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Transcript of Thadani_Mccarty
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Automated Container TerminalsDesign, Simulation, and
Evaluation of Automated
Container Terminals
Bryan McCarty
Nitin Thadani
2nd July 2002
Reference: IEEE Transaction on Intelligent Transportaion Systems, Vol. 3, No. 1 March 2002
Chin-I. Liu, Hossein Jula, and Petros A. Ioannou, Fellow, IEEE
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Introduction Problem Description & Background
Information
4 types of automated container (material)
handling systems
Criteria for evaluating the container
handling system
Simulated Performance Results & Analysis
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Automated Container Terminal Layout
Container Storage Yard
Quay Crane Buffer
Gate Buffer
Train
Buffer
Ship
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Types of handling systems Automated Guidance Vehicles (AGV)
Linear Motor Conveyance System (LMCS)
Overhead Grid Rail System (GR)
High-Rise Automated Storage and Retrieval
Structure (AS/RS)
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Automated Guidance Vehicles
(AGV) A Driverless industrial
truck
Steerable, wheeled vehicle
driven by storage
batteries.
Follows a predefined path.
Path may be simple or
complex.
There are various types of
systems Laser control,
Wire control,
Electomagnetic, Camera
etc.
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Linear Motor Conveyance System
(LMCS)
Identical to that of the AGV-
ACT system except paths are
pre-built guide ways or
conveyors
AGVs replaced with shuttles
that move on the linear motors
conveyance system.
The shuttles can be
considered as AGVs moving
on a fixed path
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Overhead Grid Rail System (GR)
A fixed grid structure
overhead
Container carriers movealong the rail structure
Similar to automated
overhead cranes
Each GR unit limited to
one operation at a time
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High-Rise Automated Storage and Retrieval
Structure (AS/RS)
An automated high riseshelving system uses a rigidrack structure to form a free
standing unit. Dimensions of the carrier
selected such that they caneasily accommodate
standardized containers. A computer controlled platformmoves the carriersvertically/horizontally in the liftshaft.
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Simulation Assumptions The ACT will service 1 ship capable of 8000
Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEU) every 24
hours loaded to 85% capacity. Containers will arrive 60% by truck & 40% by rail
Export container arrival will be 20% 2 days early,50% 1 day early, and 30% same day
Import container retrieval will be 50% same day,30% next day, and 20% 2 days later
Delivery trucks and trains will operate on 24 hourcycles
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Criteria for Evaluation Throughput
number of moves/hour/quay crane
Throughput per Acre throughput/acre of land
Ship Turnaround Time
hours to unload/load Truck Turnaround Time
hours from gate in/out
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Criteria for Evaluation Gate Utilization
percent of time gate is servicing in/out traffic
Container Dwell Time average hours containers stored onsite
Idle Rate of Equipment
percent of time equipment is idle Average Cost per Container
Location, equipment, and labor costs
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Baseline Data for Comparison Throughput
Average capacity of conventional terminals is
28 moves/hour
Average Cost per Container
ACC in conventional terminals is $140-$200
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Simulated Performance Analysis
AGV LMCS GR AS/AR
Throughput 40.45 40.40 41.68 41.70Throughput per Acre 0.579 0.575 0.652 0.767
Ship Turnaround Time 16.81 16.83 16.47 16.24
Truck Turnaround Time 127.0 127.0 120.0 110.7
Gate Utilization 65.70% 66.03% 65.70% 66.40%
Container Dwell Time19.
1 19.
1 19.
0 18.9Average Cost per Container $77.30 $147.40 $90.10 $102.20
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Conclusions Utilizing an Automated Container Terminal
(ACT) can increase the average throughput by
50% Utilizing an ACT can reduce the average cost per
container by more than 50%
Throughput per terminal acre is highest for the
AS/AR system. This system will become more
attractive as cost of land increases.