Suthirat Kittipongvises, Ph.D. Environmental Research Institute

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok Thailand

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Thailand Sustainability

Source: http://www.originspreschool.org/sustainability -eco-consciousness

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- GNP Growth

- Production and consumption

- Poverty and education

- Health

- Water

- Energy

- Agriculture

- Biodiversity

- Climate change and disaster management

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Thailand Situation

• Area: 513,120 km2 • Population (2015): 68.20 million • Density: 127 /km2 • GDP (2015): US$374 billion

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_graphics _of_Thailand (2015) and http://data.worldbank.org/country/thailand (2015)

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• Thailand ranked by GDP in Southeast Asia

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_and_Pacific_countries_by_GDP (2015)

GNP Growth

5 Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/thailand/gross-national-product (2015)

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Production and Consumption • Exports

In 2013 Thailand exported $238B, making it the 23rd largest exporter in the world. The most recent exports are led by

Computers which represent 7.63% of the total exports of Thailand, followed by Delivery Trucks, which account for 4.63%. Imports

In 2013 Thailand imported $232B, making it the 21st largest importer in the world. The most recent imports are led by Crude Petroleum which represent 14.7% of the total imports of Thailand, followed by Gold, which account for 6.44%.

Source: http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tha (2015)

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Thailand Energy Production and Import in 2011

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MDG by UNDP

Source: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview.html (2015)

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Population Poverty and Education • Population (2015): 68.20 million • Unemployment rate (2014) 0.72% • Inflation rate (2014) 2.2% • Income Level (2014) Upper middle income • Proportion of population below the poverty line (2012) 12.6%

Source: http://www.undp.org/content/thailand/en/home/countryinfo.html (2015)

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Primary School Enrollment 1996-2013

Source: http://www.undp.org/content/thailand/en/home/countryinfo.html (2015)

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Health • Birth Rates (2015) - Ratio at Birth - Male to Female :1.05 Ratio - Total Fertility Rate :1.67 Births Per Woman - Fertility Rate Age 15-19 19.60 Per 1,000 Women 20-24 73.50 Per 1,000 Women 25-29 108.90 Per 1,000 Women 30-34 83.50 Per 1,000 Women 35-39 34.30 Per 1,000 Women 40-44 11.70 Per 1,000 Women 45-49 2.60 Per 1,000 Women Source: World Health Organization (2015)

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• Mortality Rates (2015) ·Life Expectancy 74.50 Years - Female 77.07 Years - Male 72.06 Years ·Deaths 7.67 Per 1,000 ·Infant Mortality Rate 14.49 Per 1,000 Births - Female 13.48 Per 1,000 Births - Male 15.44 Per 1,000 Births ·Mortality Rate - Above Age 5 18.59 Per 1,000 Births - Female 16.84 Per 1,000 Births - Male 20.23 Per 1,000 Births

Source: World Health Organization (2015)

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Water Improved Water Source (% of population with access)

• In 2015, more than 98% of the population, both in the urban and rural areas, have access to clean water and sanitation

Source: The World Bank (2015)

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Proportion of Thai people accessing safe drinking water and basic sanitation by MDGs targets

Source: Thailand Millennium Development Goals Report by UNDP (2009)

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Energy Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP 2015-2036)

• Focus on power generation from biomass and biogas as priority . • Allocation of renewable energy generation capacity according to the

demand and potential in regions/provinces. • Solar and wind power to be promoted at a later stage “once the cost is

competitive with the power generation from LNG. • RE consumption will increase from 8% to 20% of final energy consumption

in 2036.

Source: http://www.thai-german-cooperation.info (2015)

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Agriculture

Agriculture in Thailand is highly competitive, diversified and specialised and its exports are very successful internationally

• Rice is the country's most important crop; Thailand is a major exporter in the

world rice market.

• Rice exports in 2014 amounted to 1.3 percent of GDP.

• Agricultural production as a whole accounted for an estimated 9% of Thai GDP. • Other agricultural commodities produced in significant amounts include fish and fishery products, tapioca, rubber, grain, and sugar. • Exports of industrially processed foods such as canned tuna, pineapples, and frozen shrimp are on the rise.

Source: http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Thailand -AGRICULTURE.html (2015)

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• Rice Export Quantity 2013-2015 ( by destinations )

Source: Thai Rice Exporters Association, TREA (2015)

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• Number of Plant Species in Thailand (2011) Thailand contains around 15,000 plant species, which is 8% of the world total of plant species. It is estimated that there are 12,000 species of vascular plants, of which 658 are fern species, 25 are uncovered seeds, 10,000 are flowering plants and 1,140 are orchids. Non-vascular plants consist of over 2,154 species, including algae and bryophytes, such as moss, hornwort, and liverwort.

Source: Biological Diversity Division Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy

and Planning, ONEP (2015)

Biodiversity

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Mixed Deciduous Source: http://www.123rf.com/photo_16054775_mixed-deciduous-forest-in-thailand.html

Dry Deciduous Source: https://indianelephant17.wordpress.com/ habitat/

Bamboo Forest Source: http://www.theroadtoanywhere.com/bamboo-forest-trail-in-northern-thailand

Moist Evergreen Source: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/ forest/?4976/flegt-resources-in-thai

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Dry Evergreen Source: http://www.ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~atto/ Thailand_ENG.html

Hill Evergreen Source: http://www.explorer-thailand.com/amazing-thailand/national-park-wildlife/

Mangrove Forest Source: https://recoftc.wordpress.com/benefits -and-drawbacks-to-protected-areas-in-thailand/

Pinus Forest Source: http://www.dnp.go.th/parkreserve/asp/style1/ default.asp?npid=103&lg=2

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Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management • GHG Emissions by sector 2012 (TGO, 2015)

1. Energy 256.44 MtCO2-eq. 2. AFOLU 55.71 MtCO2-eq 3. IPPU 33.50 MtCO2-eq. 4. Waste 5.03 MtCO2-eq.

Thailand emitted 4.4 tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere/person/year in 2010

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• Post-Kyoto Protocol Negotiations on GHG Emissions Thailand is in Non-Annex I: Parties to the UNFCCC not listed in Annex I of the Convention are mostly low-income[59] developing countries. Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I countries when they are sufficiently developed.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Kyoto_Protocol_negotiations _on_greenhouse_gas_emissions (2015)

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)

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Natural Disaster, the Level of Disaster Intensity, Vulnerability, Managing Competence and Risk Level

Source: Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation , DDPM (2012)

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Thai Floods: Honda Under Water

Thailand's Worst Flood 2011

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Summary of damage and losses by sector (million THB)

Source: World Bank (2012)

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Statistics data of the damages from drought during 2002-2011

Source: Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation , DDPM (2012)

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Elena Ugrin (2015)

The worst drought in a decade continues in Thailand: Bangkok in danger of severe water shortage

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In 2015, water levels are critically low in key reservoirs that flow into the Chao Phraya River.

Source: Thailand Integrated Water Resource Management (2015)

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Disaster Management Arrangements in Thailand

Source: Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation , DDPM (2012)

Challenges Ahead

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Climate change and natural disaster remains a threat in the country (i.e. In 2015, Thailand is now suffering its worst drought in more than a decade; In 2011, Thailand was hit by the worst flooding it has experienced in 50 years).

Challenges Ahead

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Climate change has made rainfall, the main source of water for the country, more erratic, resulting in floods and droughts, which in turn lead to conflicts over water resources among users, especially agriculturist

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In 2000, Thailand’s net CO2 emission was 229.08 TgCO2eq. Energy sector was the largest contributor at about 70%.

Challenges Ahead

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Forest area has steadily diminished by illegal logging, forest fire and expanded public infrastructure such as roads and dams: Biodiversity loss

Challenges Ahead

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