Thai marine fungal diversity

E.B. Gareth Jones1, Apiradee Pilantanapak2, Ittichai Chatmala3,

Jariya Sakayaroj4, Souwalak Phongpaichit5 and

Rattaket Choeyklin6

AbstractJones, E.B.G., Pilantanapak, A., Chatmala. I., Sakayaroj, J., Phongpaichit, S.

and Choeyklin, R.

Thai marine fungal diversitySongklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2006, 28(4) : 687-708

The marine fungal diversity of Thailand was investigated and 116 Ascomycota, 3 Basidiomycota, 28

anamorphic fungi, 7 Stramenopiles recorded, with 30 tentatively identified. These species have primarily

been collected from driftwood and attached decayed wood of mangrove trees. The holotype number of 15

taxa is from Thailand and 33 are new records from the country.

Key words : Ascomycota, anamorphic fungi, arenicolous fungi, Basidiomycota,mangrove fungi

1Ph.D.(Biology), Prof., 3B.Sc. (Biotechnology), Researcher, 4Ph.D. (Microbiology), Researcher, 6M.Sc.(Bio-

technology), Researcher, BIOTEC, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Pahol-

yothin Road, Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand. 2Ph.D.(Biological Sciences), Asst.

Prof., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi, 20130,

Thailand. 5Dr.sc.hum. (Microbiology), Assoc. Prof., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince

of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.

Corresponding e-mail: bhgareth@yahoo.com

Received, 8 July 2005 Accepted, 18 January 2006

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006 688

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.

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Marine fungi are a world wide ecologicalgroup, but distinct in their geographical distributionand the substrata on which they are found.Lignicolous species have been extensively studied,especially in temperate locations (Hughes, 1974;Jones, 1985; Koch and Jones, 1983; Koch andPetersen, 1996; Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979;Schaumann, 1975; Petersen and Koch, 1997), andtropical mangroves (Jones and Alias, 1997;Kohlmeyer, 1984; Sarma and Hyde, 2001; Schmidtand Shearer, 2003; 2004). There are two publishedchecklists of marine fungi: Denmark (Koch andPetersen, 1996) with 72 species listed (from 47sites) and Mexico (Gonzalez et al., 2001) with62 fungi from 46 sites. Studies by Cuomo et al.(1988), Shearer and Burgos (1987) and Lintott andLintott (2002) list extensive collections from manycollections in Italy (42 species), Chile (42 from16 sites) and New Zealand (42 from 38 sites).

A number of publications document thecollections of marine fungi made in Thailand,starting with Kohlmeyer (1984) and includingstudies by Hyde (1988a,b; 1989; 1992a, b; 1995),Hyde et al. (1990; 1993), Chalermpongse et al.(1991), Hyde and Jones (1992), Koch (1986), Joneset al. (1999), Sundari et al. (1996) and Jones et al.(2006). However, these data have not been gathered

together so as to comment on the biodiversity ofmarine fungi in Thailand, hence this paper.

Ito et al. (2001) have reported on themycobiota of mangrove forest soils from therhizosphere of eight mangrove species collected atthe Ranong Research Center (Kasetsart University)and Phang-Nga. Two methods were used to isolatethe fungi: incubation at 45ºC and the standarddilution plate method. Forty-two fungal strainswere documented from soil samples, all typical soiltaxa, with Penicillium sp., Trichoderma harzianumand an unidentified strain the most commonlyisolated. Further, mangrove soil fungi have beenreported by Wongthong (2001, Ranong: 101species), Kongamol (2001, Samut Sakhon: 45species) and Sriswadskulmee (2002, Ranong: 92fungi).

Materials and Methods

Fungi were collected on driftwood depositedon beaches, trapped between stones in the intertidalregion, attached wood from coastal defenseconstructions and from attached mangrove wood(which comprised the largest part of the collectionsmade).

Sand samples were also taken and examined

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.689

for marine fungi. All material was incubated insterilized plastic boxes with moist tissue paper, forup to 15 weeks to encourage sporulation of thefungi (Jones and Hyde, 1988). Material wasexamined under a binocular microscope and singlespore isolations made where possible, with culturesdeposited in BIOTEC Culture Collection (BCC),Thailand.

Herbarium material is deposited in variousherbaria: CP Denmark (material collected by Koch)and BIOTEC Bangkok Herbarium (material fromthe current study).

A map showing Thai provinces wherecollections of marine fungi were made, is presentedin Figure 1, the shaded areas indicate the majormangrove sites in Thailand. In order to save on

space, only the names of collecting sites are givenin the text while Table 1 lists all the collecting sitesand their provinces.

Results

One hundred and fifty four fully identifiedmarine fungi are listed in Table 2 for Thailand,with 30 collections awaiting further investigation.

The number of collections made for Thailandis not known except for studies that documentfrequency of occurrence, in particular for mangrovewood taxa (Hyde et al., 1990; 1993) and fungi onNypa fruticosa (Pilantanapak, 2003; Pilantanapaket al., 2005). Thus the number of collections perfungus gives an impression of their frequency of

Table 1. Collecting sites and the provinces in which they are collected.

Province Collecting site Province Collecting site

Chanthaburi Koh Chula Chonburi Bangsaen beachKung Kraben Bay Chonburi beach

Phatthaya beachSriracha beach

Krabi Krabi Narathiwat Koh Yao beachPra-Nang beach Nam Bang

Narathat beachTak Bai

Pattani Pattani Phachuap Khiri Khan Phachuap Khiri KhanPattani mangroveYa-Ring

Phang-Nga Phang-Nga Phuket Karon beachPhang-Nga Bay Kata beach

Nai HanPanwaPanwa beachPatong beachPhuket beachPhuket bridgePhuket mangrove

Ranong Laem Son National Park Rayong RayongRanong mangrove Rayong mangrove

Samut Prakan Bang Pu Samut Sakhon Samut SakhonSamut Songkhram Kamnanyiam site Songkhla Jana beach

Koh YorTrad Koh Chang National Park Trang Chao Mai National Park

Yaw beachYong-Ling beach

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006 690

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.

Figure 1. Map of Thailand showing mangrove areas.

occurrence. Although many fungi were frequentin their distribution, others were only collected afew times or only once. Due to lack of material, 27taxa could only be tentatively identified.

Frequent species are listed in Table 3 andillustrated in Figures 2-21. The preponderance ofmangrove fungi can be accounted for by the widedistribution of mangroves around the coast ofThailand, which generates much driftwood intothe adjoining coasts. Schmidt and Shearer (2003)

list 625 mangrove fungi, but this figure includesthose species in sediments and terrestrial forms onstanding mangrove trees.

Discussion

Numbers of marine fungi

In this paper we document the occurrence of154 marine fungi for Thailand, with a further 30unidentified species. The major finding is that the

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.691T

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Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006 692

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.T

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ach

Cor

ollo

spor

a fil

iform

is N

akag

iri

Pato

ng b

each

, Cha

o M

ai N

atio

nal P

ark,

Ove

r 20

col

l., G

J: 1

0/19

95; 0

5/19

96;

Cho

nbur

i bea

ch, K

oh Y

ao B

each

, Nar

atha

t bea

ch,

04/2

005;

JS:

05/

2001

; 06/

2002

Koh

Cha

ng N

atio

nal P

ark

Cor

ollo

spor

a gr

acili

s N

akag

iri &

Tok

ura

Panw

a be

ach,

Yon

g-L

ing

beac

h11

col

l., A

P: 0

8/19

96

(to

be c

ontin

ued)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.693T

ab

le 2

. (C

on

tin

ued

)

Fu

ngi

Coll

ecti

ng s

ites

No. of

coll

ecti

on

/coll

ecto

rs/d

ate

*R

efer

ence

s

Cor

ollo

spor

a m

ariti

ma

Wer

derm

.Ph

atth

aya

beac

h, P

aton

g be

ach,

Pra

-Nan

g be

ach,

Asc

ospo

res

was

hed

up in

foa

m,

Koh

lmey

er, 1

984;

Panw

a be

ach,

Yaw

bea

ch, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Tak

Bai

,53

col

l., A

P: 0

8/19

96; J

S: 0

3/20

01;

Koc

h, 1

986

Cha

o M

ai N

atio

nal P

ark,

Jan

a be

ach

IC: 0

7/20

00; 0

8/20

01; 0

2/20

02

Cor

ollo

spor

a ps

eudo

pulc

hella

Nak

agir

iY

ong-

Lin

g be

ach

6 co

ll., A

P: 0

8/19

96&

Tok

ur

Cor

ollo

spor

a pu

lche

lla I

. Sch

mid

&Ph

atth

aya

beac

h, P

aton

g be

ach,

Kar

on b

each

,40

col

l., G

J: 0

5/19

97; 0

6/19

97;

Hyd

e et

al.,

200

0;N

.B. N

air

Pra-

Nan

g be

ach,

Pan

wa

beac

h, Y

aw b

each

,A

P: 0

8/19

96; 1

0/19

97; I

C: 1

1/20

03K

ohlm

eyer

, 198

4;Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Ray

ong

Koc

h, 1

986

Cor

ollo

spor

a ne

w s

peci

es (

unpu

blis

hed)

Koh

Cha

ng N

atio

nal P

ark

Ove

r 10

col

l., G

J: 0

4/20

05

Cor

onop

apill

a m

angr

ovei

(K

.D. H

yde)

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove

1 co

ll.H

yde,

198

9K

ohlm

. & V

olkm

.-K

ohlm

.(A

s C

aryo

spor

a m

angr

ovei

)

Cry

ptos

phae

ria

man

grov

ei K

.D. H

yde

Ran

ong

man

grov

e5

coll.

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

3

Cry

ptov

alsa

man

grov

ei A

bdel

-Wah

ab &

Panw

a be

ach

1 co

ll., A

P: 1

0/19

97In

derb

itzin

Cuc

ullo

spor

ella

man

grov

ei (

K.D

. Hyd

e &

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

man

grov

e,4

coll.

, AP:

10/

1997

Hyd

e, 1

989;

Hyd

eE

.B.G

. Jon

es)

K.D

. Hyd

e &

E.B

.G. J

ones

Panw

a be

ach

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3

Dac

tylo

spor

a ha

liotr

epha

(K

ohlm

. &C

honb

uri,

Pato

ng b

each

, Pha

ng-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ove

r 50

col

l., I

C: 0

7/20

00; 0

1/20

01;

Koh

lmey

er, 1

984;

E. K

ohlm

.) H

afel

lner

Ran

ong

man

grov

e, P

huke

t man

grov

e, P

anw

a be

ach,

GJ:

10/

1995

; 05/

1997

; 06/

1997

;K

och,

198

6; H

yde,

Yaw

bea

ch, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Phu

ket b

ridg

e,A

P: 0

4/19

96; 0

8/19

96; 1

0/19

97;

1989

; Hyd

e et

al.,

Pra-

Nan

g be

ach,

Kun

g K

rabe

n B

ay, C

hao

Mai

JS: 0

4/20

01; 1

1/20

0319

90; 1

993

Nat

iona

l Par

k, L

aem

Son

Nat

iona

l Par

k, K

rabi

Dac

tylo

spor

a m

angr

ovei

E.B

.G. J

ones

,Pa

nwa

beac

h1

coll.

, AP:

10/

1997

Jone

s et

al.,

199

9A

lias,

Abd

el-

Wah

ab &

S.Y

. Hsi

eh

Dry

osph

aera

nav

igan

s J∅

rgen

Koc

h &

Pato

ng b

each

1 co

ll.K

och,

198

6E

.B.G

. Jon

es (

Prob

ably

not

Cri

nige

ram

ariti

ma

as s

tate

d in

the

pape

r)

Dry

osph

aera

trop

ical

is K

ohlm

. &Ph

uket

1 co

ll.K

ohlm

eyer

and

Vol

km.-

Koh

lm.

Vol

kman

n.-K

ohm

eyer

,19

93

Did

ymel

la a

vice

nnia

e Pa

til &

Bor

seR

anon

g m

angr

ove

1 co

ll.H

yde

et a

l., 1

990

Eut

ypa

bath

urst

ensi

s K

.D. H

yde

& R

appa

zPr

a-N

ang

beac

h, P

anw

a be

ach,

Yaw

bea

ch,

17 c

oll.,

AP:

08/

1996

; 10/

1997

Yon

g-L

ing

beac

h, P

ra-N

ang

beac

h

(to

be c

ontin

ued)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006 694

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.T

ab

le 2

. (C

on

tin

ued

)

Fu

ngi

Coll

ecti

ng s

ites

No. of

coll

ecti

on

/coll

ecto

rs/d

ate

*R

efer

ence

s

Eut

ypel

la n

aqsi

i K.D

. Hyd

ePa

nwa

beac

h

Fas

ciat

ispo

ra li

gnic

ola

Alia

s, E

.B.G

. Jon

esK

amna

nyia

m s

ite5

coll.

, AP:

10/

1997

- 07

/199

8H

yde

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3&

Kut

hub.

K.D

. Hyd

e &

Las

s∅e

Hal

oros

ellin

ia o

cean

ica

Wha

lley,

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

man

grov

e,O

ver

60 c

oll.,

AP:

08/

1996

;; G

J: 0

5/19

96;

Hyd

e, 1

989

E.B

.G. J

ones

,Pa

nwa

beac

h, P

huke

t man

grov

e, P

ra-N

ang

beac

h,05

/199

7; 0

6/19

9703

/200

1; J

S: 1

1/20

03;

Yaw

bea

ch, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Kam

nany

iam

site

,IC

: 01/

2001

; 11/

2003

, 6%

fre

quen

cy o

nK

ung

Kra

ben

Bay

, Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark,

Kra

bi,

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

Cha

ntha

buri

Hal

osar

phei

a ka

ndel

iae

Abd

el-W

ahab

&R

anon

g m

angr

ove

1 co

ll., J

S: 0

7/20

03E

.B.G

. Jon

es

Hal

osar

phei

a m

arin

a (C

ribb

& J

.W. C

ribb

)Ph

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

e, R

anon

g m

angr

ove

7 co

ll., G

J: 0

5/19

96H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

Koh

lm.

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3

Hal

osar

phei

a m

inut

a L

eong

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

man

grov

e,12

col

l., A

P: 0

6/19

96; G

J: 0

5/19

96H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

Ban

gsae

n be

ach,

Sri

rach

a be

ach,

Tra

nget

al.,

199

0

Hel

icas

cus

kana

loan

us K

ohlm

.Ph

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

e, R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

8 co

ll., I

C: 0

1/20

01; G

J: 0

4/20

05H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark,

Koh

Cha

ng N

atio

nal P

ark

et a

l., 1

990

Hel

icas

cus

nypa

e K

.D. H

yde

Phuk

et m

angr

ove,

Kam

nany

iam

site

6 co

ll., G

J: 1

0/19

95; A

P: 1

0/19

97-

07/1

998;

11/

1998

, low

fre

quen

cy o

nN

ypa

frut

ican

sH

ypop

hloe

da r

hizo

spor

a K

.D. H

yd

e &

Ran

ong

man

grov

e, N

ai H

an, R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

9 co

ll., A

P: 0

8/19

96; G

J: 0

6/19

97H

yde

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3E

.B.G

. Jon

es (

Holo

typ

e)Y

aw b

each

, Phu

ket b

ridg

eH

ypox

ylon

hyp

omilt

um M

onta

gne

Ran

ong

man

grov

eO

ver

10 c

oll.

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

3Ju

lella

avi

cenn

iae

(Bor

se)

K.D

. Hyd

ePa

nwa

beac

h12

col

l., G

J: 0

5/19

97

Kal

lichr

oma

glab

rum

(K

ohlm

. &C

honb

uri,

Phuk

et m

angr

ove,

Pan

wa

beac

h, Y

aw b

each

, 9 c

oll.,

AP:

08/

1996

; GJ:

06/

1997

;K

ohlm

eyer

, 198

4E

. Koh

lm.)

Koh

lm. &

Vol

km.-

Koh

lm.

Kun

g K

rabe

n B

ay, L

aem

Son

Nat

iona

l Par

kJS

: 04/

2001

; 11/

2003

; IC

: 01/

2001

Kal

lichr

oma

teth

ys (

Koh

lm. &

E. K

ohlm

.)C

honb

uri,

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

20 c

oll.,

IC

: 01/

2001

; GJ:

05/

1995

;K

ohlm

eyer

, 198

4;K

ohlm

. & V

olkm

.-K

ohlm

.m

angr

ove,

Phu

ket m

angr

ove,

Yaw

bea

ch,

05/1

997;

AP:

08/

1996

; 10/

199-

07/1

998,

Hyd

e, 1

989;

Hyd

e(A

s H

ydro

nect

ria

teth

ys)

Sam

ut S

ongk

hram

, Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark

few

col

l. on

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

in lo

wet

al.,

199

0;19

93sa

linity

wat

er

Lau

tosp

ora

giga

ntea

K.D

. H

yd

e &

E.B

.G.

Ran

ong

man

grov

e, P

huke

t man

grov

e6

coll.

GJ:

10/

1995

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

0Jon

es (

Holo

typ

e)

Lept

osph

aeri

a au

stra

liens

is (

Cri

bb &

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

man

grov

e,O

ver

40 c

oll.,

GJ:

09/

1993

; 10/

1995

;H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

J.W

. Cri

bb)

G.C

. Hug

hes

Phuk

et m

angr

ove,

Tra

ng, P

atta

ni m

angr

ove,

05/1

996;

05/

1997

; 04/

2005

; AP:

10/

1997

;et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

Panw

a be

ach,

Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark

IC: 0

1/20

01

(to

be c

ontin

ued)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.695T

ab

le 2

. (C

on

tin

ued

)

Fu

ngi

Coll

ecti

ng s

ites

No. of

coll

ecti

on

/coll

ecto

rs/d

ate

*R

efer

ence

s

Lept

osph

aeri

a av

icen

niae

Koh

lm. &

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

man

grov

e2

coll.

, GJ:

06/

1997

; 05/

1997

Hyd

e, 1

989

E. K

ohlm

.

Lept

osph

aeri

a pe

ruvi

ana

Speg

.K

amna

nyia

m s

ite5

coll.

on

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans,

AP:

10/

1997

-07

/199

8

Lign

inco

la la

evis

Hoh

nkPh

atth

aya

beac

h, P

hang

-Nga

Bay

man

grov

e,28

col

l., G

J: 0

9/19

93; 0

7/19

97;

Koh

lmey

er, 1

984;

Ran

ong

man

grov

e, P

atta

ni m

angr

ove,

Ban

gsae

n be

ach,

AP:

06/

1996

; 08/

1996

; 10/

1997

;H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

Srir

acha

bea

ch, P

anw

a be

ach,

Kat

a be

ach,

AP:

10/

1997

-07/

1998

, 8.8

% f

requ

ency

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3K

amna

nyia

m s

iteon

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

Lign

inco

la tr

opic

a K

ohlm

.R

anon

g m

angr

ove

3 co

ll.H

yde

et a

l., 1

990

Line

olat

a rh

izop

hora

e (K

ohlm

. &R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Yaw

bea

ch, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

13 c

oll.,

GJ:

06/

1997

; 03/

2001

;H

yde

et a

l., 1

990;

E. K

ohlm

.) K

ohlm

. & V

olkm

.-K

ohlm

.Pa

nwa

beac

h, P

huke

t bri

dge,

Tak

Bai

, Cha

o M

aiA

P: 0

8/19

96; 1

0/19

97; J

S: 0

5/20

01;

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

3(A

s D

idym

osph

aeri

a rh

izop

hora

e)N

atio

nal P

ark

IC: 0

7/20

00

Lino

carp

on a

ngus

tatu

m K

.D. H

yde

& A

lias

Kam

nany

iam

site

5 co

ll. o

n N

ypa

frut

ican

s,H

yde,

198

8bA

P: 1

0/19

97-

07/1

998

Lino

carp

on a

ppen

dicu

latu

m K

.D. H

yde

Kam

nany

iam

site

, Tak

Bai

7 co

ll., A

P: 1

0/19

97-

07/1

998;

IC: 0

3/20

01; 0

5/20

01, 3

4 %

fre

quen

cy o

nN

ypa

frut

ican

sLi

noca

rpon

bip

olar

is K

.D. H

yde

Kam

nany

iam

site

5 co

ll., A

P: 1

998-

1999

, low

fre

quen

cy o

nN

ypa

frut

ican

sLi

noca

rpon

nyp

ae (

Hen

n.)

K.D

. Hyd

eK

amna

nyia

m s

ite, P

hang

-Nga

Bay

man

grov

eO

ver

10 c

oll.,

AP:

10/

1997

-07/

1998

,30

.8%

fre

quen

cy o

n N

ypa

frut

ican

sLo

phio

stom

a m

angr

ovei

Koh

lm. &

Vitt

alR

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Pan

wa

beac

h, R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

9 co

ll., G

J: 0

5/19

97; 0

5/19

98;

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

0Ta

k B

aiJS

: 05/

2001

Lulw

orth

ia g

rand

ispo

ra M

eyer

sPa

nwa,

Phu

ket,

Yaw

bea

ch, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

11 c

oll.,

GJ:

05/

1997

; AP:

08/

1996

;C

olle

ctio

ns w

ith m

arke

dly

diff

eren

tK

amna

nyia

m s

ite10

/199

7, 3

.6 %

fre

quen

cy o

nas

cosp

ore

size

hav

e be

en n

oted

:N

ypa

frut

ican

s(5

00-1

000

x 3.

7 µm

)

Lulw

orth

ia g

rand

ispo

ra M

eyer

sPh

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

e, R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

6 co

ll., I

C: 0

7/20

00; 0

1/20

01H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

(462

-500

x 3

.7 µ

m)

Cha

o M

ai N

atio

nal P

ark,

Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3

Lulw

orth

ia k

niep

ii K

ohlm

.Y

aw b

each

, Yon

g-L

ing

beac

h, T

rang

4 co

ll., A

P: 1

0/19

97(2

50-3

00 x

2.5

-3 µ

m)

Man

grov

ispo

ra p

emph

i K.D

. Hyd

e &

Panw

a be

ach

1 co

ll., G

J: 0

5/19

97N

akag

iri

(to

be c

ontin

ued)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006 696

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.T

ab

le 2

. (C

on

tin

ued

)

Fu

ngi

Coll

ecti

ng s

ites

No. of

coll

ecti

on

/coll

ecto

rs/d

ate

*R

efer

ence

s

Mar

inos

phae

ra m

angr

ovei

K.D

. Hyd

ePh

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

e, R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

27 c

oll.,

GJ:

05/

1995

; 10/

1995

; 05/

1997

;H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

Phuk

et m

angr

ove,

Nar

atha

t bea

ch, K

oh C

hula

,05

/200

3; 0

4/20

05;

JS: 0

6/20

02; 0

7/20

03;

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3C

hao

Mai

Nat

iona

l Par

k, K

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

k,IC

: 01/

2001

; 02/

2002

; 06/

2003

;L

aem

Son

Nat

iona

l Par

k, N

am B

ang,

Jan

a be

ach,

SS: 0

3/20

01; 0

3/20

00C

honb

uri

Mas

sari

na r

amun

culic

ola

K.D

. Hyd

eR

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Phu

ket m

angr

ove,

Pan

wa

beac

h,20

col

l., G

J: 0

5/19

95; 1

0/19

95;

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

3L

aem

Son

Nat

iona

l Par

kA

P: 1

0/19

97; I

C: 0

1/20

01H

yde

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3

Mas

sari

na th

alas

siae

Koh

lm. &

Ran

ong

man

grov

e5

coll.

Vol

km.-

Koh

lm.

Mas

sari

na v

elat

ospo

ra K

.D. H

yd

e &

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

man

grov

eO

ver

10 c

oll.,

GJ:

05/

1996

Hyd

e, 1

989;

Hyd

eB

ors

e (H

olo

typ

e)et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

Mel

aspi

lea

man

grov

ei V

rijm

oed,

Phuk

et m

angr

ove

8 co

ll., G

J: 1

0/19

95; 0

5/19

97; 0

6/19

97K

.D H

yde

& E

.B.G

Jon

es

Nem

ania

mar

itim

a Ju

& R

oger

sK

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

k1

coll.

, GJ:

04/

2005

Nai

s in

orna

ta K

ohlm

.R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Pat

tani

man

grov

e2

coll.

, GJ:

09/

1993

; 05/

1997

Nat

antis

pora

ret

orqu

ens

(She

arer

&Sr

irac

ha b

each

, Kat

a be

ach,

Pha

ng-N

ga B

ay3

coll.

, AP:

06/

1996

; GJ:

07/

1997

;J.

L. C

rane

) J.

Cam

pb.,

J.L

. And

erso

n &

man

grov

eIC

: 01/

2001

Shea

rer

(As

Hal

osar

phei

a re

torq

uens

)

Nep

tune

lla lo

ngir

ostr

is (

Cri

bb &

Ran

ong

man

grov

e, T

rang

, Pan

wa

beac

h,18

col

l., G

J: 0

5/19

96; 0

5/19

97;

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

J.W

. Cri

bb)

K.L

. Pan

g &

E.B

.G. J

ones

Kam

nany

iam

site

, Tak

Bai

, Koh

Cha

ng N

atio

nal P

ark

JS: 0

5/20

01; S

S: 0

2/20

01; A

P: 0

8/19

96;

(As

Lign

inco

la lo

ngir

ostr

is)

10/1

997-

07/1

998;

02/

1999

, low

fre

quen

cyon

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

Neo

linoc

arpo

n gl

obos

icar

pum

K.D

. Hyd

eK

amna

nyia

m s

iteA

P: 1

998-

1999

, 4%

fre

quen

cy o

nN

ypa

frut

ican

sO

kean

omyc

es c

ucul

latu

s (K

ohlm

.)R

anon

g m

angr

ove

3 co

ll.H

yde

et a

l., 1

990

K.L

. Pan

g &

E.B

.G. J

ones

(As

Hal

osph

aeri

a cu

culla

ta)

Oph

iode

ira

mon

osem

eia

Koh

lm. &

Ran

ong

man

grov

e5

coll.

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

Vol

km.-

Koh

lm.

Oxy

doth

is n

ypae

K.D

. Hyd

e &

Nak

agir

iK

amna

nyia

m s

iteA

P: 1

0/19

97-

07/1

998;

199

8-19

99,

Hyd

e an

d N

akag

iri,

26.8

% f

requ

ency

on

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

1989

Pan

orbi

s vi

scos

us (

I. S

chm

idt)

J. C

ampb

.,Ph

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

e, R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

7 co

ll. G

J: 0

9/19

93H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

J.L

. And

erso

n &

She

arer

Patta

ni m

angr

ove

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3(a

s H

alos

arph

eia

visc

osa)

(to

be c

ontin

ued)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.697T

ab

le 2

. (C

on

tin

ued

)

Fu

ngi

Coll

ecti

ng s

ites

No. of

coll

ecti

on

/coll

ecto

rs/d

ate

*R

efer

ence

s

Pas

seri

niel

la s

avor

yello

psis

K.D

. H

yd

e &

Ran

ong

man

grov

e5

coll.

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

Mou

zou

ras

(Holo

typ

e)

Ped

umis

pora

rhi

zoph

orae

K.D

. H

yd

e &

Ran

ong

man

grov

e1

coll.

, 11/

1988

Hyd

e an

d Jo

nes,

199

2E

.B.G

. Jon

es (

Holo

typ

e)

Pse

udol

igni

ncol

a si

amen

sis

sp. n

ov.

Cha

o M

ai N

atio

nal P

ark

1 co

ll., 0

7/20

00, o

n N

ypa

frut

ican

sJo

nes

et a

l., 2

006

(Ho

loty

pe)

(In

pres

s)

Pyr

enog

raph

a xy

logr

apho

ides

Apt

root

Phuk

et m

angr

ove,

Koh

Cha

ng N

atio

nal P

ark

11 c

oll.,

GJ:

05/

1995

; 10/

1995

; 04/

2005

Qui

ntar

ia li

gnat

ilis

(Koh

lm.)

Koh

lm. &

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

man

grov

e,9

coll.

, GJ:

10/

1995

; 05/

1996

; 05/

1997

;H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

Volk

m.-

Koh

lm. (H

olo

typ

e)Ph

uket

man

grov

e, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Pan

wa

beac

h06

/199

7; A

P: 0

4/19

96; I

C: 0

1/20

01et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

Rem

ispo

ra c

risp

a K

ohlm

.Pa

nwa

beac

h1

coll.

, GJ:

05/

1007

Rhi

zoph

ila m

arin

a K

.D. H

yde

&Ph

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

e, R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

16 c

oll.,

IC

: 01/

2001

; 04/

2001

; 11/

2003

;H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

E.B

.G. J

ones

Tra

ng, P

huke

t bri

dge,

Kar

on b

each

, Pan

wa

beac

h,G

J: 0

6/19

97; J

S: 0

8/20

00; 0

2/20

02;

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3Ja

na b

each

, Kun

g K

rabe

n B

ay, L

aem

Son

Nat

iona

l11

/200

3Pa

rk, P

hach

uap

Khi

ri K

han,

Cha

ntha

buri

Sacc

ardo

ella

man

grov

ei K

.D.

Hy

de

Ran

ong

man

grov

e5

coll.

Hyd

e, 1

992b

; Hyd

e(H

olo

typ

e)et

al.,

199

3

Sacc

ardo

ella

mar

inos

pora

K.D

. H

yd

eK

amna

nyia

m s

ite, L

aem

Son

Nat

iona

l Par

k6

coll.

on

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans,

AP:

10/

1997

-H

yde,

199

2b(H

olo

typ

e)07

/199

8; I

C: 0

1/20

01

Sacc

ardo

ella

rhi

zoph

orae

K.D

. H

yd

eR

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Yaw

bea

ch,

3 co

ll., J

S: 0

7/20

03; I

C: 0

1/20

01;

Hyd

e, 1

992b

(Ho

loty

pe)

Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark

06/2

003;

AP:

08/

1996

Saag

arom

yces

abo

nnis

(K

ohlm

.) K

.L. P

ang

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

man

grov

e,13

col

l., G

J: 1

0/19

95; 0

5/19

97; 0

4/20

05H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

& E

.B.G

. Jon

es (

As

Hal

osar

phei

a ab

onni

s)Pa

nwa

beac

h, P

huke

t man

grov

e,et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

Koh

Cha

ng N

atio

nal P

ark

Saag

arom

yces

glit

ra (

J.L

. Cra

ne &

She

arer

)R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark

6 co

ll., I

C: 0

1/20

01H

yde

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3K

.L. P

ang

& E

.B.G

. Jon

es (

As

Nai

s gl

itra)

Saag

arom

yces

rat

nagi

rien

sis

(Pat

il &

Ban

gsae

n be

ach,

Pha

ng-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ove

r 10

col

l., A

P: 0

8/19

96K

ohlm

eyer

, 198

4;B

orse

) K

.L. P

ang

& E

.B.G

. Jon

esR

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Pan

wa

beac

hH

yde,

198

9; H

yde

(As

Hal

osar

phei

a ra

tnag

irie

nsis

)et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

Sabl

ecol

a ch

inen

sis

E.B

.G. J

ones

,K

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

k1

coll.

, GJ:

04/

2005

K.L

. Pan

g &

Vri

jmoe

d

Sals

ugui

nea

ram

icol

a K

.D. H

yde

Kam

nany

iam

site

5 co

ll. o

n N

ypa

frut

ican

s,A

P: 1

0/19

97-0

7/19

98

Savo

ryel

la a

ppen

dicu

lata

K.D

. Hyd

e &

Tak

Bai

4 co

ll., G

J: 0

5/20

01; I

C: 0

8/20

01E

.G.B

. Jon

es

(to

be c

ontin

ued)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006 698

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.

Tab

le 2

. (C

on

tin

ued

)

Fu

ngi

Coll

ecti

ng s

ites

No. of

coll

ecti

on

/coll

ecto

rs/d

ate

*R

efer

ence

s

Savo

ryel

la li

gnic

ola

E.B

.G. J

ones

&Pa

tong

bea

ch, P

hang

-Nga

Bay

man

grov

e,40

col

l., G

J: 0

5/19

97; 0

6/19

97;

Koc

h, 1

986;

Hyd

e,R

.A. E

aton

Ran

ong

man

grov

e, P

anw

a be

ach,

Pra

-Nan

g be

ach,

IC: 0

7/20

00; S

S: 0

2/20

01; A

P:19

89; H

yde

et a

l., 1

990;

Yaw

bea

ch, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Phu

ket b

ridg

e,08

/199

6; 1

0/19

97; 1

998-

1999

;19

93K

amna

nyia

m s

ite, C

hao

Mai

Nat

iona

l Par

k,lo

w f

requ

ency

on

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

Koh

Cha

ng N

atio

nal P

ark

Savo

ryel

la lo

ngis

pora

E.B

.G. J

ones

&R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Kat

a be

ach,

Phu

ket m

angr

ove

13 c

oll;

5 co

ll., G

J: 0

5/19

97; 0

6/19

9H

yde

et a

l., 1

993

K.D

. Hyd

e

Savo

ryel

la p

auci

spor

a (C

ribb

&Pa

tong

bea

ch, K

amna

nyia

m s

ite, K

oh C

hula

,3

coll.

, SS:

03/

2000

; SS:

02/

2001

;K

och,

198

6J.

W. C

ribb

) J∅

rgen

Koc

hK

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

kA

P: 1

998-

1999

, low

fre

quen

cy o

nN

ypa

frut

ican

sSw

ampo

myc

es tr

isep

tatu

s K

.D. H

yde

&R

anon

g m

angr

ove

8 co

ll., G

J: 0

5/19

96; 0

5/19

97H

yde

et a

l., 1

993

Nak

agir

i

Thal

asso

gena

sph

aeri

ca K

ohlm

. &R

anon

g m

angr

ove

5 co

ll.H

yde

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3V

olkm

.-K

ohlm

.

Tha

lesp

ora

appe

ndic

ulat

a sp

. n

ov

Ran

ong,

Tak

Bai

, Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark,

5 co

ll., J

S: 0

5/20

01; I

C: 0

1/20

01;

Jone

s et

al.,

200

6(H

olo

typ

e)Ja

na b

each

, Pha

ng-N

ga11

/200

1; 0

6/20

03(I

n pr

ess)

Torp

edos

pora

rad

iata

Mey

ers

Pato

ng b

each

, Pat

tani

man

grov

e, P

anw

a be

ach,

19 c

oll.;

GJ:

10/

1995

; 09/

1993

;K

och,

198

6Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Tak

Bai

, Koh

Chu

la,

AP:

08/

1996

; 10/

1997

; JS:

05/

2001

;C

hao

Mai

Nat

iona

l Par

k, K

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

kIC

: 07/

2000

; 05/

2001

; SS:

03/

2000

;02

/200

1

Trem

atos

phae

ria

lineo

latis

pora

K.D

. Hyd

eK

amna

nyia

m s

iteA

P: 1

0/19

97-0

7/19

98; 1

1/19

98,

low

fre

quen

cy o

n N

ypa

frut

ican

sTr

emat

osph

aeri

a m

angr

ovei

Koh

lm.

Kam

nany

iam

site

, Yaw

bea

ch, P

hang

-Nga

Bay

9 co

ll., A

P: 1

0/19

97-0

7/19

98; 0

4/19

96;

man

grov

efe

w c

oll.

on N

ypa

frut

ican

s, I

C: 0

1/20

01

Tiri

spor

ella

bec

cari

ana

(Ces

.)Ph

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

e, T

ak B

ai, J

ana

beac

h3

coll.

, IC

: 01/

2001

; 08/

2001

; 01/

2004

E.B

.G. J

ones

, K.D

. Hyd

e &

Alia

s

Verr

ucul

ina

enal

ia (

Koh

lm.)

Koh

lm. &

Cho

nbur

i, R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Pra

-Nan

g be

ach,

Ove

r 40

col

l., J

S: 0

8/20

00; 0

2/20

02; G

J:K

ohlm

eyer

, 198

4;V

olkm

.- K

ohlm

. (A

s D

idym

osph

aeri

aPa

nwa

beac

h, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Kam

nany

iam

site

,04

/200

5; S

S: 0

3/20

00; I

C: 1

0/20

00;

Hyd

e, 1

989;

Hyd

een

alia

)Ja

na b

each

, Koh

Chu

la, B

ang

Pu, P

hang

-Nga

Bay

01/2

001;

04/

2001

; 01/

2004

; AP:

08/

1996

;et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

man

grov

e, P

hach

uap

Khi

ri K

han,

Ya-

Rin

g,10

/199

7, lo

w f

requ

ency

on

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

Koh

Cha

ng N

atio

nal P

ark

Vibr

isse

a ny

pico

la K

.D. H

yde

& A

lias

Kam

nany

iam

site

, Jan

a be

ach

6 co

ll.,

IC: 1

1/20

01A

P: 1

1/19

98,

low

fre

quen

cy o

n N

ypa

frut

ican

sZo

pfie

lla la

tipes

(N

. Lun

dq.)

Mal

loch

&K

amna

nyia

m s

iteA

P: 1

0/19

97-0

7/19

98, f

ew c

oll.

Cai

non

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

(to

be c

ontin

ued)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.699

Tab

le 2

. (C

on

tin

ued

)

Fu

ngi

Coll

ecti

ng s

ites

No. of

coll

ecti

on

/coll

ecto

rs/d

ate

*R

efer

ence

s

BA

SID

IOM

YC

OT

A

Cal

athe

lla m

angr

ovei

E.B

.G. J

ones

&T

rang

, Ran

ong

man

grov

e, L

aem

Son

Nat

iona

l Par

k7

coll.

, GJ:

05/

1996

; 05/

1997

; 01/

2001

Age

rer

Hal

ocyp

hina

vill

osa

Koh

lm. &

E. K

ohlm

.C

honb

uri,

Pato

ng b

each

, Pha

ng-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ove

r 20

col

l., I

C: 0

7/20

00; 0

5/20

01;

Koh

lmey

er, 1

984;

Ran

ong

man

grov

e, T

rang

, Lae

mso

n N

atio

nal P

ark,

06/2

003;

GJ:

05/

1996

; JS:

07/

2003

;K

och,

198

6; H

yde,

Cha

o M

ai N

atio

nal P

ark,

Koh

Chu

la, K

oh C

hang

SS: 0

3/20

00; 0

2/20

01; A

P: 0

8/19

9619

89; H

yde

et a

l.,N

atio

nal P

ark,

Tak

Bai

1990

; 199

3

Nia

vib

riss

a R

.T. M

oore

& M

eyer

sPa

nwa,

Yon

g-L

ing

beac

h4

coll.

AP:

10/

1997

AN

AM

OR

PH

IC F

UN

GI

Acr

ogen

ospo

ra s

phae

roce

phal

aK

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

k1

coll.

, SS:

02/

2001

(Ber

k. &

Bro

ome)

M.B

. Elli

s

Bac

trod

esm

ium

lind

eri (

J.L

. Cra

ne &

Koh

Cha

ng N

atio

nal P

ark,

Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark,

14 c

oll.,

SS:

02/

2001

; IC

01/

2001

;Sh

eare

r) M

.E. P

alm

& E

.L. S

tew

art

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ya-

Rin

g, P

anw

a be

ach,

01/2

004;

AP:

08/

1996

; 10/

1997

;(A

s T

rich

ocla

dium

lind

eri)

Yaw

bea

ch, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach

GJ:

05/

1996

Cam

aros

pori

um r

oum

eque

rii S

acc.

Yon

g-L

ing

beac

h1

coll.

AP:

04/

1996

Cir

rena

lia p

seud

omac

roce

phal

a K

ohlm

.Ph

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

e, R

anon

g m

angr

ove

2 co

ll.H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3

Cir

rena

lia p

ygm

ea K

ohlm

.C

honb

uri,

Pato

ng b

each

, Pha

ng-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

15 c

oll.,

IC

: 07/

2000

; 02/

2002

; 06/

2003

;K

ohlm

eyer

, 198

4;R

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Yaw

bea

ch, K

amna

nyia

m s

ite,

AP:

08/

1996

; 10/

1997

; 11/

1998

,K

och,

198

6; H

yde,

Cha

o M

ai N

atio

nal P

ark,

Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark,

5% f

requ

ency

on

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

1989

; Hyd

e et

al.,

199

0K

rabi

, Jan

a be

ach

Cir

rena

lia tr

opic

alis

Koh

lm.

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

man

grov

e,12

col

l., I

C: 0

7/20

00; 0

5/20

01; 0

6/20

03;

Hyd

e, 1

989;

Hyd

eK

aron

bea

ch, P

atta

ni m

angr

ove,

Pat

ong

beac

h,G

J: 0

9/19

93; 1

0/19

95; 0

5/19

97;

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3K

oh C

hula

, Cha

o M

ai N

atio

nal P

ark,

Tak

Bai

,SS

: 03/

2000

;L

aem

Son

Nat

iona

l Par

k

Cla

vato

spor

a bu

lbos

a (A

nast

asio

u)Pa

tong

bea

ch, K

aron

bea

ch, P

anw

a be

ach,

Ove

r 30

col

l., G

J: 0

9/19

93; 1

0/19

95;

Koc

h, 1

986

Nak

agir

i & T

ubak

iK

ata

beac

h, P

atta

ni m

angr

ove,

Koh

Cha

ng05

/199

7; 0

6/19

97; 0

4/20

05; S

S: 0

2/20

01;

Nat

iona

l Par

k, L

aem

Son

Nat

iona

l Par

k, T

ak B

ai,

AP:

08/

1996

; IC

: 01/

2001

; 04/

2001

;Ph

achu

ap K

hiri

Kha

n, C

honb

uri,

Phan

g-N

ga,

05/2

001;

06/

2003

Jana

bea

ch

Cum

ulos

pora

mar

ina

I. S

chm

idt

Kat

a be

ach,

Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark

1 co

ll., I

C: 0

1/20

01

Cum

ulos

pora

var

ia C

hatm

ala

&C

hao

Mai

Nat

iona

l Par

k, K

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

k,8

coll.

, IC

: 07/

2000

; 11/

2003

; 01/

2004

;C

hatm

ala

et a

l., 2

004

Som

rith

ipol

(Holo

typ

e)Y

a-R

ing,

Ray

ong

SS: 0

2/20

01, G

J: 4

/200

5D

icty

ospo

rium

ele

gans

Cor

daY

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Kam

nany

iam

site

Ove

r 5

coll.

, AP:

08/

1996

; 11/

1998

,26

.7%

fre

quen

cy o

n N

ypa

frut

ican

s

(to

be c

ontin

ued)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006 700

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.T

ab

le 2

. (C

on

tin

ued

)

Fu

ngi

Coll

ecti

ng s

ites

No. of

coll

ecti

on

/coll

ecto

rs/d

ate

*R

efer

ence

s

Dic

tyos

pori

um h

epta

spor

um (

Gar

ov.)

Sam

ut S

ongk

hram

5 co

ll. o

n N

ypa

frut

ican

sD

amon

Hel

icor

hoid

ion

nypi

cola

K.D

. Hyd

e &

Goh

Yaw

bea

ch, K

amna

nyia

m s

ite12

col

l., A

P: 0

8/19

96; 1

0/19

97-

07/1

998,

20.4

% f

requ

ency

on

Nyp

a fr

utic

ans

Mon

odic

tys

pela

gica

(T.

W. J

ohns

on)

Panw

a be

ach,

Yon

g-L

ing

beac

h2

coll.

, AP:

08/

1996

; 10/

1997

E.B

.G. J

ones

Nyp

ella

fron

dico

la K

.D. H

yde

& B

. Sut

ton

Kam

nany

iam

site

AP:

11/

1998

, low

fre

quen

cy o

nN

ypa

frut

ican

sP

eric

onia

pro

lific

a A

nast

asio

uR

anon

g m

angr

ove,

Pat

tani

man

grov

e, C

honb

uri b

each

,O

ver

30 c

oll.,

GJ:

09/

1993

; 05/

1996

;H

yde

et a

l., 1

990;

199

3Sr

irac

ha b

each

, Ran

ong

man

grov

e, P

huke

t man

grov

e,05

/199

7; 0

7/19

97; 0

5/20

03; 0

4/20

05;

Kat

a be

ach,

Pra

-Nan

g be

ach,

Yaw

bea

ch, T

ak B

ai,

JS: 0

5/20

01; 0

1/20

02; A

P: 0

6/19

96;

Koh

Chu

la, C

hao

Mai

Nat

iona

l Par

k, L

aem

Son

10/1

997;

IC

: 07/

2000

; 04/

2001

; 06/

2003

;N

atio

nal P

ark,

Pha

chua

p K

hiri

Kha

n, P

hang

-Nga

,11

/200

3R

ayon

g, K

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

k

Pap

ulas

pora

hal

ima

Ana

stas

iou

Lae

m S

on N

atio

nal P

ark

1 co

ll., I

C: 0

1/20

01

Pho

mop

sis

man

grov

ei K

.D. H

yde

Ran

ong

man

grov

e5

coll.

Hyd

e et

al.,

199

0; 1

993

Ple

ctop

hom

ella

nyp

ae K

.D. H

yde

&K

amna

nyia

m s

iteA

P: 1

0/19

97-0

7/19

98, 6

.4%

fre

quen

cyB

. Sut

ton

on N

ypa

frut

ican

sR

habd

ospo

ra a

vice

nnia

e K

ohlm

.Pa

nwa

beac

h1

coll.

, GJ:

05/

1997

Tric

hocl

adiu

m a

chra

spor

um (

Mey

ers

&Pa

nwa

beac

h, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Yaw

bea

ch,

21 c

oll.,

AP:

08/

1996

; AP:

10/

1997

-R

.T. M

oore

) D

ixon

Kam

nany

iam

site

, Cho

nbur

i bea

ch,

07/1

998;

GJ:

05/

1996

; JS:

01/

2002

;K

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

kSS

: 02/

200

1

Tric

hocl

adiu

m a

lopa

llone

llum

(M

eyer

s &

Cho

nbur

i bea

ch, P

hang

-Nga

Bay

man

grov

e,30

col

l., G

J: 0

5/19

96; 0

5/19

97;

Koh

lmey

er, 1

984;

R.T

. Moo

re)

Koh

lm. &

Vol

km.-

Koh

lm.

Ran

ong

man

grov

e, S

rira

cha

beac

h, P

anw

a be

ach,

AP:

06/

1996

; 08/

1996

; 02/

1999

,H

yde,

198

9; H

yde

Yaw

bea

ch, Y

ong-

Lin

g be

ach,

Sam

ut S

ongk

hram

1.5%

fre

quen

cy o

n N

ypa

frut

ican

set

al.,

199

0; 1

993

Tric

hocl

adiu

m c

onst

ricu

m I

. Sch

mid

tK

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

k1

coll.

, GJ:

04/

2005

Tric

hocl

adiu

m m

elha

e E

.B.G

. Jon

es,

Nar

atha

t bea

ch, T

ak B

ai, C

hao

Mai

Nat

iona

l Par

k,O

ver

23 c

oll.,

JS:

07/

2000

; 05/

2001

;A

bdel

-Wah

ab &

Vri

jmoe

dK

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

k, J

ana

beac

h, N

am B

ang,

05/2

002;

IC

: 07/

2000

; 05/

2001

;R

ayon

g08

/200

1; 1

1/20

03; S

S: 0

2/20

01;

GJ:

04/

2005

Tric

hocl

adiu

m n

ypae

K.D

. Hyd

e &

Goh

Kam

nany

iam

site

, Tak

Bai

, Koh

Chu

la,

Ove

r 10

col

l., J

S: 0

5/20

01; I

C: 0

1/20

01;

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Jan

a be

ach

05/2

001;

11/

2001

; 02/

2002

; SS:

03/

2000

;A

P: 1

998-

1999

, 34.

8 %

fre

quen

cy o

nN

ypa

frut

ican

s

(to

be c

ontin

ued)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.701T

ab

le 2

. (C

on

tin

ued

)

Fu

ngi

Coll

ecti

ng s

ites

No. of

coll

ecti

on

/coll

ecto

rs/d

ate

*R

efer

ence

s

Vari

cosp

orin

a ra

mul

osa

Mey

ers

& M

oore

Phan

g-N

ga, K

oh C

hang

Nat

iona

l Par

k2

coll.

, IC

: 06/

2003

; RC

: 03/

2001

Xyl

omyc

es r

hizo

phor

ae K

ohlm

. &Ph

ang-

Nga

1 co

ll., I

C: 0

6/20

03V

olkm

.-K

ohlm

.

Zale

rion

mar

itim

um (

Lin

der)

Ana

stas

iou

Kat

a be

ach

1 co

ll., G

J: 0

5/19

97

Zale

rion

var

ium

Ana

stas

iou

Patta

ni m

angr

ove,

Pra

-Nan

g be

ach,

Pan

wa

beac

h,O

ver

40 c

oll.,

GJ:

09/

1993

; AP:

08/

1996

;Y

aw b

each

, Yon

g-L

ing

beac

h, K

amna

nyia

m s

ite,

10/1

997;

JS:

05/

2001

; IC

: 07/

2000

;Ta

k B

ai, C

hao

Mai

Nat

iona

l Par

k, L

aem

Son

11/2

001;

08/

2001

; 02/

2002

; 11/

2003

;N

atio

nal P

ark,

Nam

Ban

g, N

arat

hiw

at, R

ayon

gA

P: 1

998-

1999

CH

RO

MIS

TA

(S

TR

AM

EN

OP

ILE

S)

Hal

ophy

toph

thor

a po

rrig

oves

ica

Nak

agir

i,Ph

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

e, R

anon

gA

K: 0

3/19

99N

akag

iri e

t al.,

200

1Ta

d, I

to, M

anoc

h &

Tan

ticha

roen

Hal

ophy

toph

thor

a sp

inos

a va

r. lo

bata

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove,

Ran

ong

AK

: 03/

1999

Nak

agir

i et a

l., 2

001

(Fel

l & M

aste

r) H

.H. H

o &

S.C

. Jon

g

Hal

ophy

toph

thor

a ve

sicu

la (

Ans

atas

iou

&Ph

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

eA

K: 0

3/19

99N

akag

iri e

t al.,

200

1C

hurc

hl.)

H.H

. Ho

& S

.C. J

ong

Hal

ophy

toph

thor

a sp

.Ph

ang-

Nga

Bay

man

grov

eA

K: 0

3/19

99N

akag

iri e

t al.,

200

1

Pyt

hium

gra

ndis

pora

ngiu

m F

ell &

Mas

ter

Phan

g-N

ga B

ay m

angr

ove

AK

: 03/

1999

Nak

agir

i et a

l., 2

001

Schi

zoch

ytri

um li

mac

inum

Hon

da &

Ban

gsae

nSJ

: Var

ious

col

lect

ions

in 2

004

Pers

.com

m.

Yok

ochi

Schi

zoch

ytri

um m

angr

ovei

Rag

huku

mar

Ban

gsae

nSJ

: Var

ious

col

lect

ions

in 2

004

Pers

.com

m.

*S

ub

stra

tum

=

Su

bst

ratu

m u

nle

ss o

ther

wis

e in

dic

ate

d a

fter

th

e co

llec

tion

date

, is

wood

(d

rift

wood

or

att

ach

ed m

an

gro

ve

wood

)

Ab

bre

via

tion

s:

Co

ll.

=C

oll

ecti

on

AP

=A

pir

ad

ee P

ila

nta

na

pa

k

IC=

Itti

chai

Ch

atm

ala

GJ

=E

.B. G

are

th J

on

es

JS

=J

ari

ya

Sa

ka

ya

roj

SS

=S

om

sak

Siv

ich

ai

an

d N

att

aw

ut

Boon

yu

en

RC

=R

att

ak

et C

ho

eyk

lin

AK

=A

kir

a N

ak

agir

i

SJ

=S

om

taw

in J

ari

tku

an

Bold

typ

e =

Fir

st d

escr

ibed

in

Th

ail

an

d (

Holo

typ

e)

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006 702

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.

most common fungal group is the Ascomycotawith 116 species, and this reflects observationsby other workers (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991; Hyde et al., 2000).

Secondly, the number of marine fungirecorded for the country is high and is compar-able with 128 documented from Hong Kong(Jones and Vrijmoed, 2003), 95 from Brunei (Hyde,1988a), 91 from Udyavara, India (Maria andSridhar, 2003) and 82 species from Malaysia(Jones and Kuthubutheen, 1989). These figures aresignificantly different from collections made inBermuda (22 species, Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer,1977), Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India (63species, Chinnaraj, 1993), Belize (46 species,Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987) andthe Seychelles (63 species, Hyde and Jones, 1989).The differences in number of species collectedreflect the frequency and intensity of the collect-ions. The marine fungi of Hong Kong and Thailandhave been studied intensively over the past 15years, and include not only random collections ofdrift material, but also the exposure and recoveryof bait samples (exposure of bait: Hong Kong:Vrijmoed et al., 1986; Sadaba et al., 1995; Abdel-Wahab, 2000; Thailand: Pilantanapak et al., 2005;collection of drift and attached mangrove samples:Hong Kong: Abdel-Wahab and El-Sharouny, 2002;Jones and Vrijmoed, 2003; Thailand: Hyde et al.,1993; Sakayaroj et al., 2004).

Schmidt and Shearer (2004) analysed thegeographical distribution data published onlignicolous mangrove fungi, and found that differ-ent oceans supported varying numbers. The numberof fungi at each site varied: Atlantic Ocean: 12-46per site (14 sites: mean 25.6); Indian Ocean: 12-64(14: 42.9) and the Pacific Ocean: 17-87 (16: 44).The Pacific Ocean has the highest recorded numberof fungi, again the result of repeated collectionsover many years: Hyde (1988a) in Brunei; Jonesand Kuthubutheen (1989); Alias et al. (1995);Alias and Jones (2000a, b) in Malaysia, Tan et al.(1989) and Leong et al. (1991) in Singapore, andthe greater diversity of mangrove tree species inthis region. The paucity of marine fungi from theAtlantic has been attributed to low mangrove tree

diversity, for example three in Florida mangrovesand four in the Bahamas (Jones and Abdel-Wahab,2005; Jones and Puglisi, 2006). However, moreintensive collections yielded 81 species for Floridamangroves from 250 collected samples (previouslyonly 28: Jones and Puglisi, 2006) and 112 for theBahamas from 600 collected samples, where only31 had previously been recorded (Jones and Abdel-Wahab, 2005).

Common species

The common species listed in Table 3 arepredominantly mangrove species: the ascomycetesDactylospora haliotrepha, Halorosellinia oceani-ca, Lignincola leavis, Lulworthia grandispora,Saagaromyces abonnis and Verruculina enalia;the basidiomycete Halocyphina villosa andanamorphic fungi Cirrenalia pygmea and Zalerionvarium (Kohlmeyer 1984; Jones and Alias, 1997;Sarma and Hyde, 2001; Abdel-Wahab and El-Sharouney, 2002; Jones and Abdel-Wahab, 2005).Other species are more characteristic of open oceanwaters: Antennospora quadricornuta, A. salina,Periconia prolifica, Torpedospora radiata, or woodassociated with sand: Corollospora maritima,Trichocladium melhae.

Effect of substratum

Marine substrata support different fungalassemblages, for example the mangrove palm Nypafruticans and woody tissue of mangrove trees suchas Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina.Typical fungi on N. fruticans included Astosphae-riella striatispora, Linocarpon appiculata, L.nypae, Oxydothis nypae and Trichocladium nypae,taxa never recorded from mangrove wood (Hydeand Nakagiri, 1989; Hyde, 1992a; Hyde and Alias,2000; Pilantanapak et al., 2005). Fungi commonon mangrove wood include: Kallichroma tethys,Leptosphaeria australiensis, Lineolata rhizo-phorae, Marinosphaera mangrovei, in addition tothose listed above (Kohlmeyer, 1984). Of the fungireported on N. fruticans from Thailand, 3 are newrecords for this substratum (Astrosphaeriellamangovis, K. tethys, Savoryella paucispora) and22 are new records for the country (Pilantanapak

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.28 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2006

Thai marine fungal diversity

Jones, E.B.G., et al.703

Figure 2-12. Frequent marine fungi in Thailand. 2-4. Basidiomata 2. Calathella mangrovei3. Halocyphina villosa 4. Nia vibrissa 5. Ascomata of Corollospora maritimaattached on sand grain 6-7, 9-10, 12. Ascospores 6. Antennospora salina 7.

Arenariomyces trifurcatus 9. Aigialus parvus 10. Massarina ramunculicola 12.

Quintaria lignatilis 8, 11. Ascus containing ascospores 8. Lignincola laevis11. Verruculina enaliaBars: 2, 4 = 500 µµµµµm, 3 = 200 µµµµµm, 5 = 100 µµµµµm, 6-12 = 10 µµµµµm

et al., 2005). Pilantanapak et al. (2005) advancereasons for the difference in fungal communitiesbetween those on the palm N. fruticans andmangrove wood: salinity as the former grows inbrackish to freshwater parts of the mangrove, andthe nature of the substratum, the palm containingless lignocellulose than woody stems of trees.

The zoosporic Chromista occur are largelyisolated from shed decaying mangrove leaves and

rarely found on woody tissue (Nakagiri et al.,2001; Nakagiri, 2002).

This study has demonstrated that Thailandhas a rich marine fungal diversity, with 34% of theworld's number documented for the country.Studies have largely targeted woody tissue andmuch remains to be done to examine other marinesubstrata, such as seaweeds, mangrove leaves,rhizomes and leaves of marine grasses, fruits and

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Figures 13-21. Frequent marine fungi collected from Thailand. 13-14, 16-17 Ascospores

13. Torpedospora radiata 14. Corollospora maritima 16. Antennosporaquadricornuta 17. Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15. Ascus containing ascospores

of Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-19. New genera recently found in Thailand

18. Ascus with a retraction of plasmalemma of Pseudolignincola siamensissp. nov. 19. Ascospore of Thalespora appendiculata sp. nov. with tetraradiate

appendages 20-21. Conidia of anamorphic fungi 20. Trichocladium melhae21. T. achrasporumBars: 13-17, 20-21 = 10 µµµµµm, 18-19 = 20 µµµµµm

seeds of mangrove trees and endophytes of marinealgae, animals and submerged leaves of sea grasses.More recently we have collected the poorly knownmarine ascomycete Manglicola guatalemensis onNypa fruticans from polluted waters in Koh ChangNational Park, highlighting the need to examine thediversity and ecology of mangrove fungi in moredetail. With continued statements as to climate

changes, marine fungi make an ideal group to studythis aspect on a geographical basis (Hughes, 1974;Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1993).Those occurring in the tropics are significantlydifferent from those reported from temperatehabitats. Thus monitoring marine fungi on a worldbasis may yield evidence of changes in theircommunity structure.

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Prof. Morakot Tanticharoen, Dr. Ruud Valyaseviand Dr. Kanyawim Kirtikara for continued support;to those who assisted with field work (Dr. SomsakSivichai, Dr. Somtawin Jaritkuan, Mr. NattawutBoonyuen, Ms. Umpava Pinruan, Ms. Aom Pinnoi,Mr. Prasert Srikitikulchai); to Ms. Satinee Suetrongfor providing some photographic materials.

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Table 3. Frequent species found in Thailand

(more than 20 collections)

ASCOMYCOTA Antennospora quadricornutaA. salinaArenariomyces trifurcatus*Astrosphaeriella striatisporaCorollospora maritima*C. pulchellaDactylospora haliotrephaHalorosellinia oceanicaKallichroma tethysLeptosphaeria australiensisLignincola leavisLineolata rhizophoraeLinocarpon appendiculatumL. nypaeLulworthia grandisporaMarinosphaera mangroveiMassarina ramunculicolaNeptunella longirostrisOxydothis nypaeQuintaria lignatilisRhizophila marinaSaagaromyces abonnisS. glitraSavoryella lignicolaTorpedospora radiataVerruculina enalia

BASIDIOMYCOTA Halocyphina villosa

ANAMORPHIC TAXA Cirrenalia pygmeaC. tropicalisClavatospora bulbosaHelicorhoidion nypicolaPericonia prolificaTrichocladium achrasporumT. alopallonellumT. melhae*T. nypaeZalerion varium

* Most of these are mangrove species or those on wood

associated with sand

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We are grateful for the award of the BRTresearch grants R_245002 and R_248002 to enablethe study of the diversity of Thai marine fungi: to

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