THE SERVICES SECTOR IN THE CARIBBEAN ECONOMIES:SOME DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Sylvia CharlesResearch Fellow

Institute of Social and Economic Research(Eastern Caribbean)

University of the West IndiesCave Hill Campus

Paper prepared for Caribbean Studies Association,XVIII Annual Conference, Jamaica, May 24-29, 1993.

Not to be reproduced N% ilh011t the expressed permission of the author.

May 1993

ABSTRACT

This study, which is divided into foursections, first defines and conceptualizes services.Secondly it outlines the pattern of development in worldservices in terms of output, employment and trade. Thethird section formulates a statistical profile ofCaribbean services sectors, based on the indicators ofgross domestic product, balance of payments, trade andprices. In addition to looking at the broad aggregates,this section of the study examines intra-services sectorpatterns. The final section highlights some developmentand management issues against the background of thestatistical findings and in relation to internationaldemand trends.

THE SERVICES SECTOR IN THE CARIBBEAN ECONOMIES:SOME DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Defining services

This section of the paper attempts a definition of services,

identifying features which distinguish them from goods. It

differentiates between consumer and producer services and looks

briefly at the theories advanced as explanations for the origin and

development of services within economies. It also examines the

issue of trade in services.

A review of the literature indicates that there is no

consensus on a definition of services. This is understandable

given the fact that services constitute a heterogeneous bunch of

activities, a feature which creates difficulties in formulating a

definition which is universally applicable. Perhaps the most

common characteristic of services is their intangibility. Apart

from this feature, it is difficult to find elements which are

common to all services.

T.P. Hill (1977) defines a service as a change in the

condition of a person or good belonging to some economic unit; as

a result of the activity of some other economic unit. He argues

that services are not capable of being transferred from one unit to

another and are characterised by simultaneity of production and

consumption. He adds that services cannot be put in stock because

a stock of changes is a contradiction in terms.

It may be argued that while this definition could be applied

to a number of services such as certain education and health

2

services, recreational services such as live concerts and

theatrical performances and other personal services, it ignores the

fact that advances in technology have made it possible for some

services to be produced in one location at a particular time and

to be consumed in another at a later time. Bhagwati (1987) argues

the general usefulness of Hill's definition.

Nicolaides (1989) suggests on the contrary that definitions

that are based on the characteristics of intangibility and

transience seem to obscure rather than clarify the meaning of

services. He notes for example that insurance is intangible and

invisible but is not transient. A haircut is visible and does have

some permanence, whereas a live musical performance is also visible

but transient. He adds that a definition, in order to be adequate,

needs to make a distinction between the process and the end

result, since the act of performing a service may be temporary

while the result may be long lasting. Viewing a service as a

process, he defines it as an "agreement or undertaking by the

service provider to perform now or in the future a series of tasks

over a specified period of time towards a particular objective.

The end-result of a service need not produce a change in the

recipient's condition" (Nicola ides, 1989 pp 9 - 10). He also notes

that this definition is applicable to those services which may be

embodied in goods.

Bhagwati (1987 and 1984) made important contributions to the

literature on services. He distinguishes between services which

3

require that there be proximity of users and providers and those

which do not. Examples of the latter are long distance

transmissions of live concerts and data. Introducing the concepts

of "splintering" and "disembodiment", he argues that technical and

structural change defines a continuous process during which

services "splinter" off from goods and goods "splinter" off from

services. The "splintering" process is associated with a

"disembodiment effect" in that services embodied in a person (eg.

live musical performance or a lecture) become disembodied and

encapsulated in a good. Technical progress, the instrument of the

change is said to leave behind a residue of unprogressive services,

when goods splinter off from services. On the other hand services

which splinter off from goods are seen as technically progressive;

given that "splintering" in this sense reflects specialisation

which in turn leads to economies of scale. "Disembodiment" may

also take place within services, leaving the latter intact i.e.

services are simply transmitted electronically to users.

Sampson and Snape (1985) arrived at conclusions fairly similar

to those of Bhagwati, identifying services which may be traded

internationally as "separated" services, corresponding to

Bhagwati's "disembodied" services. They note in addition that

services may be incorporated in goods and become identified as

goods rather than services.

A definition of services would be incomplete without a

reference to the distinction between consumer/marketed and

producer/intermediate services. The former are destined for final

4

consumption, while the latter serve as inputs to the production of

goods or other services. Because of the inter-linkage between

services and the goods -producing sector, estimates confined to

consumer services understate the size and contribution of the

services sector in an economy. Input-output analysis then becomes

a valuable tool in evaluating the sector's economic contribution.

The Origin and Growth of Services

Theories purporting to explain the origin and growth of

services within economies would seem to fall into the following

broad categories:

1) services are income-elastic, so that as incomes rise thedemand for services increases

2) services sector productivity has a tendency for laggingbehind that of manufacturing and agriculture

3) services are being externalized/de-integrated, that is,households and firms are contracting out services tospecialized service firms

4) production structures are being transformed so that thereis increasing integration of the goods producing andservices sectors

5) advances in technology have facilitated thistransformation as well as the internationalization andexportability of services.

The income elasticity thesis has been put forward as part of

the 'stages' theory, which holds that services exhibit higher

income elasticities than goods so that as incomes rise the demand

for services increases relative to that of goods. This shifting

demand pattern results in an economy moving from the agricultural

and extractive to the manufacturing and finally to the services

5

stage (Clarke, 1960; Bell, 1973). The 'stages' thesis is felt to

have limited applicability. Singleman (in Riddle, 1985) argues

that the employment shifts in Western Europe do not generalize to

Canada and the United States where labour moved into manufacturing

and services concurrently, let alone to Japan where labour moved

into services before manufacturing. The theory appears even less

suited to the circumstances of developing countries where labour

moves out of the extractive sector into both manufacturing and

services sectors (Riddle, 1985). The combination of activities

attempted by these countries tends to confirm Shelp's assertion

that developing countries 'leap-frog' the stages (Shelp, 1985/4).

The income elasticity thesis however has been put forward

independently of this theory and has gained currency in modern

works (Porter,1990 and Nicolaides, 1989). Fuchs and Baumol (Inman,

1985) found in empirical investigations that the income elasticity

thesis did provide some explanation of services sector growth in

the U.S. economy, but was not the major explanatory variable.

Summers and Kravis (Inman, 1985) also studied this phenomenon and

arrived at the interesting conclusion that much of services growth

(approximately half) is attributable to price increases. They also

state that the prices of services tend to be higher in richer

countries than in the lower income, leading to over-stating of the

services sector growth in the former and under-estimate in the

latter.

Empirical work conducted on the lagging services sector thesis

in the context of the American economy (Fuchs and Baumol in Inman,

6

1985), the Japanese (Saxonhouse in Inman, 1985) and the British

(Briscoe, 1976) supports the lagging services sector productivity

thesis. The following may be taken as an explanation of this

phenomenon

"The lower growth of productivity in the tertiary sectoris alleged to be caused either by smaller opportunitiesof embodying technical progress in that sector or by thesmaller exposure of the service sector to competition"(Momiglianco and Siniscalco, 1982, p 272).

The features which appear to be driving the externalization

process include socio-economic factors such as entry of women into

the labour force and the advent of the dual-career families, rising

buyer sophistication, complexity of management and more

sophisticated and complex products throughout the firms' value

chains, which require the use of more design, operational and

maintenance services (Porter, 1990). Some firms show a preference

for utilizing specialist firms in the delivery of those services.

Specialization in turn gives rise to economies of scale and creates

an incentive for the further contracting out of work.

The integration of productive structures whereby producer

services are increasingly being incorporated into the manufacturing

sector is felt to be one of the motivators in services sector

growth. Using an interactive model to highlight the

interdependence of various sectors, Riddle notes that the services

sector is the facilitative milieu in which other productive

activities take place (Riddle, 1985 ). This integrative thesis is

supported by Momiglianco and Siniscalco (1982) and Francois (1990).

The latter moreover highlights the role of services as a complement

7

rather than a substitute to the manufacturing process.

This process of integration itself has been facilitated by the

introduction of telecommunications and information technology.

Feketekuty and Hauser note in this regard

"The introduction of modern communications andinformation technology has revolutionized manufacturingprocesses. More automated forms of production requireless input of physical labour and materials and moreinput of information and knowledge. The result is asharp increase in the need for professional services byscientists, engineers, designers, computer programmersand managers relative to the need for blue collar labour.The end-product contains more information and knowledgeinputs than was the case in the past" (Feketekuty andHauser, 1986/4, p.24).

Trade in Services

Theorists have questioned the applicability of conventional

trade theory to trade in services and have sought the answer in

terms of the definition of services relative to that of goods

(Sapir, 1985; Hindley and Smith, 1984). Reference has already been

made to the intangibility and non-storability of some services;

characteristics which distinguish them from goods. In addition, as

noted by Bhagwati, a distinction needs to be made between those

services which are embodied in the supplier and therefore require

physical proximity of supplier and user; and those which can be

disembodied from the supplier. It is the latter, which do not

require the movement of factors of production, that can be more

appropriately compared to goods. Sampson and Snape note for

instance

"Such services are produced in the exporting country andthen traded internationally. Like goods, they cross the

8

borders of the importing and exporting countries.Examples include consulting services, life-assurancebusiness and architectural design which are handledthrough correspondence and produced in the exportingcountry" (Sampson and Snape, 1985, p. 172).

The fact that there exists another class of services which

require the movement of factors of prodUction or of service

receivers has led some theorists to call into question the

applicability of the theory of comparative advantage to trade in

services. Even admitting to the special nature of these services,

a feature which limits the validity of some of the theory's

assumptions, one can argue that the philosophy underpinning the

comparative advantage thesis is nonetheless applicable to services.

For a country may decide to engage in the export of a particular

service, based on cost advantage or resource endowment. Caribbean

countries for example, have on the basis of environmental

resources, sought to exploit an advantage in tourism. Hindley and

Smith (1984) note in this regard that had Ricardo in his classic

example specified wine and insurance instead of wine and cloth, his

exposition on the gains from trade would still have held; provided

one country could provide insurance services at a lower cost than

the other. "Nothing in the logical structure of his proof ipso

facto excludes international transactions involving services from

its scope" (Hindley and Smith, 1984 p, 374).

While accepting the general applicability of the comparative

advantage thesis to trade in services, one needs to recognize that

for a number of services the issue revolves around investment

rather than trade. Sapir notes

9

"Trade activities cover all transactions betweenresidents of a country and non-residents. By their verynature, services are often produced close to the buyer,in which case they imply transactions among residents ofthe same country. Such transactions require theestablishment of affiliates or branches abroad andtherefore involve foreign investment activities" (p. 29).

Hindley and Smith (1984) note similarly that the Ricardian argument

is about trade; while for some service industries, foreign markets

are most efficiently served by a permanent presence eg. by

establishment of a local branch or subsidiary. They therefore

conclude that this raises the question of how foreign direct

investment as a substitute for trade, or as a necessary condition

for trade, should enter the analysis.

Nicolaides (1989) seems to be recommending the use of a wider

definition of services trade to include investment. He argues in

this regard that "in the case of goods, investment is an

alternative to trade. For many services trade and investment are

not substitutes" (Nicolaides,1989 p. 29).

World Services Output, Employment and Trade

This section of the study briefly documents the trend in world

services output, employment and trade, in order to provide the

international context for the study. Services have played a

dominant role in most of the world's economies in terms of

contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment; but

moreso in the case of the countries generally referred to as the

"industrialized" and the "newly industrializing" countries. The

industrialized market economies increased their contribution to GDP

10

from 55 per cent in 1965 to 61 per cent in 1985. The chief among

them were the United States of America whose services sector

contributed 59 and 67 per cent respectively in 1965 and 1985, the

United Kingdom with 56 and 62 per cent respectively, the Federal

Republic of Germany with 43 and 58 per cent respectively, France

with 56 and 62 per cent respectively and Canada with 61 and 67 per

cent respectively. In the case of Middle Income countries, the

shares were 50 and 52, compared with figures of 42 and 47 for

developing countries (See Table 1).

11

Table 1

Percentage Share of Services in Gross Domestic ProductBy Economic Grouping 1965, 1985

Agriculture Industry Services Manufacturing

Grouping 1965 1985 1965 1985 1965 1985

1965 1985

Lower IncomeEconomies 41 32 28 33 32 35 21 26

Middle IncomeEconomies 20 14 30 34 50 52 .. ..

Lower MiddleIncomeEconomies

Upper MiddleIncomeEconomies

29 22

15 10

24 32 47 47 16 17

34 35 51 54 ••

IndustrialMarketEconomies 05 03 40 36 55 61 30 23

DevelopingCountries 29 20 29 34 42 47 .. ..

Source: The World Bank, World Development Report 1987, Washington 1987.

Lower IncomeEconomies

Middle IncomeEconomies

Lower MiddleInc. Economies

Upper MiddleInc. Economies

DevelopingCountries

IndustrialMarket Economies

77 72 9 13

56 43 17 23

65 55 12 16

45 29 23 31

70 62 12 16

14 7 38 35

The services sector which has experienced further expansion in

the United States in the post-1985 period, is currently estimated

at 72 per cent of GDP (The Economist, February 20-26 1993).

While most economies registered an increase in the services

sector component of the labour force between 1965 and 1980, there

8t -arragsw- e ngageda 6 yew n c Isrenr

servicess fwci pet-arsiepdq _t rOT P r'zig'Vc:FWenr -

cent in the "industrialized" market economies between 1965 and

1980. The comparative figures are 27 and 34 in the case of middle

income countries and 14 and 15 in the case of the lower income

countries. Finally for the countries categorized as developing

economies, the services sector accounted for 18 per cent of the

labour force in 1965 and 22 per cent in 1980 (Table 2).

Table 2

Percentage Share of Labour Force byand Economic Grouping

1965, 1980

Grouping Agriculture Industry1965 1980 1965 1980

Sector

Services1965 1980

14 15

27 34

23 29

32 40

18 22

48 58

Source : The World Bank, World Development Report 1987, Washington 1987.

13

By 1986 the services sector absorbed more than half the workforce

in most countries (Pheidon Nicolaides, 1990). In addition, by 1992

the sector accounted for 76 per cent of total employment in the

United States (The Economist, op cit).

In the area of traded services, world exports of non-factor

services were estimated at US$500 billion in 1987 (The Economist,

op cit). This was heavily concentrated in fifteen countries which

together accounted for exports valued at US$ 380 billion. As

indicated in Table 3, the United States was the leading services

exporter as well as importer. In general the "industrial" market

Table 3

Leading Exporters and Importers in World CommercialServices Trade 1987 (US$ Billion)

Countries Export Value Import Value

United States 56 56France 53 43UK 43 33West Germany 41 64 .-Italy 33 26Japan 28 52Holland 23 23Spain 22 8Belgium-Lux. 19 17Austria 15 9Switzerland 14 12Canada 11 16Sweden 9 10Norway 8 10Korea 8 5

World 505 515

Source : The Economist, 28 October - 3 November 1989.

14

economies are the main exporters of services. The "newly

industrializing" countries' together with Mexico also rank among

the world's top twenty leading exporters of services (The

Economist, op city.

Services which constitute the fastest growing sector of

international trade, represents 20 per cent of total world trade.

Given the peculiar nature of some services, their delivery is often

made possible only through direct investment by subsidiaries/

affiliates. The performance of the services sector should

therefore be gauged not only in terms of the traded services but

also in terms of overseas investments. It has been observed in

this regard that some 40 per cent of foreign investment by five

large industrial countries is placed in services. In addition,

United States affiliates abroad sold services valued at US$ 119

billion in 1990, the equivalent of 86 per cent of its trade in

services (The Economist, February 20-26 1993).

In terms of their contribution to GDP, employment and trade

then, services constitute a large and growing sector in the

international economy.

A Profile of Caribbean Services Sectors

This section looks at the scope and character of the services

sector within eleven selected English-speaking Caribbean countries.

It examines the sector's performance in terms of product, employ-

1 South Korea, Singapore, Hongkong

15

ment, balance of payments and export earnings and prices. It also

attempts an examination of the scope and contribution of the

components of the services sector. As a result of the data problems

encountered, the countries are not covered in the same level of

detail. Moreover limitations are placed on the analysis,

particularly in the areas of employment and prices.

Based on the most recent figures available for individual

countries, the contribution of the services sector to GDP ranges

from 55 per cent in Trinidad and Tobago to 86 per cent in the case

of the British Virgin Islands (See Table 4). 2 The dominance of the

services sector is also revealed in Figures 1 to 6 and Appendix 2.

This pictorial representation indicates that in general the

services sector accounts for a large proportion of economic

activity , moreso in the economies of the British Virgin Islands,

Antigua and Barbados. The sector is not only large, but expanding

in most Caribbean economies. In the case of the BVI, services

sector contribution to GDP increased from 84 per cent in 1977 to 86

per cent in 1987. In the case of Antigua and Barbuda the

corresponding figures are 78.2 in 1977 and 81.6 in 1991. In the

case of Barbados, the sector contributed 70.9 per cent in 1977 and

80.2 per cent in 1991. A noticeable shift has occurred in the

traditionally agricultural economy of Dominica, where the services

component of GDP has increased from 51.3 per cent in 1977 to 62.1

2 Jamaica's 1991 figure which shows the sector ascontributing 53.8 per cent to GDP is provisional.

16

per cent in 1991, while that of the agricultural sector has

declined from 36.5 per cent to 23.8 per cent of Gross Domestic

Product.

17

Table 4

Percentage Contribution of Services Sector toGDP 1977-1991 Selected Caribbean Countries

Country 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Antigua & 78.2 78.8 79.1 78.8 79.0 82.5 83.3 83.8 83.1 81.8 79.6 79.3 79.3 84.0 81.6Barbuda

Barbados 70.9 70.9 71.3 69.7 72.5 73.9 72.5 72.8 76.3 77.2 77.7 77.5 79.5 79.4 80.2

B.V.I. 84.0 84.5 85.8 151.1 86.4 84.7 84.1 84.6 85.9 86.7 86.2

Dominica 51.3 50.6 56.3 53.1 53.4 54.2 57.1 58.7 60.0 59.5 60.2 58.6 61.4 61.6 62.1

Grenada - - - 65.6 62.2 65.0 67.3 68.5 70.1 69.3 65.7 65.7 66.9 68.2 69.1

Jamaica 57.8 53.3 55.7 56.7 60.6 63.2 63.2 60.9 61.7 59.8 59.4 57.4 56.3 56.1 53.8

Montserrat 78.5 78.6 73.8 80.7 79.2 77.6 81.3 80.7 80.4 77.4 77.4

St. Kitts 54.8 60.8 61.9 59.9 65.8 63.4 65.8 67.3 70.0 68.0 67.1 64.2 67.4 67.3 67.8

St. Lucia - - - - - - - - 71.0 69.1 73.3 69.4 70.4 71.5 72.7

St. Vincent 63.8 61.2 62.0 62.8 61.8 62.5 63.4 63.2 62.2 61.9 63.9 63.2 64.5 64.7 65.5& the Grenadines

Trinidad 39.5 42.6 41.7 40.1 43.2 51.8 52.8 52.4 52.9 58.2 56.4 57.1 53.0 50.0 55.6

Source: Appendix 1.

18

S (78.2%)

C (6.6%)

IvIll<N(6?5%)A (10.5%)

Figure 1: Sectoral Shares GDP, Antigua and Barbuda1977

S= Services A= Agriculture M= ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

Figure 2: Sectoral Shares GDP, Antigua and Barbuda1991

S= Services A= Agriculture M=ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

1HA

S (70.9%)

C (6.8%)

M (11.5%)M & Q (0.5%)

A(l0.3%)

S (80.2%)

C (5.6%)

M (8.0%)A lcark3 (0.6%)

Figure 3: Sectoral Shares GDP, Barbados1977

S= Services A= Agriculture M= ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: Central Bank of Barbados, Annual Statistical Digest

Figure 4: Sectoral Shares GDP, Barbados1991

S= Services A= Agriculture M= ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: Central Bank of Barbados, Annual Statistical Digest

1813

S (84.0%

C (5.5%)

Haz2(970.1%)A (7.4%)

Figure 5: Sectoral Shares GDP, British Virgin Islands1977

S= Services A= Agriculture M= ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

Figure 6: Sectoral Shares GDP, British Virgin Islands1987

S (86.2%)

S= Services A= Agriculture M= ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

1 BC

The services sector has also grown in the case of Trinidad and

Tobago where its percentage contribution to .GDP has increased from

39.5 in 1977 to 55.6 in 1991. Simultaneously the share of the

petroleum sector, traditional linchpin of the Trinidadian economy,

declined from 41 per cent in 1977 to 22.9 per cent in 1991.

Trend analysis indicates that most of the economies under

review have been following the growth path of the services sector.

This can be seen in Table 5 which presents the average annual

growth rates 3 of the GDP and services output in the period 1977 to

1991. 4 It will be observed that the services sector growth rate is

either identical to or in excess of that for the economy as a

whole. In the cases of Antigua and Barbuda and the BVI, Montserrat,

Jamaica, Grenada and ST. Vincent and the Grenadines, the services

sector and the economy as a whole grew by identical average rates

over the period under review. The sector's average growth rate

exceeded that of the economy in the cases of Barbados, Dominica,

St.Christopher and Nevis and Trinidad and Tobago.

3 rtFormula used : y = ae

4 or latest year

19

Table 5

Average Growth Rates , Services Output and GDP

Country Period Rate (%)Services

Rate (%)GDP

Antigua & BarbudaBarbados

1977-911977-91

149.3

148.3

BVI 1977-87 13 13Dominica 1977-91 13 11Grenada 1980-91 10 10Jamaica 1977-91 18 18Montserrat 1977-87 14 14St.Christopher & N. 1977-91 14 13St. Vincent & Gren. 1977-91 12 12Trinidad & Tobago 1977-91 7 5

Source : Calculated from tables in Appendix 1.

An examination of the trend with regard to the agricultural

sector in two traditionally agricultural countries indicates that

in the case of St.Vincent and the Grenadines, the sector's average

annual growth rate of 13 per cent exceeded that of the services

sector and the economy by one per cent over the period 1977 -

1991. Dominica's agricultural sector grew by 8 per cent, under the

rate achieved by services and the economy. 5

A similar examination of the petroleum sector, which has

traditionally dominated the economy of Trinidad and Tobago shows

that it grew by a mere one per cent during 1977 - 1991, relatively

Calculated from data in Appendix 1.

20

lower than the rates attained by services and the economy. 6

The above analysis suggests that some of the economies under

review, namely the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda and

Barbados are service dependent economies; while others, notably

Jamaica, St. Christopher and Nevis and St.Lucia, appear to be

relatively more diversified. It also indicates that the already

large services sectors have grown appreciably during the period

1977 - 1991. In order to derive some conclusions on the

implications of an expanded services sector for these economies, it

is necessary to determine whether there have been any intra-

sectoral shifts during that time.

Subsectoral Analysis, Services Sector

A common feature of the services sectors is the large size of

the government component. The distributive trade is also prominent

in the services sector, although declining in some cases. The

service dependent economies also possess relatively large tourism

sectors, evidenced in the size of the hotel and restaurants

activities.

Tables 6, 7, 8 and 9 which outline average percentage shares

of the various service activities in five year periods, attests to

the large size of the government sub-sector. In the case of

Antigua and Barbuda for instance, the contribution of government

activity to services output is large and rising. During the five

6 Calculated from data available in Appendix 1.

21

year period 1977 - 81, this sub-sector accounted for 17.2 per cent

of total services output, rising to 19.9 per cent in the third five

year period 1987 - 1991. The hotel and restaurant sub-sector is

second only to that of government in terms of its contribution to

services output in 1977 - 1991.

22

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Table 6 (Cont'd)

Activity Grenada

Av. % Share

77-81 82-86 87-91

St. Christopher/Nevis

Av. % Share

77-81 82-86 87-91

Montserrat

Av. % Share

77-81 82-86

St.

87-9177-81

Vincent & theGrenadines

Av. % Share

82-86 87-91

Electricity & Water - 3.21 4.21 1.43 1.73 1.67 3.86 4.44 - 4.03 5.24 7.03

Wholesale & Retail - 19.07 18.48 17.88 18.54 19.59 20.98 19.66 - 18.76 17.29 16.72

- 7.43 9.14 6.47 6.53 11.54 4.17 4.7 - 3.14 3.10 3.23

Transport - 14.01 15.29 9.81 11.76 11.32 8.57 8.43 - 20.21 20.92 20.59

Communication - 4.63 4.79 5.80 5.73 9.09 1.81 5.03 - 6.42 6.67 9.58

Banks & Insurance - 7.49 6.88 8.25 9.94 11.21 6.04 7.63 - 8.47 10.40 11.50

Real Estate & Housing - 9.46 8.19 11.05 7.57 5.17 24.28 19.6 - 7.18 5.90 4.17

Government - 28.17 28.32 31.44 30.19 25.25 11.53 10.44 - 27.07 26.39 24.29

Other Services - 6.54 4.70 7.87 7.41 5.17 18.76 20.07 - 4.73 4.09 2.88

Services - 100 100 100 100 • 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

Source: Calculated from data in Appendix 1.

24

Table 7

Percentage Shares Service Activities in OutputBarbados

1977-1981; 1982-1986; 1987-1991

Activity Average % Share Average % Share Average % Share1977-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991

Electricity & Water 2.57 4.04 4.08

Wholesale & Retail Trade 29.65 27.89 25.88

Tourism 16.06 13.54. 14.55

Transport, Storage & 8.84 11.00 10.75Communication

Finance, Insurance, Real 16.59 18.23 17.80Estate & Business Services

General Services 5.47 5.61 4.75

Government Services 20.82 19.70 22.17

SERVICES 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: Calculated from data in Appendix 1.

25

Table 8

Percentage Shares Service Activities in Service OutputJamaica

1977-1981; 1982-1986; 1987-1991

Activity Average % Share Average % Share Average % Share1977-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991

Electricity & Water 3.36 4.59 5.23

Transport, Storage & 9.96 11.29 14.24Communication

Distributive Trade 29.02 32.68 35.07(Wholesale & Retail)

Financial Institutions 7.54 9.70 13.08

Real Estate & 15.70 14.35 10.70Business Services

Producers of Gov't Services 24.20 19.25 13.52

Miscellaneous Services 8.10 6.86 6.87

Household & Private 2.11 1.27 1.29Non-profit Inst.

SERVICES 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: Calculated from data in Appendix 1.

Table 9

Percentage Shares Service Activities in Sur%ices OutputTrinidad and Tobago

1977-1981; 1982-1986; 1987-1991

Activity Average % Share Average % Share Average % Share1977-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991

Electricity & Water 3.24 3.97 3.47

Distributive Servicesincl. Restaurants

17.97 13.97 21.70

Hotel & Guest Houses 0.93 0.64 0.74

Transport, Storage & 25.38 21.19 19.35Communication

Finance, Insurance, Real 21.44 21.19 19.33Estate & Business Services

General Government 19.89 26.64 23.58

Education & Cultural 6.01 8.06 7.70Services

Personal Services 5.13 4.35 4.14

SERVICES 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: Calculated from data in Appendix I.

27

Other significant activities are transport which adds approximately

14.5 per cent to services output and wholesale and retail whose share

declined from 13.7 per cent in 1977-1981 to 10.8 per cent in 1987 -

1991.

In the case of Dominica, the government sub-sector which is the

largest contributor to services sector output throughout 1977 and

1991, declined in percentage contribution from 41.3 per cent in 1977 -

1981 to 29.5 per cent in 1987 - 1991. Such a significant reduction

appears to have resulted from the austerity measures introduced during

the 1980s as part of an International Monetary Fund (IMF) assisted

structural adjustment programme. This programme had mandated that

wage increases be kept below the inflation rate and that expenditure

controls be implemented (Charles, 1989). The contribution of the

distributive trades which constitute a fairly large sub-sector,

declined from 18.1 per cent in 1977 - 1981 to 16.8 per cent in the

third five-year period. The major intra-sectoral shifts have been in

terms of the declining importance of government activity and the

rising shares of the transport sub-sector which moved from 9.9 per

cent in 1977 - 1981 to 14.7 per cent in 1987-1991 and the financial

sector which increased its contribution from 9.8 per cent in the first

five- year period to 15.1 per cent in the third five - year period.

In the case of St.Vincent and the Grenadines, the government sub-

sector accounts for the largest share of services output, although

declining somewhat over the period. The hotel and restaurant sub-

sector remained small throughout the period under review, while

banking and insurance increased its share of services output. The

28

transport and distributive sectors also accounted for large shares in

services output.

As indicated in Table 7 activity in the distributive trades

constitutes the largest component of the services sector output in the

case of Barbados. Its average percentage share has however declined

during the period under study. The government sub-sector, finance and

other activities, as well as tourism also constitute significant

components. The share of government in services declined slightly in

the second five year period and again rose in the third five year

period, exceeding its original percentage share. The contribution of

the tourist sector fell during the second five year period and rose

during the third period, remaining below its original share.

In the case of the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the tourist

sector narrowly defined here as the hotel and restaurant sub-sector,

accounts for the highest average percentage contribution to services

sector output during 1977 and 1986. This figure is understated in the

case of the BVI moreso than in most territories because of the large

component of water-based tourism in that economy. The real estate and

housing sub-sector is another significant activity within services

output. The government sub-sector, while not as large as the latter,

has increased its share during the second five year period.

The sub-sectors which in the case of Montserrat registered

significant shares in services sector output are the catch-all item

termed 'other services', wholesale and retail and real estate and

housing. As in the case of the BVI, the hotel and restaurant sub-

sector is a misleading indicator of tourism activity, given

29

Montserrat's heavy dependence on residential tourism. 7 This phenomenon

is reflected in the large size of real estate and housing activity.

The data in respect of Jamaica reveals that there have been

significant intra-sectoral movements in services during 1977 and 1991.

These shifts, which saw the government sub-sector's average percentage

contribution to services output declining from 24 to 13.5 per cent

and those of the distributive trades increasing from 29 to 35 per

cent, appear to have been the result of the stabilization and trade

liberation policies introduced as part of International Monetary Fund

and World Bank assisted adjustment programmes.

In the case of St.Christopher and Nevis, the government sub-

sector is the largest activity within total services, although

declining in terms of average percentage contribution. As in the case

of most of the countries under study, the share of the wholesale and

retail sector is large and rising. A noticeable shift has been in

terms of the increase in the share of the hotel and restaurant sub-

sector in total services.

Balance of Payments and Trade

An examination of balance of payments data shows that while the

countries under study exhibited negative current account balances

during most of the 1980s, they tended to record positive balances on

their international services transactions. More specifically, Antigua

7 Persons residing in the country for recreational purposesfor certain periods per year.

30

and Barbuda, Barbados, the British Virgin Islands, Grenada, St.

Christopher and Nevis and St.Lucia recorded positive services balances

throughout the period, due mainly to tourism receipts. The negative

balance which Jamaica experienced in 1982 and 1983 turned positive in

1984 and continued in that trend up to 1991. Dominica showed

fluctuations between negative and positive services balances during

the period 1981 to 1988. St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad

and Tobago were the only countries which recorded a negative services

balance throughout the period (See Table 10 and Appendix 3).

The performance of these countries with respect to trade in goods

contrasted that in services. For with the exception of Trinidad and

Tobago which recorded a positive balance of trade in six of eight

years, all countries consistently registered a negative visible trade

balance. The contrasting experiences of Trinidad and that of the

other countries can be explained chiefly in the dominance of the

petroleum sector in export earnings in the former.

It follows logically from the foregoing that services exports

constitute the bulk of the exports in countries with large tourist

sectors. Non-factor services exports as a percentage of total exports

of goods and services ranges from a low of 12.9 in Trinidad and Tobago

to 86 in Antigua and Barbuda. See Table 11 which illustrates the

significance of non-factor services exports in Caribbean countries.

It will be observed that the Antiguan economy experienced a marked

shift during 1980 and 1987 when non-factor services exports increased

from 40.7 per cent to 86 per cent of total exports, reflecting the

increased earnings from the tourist sector and a reduction in earnings

31

from the manufacturing sector. The BVI also relies heavily on non-

factor services exports which represented 82 per cent of exports in

1988. It will be noticed however that this represents a drop from its

1985 contribution of 89 per cent. This is probably associated with

the rising importance of international financial services which have

been described as the "growth sector" (BVI National Accounts

Statistics 1984-89 in BDDC, 1992).

The tourist industry is important as a foreign exchange earner.

It however tends to rely heavily on imported inputs (managerial,

capital and goods), giving rise to foreign exchange leakage. One

study has estimated that the tourist dollar experiences combined first

and second round leakages 8 of the order of 60 per cent (Seward and

Spinrad, 1982). In addition, tourism - agriculture linkages are found

to be generally weak, but relatively stronger in the agriculturally

dependent countries such as Dominica and St.Vincent and the Grenadines

(Horwath and Horwath, 1988).

This study which does not conduct an exhaustive investigation of

the question of leakages, examines one specific area, that of

tourism's demand for imports of goods. It hypothesizes that tourist

expenditure, while contributing substantially to the positive services

balance, has contributed substantially to the negative balance on

trade in goods.

8 First round leakages : payments repatriated overseas.Second round leakages : payments made overseas after beingcirculated within the economy.

32

££

-c xTpuaddv aas - squalltAPd JO aouPTee1 sopugxes go )(ups TuaqueD - soT4sT4P4S s4uatuAud go aouuTPS 3WI aoanoS

- .7PaA 4sagPT JO 686T 1 .1PaA gsaTTJPa JO 1861 0

X

X X obpqoj, pppTuTaI

sauTpuuaapX X 9144 '3 411apuTA'4S

X X rTorlq - qs

x x sTAaN '3. aagdogsT-q3•4s

x x x upTpulur

x x upeuaJD

X X X PoTuTuma

X X IAS

X X soppoJug

X X ppnqaps )3 prIbTquv

aoueTps aoupreg aoupTPg aouvTpsspoop 9AT4TS0d SaOTAJaS BAT4TS0d

spoop anT4pbaN seoTAJas anTqpbaN Aagunop

0686T-T86T'crO'a i seourTvg spoop put saoTAaas go uosTardwoo

OT eTcrea,

Table 11

Percentage Share Non-Factor Service Exports in Total ExportsSelected Caribbean Countries

Country 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Antigua &Barbuda

Barbados 66.2

BVI

Dominica

Grenada

Jamaica

St. Christopher/Nevis

St. Lucia

St.Vincent/Grenadines

Trinidad &Tobago

64.9 68.6

40.7

67.0

48.0

68.8

13.3

46.4

46.9

64.8

20.2

46.2

38.0

32.7

41.5

30.9

13.1

58.8

59.0

22.0

45.3

43.4

34.0

43.3

27.5

16.3

76.3

56.0

29.7

51.0

45.7

45.7

45.4

22.5

12.7

82.8

60.3

89.0

25.7

55.6

52.0

49.3

45.7

21.6

12.3

83.3

64.9

89.2

19.4

55.4

57.7

47.5

40.7

20.3

10.7

85.8

77.7

89.0

19.3

57.4

60.6

50.7

46.2

25.6

16.1

78.8

82.2

18.1

59.0

60.3

53.2

45.9

19.5

12.4

80.8

52.9

52.8

50.2

24.5

12.9

80.5

49.7

80.5

51.2

Source: Calculated from data in Appendix 4.

34

The results of a two-variable regression model of imports on

tourist receipts (proxy for tourist expenditure) appear to support

this hypothesis.

The results contained in Table 12 show that the regression

equations explains much of the variation in imports in the case of

the countries with large tourist sectors. Conversely, there is

virtually no association between tourist expenditure and imports in

the case of countries with small tourist sectors. It can be

observed from the R-squared values that the equation provides good

fits for the data in the cases of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados,

St.Lucia, Grenada and St.Christopher and Nevis. In addition the

calculated t-values are significant at the 5 per cent levels for

those countries as well as for Jamaica. As might be expected, the

results are not significant at the 5 per cent level in the cases of

Dominica, St.Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago -

the countries with small tourist sectors. The values of the X-

coefficient suggest that a dollar of tourist expenditure generates

$.49 in imports in the case of St.Christopher and Nevis, $.52 in

the case of Grenada, $.53 in the case of Antigua and Barbuda, $.58

in the case of Barbados, $.64 in the case of Jamaica and $.65 in

the case of St.Lucia, thus implying a substantial leakage.

9 log y= a+ b log xwhere y = imports, x = tourist expenditure.

35

Table 12

Regres ,dim Output

Antigua &Barbuda

Barbados St. Lucia Jamaica

Constant 2.66 3.32 2.33 3.20

Std. Err. Y Est. 0.20 0.13 0.08 0.17

R-Squared 0.76 0.81 0.95 0.55

No. of Observations 8.00 15.00 8.00 10.00

Degrees of Freedom 6.00 13.00 6.00 8.00

X-Coefficient 0.53 0.58 0.65 0.64

Std. Err. of X Coefficient 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.21

T values 4.42 7.25 10.83 3.047

Source: Calculated from data in Appendix 1.

Regression Output (Cont'd)

Grenada St. Christopher& Nevis

Dominica Trinidad &Tobago

St. Vincent &Grenadines

Constant 2.54 2.54 3.33 4.30 -5.39

Std. Err. Y Est. 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.28 1.16

R-Squared 0.89 0.83 0.37 0.38 0.23

No. of Observations 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00

Degrees of Freedom 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00

X-Coefficient 0.52 0.49 0.29 0.65 3.24

Std. Err. of X Coefficient 0.07 0.09 0.15 0.34 2.41

T values 7.43 5.44 1.93 1.92 1.34

Source: Calculated from data in Appendix 3.

36

Employment

Because of data limitations this section of the study presents

information on four countries only. An examination of the data

with respect to Jamaica shows that services sector employment

varied between 46 and 49 per cent of total employment during 1982

and 1989 and just over 50 per cent in 1990. Within services,

employment in the government sub-sector increased between 1982 and

1983 and then declined during the years 1985 and 1987. It showed

some variability during the period 1988 to 1990, but generally

remained below its 1982 level. The reduction in the share of

government activity in employment conforms to the pattern

exhibited by the sub-sector in relation to services output.

Employment in the 'other services' sector, the catch-all

category which includes some tourism activities as well as data

processing, had increased during 1982 and 1990 (See Table 13).

This level of aggregation however does not permit detailed analysis

of the various components. Employment in this category increased

from 110,300 in April 1982 to 192,500 in April 1990, compared with

the performance of the government sector where employment declined

from 98,300 to 74,500. As is the case of most Caribbean countries,

the distributive sector is large. Moreover employment in this

category increased throughout the period 1982 to 1990. By April

1990, the sector which employed 140,300 perSons was second only to

the 'other services' sector in terms of services employment.

37

Table 13Employment by Activity

Jamaica (000s)

Sector 1982Apr. Oct.

1983Apr. Oct.

1984Apr. Oct.

1985Apr. Oct.

1986Apr. Oct.

1987Apr. Oct.

1988Apr. Oct.

1989Apr. Oct. Apr.

1990Oct.

Product Sectors: 371.0 364.8 371.4 384.6 395.8 394.6 416.7 420.3 417.8 424.2 446.4 451.4 450.4 447.3 446.6 449.5 442.4 435.1

Agriculture and Forestry 258.3* 252.0* 250.2* 255.2* 261.4 254.2 230.7 278.9 278.1 267.2 274.7 269.3 260.8 261.1 252.8 248.1 246.2 232.8

Manufacturing 82.5 80.6 86.3 94.4 95.4 98.7 96.6 100.6 104.6 115.3 124.5 138.2 6.3 6.2 6.6 5.5 6.6 7.2

Construction andinstallation

30.2 32.3 34.7 35.0 31.1 34.3 32.4 34.8 29.8 35.4 40.5 38.6 46.5 48.90 55.3 59.3 54.2 59.0

Mining. Quarrying & Refining 7.9 7.4 7.0 6.0 5.2 6.3 6.7 5.3 6.3 6.2 6.6 5.5 6.6 7.2

Services Sector: 340.6 341.1 352.8 358.5 381.3 383.6 363.5 358.3 375.4 393.4 385.7 401.6 429.4 417.6 421.8 427.9 44S.0 4 5 3.2

Transport. Communication 38.9 31.6 33.9 32.4 37.1 35.4 36.2 34.7 34.5 38.3 40.0 42.1 45.5 40.7 40.2 43.4 42.6 41.6& Public utilities

Commerce 93.1 100.0 105.1 106.8 107.1 111.7 112 115.3 123.3 125.1 119.2 128.1 140.2 135.0 135.5 134.6 1.0.3 144.6

Public Administration 98.3 97.9 99.1 101.0 100.4 100.5 . 82.6 81.1 75.7 79.9 75.2 72.8 .76.7 74.1 77.1 69.0 80.1 74.5

Other Services 110.3 111.6 114.7 118.3 136.7 136 132.7 127.2 141.9 150.1 151.3 158.6 167 167.8 169 180.9 185.0 192.5

Activity not Specified 6.3 4.8 2.3 2.0 1.4 1.3 2.1 2.4 3.2 3.0 3.7 2.0 2.9 6.9 3.3 3.7 3.4 5.2

To Employment 709.9 710.8 726.5 745.1 778.4 779.5 782.2 781.0 796.4 820.6 835.8 855.0 882.7 871.8 867.7 881.1 893.8 893.5

Services Sector 47.97 47.98 48.56 48.11 48.99 49.21 46.47 45.88 47.14 47.94 46.15 46.97 48.6 47.9 48.6 48.6 50.1 50.7Employment as (7) of Total

*includes MiningSource: Planning Institute of Jamaica. Economic and Social Survey

Jamaica 1983. 1985. 1987, 1988. 1989, 1990.

38

In the case of Barbados, a services dependent economy,

employment in the services sector accounted for 76 per cent of

total employment in 1991. As indicated in Table 14, the sector

contributed a minimum of 69.4 and a maximum of 76 per cent of total

employment. Within the sector, the government and other services

sub-group was the largest contributor, employing 37,000 in 1981 and

41,500 in 1991. As in the case of Jamaica, the data is highly

aggregated. One is therefore unable to determine the size of

government employment except for the years 1990 and 1991. From

this data the government sub-sector ranks as the largest

contributor to services sector employment. The miscellaneous

category, 'other services' is second only to government in its

contribution to services sector employment. Here again the data

needs to be disaggregated. The distributive sector is also a large

area, as indicated in the years 1990 and 1991. Once more the

aggregation of that component with tourism data for most of the

period prevents detailed analysis.

The employment data for St. Lucia is limited to the period

1985/1986 to 1989/1990 and is moreover sourced from the records of

the National Insurance Scheme. It therefore excludes those persons

who are not contributors (typically the agricultural sector and

informal services). The information is nonetheless a fair

indicator of the sectoral shares of the various activities. It

suggests that services sector employment averages 52.8 per cent of

total employment during the period under review (Table 15).

39

Table 14Employed Labour by Industry Group

Barbados

Sector 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990* 1991

INDUSTRY GROUPAgriculture & Fishinc, 9.4 8.4 7.7 8.4 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.7 N.A 6.6 5.9

Manufacturing 14.1 13.8 12.7 12.5 12.0 11.0 12.3 12.2 N.A. 11.9 10.1

Construction & Quarrying 6.3 7.6 7.8 6.8 7.1 8.2 7.7 9.2 N.A. 9.6 8.5

Electricity. Gas & Water 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.4 N.A. 1.6 1.6

Distributive Trades. 23.4 21.8 21.5 19.9 20.1 21.1 21.9 23.3 N.A. 27.1 24.5Restaurant & Hotels

Distributive Trade 13.9 N.A. 16.6 15.6Tourism 9.4 N.A. 10.5 8.9

Transport & Communication 4.8 4.9 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.5 6.2 4.3 N.A. 6.5 4.8

Financial Institutions 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.7 3.7 N.A. 3.7 3.9

Government & Other Services 37.1 35.5 35.2 35.2 34.6 37.2 36.4 38.4 N.A. 38.5 41.5Government N.A. 21.3 23.2Other Services N.A. 17.2 18.3

Total Services 70.4 67.5 67.5 65.4 65.2 69.1 70.1 71.1 N.A. 77.4 76.3

Total 100.2 97.3 95.7 93.1 92.1 96.2 97.9 100.2 N.A. 105.5 100.8

Services Employment as 70.26 69.37 70.53 70.25 70.79 71.83 71.60 76.44 N.A. 70.96 75.69% of Total

*Average for MO quarters onlySource: Barbados Statistical service. Labour Force report 1981- 1986. Bridgetown 1988.

Ministry of Labour and Community Development, Labour Market. InformationReport 1988. Central Bank of Barbados, Annual Statistical Digest 1992.

Table 15Employment by Industry

St. LuciaJuly 1986 - June 1990

Industry 85-86 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90

Agriculture, Forestryand Fishing

1761 2461 2446 2283 2200

Mining and Quarrying 38 52 48 68 79

Manufacturing 1804 3165 3870 4145 4754

Construction 463 1582 987 2004 2659

Electricity, Gas & Water 623 615 720 681 721

Distributive Trades, 3143 5442 5612 5942 6210Restaurant & Hotels

Transport, Communication 1122 1826 1642 1727 1684

Finance, Insurance 1014 2754 2774 2991 ..3119& Real Estate

Services 5907 10637 10748 11341 11734

Total 11339 19360 19734 21586 23332

Services as % of Total 52 55 54 53 50

Note: Excludes the self-employed who do not make contributions to NIS.The agricultural sector's employment could be underestimated.

Source: The Ministry of Finance, Statistics and Negotiating, St. Lucia Economicand Social Review 1990, St. Lucia 1991.

41

Employment data, which in the case of Antigua is limited to

the period 1978 to 1982, shows that services sector employment

averaged 70 per cent of total employment (Table 16). It is

expected that the sector's share of employment would have increased

during the 1980s and 1990s, in line with the increases in output

experienced by it.

The analysis has shown that services sector employment share

follows closely the pattern of the sector's value added

contribution, with Antigua and Barbuda and Barbados - the countries

with large services sectors - deriving a substantial proportion of

employment from it. Jamaica and St.Lucia, with relatively more

diversified economies, rely to a lesser extent on the services

sector to generate employment.

Prices

The experience of some countries has shown that price

movements have influenced the size of the services sector (Summers

and Kravis in Inman, 1985). This section briefly compares the

price movements of selected services and the all items indices in

three English-speaking Caribbean territories - Barbados, the

British Virgin Islands and St.Lucia.

In the case of Barbados, two different trends emerge from the

data presented for the periods 1970 - 1979 and 1980 - 1991. Figure

A indicates for the earlier period that the indices of the three

services categories all fall below that of the "all items." In

addition, the fastest rising service index was that of

42

recreation, education, entertainment and culture. By contrast, in

the later period the education, recreation and other services index

falls below that of "all items," while the other service categories

- transportation and medical and personal care lie above it (Figure

B).

43

Table 16Employment by Industry

Antigua

Industry 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Agriculture and 1080 508 666 782 892Fishing

Mining & Quarrying 55 70 121 132 96

Manufacturing 1524 1972 2357 2287 2103

Construction 2777 3136 3437 3690 2824

Electricity & Water 586 552 452 454 450

Distributive Trade 1813 1705 1858 1971 1974

Hotel & Guest Houses 2032 2061 2312 2436 2653

Restaurant, Bar & 395 461 559 676 705Night Club

Transport & Communication 1485 1569 1627 1594 1485

Financial Institutions 332 342 452 468 496

Insurance, Real Estate 388 420 434 495 577Business Services

Public Administration 2473 2124 2411 2113 2177

Social & Community Serv. 3195 2950 2987 2872 2746

44

Antigua (Cont'd)

Industry 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Recreational & Cultural 325 395 279 355 340

Personal & Household 871 865 980 1085 1103

Int. Bodies 109 129 122 131 175

Services 14004 13573 14473 14650 14881Total 19440 19261 21054 21541 20796

Services as % of Total 72 71 69 68 72

Note: Refers to persons employed at any time during year.

Source: Department of Statistics, Antigua and Barbuda Statistical Yearbook 1988,November 1989.

In the later period then, except for the education and other items

component, services costs appear to be rising faster than those of

other items. The fact that education is heavily subsidized may

have contributed to this result. It is also possible that the

phenomenon alluded to by Summers and Kravis could be at work here.

It will be recalled that these writers had found that there was a

correlation between higher levels of income and higher priced

services. In the case of Barbados then, the second time period

might have been one of increased affluence.

Figure C which presents data on St.Lucia for the period 1985

- 1990, shows that the St. Lucian case contrasts with that of

Barbados in that the recreation, entertainment, education and

culture cost index rises sharply above theall items index after

1988. The medical and health care index rises above the latter

after 1987 and falls below it after 1989. Moreover it is

noticeable that all indices are fairly closely aligned up to 1987,

after which transportation and education and other services diverge

from the all items index.

The data with respect to the British Virgin Islands is

presented for the period 1984 to 1991 (Figure D). It shows that

all indices are closely aligned between 1984 and 1987. After then

there is a clear disparity between the transportation index and the

all items index, with the former rising much more sharply than the

latter. The services index on the other hand moves closely in line

with the all items index up to 1989, rises sharply in the year 1990

and then falls back to the level of the latter in 1991.

46

Figure A: Comparison of Selected Services & All Items Price indices, Barbados, 1970 — 1979October I966 I0(1).

450

400

350

200

150

1001970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

_ Medical & health care • Transport & communication

_4_ Recreation, entertainment, education & cu 0 .. All items

Source : Central Bank of Barbados, Annual Statistical l)ijest 1992.

46A

/_--a,-* - -rie------'-_----

,--

--- ---- ____-13,..//____.---, __-0---- - --ik --z------A----A

--A -------A-- ----A--___n-""_,- a __—B-----

fi------ ----- ---,--4

----A-

1 I 1 I I 1 1 1 1

Figure B: Comparison of Selected Services & All Hems Price Indices, Barbados.March 1980 = 100

240

220

200

180

160

7.4140

120

100

801980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

_ Medical & health care _ 'Transport & communication

_A._ Recreation, entertainment, education & cu All items

Source : Central Bank of Barbados, Annual Statistical Dijest 1992.

1991

1 6B

Igure C: Comparison of Selected Services & All Items Price Indices, St.Lucia, 1985 — 1990April 1q84 --,, 100

150

140

v, 130on

4;f4'. 120

110

100

901985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

_ Medical & health care _♦_ Transport & communication

_ _ Recreation, entertainment, education & cu Ej All items

Source : The Ministry of Finance, Statistics and Negotiating,Economic & Social Review 1990, SLLucia.

46C

Figure D: Comparison of Services & All Items Price Indices, British Virgin Is.(!larch 1985 IOU)

170

160

c'd 1302e\_

120/

- A110

100

901984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 1991..__N . Transpoi la I ion • Services

• All ItemsSour cc : 13VI COMA MCI 1 ) 1 icc Index No.3 1991In

BDDC, Feasibility Study of The British Virgin Islands Community College. Bridgetown 1992.

180

46D

Apart from the Barbadian case which shows two different trends

in the periods examined, no clear pattern on price movements

emerges. Longer time series are needed if more definitive

statements are to be made.

Some Development and Management Issues

The previous section which presented a statistical profile of

the services sector in selected Caribbean countries indicates that

services represent a large and growing share of economic activity

in most countries. The statistics are however confined to those

services offered by the services-producing sectors. Meanwhile

services which are embodied in the activities of the goods-

producing sectors do not enter the computations. It follows that

the sector, while already accounting for large shares of the

economic activity, is nonetheless underestimated. It therefore

seems relevant that some consideration be given to the development

and management issues relating to a sector of such prominence.

One of the critical issues related to the further development

and management of the services sector is that of measurement. In

general, measurement problems abound in services, given their

peculiar characteristics. These are compounded in the Caribbean

situation, by the highly aggregated nature of the data. There

appears to be no justifiable reason for lumping the activities of

government and other services, or for combining the distributive

trades with hotel and restaurant activities. Moreover the presence

of the residual category 'other services' limits meaningful

47

analysis, since data on a number of activities of interest, for

example the non-traditional services, are not readily available.

In addition there are several unknowns in relation to activities,

for example off-shore banking, which for the most part are not

included in data sets.

Another concern thrown up by the data analysis is that of the

current composition of the services sector, that is, the relatively

large size of the government and distributive sectors, compared

with that of the tradeable sectors. The sometimes conflicting

objectives of employment creation and foreign exchange generation

come into focus. For it is known that government has

traditionally played the role of major employer in Caribbean

economies. The distributive sector, which also creates significant

employment, is a user of foreign exchange, rather than a

contributor. This raises the question of how to transform the

services sector so as to create more foreign exchange earning

activities.

It will be noted in this regard that the tourism sector

fulfills the dual role of employment creation and foreign exchange

generation. Indeed this sector can be contrasted with that of the

off-shore banking which has been identified as having great

potential for earning foreign exchange, but a limited capacity for

creating jobs (Loehr and Emery). It will however be recalled that

the tourist sector has also been identified as a user of foreign

exchange, viz its heavy import dependence. A major concern then

has to do with designing mechanisms for internalizing the supply of

43

products demanded by the tourist sector. Creative ways would need

to be found for encouraging a greater linkage between the tourism

and goods producing sectors.

The foregoing recognizes the need for creating links at the

level of final demand products, that is tourism creating a backward

linkage with the goods-producing sectors. Another area which

requires attention is that of interactive development of services

and goods at the level of producer services. The importance of

producer services in the development of manufacturing in particular

has been discussed (recall section on defining services). Indeed

services such as design and engineering, management, accounting and

transportation are critical to manufacturing success. In addition

knowledge intensive services are critical to new manufacturing

techniques such as Just-in -time (JIT) which reduces the need for

inventorying, Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) and Computer

Assisted Designs (CAD).

It is important when considering the development and

management implications in relation to services to recognize that

there are many "first movers" in the area of services exports.

Porter (1990) notes that the Swiss are leaders in banking, trading

and logistical services, while British firms have strengths in

insurance and auctioneering, money management and consulting.

Swedish firms are leaders in specialized shipping and environmental

engineering. Singaporean firms are competent in shipping, ship

repairs, airlines, port and terminal services, while American firms

are leaders in hotel management, accounting, and advertising.

49

Italian firms are leading world designers. In terms of non-

industrialized countries which have developed some competence in

international service demand, Korea has had some success in the

export of labour services in the construction industry, while India

has had some success in the area of software development.

Caribbean countries have also had some success with tourism

development.

An important point to note in the case of these service

leaders is the value of a vibrant, sophisticated home market in

assisting them in developing a competitive edge (Porter, 1990).

Specialized education and training, favourable geographic and

climatic conditions as well as international demand are also felt

to be critical in creating competitive advantage. The Caribbean

countries for instance have successfully exploited favourable

geographic conditions in the development of tourism.

On the question of the determinants of comparative advantage,

Sapir and Lutz (in Sapir, 1985) offer valuable insights. Using

cross-country regressions to estimate the performance of trade in

services, they found that countries which are abundant in physical

and human capital have comparative advantage in services.

- International differences in physical capital, they argue,

influence transport while the availability of human capital affects

insurance transactions. Sapir is left to conclude that this may

help explain why industrial countries enjoy a trade surplus in

services with developing countries.

Mention needs to be made of the notion of dynamic comparative

50

advantage; that is, there may be a relationship between the

accumulation of factors of production and changes in the

comparative advantage. Sapir notes the validity of this in

relation to services. He also holds that since a number of

services, especially professional and technical, embody technology,

their acquisition from abroad represents technology transfer. This

can affect the future pattern of trade.

This should be of interest to developing countries which may

find it advantageous to import certain key services, such as

telecommunications, which might in turn enhance the tradeability of

other services in which they may possess a comparative advantage,

eg. data processing, accounting and business services. Moreover,

even if resource endowments suggest that developing countries such

as the Caribbean are in a disadvantageous position vis-a-vis the

developed, this should not deter them from pursuing export

opportunities from among the heterogeneous bunch of activities

which together make up the services sector.

In conclusion it may be stated that the future development of

Caribbean services sectors requires that efforts be geared towards

identifying international demand trends and conditions, in order to

formulate a supply response to available opportunities.

Recognizing that international capital seeks to maximize returns on

a global basis, there may be competitive' niches for Caribbean

countries. In particular, these countries may wish to capitalize

on their telecommunications links for exporting services.

51

Findings and Conclusions

The first section of the study set out elements in a

definition of services, making the important distinction between

producer and consumer services. It also focused on the issue of

trade in services, examining the extent to which conventional trade

theory can be applied to an analysis of services trade. It

concludes that while certain assumptions of trade theory may not be

applicable to services, the basic philosophy of comparative

advantage can be taken as relevant. It recognized however that

given the peculiar nature of services, in a number of cases the

issue revolves around investment rather than trade.

The brief outline of developments in world services suggests

that in terms of value added, employment and trade, the services

sector constitutes a large and growing activity in the

international economy, with the so-called "industrialized"

countries leading in the production and export of services.

The empirical analysis of Caribbean services sectors indicated

that services represent a large and growing sector in Caribbean

economies. While the latter, in terms of scale, cannot be

classified among the world leaders in services production and

trade, services bulge in the individual economies, accounting in

some cases for contributions in excess of 80 per cent to GDP and

exports.

A noticeable feature of Caribbean services sectors is the

large size of government and the distributive trades, which are

essentially non-tradeables. The tourist sector on the other hand

52

is noted as a significant foreign exchange earner. The study

nevertheless confirms earlier findings of substantial leakage from

this industry.

The final section, which discussed development and management

issues, called for mechanisms to internalize the supply of products

required by the tourist sector and recognized the importance of

interactive development between services and goods at the level of

producer services. It also highlighted factors which appear to be

critical in creating comparative and competitive advantage in

services production and trade.

53

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e ort 1981 - 1986

Baumol, William J. "Productivity Policy and the Service Sector"(ed) Inman, Robert P. Managing the Service Economy: Prospects and Problems Cambridge 1985.

Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post Industrial Society, New York 1973.

Bhagwati, Jagdish N. "Splintering and Disembodiment of Services andDeveloping Nations World Economy Vol 7, No 2, June 1984.

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Briscoe, G. "Recent Productivity Trends in the U.K. Service SectorOxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics Vol 38, No 4,1976.

British Development Division in the Caribbean, Feasibility Study ofthe British Virgin Islands Community College Bridgetown BDD1992.

Central Bank of Barbados, Annual Statistical Dijest 1992_,

Balance of Payments 1992.

Charles, Sylvia. "Conceptualizing Services Sector Productivity" -Paper Prepared for Presentation at XXIV Regional Programme ofMonetary Studies Nassau, October 26-29, 1992.

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"Structural Adjustment and the RegionalEconomies" Bulletin of Eastern Caribbean Affairs Vol. 14,Nos 5 & 6, Nov. 1988 to Feb. 1989.

and Dawn Marshall, "Management of TourismLinkages" (eds) Brian Challenger, Sylvia Charles and Doeke C.Faber, Management of Sectoral Linkages Between Environment, Tourism and Agriculture in the Eastern Caribbean States Maastricht, ECDPM 1991.

54

Clarke, Colin. The Conditions of Economic Progress, New YorkSt.Martin's Press 1960.

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Francois, Joseph F. "Producer Services, Scale and the Division ofLabor", Oxford Economic Papers, Vol 42, No 4, Oct. 1990.

Hill, T.P. "On Goods and Services" The Review of Income and WealthJournal of the International Association for Research in

Income and Wealth. Series 23, No 4.

Hindley, Brian. "Service Sector Protection : Considerations forDeveloping Countries, The World Bank Economic Review. Vol 2,No 2, May 1988.

and Alasdair Smith, "Comparative Advantage and Tradein Services," The World Economy : A Quarterly Journal onInternational Affairs Vol 7, No 4, Dec 1984.

Horwath and Horwath (UK)LTD. CARICOM Hotel Market SectorPenetration Project: Final Report 1988.

Inman, Robert P (ed). Managing the Service Economy : Prospects andProblems Cambridge, 1985.

Kravis, Irving B. "Services in World Transactions (ed) Robert PInman, Managing the Service Economy : Prospects and ProblemsNew York, 1985.

Loehr, William and James Emery. "Competitiveness and StructuralAdjustment in Barbados" IDB April 29, 1992.

Ministry of Labour and Community Development, Labour MarketInformation Report 1988.

Momiglianco, Franco and Domencio Siniscalco. " The Growth ofService Employment : A Reappraisal, Banca Nazionale Del Lavoro- Quarterly Review, 142, September 1982.

Nicolaides, Phedon. Liberalizing Service Trade : Strategies forSuccess, Routledge 1989.

"Trade Policies for Services : Options for theACP Countries," (eds) Christopher Stevens and Doeke C. Faber.Uruguay Round Europe 1992 : Implications for Future ACP/ECCooperation Maastricht ECDPM, 1990.

Porter, Michael. The Competitive Advantage of Nations LondonMcMillan Press, 1990.

55

Planning Institute of Jamaica, Economic and Social Survey 1991, 1987, 1984, 1983.

Riddle, Dorothy I. "The Role of Service Sector in EconomicDevelopment : Similarities and Differences by DevelopmentCategories" in (ed) Orio Giarini, (for the Services WorldForum Geneva) Oxford Pergamon Press, 1986.

Roach, Stephen S. "Services Under Siege - The RestructuringImperative" Harvard Business Review, September - October,1986.

Sampson, Gary P and Richard II Snape. "Identifying Issues in Tradein Services" The World Economy, Vol 8, No 2, June 1985.

Sapir, Andre. "North-South Issues in Trade in Services", The WorldEconomy Vol 8, No. 1, March 1985.

Seward, S. B and B. K Spinrad (eds), Tourism in the Caribbean : The Economic Impact, Ottawa IDRC 1982.

Shelp, Ronald Kent. "Service Technology and Economic Development"Economic Impact No 52, 1985/4.

Summers, Robert. "Services in the International Economy" (ed)Robert P Inman, Managing the Service Economy : Prospects andProblems Cambridge, 1985.

The Economist, February 20-26 1993.

The Economist, October 28 - November 3 1989.

The International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol 41, 1990.

The World Bank. World Development Report 1987, Washington 1987.

Walker, Richard. "Is There a Service Economy? The ChangingCapitalist Division of Labor", Science and Society Vol 49,No 1, Spring 1985.

56

Appendix 1

Sectoial Composition of Gross Dooestic Productat Factor Cost and Current Prices - EC$ MILLION

ANTIGUA and BARBUDA

Activity 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1936 1987 1908 1989 1 990 1991

Electricity t Water 5.70 3.60 4.90 0.20 9.40 7.60 10.30 12.49 17.22 23.51 20.92 27.36 31.08 72.79 71.10

Wholesale 1. Retail Trade 17.10 19.20 24.30 30.60 33.40 36.40 38.70 43.10 48.20 52.62 60.24 67.70 77.86 85.65 90.89

Hotel t Restaurant 10.50 22.20 29.30 35.60 37.30 40.80 45.50 50.70 73.49 89.11 104.09 124.38 135.48 - .69 118.00

Transport 19.10 21.20 27.10 29.60 33.30 36.20 40.40 42.85 56.20 69.88 84.11 9 1.. .51 101.56 128.11

oPAunicalion 6.10 8.20 12.31 11.99 14.09 20.66 23.10 27.06 28.61 32.77 38.47 42.57 co 01 .-, 5:.80

Fan. !, Insurance 10.20 11.10 13.60 15.70 18.70 22.30 23.80 22.72 31.32 37.99 07 5..1° r-J • n',2.0

Seal Estate i Housing 19.10 70.70 22.40 26.50 29.90 34.40 41.50 45.80 48.52 Y '1 7 56.82 :2.00 :. - .70

Goiernment 5er ,:ices 21.51 25.66 30.61 35.63 42.10 53.84 59.50 2.40 67.25 78.07 90.70 128.55 157.26 1 7 C.40

Other Services 12.04 13.29 14.42 16.74 19.87 23.41 28.09 33.24 39.15 43.94 46.62 4 9 .50 57.46 r.,.(!4 0'.70

SERVICES 129.35 145.15 178.94 210.76 238.86 275.61 310.89 356.36 410.70 479.42 545.80 647.79 ,. 71.61 82: . 0

AGRICULTURE 17.40 10.20 17.90 10.30 19.60 19.70 21.00 19.32 22.17 24.61 29.26 2.,1 el 7;.02 77.72 79.00

MINING & OUARRYING 0.80 0.40 1.20 1.50 1.70 1.50 2.30 3.03 4.60 9.85 14.44 16.80 19.51 17.58 1:• '2

MANUFACTURING 6.90 8.70 10.70 13.70 14.60 16.00 17.60 19.29 20.25 21.50 23.03 24.10 26.70 38.21 32.50

CONSTRUCTION 10.90 11.80 17.50 23.20 27.70 20.40 20.50 27.34 35.66 50.55 73.13 95.87 112.21 100.99 95.90

TOTAL 165.35 184.25 226.24 267.46 302.46 334.01 373.09 425.34 494.38 585.93 685.66 616.66 927.22 977.75 1007.60

SERVICES 1 OF TOTAL 78.23 78.78 79.09 78.80 78.97 82.52 83.33 83.78 83.07 81.82 79.60 79.32 79.34 80.97 81.60

Source: Organization of East Caribbean States - Economic Affairs Secretariat

Sectoral Composition of Gross Domestic Productat Factor Cost and Current Prices - BOSS Million

Barbados

Activity 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991Electricity L Water 14.07 15.67 18.32 33.11 38.56 44.70 52.89 68.00 72.72 72.21 80.65 84.76 91.56 91.70 99.77Wholesale 1, Retail Trade 182.01 204.80 259.40 318.98 368.84 397.98 378.45 412.28 451.05 485.70 529.94 547.84 596.21 589.06 575.51Tourist 87.73 109.67 143.97 182.95 206.52 18].08 186.50 206.76 224.99 233.88 269.99 315.06 . 361.87 338.50 315.39Transport, 5tora9e 1

Communication60.05 64.23 70.10 86.92 112.96 134.78 154.06 171.02 185.00 197.45 225.37 226.61 227.83 244.47 254 2:s

Finance, lhsurance, RealEstate t Business Services

110.19 115.59 135.01 172.63 210.1 7 250.15 258.90 270.89 297.85 311.05 712.97 358.52 424.85 472.92 435.52

General Services 34.97 37.77 46.12 57.65 69.41 76.74 80.88 85.73 89.59 94.07 97.26 99.21 106.15 102.34 709.67Government Services 142.21 150.57 179.56 218.21 229.72 233.01 264.26 295.50 343.96 379.04 424.83 435.11 503.43 546.77 570.K;SERVICES, 631.23 690.30 852.50 1070.44 1236.17 1312.43 1375.94 1510.17 1665.15 1773.39 1941.01 2067.11 2311.90 2751.71 2320.17AGRICULTURE 91.71 91.69 109.85 152.27 128.88 122.10 135.53 139.22 139.01 146.35 171.57 172.91 150.27 159.55 161.0jMINING / OARRYING 4.36 6.92 9.32 11.48 13.14 16.08 16.26 31.14 27.91 16.93 18.40 17.15 17.46 19.52 16.60MANUFACTURING 102.62 112.39 136.34 183.45 189.67 205.55 238.68 264.06 231.70 229.26 223.62 240.24 237.19 237.63 230.41CONSTRUCTION

TOTAL

60.12

890.04

75.11 88.12

984.41 1196.13

118.22 138.35 122.06 132.55 130.00 117.91 131.35 144.28 170.29 196.68 1" " 161.93

SERVICES :OF TOTAL 70.92 70.94 71.27

1535.86

69.70

1706.21

72.45

1784.22

73.89

1898.94

72.46

2074.58

72.79

2181.67

76.32

2297.28

77.20

2490.88

77.68

2667.69

77.49

2909.50

79.46

2965.34

79.41

2897.5;

L 80.21

Source: Central Bank of Barbados, Annual Statistical Dijest 1987, 1992.

Sectoral Composition of Gross Domestic Productat Factor Cost and Current Prices - EC$Million

British Virgin Islands

Activity 1977 1978 1979 1980 1 921 1982 1903 1904 1905 1986 1YU7

electricity E Water 2.05 1.09 2.00 2.13 2.24 3.35 6.10 5.54 6.10 7.72 9.77

Wholesale E Retail Trade , -I 8.72 9.86 11.50 12.37 13.3S 16.01 13.50 19.28 21.28 22.92

Hotel t Restaurant 14.99 19.41 26.33 34.99 33.40 30.29 44.20 45.87 40.71 52.63 66.23

Transport 4.83 5.66 6.54 6.97 7.55 10.17 10.32 11.47 11.70 10.02 10.96

Communication .̀. 02 4.u4 6.64 3.10 0.45 2.51 2.48 9.56 11.93 12.6t. 17.98

Bank t Insuro,ce 3.16 5.02 9.37 13.39 16.17 16.47 17.77 19.52 21.71 25.03 20.01

Real Estate E Housing 15.3 17.25 19.01 20.52 24.62 31.48 77.72 7,i• n7 38.56 40.37 42.20

Government Services 7.67 7.40 8.96 13.53 17.44 19.92 22.36 30.46 .17 'o4:.130 31.9: •I

Other Services 3.92 4.73 5.03 6.72 2.56 9 .7 7 10.83 12.23 12.99 13.39 14.99

SERVICES 64.73 74.72 94.54 117.85 131.46 151.90 169.79 189.32 193.66 215.06 239.75

AGRICULTURE 5.72 6.10 6.59 7.18 7.03 2.67 9.15 9.61 9.82 10.04 7.7V

MININ3 31 OUARRYING 0.02 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.30 0.43 0.43 i) . 57

MANUFACTURING 2.27 2.35 2.73 3.73 4.37 5,27 5.70 6.13 6.24 7.75 9.32

CONSTRUCTION 4.24 5.18 6.26 7.24 2.34 13.31 17.09 18.44 15.96 14.66 12.60

TOTAL 77.04 88.46 110.23 136.11 152.19 179.29 201.89 224.30 231.17 247.94 278.28

SERVICES 1 OF TOTAL 84.02 84.47 25.77 86.58 86.38 04.72 84.10 84.63 85.94 06.74 86.15

Source: Organization of East Caribbean States - Economic Affairs Secretariat.

Appendix 1

Sectoral Composition of Gross Domestic Productat Factor Cost and Current Prices - EC$ MILLION

Dominica

Activity 1977 1978 1979 1920 1921 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1980 1989 191 19'1

Electricity & Water 1.80 2.51 1.92 3.47 4.88 5.00 5.23 5.92 6.24 6.60 7.39 8. 9 7 10 (X.! III? 12.°7

Wholesale E Ret)ii 'rade 9.21 12.91 2.12 13.16 13.39 13.79 14.12 14.62 21.08 25.80 30.24 33.21 7:..5 -.' 11.77 4'.

Hotel E Restaurant 1.15 1.41 1.00 1 AM:..., 1.31 1.56 1.26 2.21 2.62 3.05 3.81 1.77 5 07 .,1

Transport 4.34 4.99 6.10 9.00 0.27 10.11 15.03 17.64 19.94 23.50 26.10 30.11 30 1: 7,.1r.

7.ormuni ,,4 ion 1.09 1.35 1.87 1.49 3.14 4.59 7.23 8.88 9.40 10.85 15.36 11.41 27.77

Emil. L Insurance 3.01 5.08 5.27 0.19 9.22 9.68 11.73 :6.70 18.33 19.03 22.06 28.56 31./..: , I I` 1

Real EstateL lic ,E.i^g 4. 90 6.52 4.95 ,-,..,... 8.05 8.61 9.13 1.41 1.71 10.10 10.99 11.54 12.t.: , 14.7

Government Service: 16.26 19.26 31.27 33.74 35.41 37.05 40.63 47.05 50.12 54.36 57.63 51.52 66.1:7 60Jr 7: • 1

"thee Services 1.08 1.17 1.21 1.62 1.91 2.10 2.31 2.40 2.49 2.66 2.91 3.08 3.,,..7 7 r 6.21

SERVICES 44.84 55.20 62.31 79.37 85.54 92.57 107.27 124.89 139.93 156.9] - 176.79 199 .17 225.52 24., ."1 265.Y..

4GEICULTURE 71.93 41.44 34.78 44.05 48.48 49.78 52:50 56.80 62.39 76.64 82.59 95.90 01.!', T: 9,.t1.2 101.•1

MINING $ QUARRYING 1.04 1.14 0.92 1.17 1.30 1.40 1.33 1.50 1.46 1.38 1.76 2.57 291 3.E 3.1

MANUFACTURING 4.24 5.98 5.02 6.93 10.23 13.39 14.12 12.36 14.37 16.88 12.25 20.99 24,57 26.E 27.43

CONSTRUCTION 5.43 5.34 7.71 18.48 14.56 13.69 12.53 17.17 15.00 11.82 14.42 21.05 24.97 Mk 29 . 10

TOTAL 87.48 109.10 110.74 150.50 160.11 170.83 187.80 212.72 233.15 263.63 293.81 339.68 367.1.* 402.3 427.41

SERVICES X OF TOTAL 51.26 50.60 56.27 53.07 53.43 54.19 57.12 58.71 60.02 59.52 60.17 58.63 61.35 61.2 62.11

Source: Organization of East Caribbean States - Economic Affairs Secretariat

Sectoral Composition of Gross Domestic Productat Factor Cost and Current Prices - EC$ MILLION

Grenada

Activity 1900 1901 1932 1983 1984 1905 1906 1987 1 9 80 1929 1990 1 901

Electricity & Water 3.40 3.10 4.40 4.40 4.00 6.40 7.50 2.•0 9.90 11.50 13.00 14.30

Wholesale t Retail Trade 26.70 22.10 23.40 27.30 2'., .30 33.50 3•.20 42.00 45.90 50.10 51.50 57.20

Hotol t Restaurant 6.80 8.10 8.40 9 .20 11.70 15.30 17.70 IC.70 21.30 24.00 27.70 33.20

Trasport 16.00 17.10 19.00 19.90 22.30 24.70 29.30 32.32 77.45 41.72 45.27

fsmr.lunitin 5.50 5.40 6.40 7.50 7.80 6.80 0.20 10.10 11.72 12.00 11.7 7 15.00

Rank .:. 1. Insurance 7.60 9.50 10.10 10.40 22.20 17.. 9 0 15.00 16.20 17.40 12.57 19. 9 0 20.7?

EL-%..1 !.7.t:te t Housin9 12.20 12.70 12. 9 0 12.90 15.70 17.50 18.70 19.90 21.70 22.20 '2. 27.0

Governt::t ServilJes 27.10 32.70 33.90 .41.00 4 ,..60 51.50 52.60 60.20 67.10 82.00 22. 9 0 9 1 -1

Othe! Services 8.50 9 .00 9.70 10.20 10.60 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 12.60 12.00 12.00

SERYHES 117.00 117.30 137.50 143.70 150.80 180.60 204.70 220.20 210.60 275.62 2 99.00 319.60

AGRICULTURE 41.40 44.80 42.70 41.30 41.90 44.20 52.90 60.50 72.00 73.70 72.70 ..., ,7,o.t . ,

MINING t QUARRYING 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.60 0.50 0.20 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.40 1.70 1.90

MANUFACTURING 6.60 0.70 10.20 10.50 9.80 12.50 13.20 16.00 18.40 20.80 22.60 24.30

CONSTRUCTION 11.30 17.30 20.30 17.30 12.40 19.40 23.40 28.30 33.90 40.50 44.50 42.20

TOTAL 173.60 188.70 205.30 213.40 233.40 257.50 295.30 335.20 366.10 412.02 440.00 462.70

SERVICES X OF TOTAL 65.55 62.16 65.03 67.34 68.47 70.14 69.32 65.69 65.72 66.29 68.16 69.07

Source: Organization of East Caribbean States - Econosic Affairs Secretariat

Appendix 1

$r. toral Composition of Gross Domestic Productat FaCtr Cost and Current Prices - J$ Million

Jamaica

PActivity 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1 , 91

Electricity & Rater 58.50 84.20 89.60 75.20 91.30 109.10 163.50 287.70 346.40 569.10 612.10 600.80 682.30 952.60 12'9.40

Transport, Storage &Communication

192.10 227.80 250.90 243.90 267.80 324.50 386.70 693.60 931.30 1232.20 1475.60 1639.70 183".70 2429.80

f:stributive Tradet;tolesale & Retail)

472.00 411.90 759.00 213.00 1094.90 1228.80 1370.70 1948.10 2456.80 2794.20 3471.10 3967.00 4707.60 0221.40 :'65.70

Financial Institutions 114.99 115.70 165.60 209.80 309.00 726.90 457.00 564.40 650.60 931.70 1153.40 1484.00 1251.'1.1 2472.60 7: ''.1 1

E?:1 Estate Liusiness Serves

229.02 319.80 360.80 407.60 505.30 596.50 675.60 834.40 991.70 1091.00 1216.10 1326.80 1472.10 17 9 4.60

Producers of Gov't Services 436.52 509.20 565.50 665.60 754.20 894.30 1001.40 1108.90 1163.20 1280.00 1423.50 1660.70 1813.00 2120.80 2:':.60

!!.s.to11anetis Servitor 151.70 182.80 191.90 207.70 240.30 266.90 299.50 386.80 499.20 596.70 712.60 766.80 ':- 28.2 121.10 1 -

H'•fAo1d & Private 53.20 50.40 47.10 44.20 47.40 52.60 56.80 70.00 84.50 111.30 117.90 148.20 101.50 222 . 2 0 72.50Non-profit In t.

51- PICES 1777.20 1931.80 2438.40 2763.00 3310.20 3799.60 4411.20 5893.90 7123.70 8606.20 10182.30 11594.00 17581.70 176'.....1t1

Arl71201.TURE, F0RESTRY & 263.02 296.10 310.00 384.80 395.80 396.00 450.50 544.20 671.50 849.40 992.10 1086.80 122':, .3n 15,-301- :':HING

MINING & QUARRYING 308.00 510.40 622.50 678.00 543.50 339.30 278.70 664.30 569.30 901.80 1146.70 1727.30 2096.50 2831.30 4816.60

MANUFACTURING 544.10 636.70 694.40 764.80 851.80 1009.30 1273.80 1731.50 2237.00 2946.70 3460.20 3780.60 4541.40 5866.90 77';.20

CONSTRUCTION 181.20 252.10 311.30 279.10 365.90 470.90 566.80 841.60 953.00 1086.10 1405.00 2021.10 2672.40 3586.80 5564.70

TOTAL 3074.20 3627.10 4376.60 4869.70 5467.90 6015.10 6981.00 9675.50 11554.50 14390.20 17186.30 20209.80 24123.90 31560.40 41352.90. .,., .

SERVICES I OF TOTAL ,-4,641**4,.,,,, ,,4 ,,,,...

, 57.83: ...; .,:..,

:

53.26..•;:,„..,...

......,..

55.71 56.74 60.55 63.17 63.19 60.92 61.65 59.81 59.25 57.37 56.31 56.05 53.78

p = proviSiOnal: .' ..• - '..,.''',.,.. :: . • . ik..W . .

Source: Planning Institute of Jamaica, Economic and Social Survey Jamaica,1283. 1984, 1985, 1987, 1991.

Pppench x 1

SAoral Composition of Gross Domestic Productat Factor Cost and Current Frices - ECS MILLION

MONTSERRAT

Activity 1977 1978 1979 1980 1901 1202 1903 1904 1905 1906 ! - !:.7

Electricity 1 Water 0.91 1.08 0.99 1.06 2.03 2.12 2.97 3.34 3.29 7.76 3.80

Wholesale & Retail Trade ' 9 ' 5.84 5.23 8.92 12.65 17.47 13.15 12.75 12.64 15.41 21.72

Notc, 1 t Restaurant 0.98 0.97 1.37 1.75 2.40 2.67 2.99 3.22 7.59 7.80 4.18

Transport 1.52 2.64 7.04 7.51 4.37 1.93 5.53 5.55 6.01 7.16 8.27

Communication 0.46 9.42 12.5E 0.75 0.80 1.60 2.95 4.17 4.44 4.65 ,,4 . ,,.

Ban!: I Insurance 1.29 1.44 1. 27 2.67 7 .4 9 4.05 5.14 5.11 5.71 6.1 ,_ 6 :!?

'Real Estate t Hou:in3 r.,.75 '. :' 7 .42 11.20 11.26 11.44 17.43 13.86 11.18 11.6 - 1 II^

Government Services 2.02 3.11 . nc4.,.,0 4.85 4.06 5.76 ,-...64 7.68 7 . 7 2

tithe! Services 7.81 4.54 5.50 2.44 10.99 11.91 12.57 14.53 15.91 15 ..T 16.08

SERVICES 22.57 26.04 2 9 .09 13.07 52.09 57.25 65.77 70.51 72.52 ,-: 7.1.i.r.

AGRICULTURE 1.37 1.51 2.03 2.40 n *:, .1...... 7.71 7 26 3.95 4.71 . 4.4 4.89

MIMING t OUARRYING 0.24 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.45 1.11 0 . 69 1.10 1.20 1.12 1.54

MANUFACTURING 1.79 2.20 7.02 7.48 4.10 1.03 5.30 5.60 5.12 5.77 6.78

CONSTRUCTION 2.01 2.95 4.91 5.23 6.39 0.4e''' 5.75 6.17 7.09 11.56 13.13

TOTAL 20.70 33.13 39.40 . 59.50 66.02 74.66 80.37 87.33 90.31 112.47 112.44

SERVICES •% OF TOTAL 78.50 78.60 77.03 80.72 79.15 77.62 01.34 00.74 00.30 77.37 f. ;8

Source: Organization of East Caribbean States - Economic Affairs Secretariat

Activity 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Sectoral Composition of Gross Domestic Product - EC$Millionat Factor Cost and Current Prices - ECS MILLION

St. Christopher & Nevis

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Electricity & Water 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.88 1.11 1.43 1.36 1.60 1.78 4.40 2.96 2.71 3.56 4.76

Wholesale & Retail Trade 7.01 8.25 9.80 12.99 14.09 16.53 18.27 20.69 23.95 27.96 32.99 35.36 48.33 51.02

Hotel & Restaurant 1.42 3.28 4.79 4.49 5.39 4.30 4.35 7.35 11.82 16.15 21.73 21.93 24.06 27.45 .+4 -

Transport 3.81 4.60 5.06 6.54 8.89 10.35 11.63 13.65 14.98 17.41 19.98 22.03 24.42 29.14

Communication 2.05 2.72 2.78 3.46 6.53 7.10 4.79 5.89 6.16 8.88 9.84 18.48 21.40 25.98 2

Bank & Insurance 3.79 4.01 4.58 5.25 5.84 8.56 8.18 11.09 11.89 19.29 17.18 22.50 20.09 28.66

Real Estate & Housing 5.26 5.31 6.51 6.66 7.48 7.82 8.13 8.45 8.98 9.52 10.00 10.61 11.44 12.28

Government Services 11.75 15.97 18.25 19.20 26.64 28.55 29.93 36.08 37.33 41.23 44.64 49.54 56.21 o3.20

Other Services 3.55 3.53 3.97 5.20 6.57 7.30 7.83 8.40 9.01 9.65 10.13 10.53 11.42 12.26 1j

SERVICES 39.25 48.38 56.55 64.67 82.54 91.94 94.47 113.20 125.90 154.49 169.45 193.69 228.93 254.75 2i -.;1

AGRICULTURE 13.10 12.28 13.64 16.51 13.83 20.31 16.19 19.22 16.44 22.87 25.94 28.05 24.85 23.26

MINING & QUARRYING 0.20 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.33 0.41 0.45 0.38 0.45 0.50 0.64 1.37 1.54 2.57

MANUFACTURING 12.54 13.24 12.79 15.74 17.88 18.66 17.55 22.62 21.94 32.83 35.37 44.25 45.79 46.24 50.

CONSTRUCTION 6.59 5.49 8.12 10.58 10.85 13.60 14.96 12.82 15.05 16.68 21.32 34.16 38.38 51.73 5..

TOTAL 71.68 79.55 91.34 107.82 125.43 144.92 143.62 168.24 179.78 227.37 252.72 301.52 339.49 378.55 418.

SERVICES Z OF TOTAL 54.76 60.82 61.91 59.98 65.81 63.44 65.78 67.28 70.03 67.95 67.05 64.24 67.43 67.30 62.

Source: Organization of East Caribbean States - Econosic Affairs Secretariat

Appendix 1

Sectoral Composition of Gross Domestic ProductAt Factor in Current Prices

EC:MillionSt.Lucia

Activity 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1'.'91

Electricity I.- Water 16.20 15.50 16.80 17.30 20.00 23.80 24.20

Wholesale & Retail 72.80 94.70 105.20 114.00 126.00 146.20 160.'0

Hotels /. Restaurant 34.90 45.80 56.70 57.10 68.80 77.40 2:9.00

Transportation 65.50 72.40 88.10 94.30 98.30 104.00 Il• 0

Communications 19.00 24.80 29.00 34.40 34.80 41.20 45.20

Banks I, Insurance 36.60 38.60 45.20 52.80 66.70 72.90 7/.99

Real Estate & Housing 26.90 29.70 32.50 35.70 39.40 45.50 51.30

Government Services 86.70 90.80 98.90 99.90 127.10 123.00 132.09

Other Services 19.00 21.50 23.10 25.10 27.20 29.70 32.00

SERVICES 377.60 433.80 495.50 530.60 608.30 663.70 721A

AGRICULTURE 76.60 104.60 82.20 114.70 107.20 125.60 119.70

MINING & QUARRYING 2.60 2.70 2.60 3.60 6.20 5.10 5.40

MANUFACTURING 43.40 50.00 55.50 62.20 69.50 73.00 72.80

CONSTRUCTION 32.00 36.70 40.00 53.60 73.50 61.00 73.80

TOTAL 532.20 627.80 675.80 764.70 864.70 928.40 993.30

Services as 1 Total 70.95 69.10 73.32 69.39 70.35 71.49 72.65

Source: Organization of East Caribbean StatesEconomic Affairs Secretariat.

Appendix 1

Sectoral Composition of Gross Domestic Productat Factor Cost and Curremt Prices - ECS Million

St.Vincent and the Grenadines

Activity 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1007 1908 1989 1990 1 - 91

Electricity I, Nate! 2.44 2.56 3.03 3.36 4.62 5.50 6.98 7.63 6.97 11.03 13.52 17.70 19.03 21.56 23.72

VholesaIe & Retail 11.11 12.80 13.90 17.66 18.39 22.61 24.36 26.09 28.70 31.61 35.50 30.85 43.63 51.70 5. .1!

Note _ t Restaurants 1.93 1.97 2.21 2.66 3.69 4.13 4.49 4.67 4. 9' 5.61 i, .07 7.38 I_L21 :7.10 11.77

Transport 10.90 13.46 15.98 10.30 21.01 25.79 28.88 72.80 35.51 70.92 47.25 C.40 51.57 67.56 73. '0

Colunications 3.10 4.06 5.02 5.4? 7.40 0.77 9.05 8.54 10.94 14.4 9 17.97 22.47 2' . 97 -- 07 72.27

Banks I Insurance 3.45 5.45 7.13 8.32 10.33 12.30 14.06 17.92 16.56 19.77 22.06 2 .44 31.'5 7'.11 1:.:)

Eta': Estate & Hnsing 4.17 4.45 5.22 6.61 8.01 8.18 8.79 9.16 9.41 9.58 10.03 10.37 16.87 12.02 12.46

Goverment Services 14.90 10.96 21.56 22.60 29 .37 32.89 39 .55 41.50 42.93 46.51 55.55 5 9 .67 67.57 73.16

Other Services 2.63 3.07 3.33 4.57 5.31 5.68 6.10 6.36 6.53 6.65 6.97 .21 7.46 0.25 0.55

SERVICES 54.71 66.78, 78.18 89.77 106.93 125.65 142.24 154.63 165.52 . 184.17 211.60 27c.49 267.91. 707.98 734.44

AGRICULTURE 14.70 20.71 19.75 19.63 27.40 31.93 36.56 43.20 49.54 54.7? 54.16 65.09 67.89 03.89 05.81

MINING I QUARRYING 0.27 0.29 0.39 0.50 0.56 0.59 0.63 0.45 0.52 0.76 0.94 0.96 1.04 1.22 '.'3

MANUFACTURING 6.03 10.53 13.39 14.49 10.03 21.18 21.74 29.54 29.29 29.35 32.72 36.21 42.99 32.51 43.35

CONSTRUCTION 10.08 10.79 14.38 18.36 20.5$ 21.82 23.17 16.62 19.44 28.53 31.53 33.25 35.89 42.26

TOTAL 05.79 109.10 126.09 142.95 176.38 201.37 224.34 244.44 264.31 297.58 331.03 374.00 415.77 469.08 510.68

SERVICES AS I TOTAL 63.77 61.21 62.00 62.80 61.76 62.50 63.40 63.26 62.62 61.89 63.95 63.23 64.45 64.69 65.19

Source: Organization of East Caribbean States - Economic Affairs Secretariat

rstdrclt$ 1

Sectoral Composition of Gross Domestic Productat Factor Cost and Current Prices - TT$ MILLION

Trinidad and Tobago

Activity 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 i

Electricity Water 99.30 124.40 168.90 207.20 240.10 384.50 376.90 423.30 457.40 402.90 390.60 340.00 293.40 344.50 390.30

Distribution Servicesincl. Restaurants

510.40 796.60 820.80 1035.60 1466.20 1714.60 1508.10 1267.40 1083.30 1679.00 1774.70 2014.30 2100.80 2266.90 2966 .80

Hotel L Guest Houses 31.70 37.10 46.70 56.00 66.10 72.30 76.70 69.00 61.90 51.60 51.90 56.60 73 . 10 72.30 106.60

Transportation, Storageand Communication

806.20 847.70 1200.60 1092.10 1933.80 2506.30 2460.80 2111.00 1980.90 1925.10 1970.30 1914.40 1825.00 2031.30 21 0k,. 10

Finance, insurance, Real 595.70 772.80 1074.10 1431.60 1837.80 2163.00 2271.30 2175.00 2184.10 2155.60 2045.00 1945.30 1880.20 192c..20 ;026.40Estate & Business Services

;eneral Gov't 635.60 763.50 1064.40 1173.50 1475.20 2868.20 2617.30 2775.60 2741.40 2765.30 2552.20 2441.30 2194.40 22.20

Education & Cultural 207.10 252.20 226.70 380.30 383.10 012.60 808.70 856.40 853.30 830.20 818.00 015.00 733.20 73;.50Community Services

Personal Services 165.90 188.20 274.90 308.60 386.70 437.70 454.80 507.70 430.50 414.20 317.00 351.60 464.00 482.70 4 "..-J

SERVICES 3051.90 3782.50 4939.10 6534.90 7789.00 10959.70 10574.60 10185.40 9792.80 10223.90 9919.70 9886.50 9564.10 10160.60 1141. 1 .5

PETROLEU`! INDUSTRIES 3169.30 3041.80 4392.40 6664.40 6286.00 5411.10 4645.70 4972.00 4819.40 3831.10 4246.20 3951.30 4755.10 6161.60 4702.70

AGRICULTURE 193.80 225.80 239.80 278.10 369.00 453.80 454.60 349.40 344.50 335.70 356.80 322.40 306.00 351.80 344.20

SUGAR INDUSTRY 113.70 102.90 193.50 221.00 204.90 173.50 312.70 238.20 361.20 264.90 271.70 302.40 273.90 296.20 290.90

CONSTRUCTION & QUARRYING 638.50 1088.48 1316.30 1702.30 2419.90 2992.30 2698.50 2365.80 2013.60 1634.40 1544.20 1596.10 1622.20 1655.20 1928.0

MANUFACTURING 567.00 634.70 772.00 911.70 980.10 1174.30 1358.70 1320.00 1197.10 1282.70 1249.60 1243.10 1527.10 1682.60 1854.60

TOTAL 7734.20 8876.18 11853.10 16312.40 18048.90 21164.70 20044.80 19430.80 18528.60 17572.70 17588.20 17301.80 18048.40 20317.00 20543.60

SERVICES : OF TOTAL 39.46 42.61 41.67 40.06 43.15 51.78 52.75 52.42 52.85 58.18 56.40 57.14 52.99 50.04 55.58

Source: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Central Statistical Office,The National Income of Trinidad and Tobago, 1966-1985 CSO, P.O.S. 1987Other C.S.O. data.

S (62.1%)

C (6.8%)

M (6.4%)_M & Q (0.9%)

A (23.8%)

APPENDIX 2

Figure 7: Sectoral Shares GDP, Dominica1977

S (51.3%)

S= Services A= Agriculture C= ConstructionM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

Figure 8: Sectoral Shares GDP, Dominica1991

S= Services A= Agriculture M= ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

S (65.6%)

C (6.5%)

AINT03%)

A (23.8%)

C (10.4%)

A (140 3(U 1%)

APPENDIX 2

Figure 9: Sectoral Shares GDP, Grenada1980

S= Services A= Agriculture M=ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

Figure 10: Sectoral Shares GDP, Grenada1991

S= Services A= Agriculture M= ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

M (17.7%)(8.6%)

M Sz. Q (10.0%)

C (5.9%)

APPENDIX 2

Figure 11: Sectoral Shares GDP, Jamaica1977

S = Services A & F = Agriculture ect. M = ManufM & Q = Mining and Quarrying C = Construction

Source: Planning Institute of JamaicaEconomic and Social Survey 1983

Figure 12: Sectoral Shares GDP, Jamaica1990

S (56.0%)

S = Services A & F = Agriculture ect. M = ManufM & Q = Mining and Quarrying C = Construction

Source: Planning Institute of JamaicaEconomic and Social Survey 1991

S (78.5%

C (9.8%)

(V6%)A (4.6%)

S (77.4%

C (11.5%)

M i\g, (?")

A (4.1%)

APPENDIX 2

Figure 13: Sectoral Shares GDP, Montserrat1977

S = Services A = Agriculture M = ManufacturingM Q = Mining and Quarrying C = Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

Figure 14: Sectoral Shares GDP, Montserrat1987

S = Services A = Agriculture M = ManufacturingM & Q = Mining and Quarrying C = Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

S (54.8%)

C (9.2%)

A (18.3%)M & Q (0.3%) M (17.5%)

S (67.8%)

C (12.7%)

• 1A _(6.7%) M (12.1%)

ro&Q (0.6%)

APPENDIX 2

Figure 15: Sectoral Shares GDP, St.Christopher & Nevis1977

S= Services A= Agriculture M= ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

Figure 16: Sectoral Shares GDP, St.Christopher & Nevis1991

S= Services A= Agriculture M= ManufacturingM & Q= Mining and Quarrying C= Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

S (72.6%)

C (7.4%)

M (7.3%)M1% Q (0.5%)

A (12.1%)

S (71.0%)

C (6.0%)

M (8.2%)M & Q (0.5%)

A (14.4%)

APPENDIX 2

6

Figure 17: Sectoral Shares GDP, St. Lucia1991

S = Services A = Agriculture M = ManufacturingM & Q = Mining and Quarrying C = Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

Figure 18: Sectoral Shares GDP, St. Lucia1985

S = Services A = Agriculture M = ManufacturingM & Q = Mining and Quarrying C = Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

APPENDIX 2

Figure 19: Sectoral Shares GDP, St. Vincent1977

S = Services A = Agriculture M = ManufacturingM & Q = Mining and Quarrying C = Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

Figure 20: Sectoral Shares GDP, St. Vincent1991

S = Services A = Agriculture M = ManufacturingM & Q = Mining and Quarrying C = Construction

Source: OECS/EAS

M (7.3%)

C & Q (8.3%)(1.5%)

A (2.5%)

P (41.0%)

S (39.5%)

S (55.6%)

M (9.0%)

P (22.9%)C & Q (9.4%)

S (1.4 %)A (1.7%)

APPENDIX 2

4

Figure 21: Sectoral Shares GDP, Trinidad and Tobago1977

S= Services P= Petroleum M= ManufacturingS= Sugar Industry C= Construction A= Agriculture

Source: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Central Statistical Office,The National Income of Trinidad & Tobago, 1965-1985 CSO, P.O.S. 1987Other C.S.O. data.

Figure 22: Sectoral Shares GDP, Trinidad and Tobago1991

S= Services P= Petroleum M= ManufacturingS= Sugar Industry A= Agriculture C= Construction

Source: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Central Statistical Office,The National Income of Trinidad & Tobago, 1965-1985 CSO, P.O.S. 1987Other C.S.O. data

Appendix 3

Balance of Payments, US$ MillionDosinica

Activities 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1938

Goods Balance -25.48 -18.08 -15.01 -25.12 -23.60 -7.24 -12.27 -23.95Exports (fob) 19.70 25.10 27.80 25.60 28.40 43.40 48.00 55.60'sports (fob) -45.18 -43.18 -42.81 -50.72 -52.00 -50.64 -60.27 -79.55

ServicesShip.ent and Other

Transportation: -4.52 -4.32 -4.29 -5.08 -5.20 -5.06 -6.03 -7.95

Travel:Credit 3.30 6.60 8.20 10.80 9.00 10.40 11.50 12.30Debit -1.90 -2.30 -2.20 -2.30 -2.50 -2.90 -3.00 -3.20

InvestilentCredit 1.00 1.00 1.26Debit -0.50 -0.80 -1.70 -1.90 -1.90 - 1.90 - 1.69 -1.70

Other GoodsServices & Income

Credit 0.40 1.00 0.40 0.40 0.30 1.20Debit -0.50 -0.30 -0.40 -2.10 -4.10 -4.90 - 4.00 - 3.30

Transfers 15.40 10.39 12.39 17.60 20.80 17.48 16.99 12.28

Current Account Balance -12.80 -7.81 -1.75 -7.10 -6.30 6.28 1.80 -9.32

CAPITAL ACCOUNT 11.87 8.57 5.74 5.67 6.99 -0.25 -5.98 0.01

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Paysents StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 3

Balance of Payments, US$ MillionAntigua and Barbuda

Activities 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

Goods Balance - 55.21 - 73.86 - 77.41 -63.22 -114.97 - 146.50 -253.25 -229.75Exports (fob) 59.50 51.40 49.30 36.50 35.20 28.30 30.90 28.50Imports (fob) - 114.71 - 125.26 -126.71 -99.72 - 150.17 -174.80 -284.15 -258.25

ServicesShipment and Other

Transportation: -11.49 -12.54 -12.69 -9.92 -15.03 -17.50 -28.45 -25.85

Travel:Credit 42.80 5040 49.40 59.10 129.70 147.80 166.70 108.40Debit -3.10 -4.40 -5.00 -0.20 -15.30 -13.40 -14.10 -14.80

"InvestmentCredit 2.80 3.20 6.60 5.00 5.10 2.40 2.50 2.60Debit - 6.90 - 9.30 -17.90 -11.20 -9.70 -7.20 - 9.40 -26.50

Other GoodsServices t Income

Credit 1.80 2.10 2.30 3.70 2.40 2.50 3.00 3.30Debit -2.50 -2.80 -3.10 -2.10 -2.30 -7.50 -13.00 -10.00

Transfers (Net) 10.10 10.40 9.40 10.60 14.50 14.20 17.20 18.70

Current Account Balance - 18.80 - 32.70 -41.60 - 9.10 0.60 -23.10 -126.60 -83.30

CAPITAL. ACCOUNT 26.10 38.83 38.60 2.30 -0.50 23.10 108.60 74.51

Note: Discrepancy between current account balance and MI of the various components

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol 41 Part 1, 1990.

APPendix 3

Activities 1902 1983

Balance of Payments, US$ MillionSt. Lucia

1984 1905 1986 1987 1988 1989

Goods Balance -65.75 -49.58 -59.91 -61.63 -57.81 -84.59 -81.88 -123.27Exports (fob) 41.60 47.50 47.80 52.00 02.90 77.30 119.10 111.90Imports (fob) -107.35 -97.08 -107.71 -113.63 -140.71 -161.89 -200.98 -235.17

ServicesShipment and Other

Transportation: - 10.75 -9.72 -10.79 -11.37 -14.09 -16.21 -20.12 -26.13

Travel:Credit 29.50 36.20 39.80 43.70 56.80 66.40 101.50 113.00Debit -9.40 -10.40 -14.60 -14.60 -14.90 -15.30 -20.60 -21.20

Investment IncomeCredit 0.40 0.30Debit -0.70 -1.50 -1.60 -1.70 -1.70 -1.70 -2.60 -2.60

Other GoodsServices & Income

Credit 15.20 18.69 24.20 25.80 26.50 28.10 22.50 22.50Debit -8.10 -9.90 -14.50 -13.60 -14.30 -14.30 -16.60 -16.60

Transfers (Net) 19.20 21.30 24.00 20.90 21.20 24.70 14.80 12.40

Current Account Balance -30.80 -4.91 -13.40 -12.50 1.70 -12.90 -2.60 -41.60

CAPITAL ACCOUNT 30.52 7.10 14.51 12.77 -3.04 11.45 2.20 41.70

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 3

Activities 1982 1983 1984

Balance of Payments, US$ MillionSt. kitts

1985 1986 1987 1988 19U9

Goods Balance -20.92 -20.31 -27.08 -26.33 -28.18 -40.16 - 52.47 -56.87

Exports (fob) 12.24 18.43 20.15 20.37 27.17 29.80 29.10imports (fob) - 39.82 -46.74 -47.23 -46.70 -55.35 -69.96 -81.57 -89.67

ServicesShipment and Other

Transportation: -3.94 -4.62 -4.67 -4.62 -8.45 -10.95 -12.66 -13.67

Travel:Credit 9.80 10.40 17.72 20.10 26.50 33.50 37.60 40.30

Debit - 3.10 -3.10 -1.60 - 1.70 - 1.81 -2.59 - 3.00 -3.40

Investment IncomeCredit 1.30 1.80 0.90 0.30 2.10 2.80 4.00 3.20

Debit -0.40 - 0.40 -0.50 - 0.90 - 2.89 -3.76 -4.24 -4.:9

Other GoodsServices 6 Income

Credit 3.40 2.60 2.60 2.70 2.42 2.67 3.00 3.54

Debit -5.90 - 3.40 - 3.20 -4.70 - 2.30 -2.37 - 2.82 - 11.12

Transfers (Net) 11.10 10.30 11.50 8.47 10.89 12.23 13.58 15.20

Current Account Balance -8.72 -14.74 -4.34 -o.68 -1.72 -8.64 -17.61 -2820

CAPITAL ACCOUNT 5.54 14.35 5.55 7.21 0.06 6.37 17.02 36.16

Source: international Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 3

Activities 1982 1983 1984

Balance of Payments, US$ MillionSt. Vincent and the Grenadines

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

Goods Balance -26.40 -22.26 -15.34 -8.08 -10.30 -37.17 -24.68 -40.15Exports (fob) 32.19 41.10 53.60 63.20 68.00 52.30 85.30 74.60Imports (fob) -58.59 -63.36 -68.94 -71.28 -72.30 -89.47 -109.98 -114.75

ServicesShipment and Other

Transportation: -6.51 -7.04 -7.66 -7.92 -10.60 -11.00 - 12.22 -14.05

Travel:Credit 14.50 15.70 15.60 17.50 18.10 18.90 21.30 25.20Debit -5.60 -6.40 -6.40 -7.40 -3.80 -3.50 -3.70 -5.10

Investment IncomeCredit 0.20 0.20 0.20 3.10 2.60 2.90 3.20Debit -2.90 -2.50 -3.00 -3.10 -6.60 -7.30 -10.40 -10.18

Other GoodsServices & Income

Credit 1.20 2.10 3.50 1.70 3.20 4.80 5.70 5.70Debit -2.90 -1.80 -3.20 -2.60 -2.40 -4.10 -4.40 -4.60

Transfers 17.00 19.40 15.50 13.40 20.00 24.40 26.30 30.40

Current Account Balance -10.81 -2.60 -1.00 3.70 11.30 -12.37 0.80 -9.98

CAPITAL ACCOUNT 10.35 3.24 0.96 -5.56 -6.07 14.61 1.40 10.90

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 3

Balance of Payments, USE MillionBritish Virgin Islands

Activities 1985 1986 1987 1988

Goods Balance -71.60 -78.00 -87.60 -94.80

Exports 6.00 6.80 7.50 8.70Imports -77.60 -84.80 -95.10 -103.50

Services Balance 27.80 43.40 63.40 75.90

Exports: 74.30 97.40 122.20 142.40Foreign Travel 67.80 88.80 110.80 120.00

Investment Income 2.40 4.00 6.30 17.30

Other 4.10 4.60 5.10 5.10

Imports: 46.50 54.00 58.80 64.40Foreign Travel 15.20 17.10 18.70 22.00Investment Income 17.40 21.50 23.10 24.00

Other 13.90 15.40 17.00 18.40

Goods and Services -43.80 -34.60 -24.20 -18.90

Transfers 1.60 0.90 1.60 1.70

CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE -42.20 -33.70 -22.60 -17.20

Source: Development and Planning Unit in British Developmentin the Caribbean Feanbility Study of the British VirginIslands Community College, Bridgetown, December 1992.

Appendix 3Balance of Payments, US$ Million

Trinidad and Tobago

Activities 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Goods Balance 848.80 -258.10 -206.80 405.90 756.10 153.60 339.30 389.20Exports (fob) 2612.30 2228.60 2026.50 2110.80 2110.70 1363.10 1396.90 1453.30imports (fob) - 1763.50 -2486.80 -2233.30 -1704.90 -1354.60 -1209.40 - 1057.60 - 106i.20

ServicesShipment E. Other Transportation

Credit 236.70 235.90 206.40 196.10 154.90 178.20 104.20 123.30Debit - 326.70 -436.70 -406.30 -342.00 -305.80 -245.00 -215.90 -193.70

Travel:Credit 155.30 197.00 87.00 98.50 97.10 83.30 93.70 91.90Debit - 167.30 -225.00 -261.40 - 276.20 -218.70 -165.30 -157.50 -168.40

Investment incomeCreditDebit -421.10 -200.30 -160.40 -237.10 -290.20 -121.30 - 114.70 - 130.60

Other GoodsServices E. Income

Credit 472.80 503.00 339.30 279.40 328.80 253.70 109.10 165.20Debit -669.S0 -739.10 -843.00 -802.30 -761.70 -634.40 - 510.40 -515.10

Transfers -92.30 - 140.00 -86.60 -83.20 -59.40 -49.90 -36.80 -29.60

Current Account Balance 374.50 -644.90 -1002.90 -522.50 -90.30 -441.70 -242.20 -161.00

CAPITAL ACCOUNT - 265.50 645.80 1253.50 570.10 321.70 525.20 334.00 231.50

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 3

Balance of Payments, US$ MillionJamaica

Activities 1902 1903 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

GoodsExports (fob) 768.50 685.70 702.40 568.50 589.70 709.20 833.10 998.10 1157.50Imports (cif) 1204.40 1124.20 1183.20 1143.70 969.20 1234.30 1449.40 1820.10 1942.40

Balance of Trade -435.90 - 430.50 -480.80 - - -525.10 -566.30 -822.00 - 784.90

Services (net) - 102.90 - 12.00 7.40 38.30 198.10 216.60 360.20 241.30 180.20Exports: 626.70 646.50 624.90 689.60 828.30 1105.20 1369.10 1143.40 1170.90

Foreign Travel 336.20 399.30 406.60 406.80 516.10 594.90 527.10 593.00 740.00Investment Income 97.10 63.80 18.80 34.90 10.50 5.70 10.10 11.70 14.50Other 193.40 176.30 199.50 247.90 301.70 504.60 831.90 538.70 416.40

Imports: 729.60 664.50 617.50 651.30 630.20 888.60 1008.90 902.10 990.70Foreign Travel 30.10 25.00 21.30 31.50 35.10 43.70 56.50 54.30 54.20Investment Income 280.60 248.90 320.60 340.60 332.20 404.70 417.50 453.00 532.10Other 418.90 390.60 275.60 279.20 262.90 440.20 534.90 394.80 404.40

Goods and Services - 530.80 -456.50 -473.40 -536.90 -181.40 - 308.50 -206.10 -500.70 -604.70

Transfers (net) 150.40 101.50 120.60 221.20 142.10 171.60 205.50 322.90 264.60

Current Account Balance -388.40 - 355.00 -352.80 -315.70 -33.30 -136.90 -0.60 - 257.80 -340.10

Net Capital Movement 471.70 65.90 578.50 243.10 9.30 360.10 180.60 87.40 432.80

Change in Reserves(minus : increase)

-83.30 289.10 - 225.70 72.60 24.00 -223.20 -180.00 170.40 -92.70

preliminary

Source: Planning Institute of Jamaica Economic andSocial Survey 1991, 1987, 1985, 1984, 1983

Appendix 3

Balance of Payments, BOSS MillionBarbados

Activities 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Visible Trade (374.40) (406.50) (566.00) (687.30) (025.00) (689.60) (701.90) (641.90) (618.10) (720.10) (807.20) (915.10) (1104.20) (1146.90) (1138.10)

Exports 171.30 223.10 264.50 363.60 327.40 418.80 547.40 683.30 604.30 491.30 264.30 291.30 295.50 303.80 288.90Imports 545.60 629.60 830.50 1050.90 1152.40 1108.40 1249.30 1325.20 1222.50 1211.40 1071.60 1206.40 1399.70 1450.70 1427.60

. Services (Het) 239.30 310.00 453.10 590.00 538.20 558.80 561.70 635.00 608.00 664.90 686.90 884.40 1087.30 986.30 980.30

Transfers (4et) 31.90 33.60 43.90 43.00 36.10 46.50 41.60 29.40 11.10 23.50 13.30 35.40 11.70 85.50 66.40

Current Balance (103.20) (62.90) (68.90) (54.30) (250.70) (84.30) (90.60) 22.40 81.00 (31.80) (107.00) 4.70 (5.30) (75.10) (91.10)

Capital Account 59.90 61.00 16.80 102.70 242.60 74.70 103.60 (30.20) (10.50) 31.70 184.90 85.10 23.40 91.90 (2.30)

long-tern Capital 38.90 24.20 (15.80) 46.70 155.10 17.80 44.30 (35.60) 23.10 25.50 141.10 62.60 1.20 63.20 (5A)

Errors 6 Omission 37.40 60.30 74.30 (8.40) (70.70) 23.90 8.30 9.90 18.00 6.30 (37.30) (18.10) (09.60) (110.10) (24.80)

Basic Balance (64.30) (38.80) (84.70) (7.60) (96.60) (66.40) (54.20) (13.20) 104.10 (o.30) 34.10 67.30 (4.00) (11.90) (97.10)

Balance for OfficialFinancing (6.00) 58.30 22.10 40.10 (78.70) 14.40 13.30 2.10 88.60 6.20 40.50 71.70 (71.50) (93.30) (118.50)

Official FinancingTransactions 35.10 0.00 (4.00) (15.00) 33.°0 47.40 29.30 7.30 (6.70) (27.10) (46.10) (22.50) (13.10) 4.10 22.70

Change in ReservesCBE Basis (29.20) (58.30) (18.10) (25.10) 44.90 (61.80) (42.6) (9.30) (81.00) 20.90 5.60 (49.20) 84.60 09.20 95.80

Decrease/- Increase)

Source: Central Bank of Barbados, Balance of Payments 1992

Appendix 3Balance of Payments, US$ Million

Grenada

Activities 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Goods Balance -37.07 -59.03 -57.88 -32.92 -43.26 -57.17 -61.20 -61.69

Exports (fob) 19.00 18.50 19.30 18.20 22.30 28.80 31.60 32.81

imports (fob) -56.07 -59.03 -57.88 -51.12 -65.56 -85.97 -92.80 -94.50

ServicesShipment and Other

Transportation:Credit 0.60 0.80 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.81 1.81

Debit -7.43 -8.27 -9.02 -8.48 -10.16 -12.75 -14.11 -14.69

Travel:Credit 17.00 16.40 16.60 19.50 28.39 36.69 42.71 47.49

Debit -3.16 -2.40 -2.50 -2.70 3.10 -3.50 -4.10 -4.52

InvestmentCredit 1.30 1.50 1.70 1.40 1.20 1.60 1.50 1.52

Debit -1.10 -1.40 -1.80 -2.90 -3.10 -3.40 -3.90 -4.30

Other GoodsServices & Income

Credit 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 2.41 1.52

Debit -8.00 -11.80 -8.60 -7.20 -7.81 -9.81 -9.52 -8.00

Transfers 22.89 26.90 25.30 35.00 38.22 35.90 19.99 21.59

Current Account Balance -13.87 -17.70 -14.90 3.80 2.58 -10.24 -24.40 -19.25

CAPITAL ACCOUNT 11.03 19.01 12.14 7.85 -0.80 12.03 22.84 21.08

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 4

Exports of Goods and Services, US$ MillionGrenada

Activities 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1T(38

GoodsExports 19.00 18.50 19.30 10.20 22.30 28.20 31.60 32.81

Non-Factor Services Exports 12.60 17.20 17.40 20.40 29.39 37.69 44.52 49.30

Exports of Goods andNon-factor Services 36.60 35.70 36.70 38.60 51.69 66.49 76.12 82.11

Factor Services Exports 1.30 1.50 1.70 1.40 1.20 1.60 1.50 1.52

Exports of Goods Services 37.90 37.20 38.40 40.00 52.89 68.09 77.62 83.63

Non-factor Services Exportas Z of Goods & Non-factorServices Exports 48.09 48.18 47.41 52.85 56.80 56.69 58.49 60.04

Non-Factor Services Exportsas a : of Goods & Services 46.44 40.24 45.31 51.00 55.57 55.35 57.36 58.95

Note: Excludes catch-all item - 'other goods, services and income.'

Source: international Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments - StatisticsYearbook Vol 41 Part 1, 1990

Appendix 4

Exports of Goods and Services, USt MillionDominica

Activities 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1908

GoodsExports (fob) 19.70 25.10 27.80 25.60 28.40 43.40 48.00 55.60

Non-Factor Services Exports 3.30 6.60 8.20 10.80 9.80 10.40 11.50 12.30

Goods & Non - factor ServicesExport 23.00 31.70 36.00 36.40 38.20 53.60 59.50 67.90

Factor Services Exports 1.00 1.00 1.26

Exports of Goods and Services 24.00 32.70 37.26 36.40 38.20 53.60 59.50 67.90

Exports of Non-factor Servicesas 1 of Goods Non-factorServices 14.35 20.82 22.78 29.67 25.65 19.40 19.33 12.11

Exports of Non-Factor Servicesas a 1 of Total Goods Services 13.75 20.18 22.01 29.67 25.65 19.40 19.33 18.11

Note: Excludes catch-all item - 'other goods, services and income."

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 4Exports of Goods and Services, USt Million

Antigua and Barbuda

Activities 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1981

GoodsExports 59.50 51.40 49.30 36.50 35.20 28.30 30.90 20.50

Non-Factor Services Exports 42.80 50.40 49.40 59.10 129.70 147.80 166.70 188.40

Goods & Non-factor ServicesExport 102.30 101.80 98.70 95.60 164.90 176.10 197.60 216.90

Exports of Factor Services 2.80 3.20 6.60 5.00 5.10 2.40 2.50 2.60

Exports of Goods L Services 105.10 105.00 105.30 100.60 170.00 170.50 200.10 .219.50

Exports of Non-factor Servicesas I of Goods & Non-factorServices 41.84 49.51 50.05 61.82 10.65 03.93 04.36 06.06

Exports of Non-Factor Servicesas a : of Total Goods & Services 40.72 48.00 46.91 58.75 76.29 02.80 03.31 85.03

Note: Excludes catch-all item - 'other goods, services and income.'

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 4Exports of Goods and Services, US$ Million

St. Lucia

Activities 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

GoodsExports 41.60 47.50 47.80 52.00 82.90 77.30 119.10 111.90

Non-Factor Services Exports 29.50 36.20 39.80 43.70 56.80 66.40 101.50 113.00

Export of Goods & Non-factor ServicesServices 71.10 83.70 87.60 95.70 139.70 143.70 220.60 224.90

Factor Services Exports 0.40 0.30

Exports of Goods & Services 71.10 83.70 87.60 95.70 139.70 143.20 221.00 225.20

Non7factor Services Exportsas I of Goods & Non-factorServices 41.49 43.25 45.43 45.66 40.66 46.21 46.01 50.24

Exports of Non-Factor Servicesas a Z of Total Goods Services 41.49 43.25 45.43 45.66 40.66 46.21 45.93 50.18

Note: Excludes catch-all item - 'other goods, services and income."

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 4

Activities

Goods

1982 1983 1984

Exports of Goods and Services, US$ MillionSt. Christopher & Nevis

1985 1986 1987 1982 1989

Exports 18.84 18.43 20.15 20.37 27.17 29.80 29.10 32.80

Non-Factor Services Exports 9.80 10.40 17.72 20.10 26.50 33.50 37.60 40-50

Export of Goods & Hon-factorServices 28.64 28.83 37.87 40.47 53.67 63.30 66.70 73.10

Factor Services Exports 1.30 1.80 0.90 0.30 2.10 2.80 4.00 ..20

Exports of Goods & Services 29.94 30.63 38.77 40.77 55.77 66.10 70.70 76.30

Non-factor Services Exportsas 1 of Goods & Non-factorServices 34.22 36.07 46.79 49.67 49.38 52.92 56.37 55.13

Exports of Non-Factor Servicesas a : of Total Goods & Services 32.73 33.95 45.71 49.30 47.52 50.68 53.18 52.22

Note: Excludes catch-all item - 'other goods, services and income.'

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 4

Export of Goods and Services, US$ MillionSt. Vincent and the Grenadines

Activities 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

GoodsExports 32.19 41.10 53.60 63.20 68.00 52.30 85.30 74.60

Non'.-actor Services Exports 14.50 15.70 15.60 17.50 18.10 18.90 21.30 25.20

Export of Goods & Non-factorServices 46.69 56.80 69.20 80.70 86.10 71.20 106.60 99.80

Factor Services Exports 0.20 0.20 0.20 3.10 2.60 2.90 3.20

Exports of Goods & Services 46.89 57.00 69.20 80.90 89.20 73.80 109.50 103.00

Non-factor Services Exportsas X of Goods & Non-factorServices 31.06 27.64 22.54 21.69 21.02 26.54 19.98 25.25

Exports of Non-Factor Servicesas a X of Total Goods t Services 30.92 27.54 22.54 21.63 20.29 25.61 19.45 24.47

Note: Excludes catch-all item - 'other goods, services and income.'

Source: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Vol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 4

Exports of Goods and Services, USE HillionTrinidad and Tobago

Activities 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 198

GoodsExports 2612.30 2228.60 2026.50 2110.80 2110.70 1363.10 1396.90 1453.30

Non-factor Services Exports 392.00 432.90 293.40 294.60 252.00 261.50 197.90 215.20

Factor Services Exports - - - - -

Export of Goods 6 Non - factorServices 3004.30 2661.50 2319.90 2405.40 2362.70 1624.60 1594.80 1668.50

Exports of Goods & Services 3004.30 2661.50 2319.90 2405.40 2362.70 1624.60 1594.00 1668.50

Non-factor Services Exportsas X of Goods & Hon-factorServices 13.05 16.27 12.65 12.25 10.67 16.10 12.41 12.90

Exports of Non-Factor Servicesas a I of Total Goods fl Services 13.05 16.27 12.65 12.25 10.67 16.10 12.41 12.90

Note: Excludes catch - all item - 'other goods, services and income.'

Source: IHF Balance of Payments StatisticsYearbook Yol. 41 Part 1, 1990.

Appendix 4Exports of Goods and Services, US$ Million

Jamaica

Activities 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

GoodsExports 768.50 685.70 702.40 568.50 589.70 709.20 883.10 998.10 1157.50

Non-Factor Services Exports 529.60 575.60 606.10 654.70 817.80 1099.50 1359.00 1131.70 1156.40

Factor Services Exports 97.10 63.80 18.80 34.90 10.50 5.70 10.10 11.70 14.50

Export of Goods & Non-factorServices 1298.10 1261.30 1308.50 1223.20 1407.50 1808.70 2242.10 2129.80 2313.90

Exports of Goods & Services 1395.20 1325.10 1327.30 1258.10 1418.00 1814.40 2252.20 2141.50 2328.40

. Non - factor Services Exportsas 1 of Goods & Non-factorServices 40.80 45.64 46.32 53.52 58.10 60.79 60.61 53.14 49.98

Exports of Non-Factor Servicesas a 1 of Total Goods & Services 37.96 43.44 45.66 52.04 57.67 60.60 60.34 52.85 49.67

Source: Planning Institute of Jamaica Economic andSocial Survey 1991, 1987, 1985, 1984, 1903

Appendix 4

Exports of Goods and Services, USt MillionBritish Virgin Islands

Activities 1985 1986 1987 1980

GoodsExports 6.00 6.80 7.50 8.70

Non-Factor Services Exports 67.80 88.80 110.80 120.00

Export of Goods 6 Non-factorServices 73.80 95.60 118.20 128.70

Factor Services Exports 2.40 4.00 6.30 17.30

Exports of Goods & Services 76.20 99.60 124.50 146.00

Non-factor Services Exportsas .1; of Goods d Non-factorServices 91.87 92.89 93.74 93.24

Exports of Non-Factor Servicesas a % of Total Goods d Services 80.98 89.16 09.00 82.1?

Source: Planning Unit in BDDC, Feasibility Study of the BYICosaunity College, Bridgetown 1992.

Appendix 4

Exports of Goods and Services, BDS$Million

Barbados

Activities 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1902 1903 1984 1925 1986 1987 1983 1989 1990 1991

Goods exports 171.30 223.10 264.50 363.60 327.40 412.70 547.40 683.30 604.30 491.30 264.30 291.30 295.50 303.80 2)38.90

Non-factor Services

Exports 346.80 434.30 616.90 704.90 768.60 216.10 825.00 912.80 972.50 994.70 1075.20 1235.80 1446.20 1407.30 1354.30

Exports of GoodsNon - factor Services 512.10 657.40 881.40 1148.50 1096.00 1234.80 1372.40 1596.10 1576.80 1486.00 1339.50 1527.10 1741.70 1711.10 1643.20

Factor Services Exports 5.40 11.90 17.40 21.60 21.90 23.90 22.60 34.10 36.40 47.60 43.40 41.80 48.30 36.30 40.10

Exports of Goods 8 Services 523.50 669.30 898.80 1170.10 1117.90 1258.70 1395.00 1630.20 1613.20 1533.60 1302.90 1562.90 1790.00 1747.40 1603.32

Non-factor Services Exports

as Z Goods Services 66.25 64.89 60.64 67.00 68.75 64.84 59.14 55.99 60.20 64.86 77.75 70.77 80.79 80.54 00.46

Source: Central Bank of Barbados, Balance of Faymeats 1992.