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20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

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Detailed Project Report

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT

VillageThat, Tehsil-Pokharan, Distt- Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

Date: 24.07.2014

Prepared by:

Gensol Consultants Pvt Ltd,

108, Pinnacle Business Park,

Corporate Road, Prahaladnagar,

Ahmedabad, Gujarat-380015

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Copyrigh t Protect ion Statement

Copyright Gensol Consultants Pvt. Ltd. The reproduction or transmission of all or part of this

work, whether by photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means or otherwise

without the written permission of Gensol Consultants Pvt. Ltd is prohibited, and the commission

of any unauthorized acts in relation to the work may result in civil or criminal actions. The author

asserts its moral right to be identified as the author of the work.

Disclaimer Notice

This document has been prepared for M/S Today Green Energy Pvt . Ltd . (the Client) only and

solely for the purpose stated in the contract (the Contract) between Gensol Consultants Pvt Ltd

(the Consultant) and the Client.

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Contents

GLOSSARY .......................................................... ................................................................... .................................. 8

ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................... .................................................................... .................... 10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................... .................................................................. 12

PROJECT AT A GLANCE .......... ................................................................... ....................................................... 16

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................ .................................................................. 18

1.1ABOUT TODAY GREEN ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED ORGANIZATION................................................................ 18

1.2ABOUT PROJECT CONSULTANT.................................................................. ...................................................... 19

1.3SCOPE OF SERVICES FOR DPR .............................................. ................................................................. .......... 20

2. INDUSTRY OUTLOOK ........................................... ................................................................. ........... 21

2.1BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT....................................................... ................................................................ 21

2.2OBJECTIVE AND BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT.................................... ................................................................. 21

2.3GLOBAL AND INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO............................ ................................................................... ........ 21

2.4RAJASTHAN STATE ELECTRICITY SCENARIO............. .................................................................... ................... 23

2.5RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN THE STATE.................................................................................... .......... 24

2.6GROWTH IN DEMAND........................................................... ................................................................... ........ 25

2.7SOLAR PVREACHING TOWARDS GRID PARITY.................... ................................................................. .......... 26

3. INDIAN MARKET FOR SOLAR POWER ............................................................................. ........... 27

3.1THENATIONAL SOLAR MISSION AND STATE POLICIES.................................................................................... 27

4. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT ............................................................ ................................ 32

5. PROJECT SITE .......................................................................................... ........................................... 32

5.1LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY........................................................................................ ............................... 32

5.2RAINFALL AND CLIMATE................................................................................................ ................................. 35

5.3LAND REQUIREMENT AND LAYOUT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT..................................................................... 36

6. SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ................................................................ ................................. 38

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6.1INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... .......................................... 38

6.2INDIAS SOLAR RADIATION PROFILE..................................................................... .......................................... 38

6.3RADIATION PROFILE OF THE SITE.............................................................. ...................................................... 39

7. SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ........................................................... ........................................... 41

7.1PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES...................................................... ................................................................ 42

7.1.1CRYSTALLINE TECHNOLOGY.............................................................................. .......................................... 42

7.1.2THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY.................................................. ................................................................. .......... 43

7.1.3COMPARISON OF MAJOR PVTECHNOLOGIES: .............................. ................................................................ 44

7.2PVTECHNOLOGY RECOMMENDATION........................................... ................................................................. 46

7.3BALANCE OF PLANT SYSTEMS (BOS) ........................................................ ...................................................... 46

7.4INVERTER TECHNOLOGIES......................................................................................................... ...................... 46

7.5CABLING........................................................ ................................................................... ............................... 49

7.6MODULE MOUNTING SYSTEM.............................................. ................................................................. .......... 50

8. PROJECT REGISTRATION AND CLEARANCES ................................................................ ......... 52

8.1PROJECT REGISTRATION/CLEARANCES........................................................................................................... 52

9. POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA .................................................................................... ........... 54

9.1DESIGN AND SIMULATION PROJECTIONS BY PVSYST ........................................................................... .......... 54

9.2PVPOWER PLANT ENERGY PRODUCTION............................ ................................................................... ........ 54

9.3PVPOWER PLANT CAPACITY UTILIZATION FACTOR (CUF) ............................................... ............................... 55

9.4SELECTION OF INVERTER AND COMPONENTS................................. ................................................................. 55

9.5SELECTION OF MONITORING SYSTEM........................................................................................... ................... 55

9.6DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CABLES AND JUNCTION BOXES................................................................ .................... 56

10. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POWER PLANT .............................................................. ......... 57

10.1INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... .......................................... 57

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10.2SOLAR PVMODULES.......................................................... ................................................................... ........ 58

10.3INVERTER........................................................................... ................................................................. .......... 59

10.4MODULE MOUNTING SYSTEM............................................ ................................................................. .......... 61

10.5MONITORING SYSTEM........................................................ ................................................................... ........ 62

10.6CABLES AND CONNECTORS................................................ ................................................................. .......... 63

10.7BUILDINGS FOR PLANT EQUIPMENT (INVERTER ROOMS AND CONTROL ROOM) ............................................ 64

10.8OTHER FACILITIES INCLUDING WATER.............................. .................................................................. ......... 65

11. POWER EVACUATION AND INTERFACING WITH GRID ........................................................ 66

11.1POWER EVACUATION PLAN................................................................................. .......................................... 66

11.2TRANSFORMERS.......................................... ................................................................... ............................... 66

11.3132KVSWITCHYARD..................................................................................................... ............................... 67

11.4HT,LV,33KVAND 132KVMETERING EQUIPMENT................................ ..................................................... 69

11.5CABLES............................................ ................................................................... .......................................... 70

11.6GRID SYNCHRONIZATION SCHEME.......................................................... ...................................................... 71

12. ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL ENERGY YIELD ............................................................ .................... 72

12.1INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... .......................................... 72

12.2ENERGY GENERATION ASSESSMENT................................ ................................................................... .......... 73

13. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................... 78

13.1BASIC PLANT OPERATION........................... ................................................................... ............................... 78

13.2MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS....................................... ................................................................... .......... 79

13.3SPARE PARTS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM................................................................. .......................................... 80

13.4O&MMANUALS................................................................................................ .......................................... 80

13.5OPERATION &MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT....................................... ............................... 81

14. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .......................... ....................................................... 83

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14.1PROJECT PHASES................................................................ ................................................................. .......... 83

14.2PROJECT REGISTRATION AND FINANCING............................................................ .......................................... 83

14.3FINALIZATION OF THE EQUIPMENT AND CONTRACTS.......................................... .......................................... 83

14.4PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION............................................................................................................. 84

14.5ERECTION AND COMMISSIONING PHASE................................................................................................ ........ 84

15. RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ........................................................................................ 86

15.1 PROJECT COMPLETION RISK MEDIUM/LOW......................................................................... ...................... 86

15.2TECHNOLOGY RISK

LOW............................................................ ................................................................ 86

15.3COST OVER-RUN RISK -LOW.................................. ................................................................. ...................... 87

15.4GENERATION ASSURANCE MEDIUM............................................................................. ............................... 88

15.5FORCE MAJEURE RISK LOW.............................................................................. .......................................... 88

15.6OPERATING RISK LOW.......................................................................................................... ...................... 88

15.7PLANT PERFORMANCE RISK MEDIUM................................................................................................ ......... 89

16. PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ....................................................... 90

16.1PROJECT COST..................................................................................................... .......................................... 90

16.2SALEABLE ELECTRICITY.......................................................................................................... ...................... 91

17. LIST OF SUPPLIERS .......................................................... ................................................................. 92

ANNEXURE-I : ENERGY SIMULATION REPORT (10 MW BLOCK) .............. ........................................... 94

ANNEXURE-II: MODULE DATASHEET ................................................................ ........................................... 97

ANNEXURE-III: INVERTER DATASHEET ............................................................................................. ......... 99

ANNEXURE-IV: PROJECT SCHEDULE ........ ................................................................... .............................. 105

ANNEXURE-V: SLD- 20 MW PLANT ................................................................................. .............................. 110

ANNEXURE-VI: SLD- 50 MW PLANT ......................................................... ..................................................... 111

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Seismic zone of India.................................................................................................................. ........... 33

Figure 2 Location of site.............................................................................................. ........................................... 34

Figure 3 Solar Resource Map of India............................................... .................................................................. 39

Figure 4 Typical solar PV system components................................................................................................... 41

Figure 5 Mono-Crystalline Silicon Module....................................................................................... .................... 43

Figure 6 Multi-Crystalline Silicon Module................................ ................................................................. ........... 43

Figure 7 Thin film PV module......................................................................... ....................................................... 44

Figure 8 Block diagram showing interconnection of various systems............................................................. 58

Figure 9 Typical photovoltaic solar module ..................................................................................... .................... 59

Figure 10 Typical Solar Inverter............................................................................................ ................................ 60

Figure 11 Typical Fixed tilt module mounting structure..................................................................................... 61

Figure 12 Typical Control Room Section............................................................................. ................................ 65

Figure 13 Tilt angle optimization snapshot from PVsyst............................ ....................................................... 73

Figure 14 Sun path for the proposed location..................................................................................................... 74

Figure 15: Organizational Chart............................................................................................ ................................ 82

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GLOSSARY

Photovoltaic The physical effect of direct Conversion of light (sunlight)to electrical energy

PV CellThe smallest photovoltaic (PV) element that generateselectricity from light

PV Module

A collection of interconnected PV cells, encapsulatedbetween protective materials such as glass and backsheet (Poly Vinyl Fluoride) or glass and glass, andmounted in an aluminum frame. This is a hermeticallysealed unit

ArraySeveral strings of modules with the same orientation andtilt angle, located together

InverterAn electronic device that converts direct current electricityinto alternating current electricity suitable for feedingdirectly to the electrical grid or to normal AC loads

Insolation

It is a measure of solar radiation energy received on agiven surface area in a given time. It is commonlyexpressed as average irradiance in watts per square

meter (W/m) or kilowatt-hours per square meter per day(kWh/ (mday)) (or hours/day)

Mounting StructureDevice used to hold modules in place, at desired angle &direction

Power EvacuationPower generated from Solar PV Power Plant istransmitted to a point (sub-station) where it is distributedfor consumer use

Sub-station

The place where the generated power from solar is

synchronized with utility grid and metered

Control Room Room housing control equipment

CableA conductor with one or more strands bound together,used for transmitting electrical energy

Junction BoxInputs of several strings are connected to this box andtaken as single output

CurrentA flow of electricity through a conductor measured in

Amps

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Voltage

The rate at which energy is drawn from a source thatproduces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts.It is the difference of electrical potential between twopoints of an electrical or electronic circuit, expressed in

volts. It is the measurement of the potential for an electricfield to cause an electric current in an electrical conductor

Lightning ArrestorDevice used to protect all the components from lightningstrikes

TransformerAn electrical device by which alternating current of onevoltage is changed to another voltage

GridA system of high/low tension cables by which electricalpower is distributed throughout a region

SCADA

Instrumentation & Control system for the solar power plantused to detect malfunctions and give information at a giventime interval about the availability and performance of theplant

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ABBREVIATIONS

General

ACB Air Circuit Breaker

AC Alternate current

ACSR Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced

BOS Balance of the System

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CT Current Transformer

DC Direct Current

DP Double Pole

DPR Detailed Project Report

HT High Tension

LT Low Tension

LV Low Voltage

MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

SECI Solar Energy Corporation Of India

KWh Kilo Watt Hour

MCB Main Combiner Box / Miniature Circuit Breaker

PLF/ CUF Plant Load Factor/ Capacity utilization factor

PPA Power Purchase Agreement

PV Photo Voltaic

PT Power Transformer

VCB Vacuum Circuit Breaker

XLPE Cross Linked Polyethylene

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Units

% Percentage

C Degree Centigrade

Kg Kilogram

kV Kilo-Volt

kW kilo Watt

kWp kilo Watt peak

Lt Liter

M Meter

m2 Square meter

m3 Cubic meter

Tons Tons

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Today Green Energy Private Limited (TGEPL) is a SPV company promoted by Today

Homes & Infrastructure Private Limited (THIPL), a Group Today Company planning toput up large scale Solar power projects at strategic locations suitable for Solar power

generation across India.

THIPL, is a well-established enterprise in the field of Real Estate Development with a

number of Residential, Retail and Commercial projects Delivered and Under

Development. Apart from real estate the THIPL is also in the business of Hospitality.

Over a period of next 5 years, the Company is committed to set up facilities to generatemore than 5000 MW of power, coal-based and renewable sources. The expansion will

be fuelled by setting up Greenfield projects as well as expansion in existing power plants.

THIPL has been declared as a successful bidder in the bid process against the Rfs No

SECI/JNNSM/SPV/P-2/B-1/Rfs/102013 issued by Solar Energy Corporation of India

(SECI) and had been issued Letter of Intents.

THIPL has formed a Project Company TGEPL for the development of Solar PowerProjects. In this regards, TGEPL is going to install a 20 MW (2x10MW) solar PV plant,

under the Open Category, at village That, situated in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan state.

The geographical location of the project site is 26.840544 N and 71.818534 E. For the

proposed project approx. 115 acres of the land will be required.

Radiation profile of the location has been assessed using the industry standard

Meteonorm software and the electricity generation has been estimated. 255 Wp (or

higher) capacity poly-crystalline technology based PV modules are suggested for the

proposed solar plant. The basis of selection of poly-crystalline technology is its financial

competitiveness, long term stability and easy availability. Further, on the basis of basic

design engineering, 1000 kW solar inverter units are proposed and 20 nos. of inverters

shall be required for the plant. This project shall be using fixed tilt module mounting

structures for the installation of PV modules. With such arrangement, it is projected that

the proposed 20 MW project will operate at a CUF around 22.29% and will be generating

around 39, 048,487 kWh units per year. Probability analysis has also been presented inthe DPR at the P50, P75 and P90 probability level.

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The generated electricity from the solar PV plant will be evacuated in the dedicated 132

kV grid substation situated 12 kms from the project site. TGEPL has signed a PPA at flat

rate of Rs. 5.45/ kWh for life time of the project, which is considered as 25 years, with

Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI).

The project cost of the envisaged 20 MW (AC) PV Plant is estimated to be Rs. 15070

Lakhs. Debt equity ratio of the investment is 70:30 and debt equity amount for this ratio

is Rs. 10549 lakhs and Rs. 4521 lakhs respectively. The project will receive VGF funding

to the tune of Rs. 2190 lakhs. Furthermore, considering the financial analysis, it is

projected that investment in the proposed project will give a project IRR of 11.81%.

Average Debt Service Coverage Ratio (ADSCR) of the proposed investment is worked

out to be 1.45.

Apart from the financial benefits the solar power plant also helps to reduce the release

of carbondioxide produced by fossil fuel generation. The project converts solar radiation

into useful electricity, adding to sustainability of the project and the local environment.

Besides all these concerns, this report highlights the details of the proposed power

generation scheme, site facilities, solar radiation in the proposed site location and water,

evacuation of generated power, features of main plant and equipment including the

inverter system, electrical systems, environmental aspects, estimate of capital cost and

the financial analysis and the schedule for project implementation.

Group Company Today Homes & Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. (THIPL) located at Delhi is

a well established enterprise in the field of Real Estate Development and Hospitality with

numbers ofResidential, Retail and Commercialprojects already developed and the rest

are under development.

Further in 2007 Today Homes & Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. (THIPL) has diversified in

the Power Sector and form a company Today Energy (MP) Pvt Ltd.(TEMPPL)

promoted by Today Homes & Infrastructure Pvt Ltd.(THIPL) to set up 1320 MW

(2x660 MW) coal based Thermal Power Plant (IPP) at village Silari, Tehsil Gotegaon,

Dist. Narsinghpur, Madhya Pradesh. The details of the project is given below:

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I) Land: Total land acquired is appox. 750 acres at Distt Narsinghpur in the State

of Madhya Pradesh (M.P.), which is sufficient, as per CEA norms for 1320

(2x660) MW coal based thermal Power Project with Supercritical technology.

a) Private Landappox685.54 Acres of land in continuous stretch for the project

has been purchased directly from the land owners through consent route and is

in our possession.

b) Government landof 64.15 Acres has been allocated vide GoMP Revenue

Deptt. Order No. F16-41/2008/7/2A Bhopal dated 31.03.2011.

No forest land is involved.

II) Firm allocation of 40 cusec of waterhas been granted by Water Resource Dept.

(WRD), GoMP.

III) Coal:

(A) Coal linkage for one unit of 660 MW has been tied up with the State of Madhya

Pradesh.

(B) In addition, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) Standing Committee hasrecommended the name of project company i.e. Today Energy (M.P.) Pvt Ltd

(TEMPPL) with maximum marks i.e. 90 (ninety) to Ministry of Power (MoP)

which has further recommended to Ministry of Coal (MoC). It is expected that

long term coal linkage shall be allocated to TEMPPL by Long Term Linkage

Committee shortly.

IV) Environment Clearance: TOR was accorded by MOEF in September 2007.

Public hearing committee meeting was conducted on 19.06.2009 by M.P.

Pollution Control Board. EIA report was submitted through M.P. Pollution Control

Board to Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of MOEF and put up in their 65 th

meeting on 13.02.2010. In absence of firm fuel linkage to the project, proposal

was deferred till fuel tie up. Long term coal linkage for one unit of 660 MW has

been tied up with the State of Madhya Pradesh. We have again taken up the

proposal with EAC of MOEF for issuance of EC to the project.

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V) International Competitive BiddingCorrigendum issued on 11.05.2011 to earlier

International Competitive Bidding (ICB) Notice Inviting Tender NIT-ICB wherein

leading international/national manufacturer of BTG participated in the bid. Initial

round of technical discussion have completed and final techno commercial

negotiations are in progress.

VI) Rail Transport Clearance from Ministry of Railway (Railway Board) was

accorded for establishing railway siding at the Project Site.

VII) Open AccessThe Bulk Power Transmission Agreement for 800 MW entered

into with Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.

VIII) Chimney Height Clearance fromAirports Authority of India has been accorded.

IX) Defence Clearance has been obtained from Defence Estate Office, Jabalpur

Circle.

X) Fly Ash Utilization

a) MOU already signed with M/s ACC Ltd. for collection of 2000 MT of fly ash perday.

b) MOU signed with M/s Vikas Concrete Industries, Jabalpur for collection of 1000

MT of fly ash per day.

XI) Power Evacuation:In the past few years there was no procurement inspite of big

demand supply gap from various State Utilities because of the financial

constraints. The Central Government has approved a big financial package to

carry out the financial restructuring of the State Utilities. This has resulted into the

starting of the power procurement by such Utilities to meet their deficiency in

power. Recent bids have been in the range of Rs. 4/-kWh to Rs. 5/-kWh. Since

the fuel has been tied up, we are contemplating to participate in the various power

purchase bids being invited by various state Utilities. Some of them are already in

pipeline.

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PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Project Developer Today Green Energy Pvt Ltd.

(TGEPL)

Project Installed Capacity 23 MWp (DC), 20 MW (AC) SolarPhotovoltaic Power Plant

Selected Location Village: That ; Tehsil: Pokharan;District-Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

Site Co-ordinates 26.840544 N and 71.818534 E

Global Horizontal Irradiation 1974.7 kWh/m2

Tariff details Rs. 5.45 for 25 years

Annual degradation 1%

Nearest Major Towns Pokharan, Phalodi, Jaisalmer,Jodhpur

Solar module type Poly Crystalline

Capacity of each module 255 Wp

No. of modules 90,192 (2x10 MWacplant)

PV System Mounting Structure type MS Galvanised

Power conditioning Unit (Inverters)capacity

1000 kW

Power conditioning Unit specifications Input voltage range 600850 V

No. of inverters 20 Nos.

Inverters make ABB

Capacity Utilisation Factor 22.29 %

Expected Generation(after 1styear ofoperation)

39,048,487 kWh

Total Project cost (Rs in lakhs) 15070

Equity from Promoters (Rs. in lakhs) 4521

Term loan from Financial Institutions (Rs.in lacs) 10549

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VGF Funding (Rs. in lacs) 2190

Project IRR 11.81%

Equity IRR 14.01%

Land 115 acres approx

Power Evacuation 132 kV Grid substation at Pokharan

Mode of Implementation By EPC (Engineering, Procurementand Construction)

Project Time Frame Seven (7) months

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1. INTRODUCTION

This report is referred to as the Detailed Project Report for installation of 20 MW (AC)

Photovoltaic (PV) Plant at village That, Tehsil Pokharan, District Jaisalmer, Rajasthan(Project Site or Site). The report is prepared by Gensol Consultants Private Limited

having been appointed as the Project Consultant for the client with the intention to

provide a detailed project pre-feasibility analysis and advisory. This report includes the

feasibility studies, system design and techno-commercial analysis for installation of the

PV plant.

1.1 About Today Green Energy Private Limited Organization

Today Green Energy Private Limited. (TGEPL) is a company promoted by Today Homes

& Infrastructure Private Limited, a Group Today Company planning to increase its energy

portfolio in the renewable energy sector in India.

Today Homes & Infrastructure Pvt Ltd.is a well established enterprise in the field of Real

Estate Development with a number of Residential, Retail and Commercial projects

Delivered and Under Development. Apart from real estate the Group Today is also in the

business of Hospitality.

Over a period of next 5 years, the Company is committed to set up facilities to generate

more than 5000 MW of power, largely coal-based. The expansion will be fuelled by

setting up Greenfield projects as well as extension in existing power plants. Discussions

at various levels with concerned authorities are already in progress.

The power projects are planned to be diverse in geographic location, fuel type, fuel

source & off take, and each project is planned to be strategically located near an

available fuel supply load center.

Power generated from these units will be sold under the combination of long term and

short term PPAs to state owned/private distribution companies and industrial consumers.

Discussions are already in progress.
http://www.todayhomes.co.in/http://www.todayhomes.co.in/

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1.2 About Project Consultant

Gensol Consultants Pvt. Ltd. founded in March 2007 was setup as a 360o Carbon

Solution Provider having expertise in generation, registration and trading of Certified as

well as Verified Emission Reductions (CERs and VERs), better known as carbon credits.

In the past 4 years, Gensol has spread its area of expertise from providing consultancy

for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to technical-commercial advisory services for

the setup and expansion of energy infrastructure, thus providing them with a complete

package to grow and benefit from our expertise and assistance. Having an early entry

advantage along with a creative and dedicated team, Gensol Consultants Pvt. Ltd. is

built on one of the most innovative, client friendly and revenue boosting models.

Consequently, the company boasts of handling numerous projects across the length and

breadth of the country with over 10 million Emission Reductions in the first commitment

period and more than 800MW of solar PV advisory projects already under its wing.

Gensol Solar Division, set up in early months of 2009 is dedicated to using technology,

engineering and innovation to give its clients the best returns on their capital. It is with

this view that we strive to provide support and engineering expertise to clients and

investors in Solar Power Sector through our offerings of complete concept to

commissioning advisory services for MW scale grid-connected and off grid standalone

solar power projects. Gensol Solar Team boasts of years of on-ground experience in

setting up of Solar Power Plants. Comprising of Electrical, Civil and Mechanical

Engineers on one hand and Financial and Regulatory Consultants on the other, Gensol

Solar team presents a unique blend of technological expertise with market intelligence,

thus, helping us provide a 360operspective to clients.

Gensol Consultants is empanelled with various lending institutions and Ministry of New

and Renewable Energy. Gensol also hold the distinction of representing Ministry of

Environment and Forestry (MoEF) at International Forums.

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1.3 Scope of Services for DPR

The scope of work for the DPR includes all details concerning the feasibility, design, and

financial viability of the project.

The Report has the following main contents:

Site assessment

Solar radiation resource assessment

Solar PV technology assessmentand evaluation

Annual Yield estimation

SPV Plant layout

Overall System description

Power evacuation arrangements and single line diagram (SLD)

Clearances and permits

Financial analysis

Risk Assessment

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2. INDUSTRY OUTLOOK

2.1 Background of the project

THIPL had participated in the JNNSM Phase II Batch I solar bid conducted by Solar

Energy Corporation of India (SECI). In the bid results THIPL has been allotted a total of

5 PV projects of 10 MW capacity each. Out of this, 2 PV projects of 10 MW each i.e.

20MW are under open category and 3 PV projects of 10 MW each i.e. 30MW are under

the DCR category. THIPL has formed a Project Company TGEPL for the development

of Solar Power Projects. This DPR is meant for Open category i.e. 20MW.TGEPL board

has decided to install 2 x10 MW project capacity, near village That, Pokharan. Electricity

sale arrangement has already been done by signing a long term PPA with SECI at Rs.

5.45/ kWh for the 25 years.

This project will be executed with an EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction)

partner. TGEPL will invest 30% of the total project cost as equity investment and rest of

the money which is 70% of the project cost shall be arranged from a financial institution

as debt.

2.2 Objective and benefits of the project

The objective of the proposed solar power plant is to generate clean energy from the

solar radiation using photovoltaic phenomenon. This energy will be evacuated to the

nearby grid and further distributed in the electricity network. Solar energy is a clean

source of electricity and produces no pollution. Hence, there are many social economic

benefits are associate with the development of this project.

2.3 Global and Indian Energy Scenario

Electricity is one of the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net

electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average from 2007

to 2035 as compared to 1.4 percent per year growth for total world energy demand. The

growth in electricity generation for non-OECD countries increases by an average annual

rate of 3.3 percent, as rising standards of living increases the demand. In OECD nations,

where infrastructures are more mature and population growth is relatively slow, growth

in generation is much slower, averaging 1.1 percent per year from 2007 to 2035.

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Graph 1: World Electricity Consumption Projections

The Indian government has set ambitious goals in the 11th plan for power sector owing

to which the power sector is poised for significant expansion. It has been estimated that

need-based capacity addition of more than 100,000 MW would be required. This has

resulted in massive addition plans being proposed in the sub-sectors of Generation

Transmission and Distribution.

Graph 2: Indian Energy Scenario

Thermal

68%Nuclear

2%

Hydro 17%

Solar

13%

Indian Energy Scenario

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2.4 Rajasthan state electricity scenario

Rajasthan state has total installed capacity or the order of 14059.12 MW. Thermal is

leading source of energy with total installed capacity of 8454.75 MW. It is approximately

60.13% of the total installed capacity. Second highest installed capacity is of Renewable

energy source which is of the order of 3483.05 MW and hydro is of 1548.32 MW and

remaining is from the nuclear is 573 MW.1

Graph 3: Rajasthan Energy Scenario

Furthermore, contribution of renewable energy sources in the total installed capacity is

really astonishing and also generates hope for the renewable energy investors. Including

Hydro capacity, total renewable energy capacity in the state is about 36% of the overall

installed capacity.

Now looking at energy demand and supply picture, in 2012-2013, energy requirement of

Rajasthan state was 55538 MU and energy availability was only 53868 MU. There was

around 3 % energy deficiency. Monthly records further showing the picture of the energy

deficiency condition of the state. Maximum deficiency was 8.9 % in the month of June

2012.2

1http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/dec13.pdf2http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdf

Thermal

60%

Nuclear

4%

Hydro

11%

RES 25%

Energy Scenario of Rajasthan State
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/dec13.pdfhttp://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/dec13.pdfhttp://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/dec13.pdfhttp://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdfhttp://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdfhttp://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdfhttp://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdfhttp://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/dec13.pdf

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Graph 4: Energy Demand Vs Supply in Rajasthan

Anticipated power deficit in the state is 15.1 %. This data clearly indicates that there is a

huge demand of energy and electricity generated from solar PV plant can surly be

consumed.

2.5 Renewable Energy potential in the state

Rajasthan is the state having almost all commercial renewable energy technology

installed, whether it is wind mills, solar PV, Hydro, bio-mass etc. Moreover, the potential

of the renewable energy generation is also promising. State has 35% renewable power

installation out of total power. Major renewable energy sources in the state are wind and

solar. Considering the data of Indian Wind Energy Association, Rajasthan has wind

potential of the order of 5005 MW3.

Sun is the most abundant natural source of energy available on the earth. Solar energycan either be used for the generation of electricity (photovoltaic energy) or for heating

purposes (solar thermal energy). As solar electricity generation and other use of solar

energy do not emit any GHG emission, it is treated as renewable energy source.

3Centre for Wind Energy Technology (CWET): http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/departments_wra.html

3500

3750

4000

4250

4500

4750

5000

5250

5500

5750

6000

EnergyinM

U

Energy Demand Vs Supply in Rajasthan StateRequirement (MU) Availability (MU)

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2.6 Growth in Demand

Despite the rapid growth in this decade, solar photovoltaic is a young market. Thus the

different industry forecasters have different sizes even for the existing market, let alone

their forecasts in the longer term. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association

(EPIA) has comprehensive long-term forecasts for the photovoltaic industry. Its forecasts

have been much more cautious than the break-neck speed of industry growth in the last

2-3 years; however, there is every possibility that the much higher results in comparison

to forecasts over the last few years will result in over-estimation of the market.

Globally, the solar power industry has been growing rapidly in recent years. In 2010, an

estimated total capacity of 17,000 MW was installed globally. Germany leads the racewith more than 40 percent of the total global market.

The three leading countries (Germany, Japan and the US) represent nearly 89% of the

total worldwide PV installed capacity. Currently, around 84% of solar industry demand is

located in four countries where governments have actively promoted its development

through favorable regulation: Germany, Japan, Spain and the US in selected states.

Spain was one of the fastest growing markets in 2008 owing to very favorable legislation

and attractive feed-in tariffs. In 2008, Spain accounted for 45% of the new photovoltaic

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installments. However in 2009, Spain market reduced considerably due to government

policy change on the FIT.

Going forward, the growth in Sunbelt countries is expected to increase considerably dueto the higher demand for power and better solar resource in these countries such as

India, MENA, China, etc.

2.7 Solar PV Reaching towards Grid Parity

Grid parity is the point at which photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than grid

power. This is achievable first in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity

such as in California and Japan. For regions with subsidies for solar power generation,

grid parity can be achieved much sooner. Costs of solar electricity are falling steeply

through a combination of factors including better cell efficiency and improvements in

solar manufacturing.

As the PV system costs decrease, the geographies with higher solar radiation and high

price of electricity will achieve grid parity at the earliest. For example, in Hawaii where

the cost of electricity is high and there is also abundant solar radiation, PV has already

reached grid parity with todays system costs. Italy also is a very prime region where PV

will be at grid parity shortly.

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3. INDIAN MARKET FOR SOLAR POWER

A Solar PV Project Developer can set up a solar power project in India in one of the

following three ways:

3.1 The National Solar Mission and State Policies

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of

India with active participation from States to promote ecologically sustainable growth

while addressing Indias energy security challenge. It will also constitute a major

contribution by India to the global effort to meet the challenges of climate change. Theobjective of the Mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy, by creating

the policy conditions for its large scale diffusion across the country as quickly as possible.

The Mission has set a target, amongst others, for deployment of grid connected solar

power capacity of 20,000 MW by 2022 and is planned to be implemented in three phases

with phase-1 by 2013, phase-2 by 2017 and phase 3 by 2022. Against the targets for

phase 1, major achievements include the following:

National Solar Mission

Solar Policy of the Central Govt aimed at setting up20,000 MW of Solar Power Plants by 2022

State Policies

Individual states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka and

Madhya Pradesh have released their own policies to setup Solar PV Power Plants in the respective states

Renewable Energy Certificates

Any Project Developer can set up any size of projectanywhere in India. Unlike preferential tariff under NSMand State Policies, REC's offer a variable tariff over the

lifetime of project.

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The entire capacity of 1,100 MW of grid connected solar power has been allocated.

The sanctioned capacity for off grid applications is over 118 MW.

No direct financial assistance is provided by the government for setting up solar power

projects connected to the grid. One scheme of 1000 MW has been implemented through

a mechanism of bundling of solar power with thermal power from unallocated quota of

the Government. For projects connected to less than 33 kV grid, a scheme of generation

based incentive has been implemented under which a total of 98 MW capacity projects

were allotted.

To support deployment of off-grid solar applications, the Government provides capitalsubsidy upto 30% of the benchmark cost and / or soft loan at a rate of 5% interest.

Since launch of the JNNSM, the capacity of grid-connected solar power projects has

grown from 8 MW in January 2010 to over 2208 MW 4by January 2014 in the country.

Recently, MNRE has established the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) for

handling the power procurement from the second batch of the JNNSM. SECI (MNRE)s

role would be limited to providing a subsidy known as Viability Gap Funding (VGF), whichis basically a part payment, made by SECI to the project developer in order to make the

project viable. MNRE has recently unveiled guidelines for allocation of solar power

project worth 750 MW under the VGF route, out of which, half if earmarked for projects

opting for cells and modules of domestic origin.

State Policies

Subsequent to the launch of the JNNSM, many states have acknowledged the

importance of solar energy and hence formulated their own respective policies regarding

the same. Solar potential with their installed capacities for the states which have released

the solar policies have been summarized in the following table:

4Source : MNRE : http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements

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Summary of solar potential, state policy targets and installed capacities in the states of India5

S.No. State Average Annual

Solar Resource

(kWh/m2/day)

Govt. Policy/Target Installed PV

Capacity (MW)

1) Rajasthan 5.0-6.3 Solar power of 10000-

12000 MW capacity by

2022.

666.75

2) Gujarat 5.2-6.0 500 MW by 2014 860.4

3) Karnataka 4.6-5.8 200 MW by 2016 31

4) Tamil Nadu 4.8-5.8 3000 MW of power by

2015

31.82

5) Andhra Pradesh 4.8-5.8 97.2 MW sanctioned 92.9

6) Madhya Pradesh 5.0-5.6 500 MW by 2013 195.32

7) Chhattisgarh 5.0-5.6 500-1000 MW by March

2017

5.1

8) Maharashtra 4.6-5.6 No declared state-

specific target other

than RPO fulfillment

237.25

5Source: MNRE. Installed capacity data as on January 31st, 2014.

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9) Uttar Pradesh 4.6-5.2 1000 MW by 2017 17.38

10) Punjab 4.6-5.1 300 MW in Phase-I 9.33

11) Haryana 4.7-5.3 No declared solar

specific policy

7.8

12) Uttarakhand 3.8-5.7 No declared solar

specific policy

5.05

13) Jharkhand 4.7-5.5 No declared solar

specific policy

16

14) West Bengal 4.2-5.1 No declared solar

specific policy

7.05

15) Odisha 5.1-5.5 No declared solar

specific policy

15.5

16) Delhi 4.7-5.1 No declared solar

specific policy

3.01

17) Andaman and

Nicobar

4.7-5.1 No declared solar

specific policy

5.1

18) Others No declared solar

specific policy

1.62

Total 2208 MW

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The main features of the Rajasthan State policy is discussed as under:

Rajasthan State Policy:

The policy aims at developing Rajasthan as a global hub of solar power of 10,000-

12,000 MW capacity in next 10-12 years to meet energy requirements of Rajasthan

and India. To achieve grid parity in next 7-8 years, the State will encourage the Solar

Power Developers to establish manufacturing plant of their technology in Rajasthan.

The Rajasthan State will promote setting up of solar power projects for direct sale to

Discoms of Rajasthan. The total capacity under this category will be distributed equally

between SPV and CSP based power plants. The total maximum capacity under thiscategory for phase-1 (up to 2013) and phase-2 (2013-2017) would be as follows:-

Phase-1 (up to 2013) Phase-2 (2013 -2017)

Maximum Capacity to be developed 200 MW 400 MW (Additional)

Selection of these Solar Power Projects shall be through tariff based competitive

bidding process. The State Government may undertake the review of targets mentioned

above as and when the need arises in view of any technological breakthrough resulting

in substantial decrease in cost of Solar Power generation. The Rajasthan State will also

promote Solar Power Producers to set up Solar Power Plants of unlimited capacity for

captive use or sale of power to 3rd party/States other than Rajasthan. The State will

also promote deployment of Roof Top and Other Small Solar Power Plants connectedto LT/11kV Grid as per guidelines of MNRE under Rooftop PV & Small Solar Generation

Programme (RPSSGP) of NSM and orders of appropriate Regulatory Commission.

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4. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

Average annual solar radiation at the proposed site at horizontal surface is 1975 kWh/m2

which is potentially adequate for the installation of the PV plant. Annual expectedgeneration from the 10 MW block is 19,524,243 kWh and for the entire 20 MW is

39,048,487 kWh.

Considering power demand for the state, power generated from the proposed power

plant will be utilized for the state itself. The proposed solar photovoltaic power plant

(SPV) will contribute to bridge the gap between the demand and availability of power.

Moreover, it will also help to cut out the dependency on the coal to generate the

electricity. Furthermore, electricity from the solar power plant will be evacuated to the

132 kV GSS of RRVPNL situated about 12 kms from the site. Being a higher capacity, it

is anticipated that grid outage and transmission losses will be considerably low and this

will help to optimize the electricity feed in the grid. The project - being a renewable energy

project - leads to sustainable development through efficient utilization of naturally

available sunlight.

Financial benefit is an important factor of any investment. Installation of solar PV plant

seems to be a financially lucrative preposition as it is projected that proposed project will

have IRR of the order of 11.81 %.

In other words, the proposed project is a beneficial preposition in term of financial returns,

environmental aspects and business preposition.

5. PROJECT SITE

5.1 Location and Accessibility

Proposed site location is situated at Latitude 26.840544 N and Longitude 71.818534 E,

in Village-That, Tehsil-Pokharan, Distt - Jaisalmer, State - Rajasthan. The site is located

at elevation of approximately 229 m above mean sea level. The project location comes

under seismic zone-2. Hence, the threat of damage due to an earthquake is also very

low.

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Figure 1: Seismic zone of India

The site is well connected with the intra-state and interstates locations through road,

railway and airways. Location is situated near to NH-15. Nearest city is Phalodi which is

about 75 km and nearest railway station is also located in Phalodi city. Nearest airport is

in Jodhpur which is 182 km from the site. The distance of state capital Jaipur from the

site is of the order of 478 km.

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1.1.1.1.1.1

Figure 2 Satellite map showing the location of the site

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The site selection for a solar power plant is pre-dominantly determined by solar insolation

availability & grid connectivity for exporting power. Equally important are other essentialfactors/considerations such as:

Availability of adequate land for power plant and green belt development

Soil condition like soil bearing capacity etc.

Proximity to state electricity grid enabling economic evacuation of power generated

Availability of water and power during construction

Availability of local work force in the proximity

Availability of load centers (towns) within vicinity Easy accessibility of the site

5.2 Rainfall and Climate

The following graph depicts that in the month of January temperature goes below even

from 8 0C and in the month of May goes high up to 45 0C. The average annual

temperature at the site is 26 0C.

Graph 5: Temperature profile of VillageThat

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The site receives scanty rainfall annually around 308.5 mm. Rainfall occurs mainly in the

months of June, July, August and September.

Graph 6: Rainfall Profile of Village - That

5.3 Land Requirement and Layout of the Proposed Project

The total land area required for the project is about 115 acres.

The power plant layout can be divided in to three main sections as:

1. Module mounting area

2. Control room

3. Inverter Rooms

The major portion of the site will be used for module mounting. The modules will be

mounted on a galvanized steel structures which will be installed facing south direction

for best efficiency & optimal power output. The steel structure will be grouted using RCC

foundation (or ramming if soil conditions permit). The proposed structure shall be

designed to hold 20-25 modules per structure and which can withstand wind speed up

to 170 km/hr. The structure is designed in such a way that it will occupy minimum

required space without sacrificing the performance.

4.65 6.16 4.65 5.78.68

32.7

115.63

86.8

32.1

8.680.9 1.86

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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The interconnection cables are routed within the structure and the output cables from

the modules are taken through proper size conduit to the String Combiner Box (SCB).

The output cables from the SCBs are routed under the ground through conduits or cable

trenches. Earthing for the entire module mounting structures will be done using copper

or GI conductors. The earth pits for module area will be provided as the electrical

standards. In order to protect the modules from lightning, lightning protection will be

provided in the module mounting area. Sufficient number of lightning arrestors will be

provided in this area alone for protection of modules.

The layout of the array structures shall be so designed that it shall occupy minimum

space without sacrificing the output of Solar PV modules.

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6. SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

6.1 Introduction

The electrical output of a solar power plant is dependent on the incident solar radiation

it receives. Outside the Earths atmosphere, on a surface normal to the solar beam, the

power density is 1,365 W/m2, which is known as Solar Constant. As the solar radiation

passes through the atmosphere, depending on the length of the atmospheric path

traversed by the solar radiation and the quantity of dust, water vapour, ozone, CO2 and

other aerosols/gases present, some amount of it is scattered and absorbed. The diffused

radiation plus the direct irradiance from the sun are together termed as Global

Irradiance. The diffused sunlight can vary from about 20% on a clear day to 100% in

heavily overcast conditions. The peak irradiance of 1,000 W/m2 is taken as the standard

value in the industry by which PV modules are rated. However, the total solar energy

received in a day over a specific area, called daily solar irradiance or insolation, is more

important than the instantaneous solar irradiance. The solar resource is not equally

available in all regions of the world hence a site specific solar resource assessment is

required for every project.

6.2 Indias Solar Radiation Profile

India being a tropical country is blessed with good sunshine over most parts, and the

number of clear sunny days in a year also being quite high. The country receives solar

energy equivalent to more than 5,000 trillion kWh per year. Indias equivalent solar

energy potential is about 6,000 million GWh of energy per year. Being a tropical country,

India is blessed with good sunshine over most parts, and the number of clear sunny days

in a year also being quite high.

The daily average global radiation is around 5.0 kWh/m2in north-eastern and hilly areas

to about 7.0 kWh/m2in western regions and cold desert areas with the sunshine hours

ranging between 2300 and 3200 per year. In most parts of India, clear sunny weather is

experienced for 250 to 300 days a year. The annual global radiation varies from 1600 to

2200 kWh/m2. Following figure presents the global solar radiation map of India jointly

developed by MNRE and NREL.

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Figure 3 Solar Resource Map of India

6.3 Radiation Profile of the Site

Solar radiation data can be collected from many sources like NASA-SSE, 3 Tier,

SolarGIS, and Meteonorm. Meteonorm data is considered for this project since it uses

both satellite as well as weather station data nearest to the site, while other data sources

employ only satellite derived data.

METEONORM database contains the TMY files of solar and climatic parameters for

several Indian locations based on measured as well as estimated values. The software

provides a facility to interpolate the solar and meteorological data for any location through

geographical parameters.

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Average horizontal solar radiation at the site comes out to be 5.41 kWh/m2/day as per

meteonorm data. Monthly averages of the same data are given as follows:

Table 1: Solar Insolation, temperature and wind speed data for the site

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7. SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY

Photovoltaic comprises the technology to convert sunlight directly into electricity. The

term photo means light and voltaic, electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) cell, also known assolar cell, is a semiconductor device that generates electricity when light falls on it.

Since its first commercial use in powering orbital satellites of the US space programs in

the 1950s, PV has made significant progress with total photovoltaic module industry

growing at more than 40% in the past decade.

The PV modules combined with a set of additional application-dependent system

components (e.g. inverters, batteries, electrical components, and mounting systems),

form a PV system. These PV systems are highly modular, i.e. modules can be linked

together to provide power ranging from a few watts to tens of megawatts (MW).

The solar PV panels typically produce DC electricity that is fed to a grid interactive

inverter, which in turn converts the DC electricity into AC electricity at a required voltage

level. In order to achieve a higher system voltage, the output of inverters is fed to step

up transformers to increase the voltage levels at the desired level. From the transformer,

the power is routed through the high voltage panel and eventually to other required

measuring & protection devices before connecting to the grid. The major equipment and

components of a typical solar plant are shown in the following figure.

Figure 4 Typical solar PV system components

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7.1 Photovoltaic technologies

Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and generally are the

most efficient. Second-generation solar cells are called thin-film solar cells because they

are made from amorphous silicon or non-silicon materials such as cadmium telluride.

Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick.

Because of their flexibility, thin film solar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles,

building facades, or the glazing for skylights.

Third-generation solar cells are being made from variety of new materials besides silicon,

including solar inks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes, and

conductive plastics. Some new solar cells use plastic lenses or mirrors to concentrate

sunlight onto a very small piece of high efficiency PV material.

In spite of availability of all the technology, crystalline technology has maximum number

of installation world wise and has been demonstrated to perform in the field in excess of

30 years. In addition to this, the technologies are described concisely as follows:

7.1.1 Crystalline Technology

Typically, there are two types of crystalline technology mono-crystalline and multi-

crystalline. Both the technologies are made up of silicon material and have some pros

and cons. Basic features of individual technology are as follows.

Mono-Crystalline Silicon

Mono-crystalline Silicon has a continuous crystal lattice structure with practically zero

defects or impurities. Mono-crystalline Silicon is superior to other types of silicon cells in

terms of higher efficiencies which are typically around 18-23%. However, the mono

crystalline Si-cell production is an expensive process when compared to other types of

PV cells. Mono-Crystalline panels are mostly considered where the space is limited as

in the case of rooftops. The lifespan of mono-crystalline cells is a minimum of 25 years

and can go more, making them a worthwhile investment for long-term use.

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Figure 5 Mono-Crystalline Silicon

Module

Figure 6 Multi-Crystalline Silicon

Module

Multi-Crystalline Silicon

Multi-crystalline (or poly-crystal) silicon panels are made by using polycrystalline wafers.

Multi crystalline wafers consists of number of crystallites with different grain sizes will be

having grain boundaries and several defects. Multi-crystalline Si growth is relatively

cheaper than the mono crystalline Si and the cells made up of these wafers are relatively

cheaper. Due to the less pure crystals, the efficiency of these cells reduces and the

module efficiencies typically range in between 14-16%. The lifetime of these modules is

also around 25 years or more and these panels are cheaper option where the space is

not a limitation. These panels are commonly preferred ones for grid connected

applications.

7.1.2 Thin Film Technology

Thin film modules are potentially cheaper to manufacture than crystalline cells have a

wider customer appeal as design elements due to their homogeneous appearance

present. Disadvantages include low-conversion efficiencies and requiring larger areas of

PV arrays and more material (cables, support structures) to produce the same amount

of electricity.

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Figure 7 Thin film PV module

Material costs and manufacturing costs are lower per unit area as compared to those of

crystalline silicon cells.

7.1.3 Comparison of Major PV Technologies:

Table 2 Technology Comparisons

S. No. Parameter Crystalline Thin Film

1) Types of Materials Poly-crystalline, mono-

crystalline silicon

Amorphous Silicon, CdS, CdTe,

CIS/ CIGS, etc.

2) Handling Better protection against

breakage

Need extra care

3) Power Efficiency 13-21.5% 7-13%

4) Technology Well Developed Well Developed

5) Module Weight Light weight modules (0.1Kg/W) Slightly heavy modules (0.17

Kg/W)

6) Area utilization Higher power generated Less power per unit area

7) Temperature Effects Highest impact of Temperature

variations

Lesser impact of Temperature

variations

8) Irradiance Used particularly for Normal

radiations

Better performance with Diffuse

radiations

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General Comparison of thin-film technologies

S. No. a-Si CdTe CIS/CIGS

1) a-Si suffer significant

initial degradation in

power output when

exposed to the sun

Lesser degradation Lesser degradation

9) Module quantity Lesser quantity required Higher quantity required

10) Output per MW

installed

High Higher

11) Land Requirement Lesser space required per MW Larger space requirement

12) Cost Comparable cost per Watt Comparable cost per Watt

13) Environment Effects Less Sensitive Sensitive

14) Stabilization Stable power output at initial

stages

Stability achieved after 1-2

months

15) Availability Easily available Easily available

16) Power Degradation Less degradation Slightly higher degradation

17) Plant Maintenance Less maintenance required after

installation so lower cost

High maintenance required, so

high maintenance cost

18) Repair Relatively easy Easy

19) Cooling Requirement Required Not required

20) Cabling Easy installation Easy installation

21) Suitability for Grid

Tech.

Good Good

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2) Overall efficiency around

6-8%

Overall efficiency around

8-11%

Overall efficiency 9-13%

3) a-Si thin film modules

comprised about 31% ofthin film market and 4.4%

of global PV market in

2012

CdTe comprised 44% of

thin film market andabout 6.2% of the global

PV market in 2012

CIGS comprised 24% of

thin film market andabout 3.3% of the global

PV market in 2012

4) Spectral Sensitivity

towards short wavelength

CdTe absorbs medium

wavelengths

CIS/CIGS also absorbs

medium wavelength

7.2 PV Technology Recommendation

Each of the above technologies has their own particular strengths and limitations. Multi

crystalline silicon photovoltaic technology is recommended for the project on the grounds

of easy availability, cost effectiveness and technological stability.

7.3 Balance of Plant Systems (BoS)

On an average, BoS constitutes 40-45 % of the total project cost of a solar PV Project.For a solar PV Plant, the BoS comprises of inverters, cables, mounting structures,

foundations and power electronics. Often assigned secondary importance irrespective

of their being a significant cost component, BoS are critical determinants of the actual

plant life. High technical standards of BoS components should therefore be ensured as

a matter of standard practice.

7.4 Inverter Technologies

Solar inverter is a critical component in the solar energy system. It performs the

conversion of the variable DC power output of array (string of the Photovoltaic (PV)

modules) into a utility frequency AC power, which can be fed into the commercial

electrical grid. There are mainly two category of solar inverters are available central, and

string. A central inverter is generally for adopted for MW scale plant and string inverter

can handle comparatively less power.

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Inverter is the heart of a solar power project. It is also known as Power Conditioning Unit

(PCU). A PCU consists of an electronic Inverter along with associated control, protection

and data logging devices. Typically the utility scale inverters are unidirectional and supply

the power to the grid in the form of AC power conforming to IEC 61727 or equivalent

standard. The inverter has a feature that it automatically adjusts with the grid conditions

such as the voltage & frequency levels to suit the Grid. It is advised that following key

points can be considered while specifying your inverter requirements to various vendors.

a) Proven Technology: The inverter should be selected based on the proven

technology and it is advisable that the inverter has completed at least one year

successful operation in the high temperature weather conditions and fluctuating grid

conditions.

b) Grid Compliance:At times you may require changing some of the key parameters

of the inverters to match with your local grid conditions, hence the inverter should

have features of changing some of the threshold parameters, and it can be

programmed accordingly. It should also have features of grid islanding through Air

Circuit Breakers. Some of the new generation inverters have provision of self

protective and self diagnostic features so that it can protect itself from the PV array

faults and adjust with the changing parameters of the solar PV array. The Inverter

should have provisions of automatically wake up in the morning and begin to export

power provided there is sufficient solar energy and the grid voltage and frequency is

in range.

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The inverter should have MPPT control algorithm in such a way that it adjust itself

with the voltage of the SPV array to optimize solar energy fed into the grid. The MPPT

must have provision for constant voltage operation. The inverter MPPT feature

should comply with EN50530 or Equivalent standard.

The inverter output always follows the grid in terms of voltage and frequency. This

should be achieved by sensing the grid voltage and phase and feeding this

information to the feedback loop of the inverter. Thus control variable then controls

the output voltage and frequency of the inverter, so that inverter is always

synchronized with the grid.

c) Inverter Efficiency:The efficiency of the inverter is another key factor, and most of

the inverters are available in the efficiency range of about 97-98% efficiency levels.

However it is important to make a note of the inverter efficiency at the part load

conditions. Typically the part load efficiency levels are more than 97 % at 75% load

as per IEC 61683 or equivalent standard. It is important to assess the inverter

efficiency levels at different load say 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% and it should meet

the IEC 61683 standard.

d) Control and Protection:The inverter should have internal protection arrangement

against any sustained fault in the feeder line and against lightning in the feeder line.

It should also have the required protection arrangements against earth leakage faults.

The inverter should also have suitable rated DC disconnecting arrangement to allow

safe start up and shut down of the system. Inverter should also have required

protection arrangements against reverse polarity of DC Connection. There should be

suitable surge protection arrangement to pass the fault current to earthingsystem. During the earth fault condition, the inverter should be having provision of

disconnection.

e) Operational Flexibility: The inverter should have provision of parallel operation.

Generally two inverters are connected to a single 3 winding transformer, the inverter

should have flexibility to work in such combinations. The inverter should have feature

of ON and OFF automatically based on solar radiation variations during the day.

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The inverter should have suitable display panels so that all important parameters

such as DC input voltage, DC input current, all phase to phase AC voltages , all phase

AC current, AC output power, frequency , apparent power , reactive power etc are

visible to the plant operators. Some of the inverters come with a suitable PCU with

display, and can be connected to the SCADA system.

During the sleep mode the inverter should be having the automatic control provisions

so that the threshold dc voltage of the inverter can decide the inverter to enter in

sleep mode and back to standby mode. The inverter must also automatically re-enter

standby mode when threshold of standby mode.

The standard warranty of these inverters is 5 to 10 years. However many inverter

manufacturer offer extended warranty also considering string inverter is a costlier

proposition as compared to a central inverter, however an apple to apple comparison

can only be made consideration of not only cost per watt of string versus central, but

also cost reduction of DC cables and other associated benefits such as reduced down

time in case of string inverter.

The central inverter takes input from number of arrays and operates at single MPP.

Hence the inverter MPP (maximum power point) is governed by the arrays which are

having partial shading ,mismatch losses , modules with tolerances which may lead to

reduce output in case of central inverter. However this can be reduced by selection

of string inverter as different strings have different MPP so that the output is

maximized.

7.5 Cabling

a) DC Cables and Connectors: Working with solar PV arrays can be hazardous since

Solar panels connected together in an array are often configured to produce high DC

voltage. Furthermore, DC voltages are constant in nature so, effect of electric shock

due to DC voltage will surely be severe. Hence, DC Cables should be double

insulated and polarized and DC connectors should always be used. The minimum

technical requirements for Cables laid down by MNRE states that they should

conform to General Test and Measuring Method PVC insulated cables for working

voltage up to and including 1100 V and UV resistant for outdoor installation

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including Module Mounting Structures shall have to be adequately protected from

atmosphere and weather prevailing in the area.

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8. PROJECT REGISTRATION AND CLEARANCES

8.1 Project Registration/ Clearances

Following clearances would be required for the envisaged project:

A) Permits and Clearances

The Government of India at the central level and the state governments at the local level

have established legal, policy guidelines and regulatory frameworks for setting up of non-

conventional energy based power projects. Accordingly, certain clearances and

approvals are required to be obtained from different Government Bodies and Statutory

Agencies at various stages of development and operation phases of the project. These

clearances are classified into two broad categories known as statutory and non-statutory

clearances.

a) Statutory Clearances

Statutory Clearances mainly comprise water supply agreement from state government,

consent for establishment from State Pollution Control Board (SPCB), environmental

clearances from MOEF, forest clearances from state forest department and MOEF,

company registration through registrar of company, rehabilitation and resettlement of

displaced families on account of land acquisition from state/central government etc.

MOEF clearance is not applicable for the project. Forest clearance is also not applicable

as forest land is not considered for the project. The land identified for the project is free

of any inhabitation and is being directly purchased from the owners; hence there are no

R&R issues. However the agricultural land needs to be converted for non-agricultural

use.

b) Non-Statutory Clearances

The Non-Statutory Clearances mainly comprise land availability from state government

and clearance for National Monuments from Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) / Govt.

of India etc. There is no national monument in the identified land for the project.

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c) Other Clearances

Sanction of construction power from the office of Chief Engineer of the respective state

Electricity Utility and permission to use ground water if applicable.

Table 3: List of Clearances required for PV Projects in Rajasthan

S.No. ItemsResponsible

AgencyTentative

Date

1 Nodal Agency registration RRECL Zero

2 Bid Evaluation Committee RRECL Zero + 10

3 Registration certificate for plots

Between Seller

& Buyer Zero + 20

4 State Level Screening Committee Approval RRECL Zero + 25

5

Consent from local panchayat for development of

project site Panchayat Zero + 30

6 Approval for Connectivity Diagram RVPNL Zero + 45

7

Distribution Company/ Local agency Supervision

Application and payment for Sub Station RVPNL Zero + 60

8 Approval of Approach Route for Transmission Line RVPNL Zero + 75

9 Transmission line permits Energy Minister Zero + 75

10 Allotment of Bay RVPNL Zero + 75

11 Power Purchase Agreement Local Discom Zero + 75

12 Metering Approval Local Discom Zero + 75

13 REC Accreditation RRECL Zero + 90

14 Non Agricultural Certification for land approval

District Collector

Office Zero + 90

15 Meter, CT PT testing and inspection certificates RDPPC Zero + 100

16 Consent to Establish (Pollution Control Board) PCB Zero + 100

17

Chief Electrical Officer visit for approval on the

electrical layout of plantCEI Zero + 110

18 Approval for Interconnection RVPNL Zero + 110

19 Permission for Charging RDPPC Zero + 110

20 State Level Empowered Committee Approval RRECL Zero + 110

21 REC Registration NLDC Zero + 110

22

Certificate of Commissioning - Nodal Agency/ Local

Agency RRECL Zero + 120

23

Customs & Excise Duty Exemption/ MNRE

Certificates

MNRE &

RRECL

Ongoing

Basis

24 Consent to Operate (Pollution Control Board) PCB Zero + 150

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9. POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA

The Power Plant is sized on the following major criteria:

Solar Power (average insolation available)

Power evacuation facility in the vicinity of the proposed site along with grid

availability on 24 Hours a day basis.

Details of the design process and are presented in the below sections.

9.1 Design and Simulation projections by PVSYST

PVSYST tool is one of the most accepted design tool for the study, sizing, simulation

and data analysis of complete PV systems. We have used this tool to generate the most

realistic energy yield simulation results, which are detailed in this report. Main features

of PVSYST:

1. Detailed computation of the used components (modules, inverters, etc)

2. Simulation on hourly basis and detailed evaluation and consideration of different

loss factors.

3. Calculation of arbitrary orientated module planes (fixed and tracking systems)

4. Most accepted and used tool to generate simulation results for PV power plants,

as the results are based on systematic and refined approach.

5. Program with the most accurate results and functions available in the market.

9.2 PV Power Plant Energy Production

The system lifetime energy production is calculated by determining the first-year energygeneration as expressed in kWh (AC)/kWp (AC), and then degrading output over the

system life based on an annual performance degradation rate. System degradation

(largely a function of PV panel type and manufacturing

TGEPL_20MW_DPR_24.07.2014

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