Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
-
Upload
mersed-barakovic -
Category
Documents
-
view
238 -
download
0
Transcript of Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
1/80
Masaryk UniversityFaculty of Arts
Department of Englishand American Studies
English Language and Literature
Alena ipoov
HEADLIES AD SU!HEADLIES" #ESE$
M%DALI#& AD 'E(IS#E'!ased on Discourse Analysis of the !ritish #a)loid
The Sun
Masters Diploma Thesis
Supervisor: doc. hDr. Ludmila !r"anov# $Sc.
*+,,
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
2/80
I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently,using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography.
..Authors signature
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
3/80
Ac%no&ledgement:' &ould li%e to than% doc. hDr. Ludmila !r"anov# $Sc. (or her great encouragement# &ords o(
advice# inspiring ideas and pleasant cooperation.
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
4/80
#A!LE %F -%#E#S
A%#A#I% ................................................................................................................................ /
(L%SSA'& %F #E'MS ...............................................................................................................0
LIS# %F #A!LES .......................................................................................................................... 1
I#'%DU-#I% .........................................................................................................................,+
-HA2#E' , LA(UA(E %F E3S2A2E'S .........................................................................,*-HA2#E' * -%'2US -HA'A-#E'IS#I- ............................................................................,0
).* The Length o( the Articles ..................................................................................................... )+
).) The Length o( ,eadlines and Su"headlines ...........................................................................))
-HA2#E' 4 #HE '%LE %F HEADLIES ...............................................................................*/
-.* The ole o( Su"headlines ......................................................................................................)/
-HA2#E' 5 ('AMMA#I-AL S#'U-#U'E %F HEADLIES AD SU!HEADLIES ..4+
0.* $lause Structure o( ,eadlines and Su"headlines ...................................................................-+
0.*.* T1pes o( Speech Acts in ,eadlines and Su"headlines ....................................................-*
0.) 2er"al and 2er"less $lassi(ication .........................................................................................-)
0.).* 2er"less $lauses ............................................................................................................. --
0.).) 2er"al $lauses: Distri"ution o( Tenses in ,eadlines and Su"headlines .................... ......-0
-HA2#E' / M%DALI#& I HEADLIES AD SU!HEADLIES .....................................5+
3.* Assertion and Assumption in ,eadlines and Su"headlines ....................................................04
-HA2#E' 0 'E(IS#E' ............................................................................................................./6
5.* Language o( ,eadlines and Su"headlines: Speci(ic 6ords ....................................................37
5.) Loaded Language in ,eadlines and Su"headlines .................................................................5+
5.- 8aming Strateg1 in ,eadlines and Su"headline ....................................................................5+
5.0 Slang in ,eadlines and Su"headlines ....................................................................................5)
5.3 A""reviations in ,eadlines and Su"headlines .......................................................................5-
5.5 9igures in ,eadlines and Su"headlines ..................................................................................50
-%-LUSI%S.............................................................................................................................07
!I!LI%('A2H& ..........................................................................................................................7+
'ESUM8 ........................................................................................................................................70
SUMMA'& ....................................................................................................................................76
Appendi9" #HE S%U'-E MA#E'IAL ......................................................................................6+
0
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
5/80
A%#A#I%
The ne&s echange has "een as old as human%ind. eople &ould# at (irst# s&ap
ne&s "1 mouth# and later# &hen the1 &ere literate# in &ritten (orm. 6ith the arrival o(
the printing press ne&s distri"ution "ecame easier. Since then other methods o( ne&s
transporting have developed. ;ne o( these methods is the 'nternet. 't has "ecome
a signi(icant# (ast and easil1 accessi"le source o( in(ormation (or man1 people searching (or
ans&ers to their
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
6/80
(L%SSA'& %F #E'MS
>'n alpha"etical order# "ased on m1 or other authors? de(initions@
Assertion
ournalese
< language t1pical o( ne&spapers>Summers *443: /57@
Historic present
Cdescri"es the past as i( it is happening no&: it conve1s something o(
the dramatic immediac1 o( an e1eB&itness account >uir% et al. *473: *7*@
5
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
7/80
Imperative clauses
< =are characteriFed "1 the lac% o( a su"Gect# use o( the "ase (orm o( the ver"# and
the a"sence o( modals as &ell as tense and aspect mar%ers >=i"er et al. *444: )*4@
Inverted commas ?@uotations
< are t1pes o( modalit1 mar%ers used to suggest iron1 or &ords that are not normall1
used in a given &a1 >see uir% et al. *473: *5-3@
Loaded ;ords
< C&ords that carr1 particularl1 strong connotations# that is# carr1 anemotional loading "e1ond their literal meaning >eah *447: *7@
ominaliBation
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
8/80
religious# (ormal English >$r1stal )++7: 0+4@
Stance adver)ials
< are the t1pes o( modalit1 mar%ers# "1 &hich the author epresses hisHher
attitude to&ards a statement >see =i"er et al. *444: /50@
Slang
is an in(ormal language used "1 a particular group o( people instead o( more
general and recogniFed terms
Statement
B is a declarative sentence as opposed to the
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
9/80
LIS# %F #A!LES"
Ta"le * Topics in headlines SET I
Ta"le ) Topic in headlines SET II
Ta"le - Page distribution SET I
Ta"le 0 Page distribution SET II
Ta"le 3Headlines vs. subheadlines
Ta"le 5 lauses structure in headlines
Ta"le / lauses structure in subheadlines
Ta"le 7 Speech act types in headlines
Ta"le 4!istribution o" tenses SET I
Ta"le *+ !istribution o" tenses SET II
Ta"le ** Type o" modality in headlines SET I
Ta"le *) Type o" modality in headlines SET II
Ta"le *-!istribution o" assertion and assumption in headlines and subheadlines SET I
Ta"le *0!istribution o" assertion and assumption in headlines and subheadlines SET II
Ta"le *3 #ords typical o" newspapers
Ta"le *5$oaded words in headlines
Ta"le */ %aming strategy in headlines
Ta"le *7 Slang words in headlines
Ta"le *4 &bbreviations in headlines
Ta"le )+ E'pression o" numbers in words and "igures in headlines and subheadlines
4
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
10/80
I#'%DU-#I%
,eadlines "elong to the linguistic area that arouses interest not onl1 in scholars "ut
also common people since their (unction is to attract. Their (unction in ne&spapers is
there(ore ver1 important. ,o&ever# not so much attention# i( an1 at all# has "een paid to
the stud1 o( su"headlines. 9or this reason# ' have chosen these t&o linguistic devices (or m1
discourse anal1sis. The source# ' have chosen to anal1Fe# is the popular =ritish ta"loid
The Sun# &hich# unli%e an1 other serious "roadsheet ne&spapers# deals &ith light topics
o( ever1da1 li(e and there(ore arouses interest o( man1 common people. There(ore
the language o( this t1pe o( ne&spaper &ill di((er (rom the one used in serious press.
9or m1 discourse anal1sis# ' have created t&o sets o( headlines &ith su"headlines.
The search occurred in t&o di((erent periods# i.e. during ;cto"er )+*+ and (rom Ianuar1
)+** to 9e"ruar1 )+**. Each set consists o( (i(teen headlines &ith su"headlines. 'n m1
thesis ' &ould li%e to stud1 them into more detail# i.e. &hat (unction the1 per(orm# &hat istheir relationship# ho& the1 a((ect the impartialit1 o( ne&s. ' &ill also (ocus on their
grammatical structure and the linguistic devices such as modalit1 and register.
M1 thesis consists o( a theoretical and practical part# ho&ever# these t&o parts are
not separated "ut closel1 interconnected. ' have divided the thesis into si chapters.
The (irst chapter introduces the topic o( the language o( ne&spapers and the language
devices that suggest the presence o( spo%en language in ne&spapers.
The second chapter introduces the histor1 o( the =ritish ta"loid that ' &ill anal1Fe in
m1 thesis# i.e. The Sun. 'n this chapter the time span and the method o( collecting
the re
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
11/80
introduced and the length o( the articles# headlines and su"headlines is discussed.
The third chapter deals &ith the role o( headlines and su"headlines in ne&spapers.
't also de(ines the relationship "et&een these t&o elements.
$hapter (our anal1Fes headlines and su"headlines in terms o( their grammatical
structure. 9irst o( all it de(ines their clause structure and the speech t1pes used. 9urthermore
it anal1Fes ver"alit1 and nonver"alit1 o( the clauses. Similarl1# ver"al phrases are (urther
anal1Fed in terms o( the tenses used.
'n chapter (ive ' &ill (ocus on important language device# i.e. modalit1 in headlines
and su"headlines. ' &ill identi(1 the concrete t1pes o( modalit1 in individual headlines and
su"headlines. ' &ill (urther concentrate on the assumption and assertion# i.e. ho& are
headlines and su"headlines presented in ne&s.
9inall1# the last chapter deals &ith register# i.e. ho& the language is used in
ne&spapers.
All the language devices discussed in m1 thesis in(luence the impartialit1 o(
ne&spapers in some &a1. Language is a great tool that can manipulate the tet so in
the (ollo&ing chapters these devices &ill "e anal1Fed in headlines and su"headlines in
the ta"loid ne&spaper The Sun.
**
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
12/80
-HA2#E' , LA(UA(E %F E3S2A2E'S
8e&s is a representation o( the &orld in language >9o&ler *444: 0@. Another source#
LD$E# de(ines ne&s as =reports o( recent events in the ne&spapers or on the radio or
television >Summers *443: 43-@# ho&ever# eah >*444: 0@ narro&s do&n the de(inition to
Cin(ormation a"out recent events that are o( interest to a su((icientl1 large group# or that
ma1 a((ect the lives o( a su((icientl1 large group# i.e.# not ever1thing that happens at
the moment around us Summers *443: /[email protected] is no clear de(inition and the la"el is o(ten used peGorativel1.
As $r1stal >*454: */-@ claims# Cthere is not one# "ut a num"er o( JGournaleseJ that can "e
(ound "et&een the pages o( the dail1 and &ee%l1 pressK and &hile the1 do have a certain
amount in common# their overall st1les are ver1 di((erentC. There(ore the t1pe o( language
and linguistic devices that &ill "e used (or a particular ne&spaper depends on the audience
the ne&spapers are addressed to. 9or this reason# the language o( ta"loids &ill "e
considera"l1 di((erent (rom the one used in "roadsheet ne&spapers.
According to 9o&ler >*444:3/@# ne&spapers adopt conversational st1le in order to
*)
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
13/80
create Can illusion o( in(ormalit1# (amiliarit1# (riendliness# "ecause Cconversation implies
coBoperation# agreement# s1mmetr1 o( po&er and %no&ledge "et&een participants.
,e lists and de(ines language devices that suggest the presence o( spo%en language in
ne&spapers >9o&ler *444: 5)B5-@:
typography and orthography
2arious t1pographic devices are used to ma%e the print loo% more attractive and less
dull.
honemes are simpli(ied or misspelled# to indicate contrastive stress italics or
underling is used.
register
Leis or voca"ular1 used in tet is in(ormal and (ormal &ords are avoided >slang# e.g.
pics# cele"@.
To create in(ormalit1# people are re(erred to "1 their (irst names or nic%names
>,arr1# 6ills# =lair@.
synta9 and morphology
TechniM# MiliJs
9illies@.
dei9is
The devices such as indicators o( person# indicators o( time# indicators o( place are
used to lin% tets &ith people# time and places o( communication.
modality
*-
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
14/80
The use o( modal epressions in tets presents su"Gectivit1.
speech acts
Speech act represents an act o( uttering &ords rather than Gust using them# i.e. spea%ergives commands# instructions# re
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
15/80
As a last thing to stud1 ' &ill (ocus on the register o( headlines and su"headlines#
"ecause this area also# to a large etent# a((ects the o"Gectivit1 o( ne&spapers. 't contains
man1 language devices that can "e used to slant the tet in a particular direction
and to manipulate the reader. ' &ill tr1 to identi(1 individual linguistic devices that are used
in headlines and su"headlines in m1 corpus.
*3
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
16/80
-HA2#E' * -%'2US -HA'A-#E'IS#I-
'n m1 thesis ' am going to deal &ith the =ritish popular ne&spaper The Sun. 't is
availa"le in "oth printed and online (orm. ;n the grounds o( easier accessi"ilit1 ' have
chosen the online (orm o( the media that is availa"le (or (ree on the internet. The material
(or m1 thesis consists o( t&o sets o( headlines and su"headlines in articles &hich &ere
collected during t&o periods# in ;cto"er )+*+ and (rom Ianuar1 )+** to 9e"ruar1 )+**.
'n this chapter ' &ould li%e to (ocus on the development o( the media and the process
o( collecting the material (or m1 discourse anal1sis.
*3thSeptem"er *450 is the date &hen The Sunappeared (or the (irst time. Launched
as a "roadsheet ne&spaper# Sun &as supposed to replace the declining !aily Herald. 'n
*454# "eing "ought "1 upert Murdoch# the ne&spapers &as conse(or concrete (igures see nrs.co.u%@.
Since The Sun is engaged onl1 &ith sensational and scandalous topics# its themes are
limited and tend to repeat.
*5
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
17/80
The time span during &hich ' collected the material lasted one month in ;cto"er
)+*+ and another month (rom Ianuar1 )+** to 9e"ruar1 )+**.
During the period o( collecting the material (or m1 discourse anal1sis# ' gathered
thirt1 di((erent articles. The list o( them is divided into t&o sets# &ith each set consisting
o( (i(teen articles. The ta"le "elo& groups them according to their content into three
categories. The research occurred on random da1s# &ith no pre(erence o( the topic
o( studied materials# ho&ever# the initial intention &as to collect an1 article &ith no speci(ic
topic# "ut since each set contains onl1 (i(teen articles# in order to create (e&er groups &ith
more representatives ' decided to (orm three groups &ith (ive representatives in each group.
There(ore# in the end ' had to search (or articles (rom a particular (ield to (inaliFe
the groups. 6hile searching (or the material# ho&ever# ' noticed that articles dealing &ith
politics prevailed. M1 (irst categor1 o( headlines in Set ' is there(ore named Politic,and
is divided into t&o su"categories# depending on &hether it discusses domestic or (oreign
politics. Set ' contains (our articles dealing &ith domestic politics &hich includes topics
(rom the area dealing &ith political parties or (inances. 9oreign politics concentrates
on topics discussing &ar in A(ghanistan or terrorism. As (ar as the categor1 o( crimes
is concerned# it ranges (rom "lac%mailing# through seual o((enses to murder.
The last categor1 to "e mentioned deals &ith !isasters, i.e. content that is a"out
tragic events that happened in the &orld involving either individual persons or larger
groups o( people.
Set '' contains similar groups as the (irst set# ecept (or one group# !isasters# &hich
is replaced "1 theHealth are. The (irst categor1 o(Politics# contains t&o articles dealing
&ith domestic politics and three &ith (oreign politics. Another categor1 is the rimes#
&hich similarl1 as the Set ' deals &ith various t1pes o( criminal issues. The third categor1
o( Health are includes articles commenting on issues concerning health and diseases.
Although# some articles ma1 appear to overlap in terms o( their topics "eing discussed#
*/
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
18/80
' grouped them according to the one that seems to prevail and is the most important
in terms o( discourse anal1sis.
Since the politics "elongs to the most (re
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
19/80
The ta"les "elo& groups the headlines according to the individual topics discussed
in the articles.
#a)le , Topics in headlines SET I
#opic Headline num)er Cuantity
oliticsDomestic ,-# ,3# ,5# ,4 0
9oreign ,*+ *
$rimes ,0# ,*)# ,*-# ,*0# ,*3 3
Disasters ,*# ,)# ,/# ,7# ,** 3
Total Total *3
#a)le * Topic in headlines SET II
#opic Headline num)er Cuantity
olitics Domestic ,*7# ,)0 )
9oreign ,)-# ,)3# ,)/ -
$rimes ,*5# ,*/# ,*4# ,)+# ,)4 3
,ealth care ,)*# ,))# ,)5# ,)7# ,-+ 3
Total Total *3
As (ar as the headlines alone are concerned# some o( them presented in the highlights
di((er (rom those placed in the actual article. There is a signi(icant di((erence "et&een
the sets. Set ' di((ers onl1 in three headlines# ho&ever# headlines in the second set di((er in
eight cases. ,eadlines (rom the highlights are more accurate and there(ore longer than those
accompan1ing the actual articles. The1 usuall1 contain the &hole name o( the person
involved in the article or age to ma%e the headline more in(ormative. 'n m1 discourse
anal1sis ' &ill not# ho&ever# ta%e the headlines (rom the highlights into consideration.
Another important point to mention is the (act that the content o( some articles is su"Gect to
*4
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
20/80
change as the original content cannot "e traced. There(ore it might have "een updated (rom
the time o( collecting it (or m1 discourse anal1sis. The last remar% is a"out the headline
,*7 &hich contains a mista%e# or" instead o( o"". There(ore all the ta"les# &here this
headline occurs# are presented as the1 originall1 occurred in the online article# i.e. &ith
the mista%e.
*., #he Length of the Articles
'n this su"chapter ' &ill (ocus on the length o( the individual articles. ' &ould li%e to
eamine &h1 the articles di((er in their siFe and ho& and compare the t&o sets.
#a)le 4 Page distribution SET I
um)er ofpages
Amountof articles
#opic Articles
) 5
Disasters ,*# ,)
olitics ,3# ,4
$rimes ,0# ,*0
- 5
olitics ,5 # ,*+
$rimes ,*)# ,*-
Disasters ,/# ,**
0 * olitics ,-
7 * Disasters ,7
*- * $rimes ,*3
)+
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
21/80
#a)le 5 Page distribution SET II
um)er ofpages
Amountof articles
#opic Articles
) 7
olitics ,*7#,)0#
$rimes ,*4# ,)+# ,-+
,ealth ,))$ ,)5#,)7
- -
$rimes ,*5# ,*/
,ealth ,)*
0 * olitics ,)3
* ,ealth ,)4
3 * olitics ,)-
4 * olitics ,)/
The ta"les a"ove organiFe the headlines into groups depending on the num"er o(
pages the1 contain. ' can conclude that topics discussed in the articles tend to "e
compressed mostl1 into t&o to three pages# occasionall1 eceeding this length. ,o&ever#
issues dealing &ith a delicate content or long term and repeated situations tend to spread
over man1 more pages than usual. The possi"le reason &h1 the1 are longer might "e due to
the (act that people anal1se the discussed issues in more detail. The more etensive (ormat
is also due to the (act that the1 are accompanied "1 more photographs than other ne&s
in order to "ring closer and illustrate the topic discussed and help the reader picture
the situation. The1 also sometimes include videos. The shorter articles are mostl1 oneBo((s
that deal &ith immediate situations &hich &ill pro"a"l1 not happen again in the (uture.
Apart (rom the photographs and videos# some articles also contain su"articles that are in
some &a1 related to the topic discussed in them and in a &a1 eplain the situation in more
detail.
)*
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
22/80
$omparing these t&o sets# ' can conclude that the structure o( "oth sets seems to "e
ver1 similar. The representation o( the articles &ith the same length is almost the same.
Set ' contains si articles spreading over t&o pages and si &ith three pages# Set '' has
eight t&oBpage articles and three &ith three pages. $oncerning the topics o( the articles
"eing discussed over t&o to three pages# all the topics >&ithin the given limited range@ are
represented# i.e. politics# crime# health and disasters.
=oth sets contain one article that spreads over man1 more pages than usual. 'n Set '# it
is ,*3 that deals &ith the case o( a neglected child &hich had "een going on (or a certain
period o( time and is accompanied "1 man1 photographs o( the child itsel( and persons
involved in his case. There are altogether nine photographs in the &hole article. The article
contains another article and a list o( reports preceding this case. The other article (rom
the second set ,)/ has nine pages and nine photographs. Moreover# it also contains three
videos (rom the scene in Eg1pt and t&o another su"articles &ith additional in(ormation
a"out the topic.
*.* #he Length of Headlines and Su)headlines
As to the length o( headlines# as o"served (rom the list displa1ed "elo there is a
tendenc1 to produce medium to long headlines# especiall1 in the Set ' &hich contains
headlines &ith at least (ive &ords. Set '' contains one headline &ith t&o &ords onl1 and
one &ith (our &ords. The length o( the rest o( headlines ranges (rom (ive to eight &ords.
As (ar as the length o( su"headlines is concerned# since their role is to eplain the headline
and are there(ore more developed# the1 are considera"l1 longer then headlines and consist
o( at least one developed sentence# there(ore are more in(ormative than headlines &hich
tend to "e ver1 "rie(.
))
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
23/80)-
IssueH o HeadlineS no Su)headline
)*+*-+ ,* 5 !rits dead in 2eru air crashS* 9;! holida1ing =rits &ere among si people %illed &hen their light aircra(t
crashed during a sightB seeing trip in eru# it &as revealed 1esterda1.)*+*-+ ,) !rit found dead in Maldives
S) A ='T'S, pu" landlad1 has "een (ound dead in the Maldives.
*+*-+ ,- 2M defends cut in child )enefitsS- DA2'D $ameron toda1 de(ended his governments plans to scrap child "ene(it (or
the "etter o(( (amilies./*+*-+ ,0 (ay prince killed aide during se9
S0 A SA!D' prince "attered his manservant to death during a ga1 se session in a (ivestar hotel# a court heard 1esterda1.
0*+*-+ ,3 Fury at Harry traitor dramaS3 '8$E ,arr1 &as last night (urious at a ne& $hannel 0 drama that sho&s him
captured "1 the TAL'=A8 B and turning TA'T;.1*+*-+ ,5 !alls ;ife tops ca)inetG poll
S5 N2ETTE $ooper &as last night tipped to "eat hus"and Ed =alls to "ecome shado&$hancellor.
1*+*-+ ,/ Sludge as )ig as !2 oil spill
S/ T;O'$ sludge in ,ungar1 has no& claimed seven lives B and it is thought the scaleo( the disaster is e
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
24/80)0
Date H o HeadlineS no Su)headline
*/H+*H)+** ,*5 De;ani to return to South AfricaS*5 T,E hus"and o( hone1moon murder victim Anni De&ani ma1 voluntaril1 return to South
A(rica to (ace trial over her %illing# it &as claimed toda1.)*H+*H)+** ,*/ Murdered )ride Michaela )uried in ;edding dress
S*/ M;!8ES gathered in 'reland toda1 united in grie( at the (uneral o( murderedhone1moon "ride Michaela McAreave1.
)0H+*H)+** ,*7 Cueens *yrs orf for 3ills and :ateS*7 T,E ueen told rince 6illiam and ate Middleton the1 can sta1 out o( the spotlight (orthe (irst t&o 1ears o( their marriage.
)0H+*H)+** ,*4 2rem Lge star )ankrupt after property scamS*4 EM'E League ace Iason Euell has gone "an%rupt a(ter "eing scammed in a propert1
venture.)5H+*H)+** ,)+ #a)ak Jail s;itch over attack fears
S)+ T,E man accused o( murdering Io Neats &as moved to a di((erent prison 1esterda1 amid(ears (or his sa(et1.
)/H+*H)+** ,)* Mum dies as drunks clog AKES)* A M!M died a(ter &aiting (ive hours in an AE department Cclogged up &ith drun%s#
her hus"and claimed last night.
)4H+*H)+** ,)) :iller )ug from India hits 5++ !ritsS)) A DEADLN ne& super"ug resistant to anti"iotics has struc% do&n hundreds o( =rits a(terspreading here (orm 'ndia and a%istan.
+)H+)H)+** ,)- -ro;ds clash as Egypt riots roll onS)- 9'P,T'8P has "ro%en out in $airo "et&een thousands o( supporters and opponents o(
Eg1ptian t1rant ,osni Mu"ara%.+)H+)H)+** ,)0 3ills in a ;edding snu) to the stars
S)0 '8$E 6illiam and ate Middleton are to snu" cele"s hoping (or invites to their&edding
+)H+)H)+** ,)3 (et ca)in cre; Jo)$ )lo; up !.A. planeS)3 A ='T'S, Air&a1s &or%er &as given secret orders (rom a terror chie( urging him to get
a ca"in cre& Go" so he could "lo& up a !SB"ound Get# a court heard 1esterda1.
+)H+)H)+** ,)5 #akea;ays facing ,$+++ fat ta9S)5 ,EALT,Bconscious councillors &ant to slap a *#+++ Q(at taQ on ta%ea&a1s B in an e((ort
to tac%le o"esit1.
+0H+)H)+** ,)/ an mo;s do;n Egypt protestersS)/ T,'S horri(ic video captures the moment a police van careered through a cro&d o( people
during 1esterda1Rs $airo riots.+0H+)H)+** ,)7 3hy are !ritish ;omen so fat
S)7 ! &omen are more li%el1 than men to &eigh over -+st# a stud1 sa1s.+4H+)H)+** ,)4 !ritish girl dies in US )uttock op
S)4 A ='T'S, girl has died a(ter having "ottom implants (itted B in a !S motel room.*+H+)H)+** ,-+ !ig !utt Sasha is @uiBBed )y cops over fi9G
S-+ A 9'OE "eing
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
25/80
-HA2#E' 4 #HE '%LE %F HEADLIES
=e(ore the actual anal1sis# some clari(ication o( terminolog1 and identi(ication o(
the individual parts "eing discussed is needed. 9or the purpose o( the discourse anal1sis#
thirt1 headlines# divided into t&o sets depending on the date o"tained# have "een chosen#
each la"eled &ith the letter , and appertaining num"er. 6ith re(erence to su"headlines#
the1 comprise o( the letter S and the same num"er as headlines. 'n the corpus# all headlines
are accompanied "1 a su"headline.
The headline is a uni
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
26/80
interest in the potential reader# &ho# on average# is a person &hose e1e moves s&i(tl1 do&n
a page and stops &hen something catches his attention...C.
,eadlines should outline &hat the article is a"out# ho&ever# man1 times &e might
come across headlines that might not "e *447: )0@ claims# Can etra
dimension o( meaning. As to the punctuation in the headlines# there is none used.
A common (eature o( the anal1Fed headlines is the shoc%ing content. As has alread1
"een mentioned# ta"loid ne&spapers# namel1 The Sun# engage in sensational and
scandalous themes.
,eadlines do not reveal a su((icient amount o( in(ormation in their content. The1 do
so in order to encourage the reader into reading (urther. The1 should "e vague to arouse
curiosit1 and dra& attention. C'n a spo%en or &ritten# visual or auditor1 discourse
)5
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
27/80
the spea%er must ena"le the addressee to identi(1 the entities mentioned in the tet "1 using
appropriate re(erring epression. A spea%er &ho uses a de(inite re(erring epression
presupposes that a mental representation o( the entit1 "eing re(erred to eists in
the addressees mind >ronrod Engel# )++*@. That is# the spea%er should provide
enough in(ormation (or the reader to decode the meaning o( such tet success(ull1.
4., #he 'ole of Su)headlines
Although in this su"chapter ' am going to eplain the (unction o( su"headline# &hile
searching (or the material (or m1 thesis ' have not come across an1 de(inition o(
su"headlines# ho&ever# there are de(initions o( the lead &hich# together &ith the headline
should "e part o( the ne&s article# "ut m1 anal1sis has proved that no lead is present in
the articles# there(ore a(ter thorough consideration ' have come to the conclusion that
the (unction o( the lead has "een ta%en over "1 the su"headlines. Lead generall1 starts
the paragraph o( the article and is part o( it# not separated paragraph# ho&ever# su"headline
is usuall1 &ritten either in "old or in a di((erent colour and is shorter.
As there is no de(inition (or su"headlines# "ut the1 appear to (ul(ill the same
(unction as the lead# ' &ill start (irst &ith the de(inition o( the lead. As =ell >*44*: *3+#
*3)@ states# the lead paragraph is a nucleus o( evaluation UitV (ocuses the stor1 in a
particular direction. The lead (unctions as a summar1 o( the tet# i.e. "rie(l1 in(orms the
reader a"out the content o( the article and is (urther summariFed "1 the headline# &hich is
even "rie(er than the su"headline.
't is important to note that the su"headlines in the articles in the online version o(
The Sundi((er (rom the su"headlines in the printed (orm o( the articles. The1 var1 in siFe#
the online version has a "igger (ont and is &ritten in "old# &hereas in the hard cop1 the1 are
indistinguisha"le (rom the rest o( the tet. The1 appear to "e a part o( the actual article and
are the (irst thing to (ollo& a(ter the headline and could also "e considered a lead in that
)/
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
28/80
case. Lead# according to =ell >*44*: *04@# CsummariFes the central action and esta"lishes
the point o( the stor1. The lead has an important (unction# "ecause it helps the reader to
decide &hether to continue reading or to move on to the net article. 't a"stracts the stor1
and is created "1 Gournalists unli%e the headline# &hich is added as the last piece o(
in(ormation "1 the editors and a"stracts the lead. Su"headlines seem to (ul(ill all o( these
(unctions# there(ore the1 could "e treated as leads.
Su"headlines# although the1 are produced "1 a di((erent person than the headlines#
epand and in man1 cases render the meaning o( the vague and o"scure headlines and help
the reader to decipher &hat the article is a"out. There(ore the1 are an important element in
the ne&s that cannot "e omitted. The ta"le "elo& demonstrates the di((erence "et&een
the headline and the su"headline as to the length and the content.
The headlines di((er (rom the su"headlines not onl1 "1 their length and the content#
"ut also "1 the structure and attractiveness. Su"headlines are more in(ormative and less
sensational since the1 rel1 more on contetual rather than visual aspect.
#a)le / Headline vs. subheadline
o Headlines Su)headline
H+, 5 !rits dead in2eru air crash
9;! holida1ing =rits &ere among si people %illed&hen their light aircra(t crashed during a sightB seeingtrip in eru# it &as revealed 1esterda1.
H,/ !a)y 2 coverup isfinally )lo;n
T,E true horror o( ho& =a"1 &as doomed "1 onehorri(1ing "lunder a(ter another &as 9'8ALLN laid "are1esterda1 B along &ith a shame(ul 6,'TE6AS,.
H*+ #a)ak Jail s;itchover attack fears
T,E man accused o( murdering Io Neats &as moved to adi((erent prison 1esterda1 amid (ears (or his sa(et1.
H*1!ritish girl dies inUS )uttock op
A ='T'S, girl has died a(ter having "ottom implants (itted Bin a !S motel room.
)7
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
29/80
An interesting (eature o( TheSunsu"headlines is the use o( capitals (or &ords in
the initial position o( the sentence. '( this place is occupied "1 the inde(inite article#
the (ollo&ing &ord is also capitaliFed# ho&ever# i( the position is ta%en "1 a de(inite article#
the &ord &hich (ollo&s is &ritten in standard case as is sho&n in ,)+. ;ther &ords# &hich
are also &ritten in capitals# are those# &hich are emphasiFed# as illustrated in ,*3. 't is
pro"a"l1 done so to emphasiFe the &ord and to attract readers attention.
)4
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
30/80
-HA2#E' 5 ('AMMA#I-AL S#'U-#U'ES %F HEADLIES AD
SU!HEADLIES
5., -lause Structure of Headlines and Su)headlines
'n this chapter ' &ould li%e to (ocus on the grammatical structure o( headlines and
su"headlines. M1 anal1sis o( ver"al phrases in the Set ' in terms o( compleit1 indicates
that the simple structure o( ver"al phrases prevails. Simple clause consists o( one
independent clause and contains a ver" and a su"Gect. ;ut o( (i(teen headlines# as man1 as
eleven consist o( simple clauses. There are no comple ver"al phrases included in the (irst
set o( headlines. The remaining (our instances are ver"less. A possi"le eplanation (or this
(inding is that ta"loid headlines tend to "e "rie( and short and rel1 more on attraction rather
than in(ormativeness as is the case o( serious ne&spapers. 6ith re(erence to the Set ''#
the structure o( headlines varies slightl1. According to the ta"le# three sentences are
incomplete# since the1 contain no ver". The amount o( the simple sentences is slightl1
lo&er than in Set '# as there are onl1 nine simple clauses compared to the (irst set &hich
has eleven such clauses. ,eadlines ,)* and ,)- are constructed o( comple clauses.
A comple clause has one independent clause Goined "1 a su"ordinator asto a dependent
clause. ,eadline ,)3 is an instance o( a compound clause# in &hich "oth clauses are
independent and are Goined "1 a comma. The actual coordinator andis omitted.
The structure o( su"headlines di((ers considera"l1 (rom the structure o( headlines.
Since su"headlines are more detailed and longer# than headlines# there is a tendenc1 to use
more comple clauses than in headlines. !nli%e the headlines (rom the corpus# &hich in
some cases lac% a ver"# the su"headlines consist o( at least one (inite ver". As the ta"le
"elo& indicates# there is a slight di((erence "et&een "oth anal1sed sets o( su"headlines.
As (or the simple clauses# onl1 in (our cases o( "oth sets the su"headlines are composed o(
these t1pes o( clauses# the rest o( the su"headlines comprises o( comple clauses# &hereas
-+
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
31/80
in Set '# in addition to simple and comple clauses# also compound sentences occur.
M1 anal1sis o( the clause structure suggests that comple clauses prevail in the corpus.
#a)le 0 Clauses structure in headlines
#ype of ver)al phrase SE# , SE#*2er"less clauses ,+*# ,+3# ,+/# ,+4 ,*7# ,)+# ,)0Simple clauses ,+)# ,+-# ,+0# ,+5# ,+7#
,*+# ,**# ,*)# ,*-# ,*0#,*3
,*5# ,*/# ,*4# ,))# ,)5#,)/# ,)7# ,)4# ,-+
$omple clauses + ,)*# ,)-$ompound clauses + ,)3
#a)le 7 Clauses structure in subheadlines
#ype of ver)al phrase SE# ,N SE#*N2er"less clauses + +Simple clauses S+)# S+-# S+7# S+4 S*/# S)-# S)/# S)7$omple clauses S+*# S+0# S+3# S+5# S*+# S**#
S*)# S*0# S*3S*5# S*7# S*4# S)+# S)*#S))# S)0# S)3# S)5# S)4#S-+
$ompound clauses S+/# S*-
5.,., #ypes of Speech Acts in Headlines and Su)headlines
egarding the t1pes &hich the sentences ta%e# there are (our t1pes# namel1
statements# commands# eclamations and
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
32/80
the anal1Fed material and onl1 one instance o( a
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
33/80
e.g. run, eat@# primary ver)s 2be, have, anddo@ and modal ve)s >e.g. can, will, might@.
These classes are distinguished "1 their roles as main ver"s and auiliar1 ver"s.
English has t&o t1pes o( ver" phrases: (inite and nonB(inite. 9inite ver" phrases are
mar%ed (or tense# aspect# voice# modalit1# negation and clause structure t1pe. The1 can "e
mar%ed either (or tense or modalit1 "ut never (or "oth. '( the1 are in(lected (or tense# it is
either (or past or (or present# since onl1 these t&o t1pes o( tenses eist in English# other
Ctenses are created "1 the use o( modals or auiliaries >=i"er et al. *444: 03) B 03-@.
Since m1 corpus contains also headlines &ithout ver"s and this group is smaller
than the ver"al group# ' &ill deal &ith this categor1 (irst.
5.*., er)less -lauses
$onsidering the space o( headlines &hich is limited# there is a tendenc1 to condense
the tet o( headlines. There(ore man1 clauses# including some ver"s# are usuall1 omitted.
This omission is called ellipsis. The LPS6E de(ines the ellipsis as Cthe omission o(
elements &hich are precisel1 recovera"le (rom the linguistic or situational contet >=i"er
et al.*444: *35@. Even &hen the &ord is omitted (rom the tet# the meaning is preserved.
'( the ver" is missing in the clause# the action is usuall1 implied &ithin the noun
phrase# that is# the ver" is turned into a noun. These clauses are re(erred to as nominal
headlines and the process o( this trans(ormation is called nominaliBation. As 9o&ler
>*44*: /4@ claims CEnglish is a XnominaliFing language and Xit is structurall1 possi"le#
and actuall1 common# (or predicates >ver"s and adGectives@ to "e realiFed s1ntacticall1 as
nouns: these are called derived nominals. There are man1 &ords in English &hich
denominate actions and processes not o"Gects. The corpus contains (our headlines >,+*#
,+3# ,+/# ,+4@ in the (irst set and three headlines >,*7# ,)+# ,)0@ in the second set
&hich lac% the ver". All (our representatives o( the ver"less group in the (irst set o(
headlines di((er in their structure. 'n the (irst one >,+*@# the action is implied in
--
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
34/80
the adGective dead. ,+3 is an instance o( nominaliFation o( the ver"# &here instead o(
the use o( the ver" to be "urious# this is trans(ormed into the noun "ury. The nominal
structure shi(ts the (ocus (rom the actorHarryon the noun"urry. 'n the second eample
>,/@ the headline lac%s the ver" to be# &hich &ould other&ise# com"ined &ith the adGective
big,(unction as a (ull ver". The last eample in the group >,4@ "ecause o( the missing ver"#
provides no in(ormation on &hat has happened. The action is# ho&ever# less important then
the noun "illies# &hich re(ers to ver1 1oung ladies that had "een appointed to
the (ront"ench. There(ore the ver" is redundant and &hat has happened can "e retrieved
(rom the contet.
All headlines >,*7# ,)+# ,)0@ o( the non ver"al categor1 o( the Set '' are instances
o( nominaliFation &here the action is implied "1 the use o( a noun phrase.
5.*.* er)al -lauses" Distri)ution of #enses in Headlines and Su)headlines
As has alread1 "een mentioned# English is mar%ed onl1 (or t&o tenses# present and
past. The present tense re(ers to events in the past# present situations and ha"itual "ehavior#
or to (uture events. ;n the other hand# the past tense is used to re(er to states or events in
the past. ,o&ever# i( the ver" is in the present per(ect it is not mar%ed (or the tense "ut
rather (or the aspect# since the tense re(ers to past or present# the aspect relates to
the situations &hich are incomplete. There(ore the present per(ect tense is used in
the situation &hich "egan sometime in the past "ut continues in the present.
9irst o( all ' &ill deal &ith the categor1 o( headlines in the present per(ect tense. This t1pe
o( aspect does not occur ver1 (re
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
35/80
the (act# that the in(ormation is not (inite and is presented as an assumption and the use o(
modal ver" allo&s the in(ormation to "e presented as a speculation rather than the (act#
&hich is an instance o( modalit1 that &ill "e discussed (urther in m1 thesis. ,*+ is
epressed in the same tense as the headline.
Another su"categor1 o( ver"als includes the present simple tense&hich re(ers to
past events. This tense is also called the historic present. This t1pe o( tense occurs in order
Cto produce a more vivid description as i( the events &ere "eing enacted at the time o(
speech >=i"er et al. *444: 030@. 't is said to "e conventionall1 used in headlines# ho&ever#
m1 anal1sis con(irmed onl1 t&o cases >,+-# ,+5#@ occurring in the Set '. S+-# ho&ever# is
in the past tense# &hereas S+5 in the passive voice.
Thesimple past tenseis used onl1 in the (irst set o( headlines in t&o cases >,+0#
,*-@. 't is not surprising since as has previousl1 "een mentioned the use o( the past tense is
not as (re=i"er et al.
*444: )*4@. The imperative is used in the situations &here the addressee is %no&n and
there(ore not needed and it orders himHher to doHnot to do something immediatel1 there(ore
no tense# aspect and modals are necessar1 >see =i"er et al. *444: )*4@. 'n m1 anal1sis there
is onl1 one such instance# ,** in Set '# ho&ever# this clause in not a t1pical imperative#
since it contains the su"Gect and there is no one &ho should carr1 out the given command
-3
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
36/80
(rom the headline. 't is used (or other purposes than to instruct someone to do something#
since the su"headline eplains that there has "een a cele"ration o( the rescued miners#
there(ore the headline suggests that the unnamed person >the "ar tender@ should pour them a
large drin%.
According to =i"er et al. >*444: 035@# Cthere is no (ormal futuretensein English
and UitV is t1picall1 mar%ed in the ver" phrase "1 modal or semiBmodal ver"s such as
will, shall, be going to3. ,o&ever# modals are omitted most o( the time in headlines due to
the saving space and the (uture events are there(ore epressed "1 the in(initive# as is
the case o( ,+7. The ver" to beand an auiliar1 ver"going to*willis omitted and replaced
"1 a shorter version o( ver" to start. $ompound (uture (orms are usuall1 su"stituted "1
more simple (orms o( ver"s (or economic reasons. S+7 is epressed "1 the modal ver)
could 4 start.
The last categor1 o( Set ' concentrates on clauses in passive voice. According to
LEP# Cactive voice and passive voice re(ers to the (orm o( a ver". 'n the active# the su"Gect
o( the ver" is the person or thing doing the action...in the passiveK the action is done to
the su"Gect >Aleander *477: )0*@. egarding the use o( active and passive voice in
headlines# active is used &hen the (ocus is on the agent o( the action &hereas passive shi(ts
the (ocus on the happening rather than &hat or &ho causes the happening# i.e. &e are not
interested in the doer. =i"er et al. >*444: 0//@ also claim that the use o( passive in ne&s is
"ecause the stor1 (ocuses on the event &hich involves an a((ected person or institution
rather than the agent &hich is %no&n# easil1 identi(ia"le in the contet or not interesting.
T&o (orms o( passive structures are possi"le: long passive &here the agent is epressed
&ith byphrase and short passive &ith the agent omitted . =i"er et al.>*444: 0//@ claim that
the long passive constructions are more (re
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
37/80
>,+)# ,*)# ,*0@# &hereas ,*3 contains the ver". S+) and S*0 are "oth in present per(ect
tense# S*3 is in the past tense and in S*) is the passive (orm o( blackmailedepressed in
active (orm and (ocus o( the person a((ected "1 this crime is shi(ted to the person accused
o( committing the crime and the present per(ect tense is used.
Set '' di((ers in the tense representation slightl1 (rom the Set '. Altogether si
headlines (rom the Set '' are instances &here the present simple tense is used >,)*# ,))#
,)-# ,)/# ,)7# ,)4@. Su"headlines &ith the present per(ect are S))# S)-# S)4# in S)*# S)/
the past tense is used and S+7 uses the present tense.
Although# as =i"er et al. >*444: ))*@ claim# the use o( imperatives in ne&s is rare#
as ne&s is nonBinteractive contrar1 to conversations &hich are interactive# "ut i( the1 occur#
most o( the times Cthe1 give instructions on ho& to per(orm certain actionsC# &hich is
eactl1 ho& it is used in ,)3# to instruct the su"Gect to carr1 out certain tas%# unli%e (rom
the previous set# &here it &as used di((erentl1. Even the su"headline con(irms this claim#
&hen it eplains# ho& the person (rom the article &as ordered to Xget a ca"in cre& Go" to
"lo& up =.A. plane. The su"headline is epressed "1 the passive voice.
,eadlines ,*/# ,*4 and ,-+ are in passive voice. 9irst t&o have the (inite ver" be
omitted# the last one does not. All o( their su"headlines are epressed di((erentl1. S*/ is
converted to active voice and in(orms a"out the mourners that gathered in the (uneral o(
the "ride and the ver" is in past tense. S*4 is in present per(ect &hereas S-+ although it is
in the passive voice its ver" to "e is epressed "1 a progressive (orm.
Similarl1 as in the previous set# the (uture in headline ,*5 is epressed &ith
the in(initive to return. The su"headline epresses also (uturit1 "ut it is done so "1 the use
o( a modal ver" may.
The last headline to "e anal1Fed in terms o( tenses used is ,)5# &hich as the onl1
one (rom the corpus is in gerund that epresses the possi"le (uture action. The su"headline
-/
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
38/80
is in the present tense.
To conclude this chapter# ' can state that the use o( tenses in headlines varies.
There(ore# ' cannot agree &ith =i"er et al. >*444: 035@ &ho claim that "oth tenses >past and
present@ are used in approimatel1 the same ratio in ne&s. M1 (indings sho& that there is
no clear pre(erence (or a certain t1pe o( a tense and the representation o( tenses and aspects
is more or less heterogeneous "oth i( Gudging the sets separatel1 or as a &hole. ,o&ever# in
Set '' the group &ith the present simple tense is the most numerous &ith si representatives
out o( all headlines in this set. The Set ' has heterogeneous representation o( tenses
distri"uted more or less evenl1 &ith the passive group slightl1 prevailing.
9o&ler >*44*: /7@ claims that Cpassive is a common structure in headlines. 9rom
m1 o"servations ' can argue that it is not the case# since onl1 in seven out o( thirt1
headlines# out o( &hich t&ent1 three are ver"al# (rom m1 corpus the passive (orm is used.
egarding the representation o( ver"al and ver"less clauses in the anal1sed sets#
the proportion is rather "alanced.
-7
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
39/80
#a)le 1 Distribution of tenses SET I
-ategory #ense um)er Headline2er"al resent simpleH
historic present,+- M de(ends cut in child "ene(its,+5 =alls &i(e tops Jca"inetJ poll
'mperative ,** Ma%e miner large one'n(initive ,+7 XMiners rescue to start 6ednesda1ast simple ,+0 Pa1 prince J%illed aideJ during se
,*- aedo a"used (iveBmonthBoldresent per(ect ,*+ !S troops ma1 have J%illed =rit aid
&or%erJassive ,+) =rit (ound dead in Maldives
,*) Se cops victim groped at stationJ,*0 $ele" "lac%mailed over J sensitiveJ
pics,*3 =a"1 coverBup is (inall1 "lo&n
2er"less8HA
,+* 0 =rits dead in eru air crash,+3 9urr1 at ,arr1 JtraitorJ drama,+/ Sludge Jas "ig as = oil spillJ,+4 MiliJs 9illies
#a)le ,+ Distribution of tenses SET II
-ategory #ense um)er Headline
2er"alresentsimpleH,istoric
present
,)* Mum dies as drun%s clog AE,)) iller "ug (rom 'ndia hits 0++ =rits,)- $ro&ds clash as Eg1pt riots roll on,)/ 2an mo&s do&n Eg1pt protesters
,)7 6h1 are =ritish &omen so (atY,)4 =ritish girl dies in !S "uttoc% op'mperative ,)3 Pet ca"in cre& Go"# "lo& up =.A. plane
assive,*/ Murdered "ride Michaela "uried in &edding
dress,*4 rem Lge star "an%rupt a(ter propert1 scam,-+ =ig "utt Sasha is
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
40/80
-HA2#E' / M%DALI#& I HEADLIES AD SU!HEADLIES
Although ne&spapers should "e impartial and present the reader &ith (acts &ithout
an1 personal attitudes# it is hardl1 the case# and there are man1 language (eatures that
manipulate the message presented. The author o( headlines has the option to manipulate
the tet "1 the selection o( various interpersonal (unctions# that is# to in(luence the
perception o( the event. ;ne o( the (unctions ho& to achieve this and &hich ' &ill "e
dealing &ith in m1 thesis# is the use o( modality. Although# man1 linguists have de(ined
modalit1 in various &a1s# during m1 research ' realiFed that it is not su((icient and there is
more to "e said a"out this topic. 6hile anal1Fing m1 material# ' noticed man1 di((erent
&a1s o( epressing modalit1 &hich ' &ill eplain (urther.
eah >*447: 4*@ asserts that# Cmodalit1 re(ers to the &a1 in &hich a tet can epress
attitudes to&ards a situation# and is usuall1 realiFed in the use o( modal ver)s>can# &ill#
shall# ma1# must# could &ould# should# might@K and in the use o( adver)ssuch as possi"l1#
li%el1.
Another linguist# oger 9o&ler >*44*: 50@# de(ines modalit1 as CGudgments as to
truth >JcorrectJ@# likelihood >Jcertainl1J# JmightJ@# desirability>Jregretta"leJ@K other modal
usages stipulate obligations>JshouldJ# Jought toJ@ and grantpermission>Jma1J@. ,e (urther
claims that the modalit1 can "e epressed either eplicitl1 or implicitl1# that is# it is either
overtl1 stated or not. 'mplicit1 is t1pical (or modal ver"s and most o( stance adver"ials
>9o&ler *44*: 73B75@.
The use o( an auiliar1 ver" indicates a strong possi"ilit1 that the situation &as not
or &ill not "e realiFed. #ill,&hich re(ers to the (uture# (unctions as a prediction and
there(ore epresses uncertaint1 o( the proposition. The presence o( modal epressions in
printed tets enhances their su"Gectivit1# casts dou"ts and evo%es scepticism.
0+
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
41/80
=i"er et al. >*444: 03/@ claim that Cmodals are used to epress a spea%ers or
&riters stance# epressing either the degree o( >un@certaint1 o( the proposition# or
meanings# such as permission# o"ligation: or necessit1. 't also distinguishes "et&een
intrinsic and etrinsic modalit1# &hich is also re(erred to as JdeonticJ and JepistemicJ
modalit1.
$lauses lac%ing modal ver"s might seem to "e mar%ed (or tense onl1# and modalit1
might not "e overtl1 epressed# it does not necessaril1 mean that the proposition has no
modalit1. There are other possi"ilities ho& the modalit1 in the clauses can "e achieved. ;ne
such option is "1 the use o( adver"ials. Adver"ials epress authorJs stance to&ards a
proposition. The1 are called stance adver)ials. LPS6E eplains that Cstance adver"ials
conve1 spea%ersJ comments on &hat the1 are sa1ing >the content o( the message@ or ho&
the1 are sa1ing it >the st1le@ >=i"er et al. *444: /50@. There are three t1pes o( stance
adver"ials: epistemic# attitudinal# and st1listic.
onZ%ov >)++4: -))@ suggests another &a1 o( epressing the stance in
proposition. 't is done "1 the sentence modality &hich consists o( Cstatements#
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
42/80
indicate iron1 or apologetic &ords are *473: *5-3@# C
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
43/80
them contain more than one.
As ' mentioned a"ove# most headlines (rom the anal1sis are statements and those
remaining are either @uestions or imperatives.
Set ' contains one instance o( the imperative clause >,**@# &here it re(ers to
the picture accompan1ing the headline and instructing an unde(ined person to pour a "ig
glass o( champagne to cele"rate the rescue. According to onZ%ov >)++4: -)-@#
Ccommand is out o( all modal t1pes the most directive. 'ts t1pical (orm is a direct appeal.
Su"headline# ho&ever# onl1 in(orms the reader a"out the cele"ration &ithout the use o(
imperative or an1 other modal mar%er.
'n ,7 the modalit1 is epressed "1 the use o( an infinitive&hich re(ers to (uture
that is mar%ed (or modalit1 due to the standard use o( modals and semiBmodals to epress
(uturit1. 'n this case the use o( in(initive denotes a shorten version o( (uturit1. 9uturit1 here
serves as a prediction# that is# the event ma1 or ma1 not "e realiFed. The statement there(ore
is in the position o( a mere assumption and could change. The su"headline corresponds
&ith this statement "ecause it also epresses it as a presupposition "1 the use o( the modal
could.
As has alread1 "een mentioned previousl1# ver"al (inite clauses &hich are not
mar%ed (or tense# are generall1 mar%ed (or modalit1. This is the case o( t&o headlines (rom
the Set '. The headline ,*+ contains an auiliar1 may have and there(ore &ea%ens
the evaluation# and "ecause o( the use o( modal ver)is mar%ed (or modalit1. 't is presented
as a tentative evaluation and so is the su"headline &hich also contains an auiliar1 ver".
Even the tet presents this in(ormation such as mere speculation and &hat eactl1 happened
is not con(irmed 1et. ,o&ever# the (ocus in the su"headline is shi(ted (rom the agent
epressed in the headline to the patient in the su"headline "1 the use o( passive structure in
the headline. 8evertheless# the meaning o( "oth is the same and the1 are presented as
the speculation rather than the (act.
0-
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
44/80
Modalit1 epressed "1 the stance adver)ial is present in ,*3 &hich epresses
the attitude to&ards the proposition "1 using the term "inally. The adver"ial indicates that
the case had "een going on (or a long time &ithout resolution and has "een solved at last.
The same adver"ial is used in su"headlines.
=i"er et al. >*444:/50@ claim that Cmost sentences in English do not contain stance
adver"ials. ather# the1 are statements made &ithout overt stance mar%ers. As is apparent
(rom m1 anal1sis# there are not man1 cases o( these t1pes o( mar%ers used. Much more
o(ten# the headlines and su"headlines contain other t1pes o( modalit1.
As (or the naming strateg1 used in ,*)# it emplo1s rather a"usive &a1 o( re(erring
to the person accused o( committing a crime. The term is mar%ed since it descri"es
the person in a particular &a1 invo%ing in readers certain "iased opinions to&ards
the person descri"ed and (rom this statement it is easil1 identi(ia"le &hose side the media is
on. The similar case occurs in ,0 &here the person accused o( committing a crime is titled
gay,although his orientation has not "een proven in the tet o( the article 1et# in &hich this
person actuall1 denies such accusations# even though# the evidence might "e suggesting
other&ise. There(ore such denomination might "e misleading. The su"headline though#
re(ers to the person "1 a more accurate denomination# a Saudi prince,and the proposition is
more care(ul in its claim a"out the seual orientation o( the prince# and onl1 mentions
the situation during &hich the incident occurred# and indirectl1 implies his seual
pre(erences.
'n ,5# 5vette opper,&ho is identi(ied in the su"headline "1 her (ull name# is in
the headline re(erred to via her hus"and as6all7s wi"e and not as an individual.
Spea%ing o( the use o( proper names# The Sungenerall1 re(ers to people involved in
the article "1 their (irst name &hich# as eah >*447: 3/@ claims# Csuggests either e
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
45/80
sound less serious# "ut in the case o( ta"loids# &hich have a light content as (ar as the topics
are concerned# the choice o( &ords is reasona"le.
The last and also the most numerous group to "e discussed is the group containing
the headlines &ith inverted commas or else
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
46/80
this case the ans&er is to "e (ound in the article.
,*5# "1 the use o( the infinitive &hich epresses (uturit1 o( the statement suggests
De&aniJs plan (or returning to A(rica# ho&ever# this presupposition is &ea%en in
the su"headline "1 the use o( the modal auiliar1 may. As is (urther in the tet eplained#
!ewaniis not actuall1 planning to do so "ut# instead# suggests that he &ould consider such
option i( it &as necessar1.
Loaded ;ords>emotive language@ are other mar%ers o( modalit1 emplo1ed in ,)/#
&here the phrase mows downmeans to %ill man1 people in a cruel &a1 and there(ore
appeals to the (eelings o( the readers and ma1 in(luence their perception o( a given
situation.
,)5# ,*5# ,-+ are instances o( modalit1 epressed "1 inverted commas. ,)5 and
,-+ represent a use o( inverted commas in the situation &here the author uses the term
&hich is not recogniFed# i.e. &ould not normall1 "1 used in such contet# there(ore signals
hisHher distance (rom the
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
47/80
pro"a"l1 "ecause even i( the person &as identi(ied in the headline and the su"headline "1
her (ull name# it &ould carr1 no in(ormation value (or the readers unless the person is
someho& %no&n to the readers# either "ecause o( her social status# or (rom the previous
tets. The tet itsel(# ho&ever# identi(ies this Cmum "1 her (ull name.
The last three headlines to "e discussed in the chapter are those that use slang
;ords. Slang is an in(ormal language that uses &ords &hich replace more general terms
that &ould "e used instead. 't is a language that is usuall1 used "1 a particular group
o( people. ,)*# ,)4# ,-+. S)* and S-+ also contain slang &ords# ho&ever# S)4 replaces
the term buttockop&ith more general and neutral epression bottom implants "itted.
#a)le ,, Type of modality in headlines SET I
#ype of modality Set I Headline
Statements ;No overt e9pression ofmodality
0 =rits dead in eru air crash H+,
=rit (ound dead in Maldives H+*
M de(ends cuts in child "ene(its H+4
aming strategy
Gayprince %illed aideduring se H+5
alls !ifetops ca"inetpoll H+0
"ili#s9illies H+1
$Se% cop#svictim groped at station H,*
2eadoa"used (iveBmonthBold H,4
Inverted comas
Pa1 prince %illed aideduring se H+5
9ur1 at ,arr1 RtraitorR drama H+/
=alls &i(e tops ca"inetpoll H+0
Sludge Ras "ig as = oil spillR H+7
Miners rescue to start 6ednesda1R H+6
!S troops ma1 have R%illed =rit aid &or%erR H,+
RSe cops victim groped at stationR H,*
$ele" "lac%mailed over RsensitiveR pics H,5
Infinitive RMiners rescue to start6ednesda1R H+6
Imperative "a&eminer large one H,,
Modal au9iliary !S troops may have $&illed=rit aid &or%erR H,+
Stance adver)ial =a"1 coverBup isfinally"lo&n H,/
#a)le ,* Type of modality in headlines SET II
0/
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
48/80
#ype of modality Set II Headline
Statements ;No overt e9pression ofmodality
iller "ug (rom 'ndia hits 0++ =rits H**
rem Lge star "an%rupt a(ter propert1 scam H,1
$ro&ds clash as Eg1pt riots roll on H*4
Cuestions 6h1 are =ritish &omen so (atY H*6
Loaded ;ords 2an mo!s do!nEg1pt protesters H*7
aming strategy
De!aniRto return to South A(ricaR H,0
Murdered "ride"ichaela"uried in &edding
H,7
ueenJs )1rs o(( (or 'ill(sand)ate H,6
Taba&Gail s&itch over attac% (ears H*+
"umdies as drun%s clog AE H*,
'illsin a &edding snu" to the stars H*5
Slang
=ig =utt Sasha is
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
49/80
the use o( various linguistic devices to %eep the distance (rom &hat is "eing claimed as i(
not to "ac% up hisHhers assertions.
/., Assertion and Assumption in Headlines and Su)headlines
Seeing that ne&spapers# especiall1 ta"loids li%e The Sun is# tr1 to attract interest
o( potential reader# the1 must produce e1eBcatching headlines. There(ore headline authors
attempt to ma%e them sound and loo% as trust&orth1 and accurate as possi"le# ho&ever# this
might sometimes lead to am"iguit1 and overBassertion.
'n this su"chapter ' &ill (ocus on the assertion and assumption in headlines and
su"headlines and the relationship "et&een these t&o entities. ' &ould li%e to eamine ho&
the individual headlines and su"headlines are presented and perceived in ne&spapers.
$r1stal >)++7: -4@ de(ines assertion as Ca term used in pragmatics and semantics
in its ordinar1 sense o( presenting in(ormation as true# "ut also more technicall1 (or that
portion o( the in(ormation encoded in a sentence &hich is presented "1 the spea%er as true#
as opposed to that portion &hich is merel1 presupposed. ,e (urther de(ines
presuppositionas "a condition which must !e satis#ed i$ a particular
state o$ a%airs is to o!tain& or (in relation to language) what a spea'er
assumes in saying a particular sentence& as opposed to what is actually
asserted (Crystal 2008: 8) 'n this case# ' &ill re(er to the presupposed part as
assumption. LD$E de(ines assumption as a Csomething that 1ou thin% is true although 1ou
have no proo( >Summers *443: 54@.
According to eah >*444: *+5@ Ca po&er(ul tool (or conve1ing meaning is the &a1
in &hich language can assume a particular meaning &ithout directl1 asserting it.
'n this sense# assertion is presented as a (act# as something &hich is "ased on
evidence on the other hand# assumption is presented as an tentative evaluation &hich lac%s
evidence and there(ore is onl1 in the position o( a mere speculation.
04
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
50/80
9or the purpose o( m1 discourse anal1sis ' have created t&o ta"les &ith (our
categories# t&o (or headlines and t&o (or su"headlines# each divided into t&o
su"categories# &here one represents the assertion and the other the assumption.
According to the Ta"le *+# not all the instances are straight(or&ard in stating
&hether the proposition is the assertion or the assumption. ,4 (or instance# is ver1 vague
and# especiall1 (or those readers not ac
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
51/80
:ury at ;Harry traitor< dramain ,3# although presented as a simple (act &ithout
an1 mitigating devices# it is ver1 am"iguous and does not state clearl1 &ho or &h1 is
(urious# this is# ho&ever# eplained in the su"headline in more details# &here the reader
learns the ans&er to these
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
52/80
#a)le ,4 Distribution of assertion and assumption in headlines and subheadlines SET I
HEADLIENASSE'#I%
HEADLIENASSUM2#I%
SU!HEADLIENASSE'#I%
SU!HEADLIEN ASSUM2#I%
H+,N5 !rits dead in 2eru aircrash
9;! holida1ing =rits!ereamong si people&illed&hen their lightaircra(t crashed during a
sightB seeing trip in eru#it &as revealed 1esterda1.
H+*N!rit found dead inMaldives
A ='T'S, pu" landlad1has )een found deadinthe Maldives.
H+4N2M defends cut in child)enefits
DA2'D $ameron toda1defendedhisgovernments plans toscrap child "ene(it (or the
"etter o(( (amilies.H+5N(ay prince killed aideduring se9
A SA!D' prince batteredhis manservant to deathduring a ga1 se session
in a (ive star hotel# acourt heard 1esterda1.H+/NFury at Harry traitordrama
'8$E ,arr1 !aslastnightfuriousat a ne&$hannel 0 drama thatsho&s him captured "1the TAL'=A8 B andturning TA'T;.
H+0N!alls ;ife tops ca)inetGpoll
N2ETTE $ooper!aslast nighttipped to beathus"and Ed =allsto "ecome shado&
$hancellor.H+7NSludge as )ig as!2 oil spill
T;O'$ sludge in,ungar1 has no&claimed sevenlives B and it isthoughtthe scaleo( the disaster ise
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
53/80
have killed !rit aid;orker
=ritish aid &or%erLinda 8orgrovemay have been
&illed"1 agrenade thro&n
"1 !S troopstr1ing to rescueher.
H,,NMake miner largeone
M'LL';8S o( $heleanscele"rated toda1 as the(irst o( the trapped miners
"randed Cnationalheroes "1 the countr1Js
president "egan toemerge.
H,*NSe9 copGs victim gropedat station
A2!L8EA=LE&oman attac&ed
"1 a se predatorcop &ho allegedl1raped (ive &omenand indecentl1assaulted t&o
more %ept hersilence (or ten1ears# a court &astold toda1
H,4N2aedo a)used fivemonthold
A $;MM!8'TN care&or%er has been foundguilty of se%ually
assaultinga (iveBmonthBold "a"1 and allo&ingher "o1(riend to ta%e
photographs o( the a"useon his mo"ile phone.
H,5N-ele) )lackmailed over
sensitive pics
A"*+ has been found
guilty of blac&mailinganinternational superstar&ith Chighl1 sensitive
photos stolen (rom herhome
H,/N!a)y 2 coverup isfinally )lo;n
T,E true horror o( ho&=a"1 &as doomed "1one horri(1ing "lundera(ter another!as,I+*-- laid bare
1esterda1 B along &ith ashame(ul 6,'TE6AS,.
As (ar as the Set '' is concerned# the Ta"le *- sho&s that most o( the headlines
appear to "e assertions# ho&ever# there are some &hich are not so clear and straight(or&ard.
'n ,)5 the use o( gerund o("acingsuggests a possi"le (uture situation &hich might
ta%e place# i.e. it epresses a tentative assertion o( something &hich is planned to "e carried
3-
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
54/80
out in the (uture. 't is also presented as an assertion in the su"headlines &here the ver"
wantand in(initive is used to epress an intention.
hetorical
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
55/80
distance the author o( the article (rom &hat is he Xclaiming "1 re(erring to some other voice
responsi"le (or the statement.
,*4 presents the in(ormation as a (act# i.e. as assertion together &ith
the su"headline &hich is# ho&ever# more detailed in description o( the situation. The same
can "e o"served in headlines ,)+# ,)*# ,)-# ,)/# ,)4# ,-+ and their su"headlines.
,)3 is an instance o( a command# "ut (rom the su"headline the reader learns some (acts
a"out the situation. The author o( the statement re(ers to the court# &here the assertion
originates (rom and there(ore shi(ts the responsi"ilit1 o( the statement to some other
organiFation.
2agueness o( ,)0 arouses (or the omission o( the ver". There(ore# (rom
the statement# it is not clear &hether the situation has alread1 happened or is going to
happen. Another important point to mention is that &edding snu" represents a noun phrase
&hich is in a place o( a ver" that &ould normall1 "e used in such situation.
The su"headline# ho&ever# "ecause o( "eing epressed "1 in(initive in place o( the noun
(rom the headline# assumes# &hat is a"out to happen in the (uture.
The anal1sis o( headlines and su"headlines in terms o( the assertion and assumption
sho&s the tendenc1 to present "oth more o(ten as unvarnished (acts i.e. as assertions rather
than assumptions &hich are not so convincing. The possi"le eplanation is# as has alread1
"een mentioned at the "eginning o( this chapter# the tendenc1 o( ne&spapers to produce
articles or more precisel1 headlines that appeal to readers and sound trust&orth1# i.e.
assertions instead o( mere presuppositions# since the1 are less persuasive and there(ore ma1
attract less attention.
33
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
56/80
#a)le ,5 Distribution of assertion and assumption in headlines and subheadlines SET
II
HEADLIEN
ASSE'#I%
HEADLIEN
ASSUM2#I%
SU!HEADLIEN
ASSE'#I%
SU!HEADLI
ENASSUM2#I%H,0NDe;ani to returnto South Africa
T,E hus"and o(hone1moonmurder victimAnni De&anima1 voluntaril1return to SouthA(rica to (acetrial over her%illing# it &asclaimed toda1.
H,7NMurdered )ride
Michaela )uried in ;eddingdress
M;!8ES gathered in
'reland toda1 united ingrie( at the (uneral o(murdered hone1moon
"ride MichaelaMcAreave1.
H,6N:iller )ug from India hits5++ !rits
A DEADLN ne&super"ug resistant toanti"iotics has struc%do&n hundreds o( =ritsa(ter spreading here (orm'ndia and a%istan.
H,1NCueens *yrs orf for3ills and :ate
T,E ueen toldrince 6illiamand ate
Middleton the1can sta1 out o(the spotlight (orthe (irst t&o1ears o( theirmarriage.
H*+N2rem Lge star )ankruptafter property scam
EM'E League aceIason Euell has gone
"an%rupt a(ter "eingscammed in a propert1venture.
H*,N#a)ak Jail s;itch overattack fears
The man accused o(murdering Io Neats &as
moved to a di((erentprison 1esterda1 amid(ears (or his sa(et1.
35
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
57/80
H**NMum dies as drunks clogAKE
A M!M died a(ter&aiting (ive hours in anAE departmentCclogged up &ithdrun%s# her hus"andclaimed last night.
H*4N-ro;ds clash as Egyptriots roll on
9'P,T'8P has "ro%enout in $airo "et&eenthousands o( supportersand opponents o(Eg1ptian t1rant ,osniMu"ara%.
H*5N3ills in a ;eddingsnu) to the stars
'8$E6illiam andate Middletonare to snu"cele"s hoping(or invites to
their &eddingH*/N(et ca)in cre;Jo)$ )lo; up !.A. plane
A ='T'S, Air&a1s&or%er &as given secretorders (rom a terror chie(urging him to get a ca"incre& Go" so he could
"lo& up a !SB"ound Get#a court heard 1esterda1.
H*0N#akea;ays facing,$+++ fat ta9
,EALT,Bconsciouscouncillors &antto slap a *#+++Q(at taQ on
ta%ea&a1s B inan e((ort totac%le o"esit1.
H*7Nan mo;s do;n Egyptprotesters
T,'S horri(ic videocaptures the moment a
police van careeredthrough a cro&d o(
people during 1esterda1Rs$airo riots.
H*6N N3hy are !ritish ;omenso fat
! &omen are moreli%el1 than men to &eighover -+st# a stud1 sa1s.
H*1N !ritish girl dies in US
)uttock op
A ='T'S, girl has died
a(ter having "ottomimplants (itted B in a !Smotel room.
H4+N!ig !utt Sasha is @uiBBed)y cops over fi9G
A 9'OE "eing
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
58/80
-HA2#E' 0 'E(IS#E'
'n this chapter ' &ould li%e to loo% at the aspect o( leis. The choices the author o(
ne&spapers ma%es in terms o( the voca"ular1 usage are important since the1# together &ith
other language devices that had "een discussed previousl1# ma1 in(luence the &a1
the reader &ill perceive the given tets. As 9o&ler >*44*: 7+@ claims# Cin ,allida1s
linguistic theor1# voca"ular1 or leis is a maGor determinant o( ideational structure. A good
point is made "1 eah >*44*:3-@ a"out the eample ho& the language can "e misused# as it
happened in Peorge ;r&ells "oo%%ineteen=ninety "our.
9o&ler >*44*: 7)@ claims that Cvoca"ular1 can "e regardedas a representation o(
the &orld (or a cultureK the &orld as perceived according to the ideological needs o( a
culture.
Since there are not man1 representatives o( each group o( discussed (eatures present
in headlines and su"headlines ' &ill not "e loo%ing at the individual aspect in "oth sets
separatel1 1et as a &hole.
0., Language of Headlines and Su)headlines" Specific 3ords
,eadline &riters have developed special voca"ular1 (or headlines# &hich generall1
does not occur outside ne&spaper reporting. These &ords are usuall1 short in order to save
space &hich is limited# "ut the1 also (ul(ill a (unction o( an attention dra&ing device.
,o&ever# not all these &ords are used in all ne&spapersK some o( them are t1pical (or
the ta"loids onl1 and &ould hardl1 "e (ound in the serious press.
37
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
59/80
Eamples o( special ne&spaper &ords "ased on LD$E eplanations >*443@:
aid>help such as mone1 or (ood# help or advice@#
a9e >to dismiss# to get rid o(# to reduce@#
)an ? to(or"id# not to allo& something@#
)id ? to o((er# toattempt@#
)last ?eplosion@#
)laBe ?(ire@#
)lo; >hard hit# "ad e((ect# unhapp1 event@#
call>to reto to control or limit something@#
leak>to spread the secret in(ormation deli"eratel1@#
pro)e >ver1 thorough in
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
60/80
The ta"le a"ove presents some eamples o( this t1pe o( voca"ular1 in headlines
(rom m1 corpus. As (ar as the use o( this t1pe o( voca"ular1 in su"headlines is concerned#
the1 sometimes occur there too.
0.* Loaded Language in Headlines and Su)headlines
,eadline &riters o(ten# to attract readers# use &ords that carr1 particular strong
positive or negative connotations# language# &hich appeals to their emotions. 't is
a convenient &a1 to in(luence readers opinion. Emotive arguments and loaded language
eploit human &ea%ness to evo%e a strong emotional response (rom the readers. The &ords
used to eplain the situation should "e un"iased and language neutral "ut# as ' have alread1
mentioned Xappealing to emotions is a strong device that a((ects the pu"lic opinion.
'n the ta"le "elo the &ordspaedoand mows downare ver1 strong &ords used to evo%e
negative (eelings in the reader.
#a)le ,0 -oaded !ords in headlines
Date o Headline
*7H*+H)+*+ ,*- 2aedo a"used (iveBmonthBold
+0H+)H)+** ,)/ 2anmo;s do;n Eg1pt protesters
0.4 aming Strategy in Headlines and Su)headlines
The naming techni
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
61/80
&hether the person re(erred to is a man# a &oman# someone o( a lo& or high social status
etc. ,eadlines are divided in the ta"le according to the re(erential epressions emplo1ed.
Three anal1sed instances dealing &ith other su"Gects than persons &ill not "e considered in
the stud1. As o"served (rom the studied headlines# The Sun never re(ers to people &ith their
(ull names.As little as t&o instances contain partial names# namel1 ,3# &ith the use o(
the (irst name Harry,"elonging to the rince ,arr1# &hich is (urther modi(ied in the
su"headline. ,4 on the contrar1 uses the surname o( the agent and the re(erence is
a nic%name. Su"headline# ho&ever# provides (ull name and surname o( the person. 'n ,-#
an a""reviationP>used re(ers to The Prime >inister# &hich is again provided in (ull in
the su"headline.Another person, $inda %orgroveis in ,*+ named "1 a general term &hich
might suggest less respect "ut as previous cases has (ull name epressed in the su"headline.
Even 5vette ooperin ,5 does not deserve a name and is re(erred to as Xsomeones &i(e
&hich is disrespect(ul and might give the reader the impression o( her "eing in(erior and
&ea%# not an independent individual. The method chosen "1 The Sun to address others
suggests an in(ormal or in(erior relationship "et&een the spea%ers.
'nteresting to note is ,*+# &here the headline is in active voice &ith the agent not
speci(ied# ho&ever# instead o( speci(1ing the agent in the su"headline# the (ocus (rom
the agent in the headline is shi(ted in the su"headline to the patient &hich is then speci(ied
instead. A possi"le eplanation is that the agent in the headline is represented "1 more
persons &hereas the patient is onl1 one and in(ormation a"out this particular person has
more in(ormation value than the in(ormation a"out the agent# there(ore the shi(t and
identi(ication is necessar1. Similar case is ,*0# ho&ever# it does not include an1 name in
the su"headline nor the headline an1ho&. The patient name is omitted (or legal reasons and
the name o( the agent is mentioned (urther in the reading. This headline together &ith other
headlines >,*# ,)# ,0# ,7# ,**# ,*)# ,*-@ are not represented in the ta"le since the1
contain no names o( the people involved and are named "1 general terms onl1.
5*
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
62/80
'n ,*3 as &ell as in S*3 the "a"1 is re(ered to as a 6aby P. The possi"le
eplanation is that the Cla"el is easier to remem"er (or the readers and the1 "ecame
ac
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
63/80
!se o( slang is t1pical (or ta"loid language due to the readership the ne&spaper is
(ocused on. As $on"o1 >)++3: )-@ claims the use o( collo
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
64/80
headlines. ,o&ever# (or a lo1al reader# as the1 tend to occur (re*44*: )+)@ claims that CGournalists use num"ers (or t&o main reasons. 9igures
undergird the o"Gective# empirical claims o( ne&s. =ut the1 simultaneousl1 undermine that
principle# since the1 are chosen to epress and enhance the ne&s value o( the stor1. 'n this
sense# the use o( (igures in ne&spapers contri"utes to the authenticit1 and the credi"ilit1 o(
the events.
There are t&o options ho& to epress num"ers# either "1 &ords or "1 (igures.
The anal1sis o( m1 material demonstrates the tendenc1 to use (igures in headlines and
&ords in su"headlines# ho&ever# the rule is sometimes violated# as e.g. S7 sho&s.
The possi"le eplanation (or this rule is pro"a"l1 also due to space saving reasons.
The ta"le "elo& displa1s the possi"le use o( (igures in headlines and su"headlines.
50
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
65/80
#a)le *+ E%pression of numbers in !ords and figures in headlines and subheadlines
Date o Headline o Su)headline
+0H*+H)+*+ ,* /=rits dead in eru aircrash
S* ,012holida1ing =rits &ereamong
+7H*+H)+*+ ,/ Sludge Xas "ig as = oilspill
S/ T;O'$ sludge in ,ungar1 hasno& claimed sevenlives
*+H*+H)+*+ ,7 XMiners rescue to start6ednesda1
S7 T,E evacuation o( 33minerstrapped underground
*-H*+H)+*+ ,*) XSe cops victimgroped at station
S*) A 2!L8EA=LE &omanattac%ed "1 a se predator cop&ho allegedl1 rapedfive&omen and indecentl1assaulted t&o more %ept hersilence (or ten1ears
*4H*+H)+*+ ,*- aedo a"usedfiveBmonthBold
S*- A $;MM!8'TN care &or%erhas "een (ound guilt1 o(seuall1 assaulting afiveBmonthBold "a"1
)0H+*H)+** ,*7 ueenJs 41rs or( (or6illJs and ate
S*7 T,E ueen told rince6illiam and ate Middletonthe1 can sta1 out o( thespotlight (or the (irst t!o1earso( their marriage.
)0H+*H)+** ,*4 iller "ug (rom 'ndiahits /55=rits
S*4 A DEADLN ne& super"ugresistant to anti"iotics hasstruc% do&n hundredso( Pritsa(ter spreading here (orm'ndia and a%istan.
)/H+*H)+** ,)* Mum dies as drun%sclog AE
S)* A M!M died a(ter &aitingfivehours in an AEdepartment Cclogged up &ithdrun%s# her hus"and claimedlast night.
+)H+)H)+** ,)5 Ta%ea&a1s (acing678555R(at taR
S)5 ,EALT,Bconsciouscouncillors &ant to slap a678555Q(at taQ onta%ea&a1s B in an e((ort totac%le o"esit1.
+0H+)H)+** ,)7 6h1 are =ritish &omen S)7 ! &omen are more li%el1
53
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
66/80
so (atY than men to &eigh over 35st# astud1 sa1s.
'n this chapter ' have concentrated on the leical part o( headlines and su"headlines#
&hich as ' have o"served# is an important language device &hich a((ects the particular tets
to a considera"le etent and there(ore poses a treat# since# language as a po&er(ul
instrument# might "e a"used to manipulate the pu"lic opinion.
55
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
67/80
-%-LUSI%S
,eadlines are important part o( ne&spapers articles. The1 are the (irst thing
the reader comes across &hen reading ne&spapers# there(ore to capture hisHher attention
the1 must "e interesting. To achieve this# the1 emplo1 various language devices &hich '
studied in m1 thesis. 9or the purpose o( m1 discourse anal1sis ' used articles (rom
the =ritish ta"loid The Sun. ' created t&o sets o( headlines &ith su"headlines# "oth
collected in di((erent periods so ' could compare the sets to (ind out &hether the1 are
similar or i( not# to &hat etent the1 di((er.
' divided m1 thesis into si chapters. At (irst ' introduced the topic o( language o(
ne&spapers and language devices used. 9urther ' speci(ied &hich devices ' &ould (ocused
on in m1 discourse anal1sis. 'n the net chapter ' introduced the corpus o( the ta"loid
ne&spaper The Sun and the individual topics o( the articles# &hich ' grouped accordingl1.
=oth sets contain three groups &ith (irst t&o topics "eing the same. As (ar as the length o(
these articles is concerned the1 are prett1 similar in their structure since "oth sets contain
most o( the articles spreading into t&o to three pages. Anal1sing the length o( the headlines#
there is a tendenc1 to produced medium to long headlines.
Anal1sis o( the clause structure o( headlines sho&ed the tendenc1 to use simple
clauses# ho&ever# there is a slight di((erence "et&een the sets# seeing that the second set
contains also instances o( comple and compound clauses. As (or the clause structure o(
su"headlines# comple clauses prevail# ho&everK in the (irst set also compound clauses
occur.
6hen ta%ing speech act t1pes into consideration# the anal1sis indicates
5/
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
68/80
the pre(erence o( statements in headlines. ;ne instance o( command also occurs in "oth sets
and the second set additionall1 contains a
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
69/80
su"headlines. The possi"le eplanation is the need o( headlines to attract in order to sell.
Man1 o( these &ords are shorter than the usual ones there(ore are pre(erred in headlines due
to saving space.
The aim o( m1 thesis &as to (ind out &hether the headlines and su"headlines o( t&o
studied sets are similar or the1 di((er and i( so# to &hat etent. As the amount o(
the individual headlines and their su"headlines &as limited to (i(teen representatives in
each set# it is rather di((icult to dra& clear conclusions (rom such a small sample. ,o&ever#
' can conclude that the di((erence in "oth sets seems to "e small and the1 "oth seem to
emplo1 similar strategies &hile using language devices.
54
-
7/24/2019 Teza Diskurs Makrostruktura
70/80
!I!LI%('A2H&2rimary sources
Internet sources
#he Sun
$oles# I. >)5 Ian )+**@. Ta"a% Gail s&itch over attac% (ears. The Sun.