unit Total

Unit Hirnd O_tAd Totml cmt. (1) al CS) Ir Caned Ttal coot (t) value CB) ired Owned Tota7 eet (a) value (a)

Iet-trnProduction kg - - 216 - - - - 214 - - - - 222 - -Prte obtaied a - - - 1.29 - - - - 117 - _ - 1.27Sewege a - - - - 710.64 - - - - 676.36 - - - - 725.94

CoatLand preparation

Hernal MD - 0.06 0.06 26.00 1.16 - 0.06 0.04 25.62 1.01 - 0.04 0.04 25.44 1.02Aelel MD 0.04 1.6 1.30 47.03 315.22 - 2.76 2.76 46.13 152.93 0.07 1.6 U I.6 5.5.4 176.73

atchine bra 0.05 0.15 0.20 60.25 16.05 - 0.50 0.50 b5.07 32.4 - - - - -Irriatloa coetrol

anual MD - 0.51 0.51 25.15 11.31 - 0.16 0.31 24.31 9.25 - 0.56 0.56 26.24 16.19IIcbin. bra 0.15 - 0.15 21.13 1.92 - - - - - - - - - -

?lating - "oval PID 1.24 3.71 4.95 25.69 132.13 1.33 3.53 4.06 25.04 121.72 1.01 4.04 S.0S 25.92 130.97MSt,ral t(d) kg 0.05 6.56 6.6 2 1.11 22.01 - 7.69 7.69 3.56 25.17 - 6.32 6.12 3.44 21.79

ileedns - Maal 30 0.01 0.58 0.59 24.61 14.52 - 0.67 0.67 24.25 16.25 - 0.66 0.6 26.41 17.43rerttli3r applicalot.

- ammal ID - 0.14 0.34 21.79 9.11 - 0.11 0.31 26.93 6.17 - 0.39 0.19 26.69 10.41Materlel (fertilizer) 4.60 0.37 5.17 1.19 25.64 1.21 - 2.21 6.39 11.11 5.26 0.55 5.66 5.54 26.42

Pestitcid applicationmanal 3D - 0.12 0.12 44.08 5.29 0.01 0.06 0.07 33.31 2.19 - 0.10 0.10 45.7a 4.56tlbhl_w bra - - - 10.75 0.01 - - - - - - - - - -Material (pestIcide) kg 0.06 - 0.08 26.04 2.11 0.04 - 0.04 115.50 4.62 0.09 - 0.09o 22.42 2.04

Ibrve ting - aeamaI 30 0.96 1.14 4.12 25.82 111.56 1.46 1.46 4.91 26.34 123.00 0.62 1.63 4.45 26.15 116.10Collecting MD 0.01 1.09 1.12 25.55 26.62 0.13 1.02 1.11 24.25 27.41 - 0.67 0.67 25.67 22.51Threeb tag

manual 30 0.02 1.36 1.20 25.50 10.61 0.09 1.15 1.24 25.34 31.42 0.01 I.15 1.16 25.69 10.06Anlml PID - 0.01 0.01 64.00 3.4 - - - - - - 0.01 0.01 21.06 0.21

Treoeprtlna"anual 30 0.01 0.66 0.71 25.66 35.22 0.31 0.79 1.17 25.16 29.47 - 0.76 0.75 25.67 20.35Anml I"D 0.005 0.06 0.06 50.29 1.42 - - - - - - 0.06 0.066 20.t4 1.38Mchine hbr 0.13 0.02 0.15 69.66 10.45 0.11 0.02 0.13 116.62 15.19 0.06 - 0.06 111.14 9.25

Ot*herFeel litee 0.10 - 0.10 6.30 2.49 0.60 - 0.60 7.07 1.66 - - - - -rqu1pwnt waod S - - - - 4.69 - - - - 2.30 - 1.54rqIpmentc aLatenance I - - - - 3.06 - - - - 0.91 - - - - 0.85Opportunity coat a - - - - 16.53 - - - - 36.16 - - - - 16.74Depreclatlon cest O - - - - 10.24 - - - - 10.24 - - - - 9.54

Tetal cot (ealudes"a Haed) S _ _ _ _ 655.6 - _ _ _ 649.09 _ _ _ _ 653.66Coste/kg ' - - - '.04 - - - - 3.03 - - - - 2.97Crme awrtie a - - - - 54.SA - - - - 29.2 - - - - 67.26Land uend a 10.54 123.36 333.90 - 331.90 2.4 146.23 146.67 - 146.67 6.93 137.07 14.00 - 146.00

t of egroeconomic sae 3.

Lb of agroeconomit sco 4.

1ot MD - Man-day. 8 bora per day. AnImal - 6 boura par day, macblow - 8 heurs per day.

Source: IWAC. OA7.

Tsbu 6.12

THAILANID

P81 CUE AND KARKITIN POLICY 103R TITUNI IPICATION 0? RICE dmHICULURIh

Otsictle - nmeclal bats mdol £3 - Padd. for th. Western Central HESS.. 1300/111

Central Centre! (waters mart) J_ Certrel (westor mart) /bOuanttt, uimt Total Ouuty Ontt letal tln&l Unit Toeal

Ulit Hind w ne Total cot (3) value (61 Hired Ovnd Toal cost 8) value (3) lltrd e Tuufl ctat (c) vdal (3)

lot rmsProction kg - 16 - - - 247 - - - _ 231 - -

Wrict obtaied a - - - 3.65 - - - - 3.16 - - - - 1.69 -RA - - - 1.153:40 - _- _ - - 1.223.17

Land propara tionnHatl IID - 0.09 0.09 22.22 2.90 - 0.10 0.10 331.6 1.20 - 0.24 0.24 so.on 12.00MIasi 0.02 0.72 0.74 62.s0 46.23 - 0.71 0.73 13.77 31.25 - - - - -Machine ahn 0.14 0.97 .531 4 .63 142.90 O.34 0.35 1.21 148.21 203.S4 0.S7 1.21 1.HO 317.12 2a3.43

Irrlsation controlllata MD - 0.20 0.20 32.90 6.56 - 0.19 0.19 21.00 4.71 - 0.21 0.23 S0.00 3I.S0lachine bra 0.07 0.36 0.21 22.76 1.69 - - - - - 0.72 0.83 12 20.32 10.8g

Planting - manl MD 3.1 1.30 2.31 41.19 96.80 0.72 1.00 1.72 26.80 66.74 3.42 1.3o 2.12 10.00 326.0atertial (sad.) kg 3.93 11.30 1S.23 3.34 10.93 2.14 11.48 15.62 1.28 S1.27 - 9.13 9.53 3.00 2H."

Iiedng - annual S - 0.30 0.30 34.96 10.49 - 0.13 0.11 29.6 15.71 - 0.36 0.16 10.00 6.00Portillear appltcatton

- saum1a 1D0 0.03 0.16 0? 1 7 4164 7.03 - 0.08 0.03 30.84 2.47 - 0.19 0.19 10.00 9.soMagortal - -mra kg 1339 1.3 0 43 0.60 - - - - - - -_

- forttlir kg 9.67 0.06 9.73 4.68 47.01 4.92 - 4.92 3.14 25.04 10.6 - 10.4A 1.54 1N.20rPatticde applicattio

Manul MD 0.02 0.25 0.27 14.1l 14.72 - 0.13 0.33 15.71 7.25 - 0.33 0.23 63.60 9.75Mbachin bra - 0.2 0.12 3.22 0.39 - - - - - - - - - -Mahtrlal (postIcldo) kg 0.11 0.01 0.16 42.21 6.7* 0.36 0.002 0. 12 33.20 5.1s 0.47 - o.47 30.1 23.7

Servacting - anual MD 1.61 1.91 3.56 43.29 154.12 3.4b 2.01 3.47 31.47 109.23 1.04 2.13 3.17 31.01 lIteoCollctlng MD 0.08 0.o0 0.63 37.07 32.63 - 0.62 0.4i2 30.1 18.96 0.07 0.37 0.4 50.00 22.10Thlreahlng

"Mual M 0.12 0.17 0.9 35.49 24.49 0.05 0.93 0.93 30.34 29.74 0.07 0.3 0.42 1s0.00 23.00Mimi1 tl 0.02 0.44 0.4 21.39 9.14 - 0.25 0.25 22.97 S.74 - - - - -

Mahiet bra 307 0.18 1.25 15.56 19.46 0.17 0.15 0.32 60.96 1s.51 0.07 0.79 0.I6 39.05 33.19Trauaportiua

Maual mID 0.04 0.36 0.42 40.16 136.7 - 0.25 0.21 11.86 7.97 0.02 0.19 0.21 0.00 10.10Animal MD 0.01 0.31 0.12 57.03 6.85 - 0.07 0.07 34.00 2.38 - - - - -Reaine bra 0.15 0.17 0.32 45.21 14.47 0.13 0.04 0.17 43.04 7.52 0.03 0.44 0.41 33.51 15.10

ntboro

unel liter 1.72 - 1.72 8.33 14.31 1.13 - 1.11 8.46 9.40 3.61 - 3.61 8.77 13.6Ukutpant mad 71 - - 1.26 - - - - 1.3 - 3 - .70qtipwnt maIntenance a - - - - 2.74 - - - - 2.14 - - - - .0

Opportuntty tout a - - - - 41.33 - - - - 38.33 - - - - 41.5l

Total oest (autiSmland umd) 3 - - - - 783.13 - - - - 679.15 - - - - 321.31Ct/ 1 - - - - 2.48 - - - - 2.12 - - - - 2.43Crm marsie a - - - - 369.32 - - - - 200.17 - - - - 407.46la mad 3 25.42 131.90 165.32 - 16.32 24.86 144.66 169.52 - 149.12 19.10 121.11 14042 - 160.21

t Of aarecocic eo 12.

ft Of agroacaoog mos, 14.

Note I3D - VAndap. 3 bamn par del. Amial - 6 bourn per day. machine - 3 hkurs par day.

Surtos eMA. oa.

7.13. 0.31

PRICINg An 31.U1 POLICy PO IIncono O RICO AOIIOIC gI

Tl-stell en PiFteUI Coet, Moe 01 - Cluttse Pad fey the Notherv bose. lISt0 1

lI-reh Poer _ orth /l Lowtr earth /1UnU Unity totail "n,t Sttl onit Ttalt

unit4ft I|) red SW l T Itu D r a ot (a) value 1 ( H Tta cost (iI .l(S i Ed T"ota ct C.) I"o (I)

Pr t_ .llo - - 041 - - - - 1.1. - - _ - 2*.' _ _Prtic obtalmd - - - .4 - - - - 2.UI - - - - 2.19 -Noses.. * - - - - 1 72.12 - - - - 3*130.12 - - - - 919.7

Land preparationanualt MP 0.01 0.23 0.21 22.43 3.33 0.0.L 0.220 0.234 24.76 1i.5 - 0.1. 0.13 14.26 11.49

Aelel ND 0.11 1.79 1.97 731.1 141.12 0.32 3 .3 2.07 72.00 149.04 n.0n 2.7a 2.s4 u1.m1 'A0.(2fl' toa hr. 0.11 0.UI 0.49 99.13 ".44 0.17 0.27 0.44 111.t2 1.0on 0.11 U9i 1.0. 11.21 14.11

Irritatlee ceatralenna, ID - 0.1 0.11 21.15 9.0 - 0.21 0.20 25.12 7.U3 - 0.79 0.2. 12.1: 92

Maeclm hr. .nl n0.1 0.17 21.25 4 .2 0.03 - 0.03 1.71 0.00 - 1.17 1.11 14.01 19.52pientiqg - _mal ND l.42 2.93 4.13 25.43 110.11 1.10 1.00 4.3 2.44 ". 9 .22 0.27 .39o 4.30 1S.44 147.44

Mtluel (sude) 14 0.21 r.20 11.11 2.1l 21.10 0.1. 6.40 S.17 2.34 14.11 0.1U 7.01 7.% 1.51 21.60mm"dle - nsosl .) 0.07 0.40 0.47 24.90 11.71 0.09 0.41 0.10 231.92 11.9h 0.01 0.72 0.21 11.16 R.1111rtill3wr ewptlc. 1o0

- _1 MD 0.01 0.17 0.16 21.93 4.07 - 0.17 0.17 21.34 4.27 - 0.1 n.33 11.73 1.72Msterial - _m_., k4 0.37 0.06 0.91 o.n 0.92 1.24 0.32 1.6 0.94 3.111

- f.rtilim.r 4 S.l9 - S.6 .319 10.*2 1.21 - 1.21 .1.9 163 1.02 _ 1.02 S.14 14.11PesIIde appitllrotls

aal 0 - 0.2 0.27 04.01 12.1s 0.002 0.2O 7 0.209 43.75 11.17 - 0.13 0.30 41.60 71.1ftelvas, bhra - 0.01 0.03 In." 0.39 - - - - - - - _ _ _Material (pettetdo) k4 0.04 - 0.04 54.33 2.47 0.01 0.007 0.01 43.73 1.2 1.31 - 0.31 21.92 1.43

RarveetIna - anal MD 1.14 2.32 1.t6 21.1. 91.10 3.h7 2.12 1.79 21.01 Al 7.19 0.11 1.16 1.1.9 11.24 122..bCal lettng - sexual 13D 1.10 0.94 1.20 24.44 30.32 0.12 0.92 1.24 21.30 26.45 0.01 0.99 3.00 11.63 11.51Threshing

Mount1 ' 0.43 13.14 ." 2S.00 10.40 0.1 1..1 23.1 24.60 1.0l 0.03 1.09 1.10 12.13 *11.141..! PI 0.111 0.03 0.02 10.71 3.13 0.02 - 0.02 24.71 1.14 - 3.01 n0.0 20.66 0.62nothlng hr. 0.01 0.01 0.00 14.09 3.97 - - - - 0.3l 0.09 0.22 1.143o 12.21

TreansortingMIIMma ND 0.2n 0.70 0.91 24.79 23.11 0.14 0.73 1.12 24.01 26.92 - 0.49 0.49 30.14 13.71&LaSl to n..3 0.30 0.12 4S.33 22.0 0.12 0.47 O.1 41.77 21.3 0.03 0.10 0.37 14.26 9.21Recline firs 0.10 0.15 0.4 1.19 21.11 0.01 0.16 0.79 10."9 24.49 0.76 Ofl 0.1 0D.17 23.00

Others7le lItter 0.32 - 0.32 9.31 3.14 0.14 - 0.14 9.14 1.26 2.17 - 2.17 1.15 I9..t3ql_mt wud a - - - S.27 - _ _ _ 1.04 _ _ _ _ 2.94Uquip t es1mt.nadnce S - - - 2.12 - - - - I." - - - - 3.K1Opportunity coot t - - - - 01.27 - - - - 40.31 - - - - 44.00Doreclotlee cost I .- _ 10_.79 - - - _ 1.40 _ _ _ _ 13.72

Teta. ,et (s.eld1_d moe) - - - - 731.04 - - - - 72.70 - - - - 300.27C_elelg a - - - - 1.0 - - - 3.1 - - - - 2.29Green morgim S _ 20.1 - - - 607.1S - - - 1".49Lad Maed S 02.41 131.2 1811.27 - 131.27 13.30 135.02 l5.92 - 130.92 0.91 103.13 30.20 - 100.24

of tare_lecic nas 0o.

of e grt ueit soon S.

Netal NS - Na_da. 6 horer per dop. Anims - * lis per der. amalins - a h_ou per day.

So_rteo "C. 0a1.

Table 6.14

FrICIUG AM ANrGc roLC! Pot lreWSnIZCATnO OF SIIC! AUCULTUR

D.talls on Pitndsal Costs Mdel H2 - r ddy (Cl tim0n) ar2 2b. hro Ui. 1160/31

Worth._rr Wooer Uorthat la Laser Morth..t /lQOulsty Oeic graal Octct ll: Toal OUt t volt Total

Unit ired 0"_d Total coat (3) V1a (a) IWd oed Total ct () C 1 () Hired Owned Toc-l coet (t) alue Cs)

Predo"'o kg 196 - - -_ 206 - - - - 204 - -Inc. obtin-d 7 - - 2.56 - - - 2.46 - - - - 2.43 -

eos * - - - 506.88 - - - - 06.76 - - - - 405.72

CetLad preparation

mal 0l - 0.06 0.06 25.09 1.51 - 0.06 0.06 26.52 1.*7 - 0.05 0.05 26.53 1.33Ahua. 3 0.06 2.89 2.93 6.9 172.55 0.12 2.22 2.34 70.22 166.32 - 3.38 3.36 47.35 160.33H1clee bra 0.01 0.25 0.26 66.50 17.21 - 0.49 0.49 66.72 11.72 - - - - -

Irrigation controlManel - 0.26 0.26 24.56 6.39 - 0.32 0.32 23.76 7.61 - 0.39 0.39 25.9 9.96

1AChtua br. 0.01 0.14 0.15 1I.73 2.21 - 0.07 0.07 5.00 0.35 - - - - -Plsotiog - ia1l - 1.02 3.55 4.57 25.02 114.37 1.29 3.54 4.83 26.61 16.90 0.12 *.22 4.34 26.42 116.70

abtacial (Zde) kg 0.07 6.47 6.54 2.95 19.51 0.03 6.03 6.11 2.73 16.72 - 6.91 6.91 2.6" 15.52Vowing - esema MO - 0.46 0.46 23.96 11.51 - 0.62 0.62 23.4 14.36 - 0.57 0.57 25.961 16.31Frtllizer applicatio

- sonl .S - 0.24 0.26 24.54 5.90 - 0.23 0.23 25.91 5.96 - 0.16 0.18 26.45 4.76Hgterlal - moure kg 2.68 4.16 .84 0.30 2.09 1.16 1.59 2.73 0.00 2.19 - - - - -

- ferelter 4g 4.06 0.06 4.12 6.19 21.33 2.93 0.02 3.00 6.19 15.20 4.97 0.83 5.80 5.54 29.76Fa Ctidde application

fBoost NO - 0.14 0.16 41.33 3.79 0.01 0.06 0.07 36.66 2.71 - 0.14 0.14 45.58 6.36lbtbhi bhr 0.02 - 0.02 7.50 0.13 - - - - - - - - -Natrial (poticid.) k 0.05 - O.OS 50.51 2.58 0.05 - 0.05 107.60 5.38 0.19 - 0.19 26.78 6.71

farretlg - annal 00 0.82 3.53 4.35 24.26 105.56 1.25 3.36 4.64 24.0S 111.62 1.13 3.38 4.53 25.15 116.61Coliectiug - .. uual PC 0.02 1.15 1.20 23.86 28.63 0.02 0.97 0.99 23.28 23.06 - 0.95 0.95 26.18 26.87Tbbr.lu3

:m:e i 0.02 1.17 1.19 26.77 29.4U 0.02 1.04 1.06 23.66 25.06 - 1.07 1.07 26.1t 27.94Aaiol No - - - 23.35 0.51 - - - - - - _ _ _ _5*8,1. bor - - - 102.50 0.10 - - - - - - - - - -

Ibamal on 0.02 1.02 1.04 26.14 27.21 0.04 1.17 1.21 24.80 30.01 - 0.32 0.82 25.66 21.01Asa. 00 0.01 0.02 0.03 51.41 1.54 0.006 0.002 0.008 56.75 0.67 - 0.07 0.07 15.57 1.09Hecht" hr. 0.12 0.01 0.13 90.17 11.72 0.08 0.01 0.09 120.31 10.83 0.06 - 0.06 113.66 7.00

OthersPuel liter 0.31 - 0.31 7.16 2.22 0.13 - 0.43 7."6 3.36 0.01 - 0.01 14.00 0.14Uqalgase ued S - - - - 4.74 - - - 4.62 - - - - 4.45Equ-l_nt c_A.tne S - - - - 1.27 - - - - 1.60 - - - - 1.10Opportunity coot a - - - - 35.77 - - - - 35.81 - - - - 34.17DeprecIation come S - - - - 5.21 - - - - 7.05 - - - - 9.58

Total coat cezeludeland 6".) a - - - - 637.22 - - - - 640.61 - - - - 613.27caetsakg a - - - - 3.22 - - - - 3.10 - - - - 3.01Groome araio a - - - - -130.34 - - - - -133.85 - - - - -117.55lau ead a 8.71 129.74 138.45 - 130.45 7.57 131.36 136.73 - 138.73 235 134.02 157.27 - 157.27

1' Of a_eocoooec ss, 3.

lb Of agrc c somn 4.

Notez 00 - Ron dsy. boors per day. AnImal - 6 bows per da7. macin - * bars per day.

Source: NOAC, 04z.

- 61 - Table 6.15

THAILAND


Details on Financial Cost: Model Cl -Corn for the Lower North Region/a - 1980/81

(Per rai)

Quantity Unit TotalUnit Hired Ovned Total cost (B) value (B)

ReturnProduction kg - - 312 -

Price obtained 5 - - - 2.56Revenue B - - - - 798.72

CostLand preparationManual MD 0.08 0.28 0.36 30.31 10.91Animal MD 0.04 0.35 0.39 64.74 25.25Machine hrs 0.90 - 0.90 129.27 116.34

Irrigation control- manual MD - - - - -

planting - manual MD 0.32 1.01 1.33 30.13 40.07Material (seeds) kg 1.42 2.85 4.27 5.38 22.97

WeedingManual MD 0.82 1.80 2.62 31.59 82.77Animal MD 0.03 0.08 0.11 130.27 14.33Machine hrs - 0.27 0.27 56.56 15.27

Fertilizer applicationmanual MD 0.003 0.053 0.056 34.11 1.91Material (fertilizer) kg 0.43 - 0.43 4.37 1.88

Pesticide applicationManual MD - 0.12 0.12 43.51 5.22Machine hrs - - - - -Material (pesticide) kg 0.029 - 0.029 90.69 2.63

Harvesting - manual MD 1.15 1.30 2.45 28.56 69.97Threshing (includingtransporting)Manual MD 0.08 0.36 0.44 28.19 12.40Animal MD 0.13 0.18 0.31 28.16 8.73Machine hrs 0.17 0.06 0.23 138.00 31.74

OthersEquipment used B B - - - 7.59Equipment maintenance B - - - - 1.63Opportunity cost B - - - - 18.86Depreciation cost B - - - - 4.36

Total cost (excludesland used) B - - - - 494.83Costs/kg B - - - - 1.58Gross margins B - - - - 303.89Land used B 6.49 63.15 69.64 - 69.64

/a Of agroeconomic zone 8.

Note: MD - Han-day, 8 hours per day. Animal - 6 hours per day, machine -8 hours per day.

Source: MOAC, OAE.

-62- Table 6.16

THAILAND


Details on Financial Cost: Model C2 -Mungbean for the Lower Northeast Region/a - 1980/81

(Per rai)

Qntity Unit TotalUnit Hired Own. Total cost (B) value (B)

ReturnProduction kg - - 124 - -Price obtained B - - - 6.42 -Revenue B - - - - 796.08

CostLand preparation

Manual MD - 0.02 0.02 25.00 3.50Animal MD - - - - -

Machine hrs 0.09 - 0.09 239.11 21.52Irrigation control- manual MD - - - - -

Planting - manual MD - 0.58 0.58 24.84 14.41Material (seeds' kg 3.95 4.81 8.76 10.26 89.88

Weeding - manual MD 0.99 1.06 2.05 24.85 50.94Fertilizer and pesticideapplication

Manual MD - 0.24 0.24 27.63 6.63Machine hrs - - - - -Material

Liquid fertilizer liter 0.52 - 0.52 25.00 13.00Pesticide kg 0.06 - 0.06 193.00 11.58

Harvesting - manual MD 1.26 1.21 2.47 25.21 62.27Collecting - manual MD - 0.10 0.10 20.30 2.03Threshing - manual MD 0.24 0.81 1.05 24.02 95.22Transporting

Manual MD - 0.79 0.79 25.95 20.50Machine hrs 0.08 - 0.08 80.66 6.45

Drying and packing- manual MD - 0.21 0.21 25.37 5.33

OthersEquipment used B - - - 6.72Opportunlty cost B - - - - 13.49Depreciation cost B - - - - 1.34


/a Agroeconomic zone 4.

Note: MD - Man-day, 8 hours per day. Animal - 6 hours per day, machlne -8 hours per day.

Source: HOAC. OAE.

- 63 - Table 6.17

THAILAND


Details on Financial Cost: Model C3 -Cassava for the Northeast Region 1980/81

(Per rai)

Quantity Unit TotalUnit Hired Owned Total cost (B) value (B)

ReturnProduction kg - - 2,207 -

Price obtained B - - - 0.51 -

Revenue B - - - - 1,125.57


Manual MD 0.33 0.55 0.88 28.39 24.98*Animal MD 1.17 2.07 3.24 7.23 23.43Machine hrs 0.70 0.05 0.75 210.64 157.98


Planting - manual MD 1.48 1.06 2.54 28.11 71.40Material (seeds) stalks 1,041 1,880 2,921 0,0206 60.17

WeedingManual MD 3.29 2.51 5.80 27.99 162.34Animal MD 0.03 - 0.03 9.34 0.28Machine hrs - - - - -

Fertilizer applicationmanual MD 0.025 0.005 0.03 30.67 0.92Material (fertilizer) kg 0.66 - 0.66 5.05 3.33

Harvesting - manual MD 3.30 1.93 5.23 27.74 145.08TransportingManual MD 0.40 0.42 0.82 27.64 22.66Animal MD 0.05 0.01 0.06 8.34 0.50Machine hrs 0.52 - 0.52 21.85 11.36

OthersFuel liters - - - - 4.16Equipment used B - - - - 4.18Equipment maintenance B - - - - 2.93Opportunity cost B - - - - 83.48Depreciation cost B - - - - 4.11


Note: MD - Man-day, 8 hours per day. Animal - 6 hours per day, machine -8 hours per day.

Source: HOAC, OAE.

TMAILAND

PRICINtG AND MAMITtIlO POLICt FOR IrWM1SIPICATION Of RICC ACGtCULTUitt

Delatien on Finncial Ceott _NOel C - Sufgrcnr for the Western Central Rlikon/a - 198011

Avefase Suartans /b ret eunarcone first ratoon eane Second ratoon ConeQuantitv Unit Total Quent9l3 Unit Total Qu tp Unit TotA Quallt Unit Totl1

Unit Rired Ownd Total cost (5) vwlue (I) Hired owned Tot coot (3) %Alue (3) WIorl iTeol coat (3) value It) Hrd weo Torel et 15) value (5)

F6iRuction tona - - 6.t l - - - - 1.21 - - - - 6.5 5.19?tice obtained 1 - - - 650.00 - - - - 650.00 - - - - 6)0.00 - - - - 650.00 -levenue S - - - - 4,426.50 - - - 4,686.)0 - - - - 4,271.00 - - - 3,313.50

Lend preparationMAnual MD 0.64 0.16 1.20 27.90 33.43 0.64 0.16 1.20 22.90 33.43Anil_l m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -mIechtna bre 0.1t 0.01 0.31 1aU.25 322.65 0.138 0.0 0.83 308.13 322.6t5

ttrlrtiile contrelMnual MD 0.05 0.35 0.40 39.t2 11.93 0.05 0.42 0.47 46.09 21.66 0.06 0.11 0.24 30.31 7.27 - 0.36 0.36 30.70 11.05machine hire 0.03 0.12 0.75 15.44 56.51 0.02 0.71 0.12 16.9U 60.81 0.06 0.64 010 7.11 513.98 - 0.83 0.63 61.23 33.57

Plantits - anual MD 5.03 3.23 3.36 29.34 249.46 4.11 1.o9 6.20 29.43 162.16 0.77 1.39 2.16 30.54 65.97 - - - -material (eerds) tone 0.73 0.33 1.11 301.90 335.11 0.10 0.22 0.92 316.11 769.33 0.03 0.16 0.19 336.96 139.02 -

Manual ID 3.19 3.60 1.5t 21.32 218.14 2.64 3.90 6.54 26.14 116.65 1.20 3.32 3.42 29.99 252.12 6.73 4.66 11.41 26.9 301.96Anil_l MD 0,46 1.41 1.3? 6.61 12.36 0.71 0.76 k.41 6.30 9.26 - 1.13 3.13 6.69 20.94 0.33 0.12 0.43 8.23 3.11Machin, hre 0.11 0.01 0.13 302.13 14.39 0.05 0.11 0.16 306.14 49.01 0.26 - 0.26 291.31 77.43 - - - - -

Fertilin.r applicationmanual ID 0.46 0.15 1.21 29.34 35.50 0.46 0.86 1.32 29.43 33.31 0.51 0.52 1.01 30.14 32.25 0.21 0.61 1.02 26.42 26.91Material (tertilleer) Ls 41.50 - 45.30 4.62 210.21 48.20 - 48.20 4.45 214.49 43.08 - 43.08 1.15 221.86 36.59 - 36.59 4.02 147.09

Peticd applicationmanual IID 0.55 0.36 0.91 42.33 38.34 0.61 0.4? 1.08 44.61 4*.18 0.51 0.14 0.61 38.07 215.51 0.23 0.3$ 0.58 41.63 24.15Materlat (pesticide) L 0.22 - 0.22 23t.53 40.63 0.24 - 0.24 226.39 54.41 0.21 - 0.21 113.17 24.32 0.15 - 0.15 142.43 21.36

Narveetin - manual HD 4.90 1.54 6.44 43.14 313.19 4.92 1.4 6.46 49.20 W11.83 5.01 172 6.84 48.60 332.42 4.24 0.38 S.12 46.36 2371.36TrenaportinSVAnual i 0.19 - 0.19 143.13 113.55 O.9 - 0.90 148.69 133.12 0.64 - 0.64 1315.0 36.35 0.58 - 0.S3 131.0A 80.09Animal MD - - - -- - - - --

Machine hre - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Others

Fuel liter. 1.0 - 1.10 6.93 10.47 1.63 - .63 1.9 11.88 1.23 - 1.28 6.43 3.23 1.35 - 1.35 6.13 9.09Squipaent uneed - - - - 32.38 - - - - tS 75 - - - ^ 26.67 - - - - 2t 34Squlpeent maIntenance 6 - - - -I4 31 - - - - I11.0 - - - - 14.14 - - - - 14.51Opportunity cost - - - - 192.32 - - - - 300.81 - - - - 169.19 - - - - 114.11Depreciation cost a - - - - 37.61 - - - - 3t 3. - - - - 33.04 - - - - 43.70

Total toat (eonludeeland uned) * - - - - 2,338.95 - - - 2,346.t2 - - - - 1,612.11 - - - - 1,209.96CWotaton a - - - - 215.16 - - - - 394.86 - - - 245.00 - - - - 213.67Oroes 0argi. * - - - - 2,087.1 - - - - 1,89.98 - - - - 2,664.3` - - - - 2,263.94Land used 6 32.61 195.43 221 .10 - 2211.10 34.00 206.15 206.85 - 240.81 33,09 16t74 200.54 - 200.54 21.19 210.35 234.24 - 234.24

It CMot end return of suSareane for Centrol (Vistern Part3; sgroecono.te sone 12.

Lk Average tusarcan, of tho first ngAarcan*, tirot ratoon cane and second ratoon cane aJd for the land preparation and planting activtty, we average by spread value on the equal for three yearr. tvo years forreplanting, reepoctively.

otesa Nl * Man-day, S houre per day. Animl * 6 hours per JAY, machine - 8 hours per day.

Source, N3AC OAM.

- 65 - Table 6.19

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARRRTING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Details on Financial Cost: Mbdel C5 -Peanut for the Lower Northeast Region/a - 1980/81

(Per rai)


ReturnProduction kg - - 168 -Price obtained B - - - 7.33 -Revenue B - - - - 1,231.44


Nanual MD 1.00 1.80 2.80 27.81 77.87Animal MD - 2.95 2.95 31.39 92.60Machine hrs 0.24 - 0.24 240.00 57.60


Planting - manual MD 2.00 3.03 5.03 25.13 141.49Material (seeds) kg 3.07 10.00 13.07 15.87 207.42

Weeding - manual MD 2.81 2.11 4.92 29.52 145.24Fertilizer application

- manual MD - 0.06 0.06 27.50 1.65Material - manure kg - - - - -

- fertilizer kg 0.97 - 0.97 5.40 5.24Pesticide application

- manual MD - 0.18 0.18 40.70 7.33Naterial (pesticide) kg 0.04 - 0.04 184.75 7.39

Harvesting - manual MD 2.19 2.50 4.69 26.61 124.80Collecting - manual HD - 0.39 0.39 29.61 11.55Picking - manual MD 2.40 1.90 4.30 27.95 120.19TransportingManual MD - 0.66 0.66 28.19 18.61Animal MD - 0.06 0.06 50.00 3.00Machine hrs - - - - -

OthersEquipment used B - - - 8.94Equipment maintenance B - - - - 0.77Opportunity cost B - - - - 53.13Depreciation cost B - - - - 2.25

Total cost (excludesland used) B - - - - 1,087.07Costs/kg B - - - - 6.65Gross margins B - - - - 144.37Land used B 4.02 79.62 83.64 - 83.64

/a Of agroeconomic zone 4.

Note: MD - Nan-day, 8 hours per day. Animal - 6 hours per day. machine -8 hours per day.

Source: MOAC. OAE.

Table 6.20- 66 -

THAILAND


Details on Financial Cost: Model C6 - Kenaf for the Northeast Region, 1980-81(Per rai)


ReturnProduction kg - - 197 - -

Price obtained B - - - 3.50 -Revenue B - - - - 689.50

CostLand preparationManual MD 0.11 1.47 1.58 24.82 39.22Animal HD 0.24 3.40 3.64 10.86 39.53Machine hrs 0.58 0.12 0.70 172.49 120.74


Planting - manual MD 0.94 1.06 2.00 25.31 50.62Material (seeds) kg 1.69 0.93 2.62 12.05 31.57

WeedingManual MD 2.34 2.73 5.07 23.82 120.77Animal MD 0.14 - 0.14 10.71 1.50

Fertilizer applicationmanual MD - 0.02 0.02 40.03 0.80Material (fertilizer) kg 1.72 - 1.72 4.95 8.51

Pesticide applicationmanual MD - 0.02 0.02 40.03 0.80Material (pesticide) kg 0.02 - 0.02 158.00 3.16

Harvesting - manual MD 1.94 2.96 4.90 24.15 118.34Collecting - manual MD 0.46 1.15 1.61 25.57 41.17Soaklng stalk - manual MD 0.45 0.89 1.34 24.68 33.07Transporting

Manual MD 0.32 0.37 0.69 24.66 17.02Animal MD 0.15 0.15 0.30 12.50 3.75Machine hrs 0.28 - 0.28 15.73 4.40

Peeling, cleaning,drying - manual MD 1.75 3.19 4.94 24.36 120.34

Packing - manual MD 0.10 0.26 0.36 24.60 8.86Others

Fuel liters - - - - 4.08Equipment used B - - - - 5.20Equipment maintenance B - - - - 3.97Opportunity cost B - - - - 62.32Depreciation cost B - - - - 2.98

Total cost (excludesland used) B - - - - 842.72Costs/kg B - - - - 4.28Gross margins B - - - - -153.22Land used B 8.36 99.06 107.42 - 107.42

Note: MD - Man-day, 8 hours per day. Animal - 6 hours per day, abchine -8 hours per day.

Source: MOAC, OAE.

- 67 -

THAILAND


VII. Fertilizer and Aero-Pesticide use and Finance

Table 7.01

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTUFE

Quantity of Fertilizer Used by Crops, 1976-82(ha)

Crop 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982/a Average

Rice 353,332 420,000 478,500 420,940 486,208 449,453 430,594(53.2)/b (55.9) (60) (56.3) (58.3) (57.6) (56.9)

Vegetables 80,324 81,000 79,202 92,417 84,942 90,000 76,422(12.1) (10.8) (10) (12.4) (10.2) (11.5) (10.2)

Upland crops 142,423 150,409 139,900 140,896 161,895 120,000 161,177(21.4) (20.0) (18) (18.9) (19.4) (15.4) (21.3)

Fruits, trees, 88,312 99,569 94,400 92,747 100,955 120,567 87,519flovers (13.3) (13.3) (12) (12.4) (12.1) (15.5) (11.6)

Total 664,391 750,978 792,002 746,900 834,000 780,000 755.712(100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)

/a Estimates.

/b Figures in parentheses indicate percent of the total fertlilizer used.

Source: Agricultural Economics Division, Office of Agricultural Economics.

-69 - Table 7.02

THAILAND


Average Fertilizer Application Rate, Thailand, 1973/74 and 1978/79 Crop Years(kg of fertilizer per rai)

1973/74 1978/79(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)

RiceMain riceRice 5.20 9.96 52.25 6.40 10.67 60.00Glutinous rice 2.78 5.13 54.23 3.40 5.76 59.00

Second rice 30.00 33.14 27.16 42.00 44.65 96.73

Maize 0.06 0.50 1.00 0.20 3.33 3.00Cassava 1.11 2.88 12.76 2.10 21.15 10.00Kenaf 1.05 n.a. n.a. 2.00 n.a. n.a.Sugarcane 22.91 n.a. n.a. 31.92 n.a. n.a.Tobacco 29.31 n.a. n.a. 30.00 n.a. n.a.Cotton 0.07 n.a. n.a. 0.10 n.a. n.a.Soybeans 0.22 n.a. n.a. 0.25 n.a. u.a.Vegetables 31.80 n.a. n.a. 35.36 n.a. n.a.Rubber 29.50 n.a. n.a. 30.00 n.a. n.a.

Notes: (1) Average fertilizer application rate to total cultivated area.(2) Average fertilizer application rate to fertilized area.(3) Percent of fertilized area to total cultivated area.

Source: Office of Agricultural Economics.

Table 7.03_ 70 -

THAILAND


Fertilizer Consumption by Crop and by Region, 1981(ton)

Upland Fruit trees TotalRegion Rice crops & flowers Vegetables Amount Percent

North 15,946 22,422 1,262 6,697 46,327 5.56(34)/a (48) (3) (15) (100)

Northeast 170,149 19,606 664 7,613 198,032 23.74(86) (10) (n.s.) (4) (100)

Central 280,499 118,248 42,859 65,814 507,420 60.84(55) (23) (9) (13) (100)

South 19,614 1,619 56,170 4,818 82,221 9.86(24) (12) (68) (16) (100)

Total 486,208 161,895 100,955 84,942 834,000 100(58) (20) (12) (100 (100)

/a Figures in parentheses indicate percent of total fertilizer used inregion/country.

Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture andCooperatives.

n.s. - not significant.

71 -Table 7.04

THAILAND


Fertilizer Used in Thailand, 1969-83(tons)

Agricultural use Industrial useTotal/a N P2 05 K20 Total N

1969 273,686 47,339 61,294 10,950 5,000 2,3001970 280,279 48,590 53,814 10,300 5,900 2,7141971 261,479 47,929 40,625 9,650 8,507 3,9131972 407,950 69,541 82,482 16,100 9,352 4,3021973 418,396 67,472 76,602 17,500 10,342 4,7571974 390,332 66,876 57,334 14,910 12,098 5,4651975 506,428 83,949 76,670 17,930 12,283 5,5501976 664,391 115,961 59,482 20,452 10,664 4,8021977 764,113 140,726 79,972 30,517 11,362 5,1271978 750,978 130,352 105,747 26,390 12,500 5,6251979 792,002 124,919 121,355 44,132 13,000 5,8551980 746,900 126,670 106,742 36,672 14,000 6,3001981 834,000 136,819 117,971 31,400 19,300 8,8781982/b 780,000 125,821 102,511 20,851 20,000 9,2001983P; 820,000 n.a. n.a. na. n.a. n.a.

/a Calculated on import + last year carry-over + local manufacture - rawmaterials - industrial use - next year carry-over.

/b Estimates.

n.a. - not available.

Source: Division of Agricultural Economics, OAE.

Table 7.05- 72 -

THAILAND

pRICING AND MAPUETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Projection of Thailand's Fertilizer Demand - By Nutrient. 1982-92 /a('000 tons)

N P205 X^2 Total Total materialOAE/c F.S./d OAE F.S. OAE F.S. OAE F.S. OAE F.S.7b

1982 138 170 125 133 33 37 297 340 861 756

1983 145 177 132 140 35 39 312 356 903 791

1984 151 185 139 147 36 41 326 373 944 829

1985 158 194 146 154 37 43 341 391 985 869

1986 165 203 152 162 39 45 355 410 1,025 911

1987 171 212 159 171 40 47 369 430 1,065 956

1988 179 222 167 180 41 50 386 451 1,104 1,002

1989 356 231 174 189 41 52 571 473 1,143 1,051

1990 192 242 177 199 42 55 411 496 1,181 1,102

1991 199 253 188 209 42 58 428 520 1,219 1,156

1992 N/A 265 N/A 220 N/A 60 - 545 N/A 1,211

/a Figures are average for the range of projections given by each source.

/b Assuming same proportion of nutrient to product as for fertilizer complex(i.e., 0.45).

/c OAE - Future Demand for Fertilizer, Economic Bulletin No. 35, 1983, p. 7.

td Foster Wheeler International.

-73 - Table 7.06

THAILAND

PRICING AND HAIUETINC POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Use of Farm Pesticides Classified by Type of Use, 1973-81(Unit: tons)

Eradica tionPesticide aphides Mollus-

Year Insecticide Funglcide Herbicide rodentlicide 6 spiders ticide Fumigants

1973 6,446.23 1,500 1,945.24 3.60 60.3 3.60 41.03

1974 5,945.35 1,400 1,397.35 4.00 60.0 3.30 190.00

1975 7,784.03 1,600 1,344.07 4.65 67.3 3.95 196.00

1976 8,181.62 1,700 2,224.13 6.35 81.6 4.30 202.00

1977 9,743.23 2,000 4,448.62 10.00 153.4 4.70 230.00

1978 13,853.50 2,900 5,800.00 5.50 200.0 1.00 240.00

1979 13,658.00 3,000 5,700.00 26.00 310.00 6.00 300.00

1980 13,564.50 3,000 7,000.00 12.50 50.0 3.00 370.00

1981 13,000.00 3,000 10,000.00 20.00 400.00 7.00 400.00

Source: Divislon of Agricult ural Economic Research, OAE.

- 74 - Table 7.07

THAILAND

PRICING AND MARKETING POLICY FOR INTENS.FICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Estimated Fertilizer Use on Rice, 1981

Area Fertilizer /a Total fertilizer('000 ha) (kg/ha) ('000 ton)

IrrigatedReasonable water control 1,000 156 156

Dry seasonReasonable water control 500 190 95

IrrigatedInadequate water control 1,000 60 60

Favorable rainfed 1,100 50 55

SeedbedsTotal transplanted area 8,000 5 40

Total Planted Rice Area 9,600 42 406

/,a Ammonium phosphate.

Source: World Bank, "Thailand - Program and Policy Priorities for an Agricul-tural Economy in Transition," Report No. 3705a-TH, December 3, 1982,Annex 1.

-75 - Table 7.08

THAILAND

PRICING AND AMAKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Use of Fertilizer on Paddy, 1967-82(Unit: tons)

Year Major rice Second rice Total

1967 171,092 10,050 181,1421968 198,928 11,390 210,3181969 199,505 13,400 212,9051970 168,415 14,740 183,1551971 16A,696 15,500 180,1961972 228,038 25,000 253,0381973 192,940 39,310 232,2501974 132,597 61,145 192,7421975 172,462 70,310 242,7721976 240,802 82,530 353,3321977 265,662 104,338 370,0001978 291,365 128,635 420,0001979 300,000 178,500 478,5001980/a 320,000 100,940 420,9401981 332,116 154,092 486,2081982 280,000 169,453 449,453

/a The acreage of second rice crop declined due to drought late in theyear. Hence, the fertilizer use is reduced.

Source: Division of Agricultural Economics, OAE.

THAILAND


The Use of Fertilizer under BAAC Credit in Kind Program, 1980-83

1980 1981 1982 Forecast 1983Quantity Value QuantiLy Value Quantity Value Quantity Value

Grade Crop From (ton) (J) (ton) ($) (ton) (M) (ton) (M)

16-20-0 Rice F.M.O 13,514 63,515,800 51,485 241,979,500 59,745 280,801,500 60,000 258,00016-20-0 Rice T.C.C.C. - - 12,689 59,638,300 14,391 64,759,500 16,000 68,800,00016-20-0 Rice C.T. - - - - 1,670 7,515,000 1,400 6,020,00018-12-6 Rice T.C,C,C, - - 1,349 6,475,200 5,114 23,524,400 8,000 34,400,000

Subtotal 13,514 63,515.800 65,523 308,093,000 80,920 376,600,400 85,400 367,220,000 1

15-15-15 Others T.C.C.C. - - 1,090 5,995,000 3,192 16,917,600 3,500 18,200,00015-15-15 Others R.F - - 746 4,364,100 3,613 21,136,050 4,000 23,400,00013-13-21 Others T.C.C.C. - - 2,314 12,495,600 2,691 14,127,750 2,500 13,000,00021-0-0 Others T.C.C.C. - - 392 980,000 3,424 7,875,200 5,000 11,750,00021-0-0 Others C.T. - - - - 821 1,970,400 800 1,840,00021-0-0 Others R.F. - - - - 152 425,600 300 840,000Other Others Others - - 1,954 10,356,200 15,782 83,579,365 20,000 104,000,000

Total 13,514 63,515,800 72,019 342,283,900 110,595 522,632,365 121,500 540,250,000

Legend:F.M.O. * Farmers Harketing OrganizationRMe. * Rojanakasikit Fertilizer Ltd.T.C.C.C, Thai Central Chemical Co., Ltd.C.T. - Chia Tai Songserm Kasettagam Ltd,Others Grade - 18-22-0,20-20-0,14-14-21, etc.Others From - T.C.C.C., C.T., R.F. and Seri Chemical Ltd.Others Crop a Sugarcane, MaLze, Cassava, Rubber, etc.

Source: BAAC

THAILAND

PRICING AND KARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Fertilizer Quantities Financed throuah Institutional Credit in Thailand. 1975-79(metric tons of 16-20-0)

Per- Per- Per- Per- Per-Source 1975 centage 1976 centage 1977 centage 1978 centage 1979 centage

Harketing Organization ofFarmers (MoF) 126,000 49.0 29,804 15.6 51,930 16.7 110,760 21.3 119,572 28.3

Agricultural Cooperative Feder-ation of Thailand (ACFT) 31,727 12.4 20,660 10.8 52,637 17.0 64,504 12.4 47,134 11.4

Bank for Agriculture and Agricul-tural Cooperatives (BMAC) /a 37,141 14.5 49.114 25,8 87,027 28.0 91,891 17.6 90,520 21.9

Cooperatives /a 19,500 7.6 24,270 12.7 41,730 13.4 47,175 9.0 41,200 10.0Commercial Banks /L 41,320 16.2 66,940 35.1 77,486 24.9 206,866 39.7 115,180 27.8

Total I (Fertilizer Financedby Institutional Credit) 255,688 100.0 190,78E 100.0 310,810 100.0 521,195 100.0 413.606 100.0

Total 2 (Fertilizer Consumed)/b 506,313 644,391 764,113 780,978 850,288

Total 1 as Percentage of Total 2 50.5 28.7 40.7 66.7 47.6

/a Calculation. based on prices for 16-20-0b Figures from the Office of Agricultural Economics.

Sources: 1. Agricultural Cooperative Federation of Thailand (ACFT).2. Cooperative Auditing Department.3. Bank of Thailand, Bangkok Bank.4. Marketing Organization of Farmers (HOF).5. Nattonal Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB).

- 78 - T#ble 7.11Page I of 2

PRICING AND MARKETING POLICY FOR DNrENSIFICATION OF RICE ArRICULTURE

MOF Fertilizer Distribution by PrQvinceand Agro-Economic Zone. 1977-82

(tons)

Province andagro-econonic zone 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Whole Kingdom 50,643.45 122,975.80 134,376.40 105,523.00 188.347.66 125,445.75

Zove A 252.75 2,449.75 2,560.20 1,179.80 3,191.25 855.95Hakhon Phanom 123.05 766.10 633.35 654.05 628.40 343.15Sakon Nakhon 23.50 455.00 1,041.55 184.00 826.00 33.00Nong Kal 12.10 312.00 447.80 146.30 456.15 26.75Udon Thani 94.10 916.65 437.50 195.45 1,280.70 453.05Loel - - - - - -

Zo4e 2 2,266.75 3,669.65 5,290.00 4,813.00 9,976.45 4,567.40Yasothon 1,138.15 626.25 1,471.75 1,194.90 3,498.85 1,435.80Ubon Ratchathani 1,128.60 3,043.40 3,818.25 3,618.10 6,477.60 3,131.60

Zone 3 2,004.35 4,848.95 6,335.25 7,412.50 11,334.05 2,467.95Kalasin 219.30 720.15 632.70 764.75 948.25 259.85hoan Kaen 224.50 1,287.70 1,414.80 2.088.95 3,323.40 126.70

Mahasarakham 335.65 454.50 732.90 515.95 1,641.85 1,589.45Rol Et 1,224.90 2,386.60 3,554.85 4,042.85 5,420.55 491.95

3cm. 4 4,717.75 7,486.10 10,907.80 8,059.15 13,750.10 4,926.40Buri Ram 1,046.25 3,205.90 2,046.20 3,021.70 5,221.10 159.00Si Sa Ket 909.20 1,838.05 3,029.95 1,922.65 2,531.60 1,254.00Surin 2,762.30 2,442.15 5,831.65 3,114.80 5,997.40 3,513.40

Zoac- 5 487.20 2,202.20 3,092.40 1,609.70 2,043.70 326.90Chalyaphum 183.70 609.25 797.55 705.20 723.15 13.00Nakhon Ratchasima 303.50 1,592.95 2,294.85 904.50 1,320.55 313.90

Zone 6 1,608.00 2,008.70 1,901.10 1,833.70 2,762.51 2,136.25Sakbon Sawan 1,548.90 1,992.95 1,801.75 1,714.95 2,586.11 2,000.70Phetchabun - - 8.65 - - -Uthai Thani 59.10 15.75 90.70 118.75 176.40 135.55

Zone 7 1,039.75 2,233.15 5,584.80 3,702.15 5,594.20 !,885.30Lop Buri 406.40 810.15 1,846.60 680.95 1,565.15 627.70Saraburi 633.35 1,423.00 3,738.20 3,021.20 4,029.05 1,257.60

Zone 8 1,170.50 2,095.25 3,233.70 3,469.60 4,787.95 2,738.20Kanphaeng Phet - 512.50 253.20 138.70 900.45 60.00Tak 60.00 120.00 154.45 262.40 344.50 137.30Phichit 802.40 1,404.50 2,472.60 2,755.35 2,852.05 2,080.80Phitsanulok 245.10 58.25 353.45 313.15 690.95 460.10

Zone 9 143.10 12,544.30 535.25 412.10 368.70 699.85Nan 35.00 70.65 44.60 - 10.00 36.70Phrae - 12,059.05 67.55 102.05 20.00 108.60Lampang 97.60 83.30 187.30 129.25 146.75 52.95Sukhothai 10.50 14.60 29.75 10.50 15.00 36.10Uttaradlt - 316.70 206.05 170.30 176.95 465.50

Zone 10 1,845.40 3,541.55 4,487.45 3,669.15 3,929.00 4,248.05Chiang Hal 1,013.45 1,445.50 1,913.35 1,808.85 1,565.20 1,911.10Chaing Rat 538.55 727.15 1,538.10 921.50 1,252.00 1,147.45Mae Kong Son 33.70 31.45 14.40 27.10 67.80 167.10Lamphun 259.70 649.20 492.65 766.60 880.35 709.30Payao - 688.25 528.95 145.10 163.65 313.10

- 79 Table 7.11Page 2 of 2

Province andagro-econooic zone 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Zone 11 20,921.95 50,428.35 63,880.45 38,161.80 92,279.65 81,182.10Chai Nat 1,268.60 766.70 2,929.25 2,087.35 5,246.45 2,501.35Nakbon Nayok ,284.95 1,837.00 2,670.10 3,434.05 4,750.50 742.85Nakhon Pathom 9,038.05 10,652.55 3,939.10 3,670.60 3,963.50 3,255.00Nonthaburl 2,780.60 3,938.30 1,353.70 1,833.70 3,680.25 1,164.70Pathus Thani 778.65 2,472.90 6,442.70 2,626.55 1,869.20 1,775.15Ayutthaya 217.80 6,335.65 6,648.25 5,826.45 4,743.05 775.95Sing Burl 193.35 424.50 1,996.45 1,388.30 1,922.65 842.20Suphan Burl 2,862.05 10,743.95 13,375.25 12,608.15 10,134.10 5,882.80Ang Thong 556.40 1,090.40 2,054.40 891.50 3,159.55 725.95Bangkok Metropolis 1,941.50 12,166.40 22,471.25 3,795.15 52,810.40 63,516.15

Zone-12 336.10 733.15 986.40 1,612.15 1,836.85 1,590.20Xanchanaburl 29.75 83.80 245.65 233.45 243.30 186.55Prachuap Mhiri Khan 10.00 - 8.55 15.50 - -Phetchaburi 24.50 129.00 198.15 797.10 770.20 694.15Ratchaburl 271.85 520.35 534.05 566.10 823.35 709.50

Zone 13 6,672.55 17,541.00 13,881.85 17,097.20 21,854.40 6,367.20Chachaengsaa 4,994.75 13,801.35 9,926.60 11,864.55 15,812.05 3,307.55Prachinburi 1,677.80 3,739.65 3,955.25 5,232.65 6,042.35 3,059.65

Zone 14 1,184.45 2,033.05 1,465.95 1,221.95 2,090.80 930.00Sanut Prakan 788.90 1,216.60 1,355.15 598.75 1,213.75 392.40Sainat Sakhon 395.55 816.45 110.80 614.95 842.40 537.60Samut Songkhra - - - 8.25 34.65 -

Zone .15 639.10 1,255.75 1,243.85 1,234.60 1,838.65 1,944.00Chon Burl 463.25 893.75 877.55 975.93 1,424.65 1,527.95Rayong 175.85 362.00 366.30 258.70 414.00 416.05

Zone 16 490.00 1,274.45 825.15 761.05 648.80 437.00Chanthaburi 417.65 1,017.75 618.40 526.25 439.70 392.40Trat 72.35 256.70 206.75 234.80 209.10 44.60

Zo;e 17 4,227.80 6,000.15 7,341.20 8,235.50 9,449.95 7,026.55Chumphon 402.50 775.90 811.20 824.00 621.95 783.50Nakhon Sri Thsamarat 1,129.10 1,264.80 2,571.60 1,830.95 2,897.40 2,813.55Phatthaluug 960.95 2,417.15 771.35 2,070.20 2,260.70 1,447.25Songkbla 1,274.95 1,130.05 2,641.65 3,102.85 3,476.20 1,728.55Suratthani 460.30 412.25 545.40 407.50 193.70 253.70

ZOILra, 1$ 372.85 368.25 543.65 510.40 550.55 1,058.95Krabi 156.20 118.20 21.30 65.10 34.70 60.75Trang 117.20 119.50 302.30 275.10 286.60 -Phangnga 25.05 11.00 42.35 59.00 62.40 102.70Phuket - - 48.00 48.15 70.75 895.50RanongSatun 74.40 119.55 129.70 63.05 96.10 -

Zone 19 326.10 262.05 279.95 527.50 60.10 57.50Narathivat 171.20 115.65 247.80 328.05 5.00 4.10Pattani 154.90 146.40 - 179.55 40.10 53.40Tals - - 32.15 19.90 15.00 -

Source: Mhrketing Organization for Farmers.

THAILAND

PRICING AND KARKETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATO)N OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Components of Short-Term Production Loans to Inidividual Farniers by Bank of Bangkok, 1970-82(thousand bahL)

Short-term As percentageproduction loans of toLal Component Loans and as Percentage of Short-Term Production Loansto individual short-term Per- Per- Per- Per-

Year farmers Loans Labor cenLage Fertilizer centage Seeds centage Fuel centage

1970 49,942 53.6 39,645 79.4 5,142 10.3 1,155 2.3 6,382 -1971 30,810 39.9 23,397 75.9 5,635 18.3 1,778 5.8 - -1972 29,975 33.4 22,194 74.0 5,322 17.8 2,459 8.2 - -1973 38,069 38.9 27,019 71.0 7,406 19.4 3,644 9.6 - -1974 64,587 37.2 47,390 73.4 11,245 17.4 5,952 9.2 - - X1975 281,740 45.7 202,283 71.8 57,775 20.5 21,682 7.7 - -1976 467,317 45.9 362,906 79.4 65,613 15.2 24,798 5.4 - -1977 876,758 53.6 746,340 85.1 88,854 10.1 35,182 4.0 6,382 0.81978 1,337,297 67.0 1,029,120 77.0 229,536 17.2 62,873 4.7 15,768 1.11979 1,292,296 55.4 1,113,115 86.1 149,784 11.6 17,265 1.3 12,132 1.01980 1,697,342 59.5 1,506,789 88.8 166,306 9.8 24,247 1.4 -1981 2,569,037 61.1 2,399,308 93.4 125,616 4.9 44,113 1.71982 2,948,404 49.9 2,618,637 88.8 282,489 9.6 47,278 1.6

Source: Bank of Bangkok.

- 81 - 6 .

THAILAND

PRICINGAND MMARXETING POLICY FOR INTENSIFICATION OF RICE AGRICULTURE

Accumulated IrrigabLe Crop Area in Thailand, 1968/69-1985/86('000 ha)

North- South-Northern eastern Central ern Total

Year Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Wet Dry Total

1968/69 1,224 600 1,173 170 8,825 1,200 416 11,638 1,970 13,6081969/70 1,850 900 1,216 201 8,829 1,500 452 12,347 2,601 14,9481970/71 1,938 950 1,265 300 8,974 2,000 502 12,679 3,250 15,9291971/72 2,087 1,000 1,282 300 9,363 2,000 586 13,318 3,300 16,6181972/73 2,187 1,090 1,288 300 9,635 2,000 626 13,736 3,390 17,1261973/74 2,248 1,120 1,368 300 10,062 2,000 677 14,355 3,420 17,7751974/75 2,344 1,200 1,444 400 10,240 3,000 833 14,861 4,600 19,4611975/76 2,374 1,200 1,492 400 10,332 3,000 922 15,120 4,600 19,7201976/77 2,407 1,200 1,512 450 10,346 4,000 1,034 15,299 5,650 20,9491977/78 2,656 1,300 1,639 450 10,665 4,000 1,139 16,099 5,750 21,8491978/79 2,932 1,450 1,849 500 10,925 5,000 1,433 17,139 6,950 24,0891979/80 3,063 i,500 1,879 500 11,072 5,000 1,896 17,910 7,000 24,9101980/81 3,089 1,500 2,592 600 11,305 5,000 1,998 18,984 7,100 26,0841981/82 3,130 1,500 2,894 600 11,655 5,000 2,043 19,722 7,100 26,8221982/83 3,230 1,600 2,974 800 11,958 5,000 2,088 20,250 7,400 27,6501983/84 3,360 1,600 3,024 800 12,586 5,000 2,138 21,108 7,400 28,5081984/85 3,560 1,700 3,124 800 12,636 5,000 2,188 21,508 7,500 29,0081985/86 4,142 2,000 3,174 900 12,686 5,000 2,238 22,240 7,900 30,140

Source: Various data from the Royal Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agricul-ture as compiled by Foster Wheeler and Associates in the Feasibility forthe NFC Fertilizer Complex, Final Report, August 1983.

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