TEXTUAL RHETORIC ON HILLARY CLINTON SPEECH...

TEXTUAL RHETORIC ON HILLARY CLINTON SPEECH

TRANSCRIPT “ANTI-TRUMP” IN NEVADA

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One

FEBRINA WONOSANTOSO

1113026000034

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2018

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ABSTRACT

Febrina Wonosantoso. Textual Rhetoric on Hillary Clinton Speech Transcript

“Anti-Trump” in Nevada. A thesis: English Letters Department, Adab and

Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta,

2017.

This study is about Leech‟s Textual Rhetoric in speech transcript. Textual

rhetoric has four principles and its maxims. They are: 1) processibility principle

with end-focus, end-weight, and end-scope maxim, 2) clarity principle with

transparency and ambiguity maxim, 3) economy principle with maxim of

reduction, and 4) expressivity principle with iconicity maxim.

The objective of this study is to identify Leech‟s textual rhetoric and

analyze its function that applied in Hillary Clinton speech transcript "Anti-Trump"

in Nevada for the readers. The qualitative research method is used in this research

in order to determine if the speech transcript conforms to the Leech‟s textual

rhetoric. This study used a descriptive approach. The data in this research was

taken from Hillary Clinton speech transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada which

obtained from the web page of The Washington Post. The instrument of this

research is the writer to obtain data.

Keywords: Textual rhetoric, four principles, maxims, speech transcript

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APPROVEMENT

TEXTUAL RHETORIC ON HILLARY CLINTON SPEECH

TRANSCRIPT “ANTI-TRUMP” IN NEVADA

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Strata One (S1) Degree in English Letters Department

Febrina Wonosantoso

NIM. 1113026000034

Approved by:

Advisor

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2017

iii

LEGALIZATION

Name : Febrina Wonosantoso

NIM : 1113026000034

Title : Textual Rhetoric on Hillary Clinton Speech Transcript “Anti-Trump”

in Nevada

This thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and

Humanities Faculty‟s Examination Committee on January 17th

2018. It has

already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

strata one.

Jakarta, January 17th

2018

Examination Committee

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most Merciful

All praise belongs to Allah SWT, Lord of the worlds of all living beings.

The writer is really thankful and grateful for His guidance, blessing, health and

opportunity that given to her. So, she is able to accomplish her thesis. Salutation

and blessing be upon the prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, and his

companions.

The writer would like to dedicate her highest gratitude to her beloved

parents, Sutikno Wonosantoso and Lilis Cucun Hatimah, for their unconditional

love, endless supports, and prayer, also her sisters Lina Sutikno Wonosantoso and

Cindy Wonosantoso, her brother Rendy Sutikno Wonosantoso, for their kindness

and motivation. The writer also would like to express her gratitude to

Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, as the writer advisor for his time, guidance,

advices, and support to finish this thesis.

In addition, the writer would like to give her thankful for the following

persons:

1. Prof. Dr. Syukron Kamil, M.A., the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty,

State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department.

vi

4. All the lecturers of English Letters Department, who have taught and

educated the writer during her studies at UIN Jakarta.

5. The writer‟s best friend since freshman year in UIN Jakarta, Rizki

Maulinawati. Thank you for always be her side through happy and sad,

through the highs and the lows. Thank you for help her in every situation and

being her place to share everything.

6. The writer‟s best friend in Linguistics class; Denisa Putri, Wilda Aqthori,

Siti Rahmah Wahyumingtyas, Yussie Septiany, Adilla Oktania, thank you for

make her happy and comfort during her studies.

7. The writer‟s special one Panji Pradana, thank you for always accompanies

her, makes her happy every single day, and supports her until this thesis done.

8. KKN DINAMIKA 2016, thank you for giving her unforgettable moments

during do the programs in Desa Pangaur, Jasinga, Bogor.

9. All people who helped the writer to finish her thesis that cannot be

mentioned one by one.

May Allah bless and keep them always. Hopefully, this thesis will give

benefit for the writer herself and all people who read it.

Jakarta, 18th

December 2017

The Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i

APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................. ii

LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................ iii

DECLARATION .................................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. ix

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1

A. Background of Study .................................................................. 1

B. Focus of the Study ...................................................................... 4

C. Research Question ...................................................................... 4

D. Objective of the Study ................................................................ 5

E. Significance of the Study ............................................................ 5

F. Research Methodology ................................................................ 5

1. Method of the Research ......................................................... 5

2. The Technique of Data Collection ......................................... 6

3. The Technique of Data Analysis ........................................... 6

4. Research Instrument .............................................................. 7

5. Unit of Analysis ..................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................... 8

A. Previous Research ................................................................... 8

B. Pragmatics ............................................................................. 10

C. Rhetoric ................................................................................. 10

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D. Textual Rhetoric ..................................................................... 13

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ......................................................... 20

A. Data Description .................................................................... 20

B. Data Analysis ........................................................................ 20

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS............................... 53

A. Conclusions ............................................................................ 53

B. Suggestions ............................................................................. 54

WORKS CITED ................................................................................................. 55

APPENDIXES ..................................................................................................... 58

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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1. Leech‟s Rhetorical Concept ………………………………….…... 12

x

LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1. Textual Rhetoric in Corpus Data…………………………………… 20

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Communication is the act of sharing information one another.

Language used by human to communicate. Every human need to

communicate to stay connected with others. This is because human is social

being. Based on the different ways of communication and complexities,

communication can be divided into spoken and written language (Crystal 79).

However, written language tends to be more complex and grammatical

intricate than spoken language (Halliday 81).

In spoken communication, the users are the speakers and the hearers

that interact through conversation. However, written texts also have users that

are writers and readers. Usually, in this kind of interaction the participants do

not have a face to face conversation, but they have a potential presence. For

example in argumentative discourses, the writer attempts to convince their

readers by reasoning, they assume an imaginary reader and disagree with his

claims, and finally convince them by different arguments. This is a way of

interacting with their readers (Ghasemi and Jahromi 151).

Related to written language, textual rhetoric is the art of writing or

writing strategy in order for things to be communicated effectively (Sumadi

322). Textual rhetoric associated with how to construct text or discourse

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using language (Baryadi 47). It means that textual rhetoric takes position in

constructing the text effectively, so the text will be easy to understand.

Leech (1983) distinguishes between what he calls the interpersonal

rhetoric and the textual rhetoric. The interpersonal rhetoric contains, among

other things, Grice‟s cooperative principle. However, there is a textual

rhetoric, which contains four main principles, which in their turn can be

subdivided into maxims. Those principles and its maxim are processibility

principle with end-focus, end-weight, and end-scope maxim, clarity principle

with transparency and ambiguity maxim, economy principle with maxim of

reduction, and expressivity principle with iconicity maxim. Textual rhetoric

helps to determine segmentation and ordering of the text. Here is the example

of processibility principle with end-weight maxim in textual rhetoric:

(1) A. It is important that you contact them to make a housing application

and let them know of your needs.

B. That you contact them to make a housing application and let them

know of your needs is important.

In two sentences above, sentence B is more difficult to understand because it

structurally unbalanced and readers have to keep a lot in memory before they

reach the end of the sentence. Sentence A is better than B because the

complex parts of a clause or sentence (heavy constituent) placed at the end or

„light constituent‟ precede the „heavy constituent‟. Therefore, sentence A is

categorized as processibility principle with end-weight maxim.

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Hillary Clinton speech transcript about anti-Trump in Reno, Nevada,

is one of the Hillary Clinton speeches in her campaign rally for United States

presidential election in 2016. This speech delivered on Thursday, August 25th

,

2016. This speech attracts the audience because Hillary Clinton delivered her

speech with some arguments that surprise the audience. All of her arguments

are about disrepute of Donald Trump. She gives all arguments with logical

reasons. The speech implied that Hillary Clinton dislike Donald Trump. She

did not want Donald Trump to be president of United States due to the facts

that Donald Trump is a bad figure. Hillary Clinton expects herself to be

president of United States because she believes that she is much better than

Donald Trump. She is kind, smart, fair, have empathy and have much

experiences. One of her unforgettable word is when she said that Donald

Trump is lack of knowledge or experience or solutions. For some common

people, they may be think that Hillary Clinton a little bit disrespectful in

deliver her speech. But for experts, they will understand that what Hillary

Clinton has done is a strategy to influence people in order to choose her in

presidential election in 2016.

Political speech transcript chosen in this research because in political

speech, there is a certain intention in writing or preparing the speech before it

is delivered to the audience. That is for influence or persuades

the audience, so that the audience will choose the candidate. The writing

strategy in writing speech transcript is needed to makes the speech easy to

understand. For this reason, the textual rhetoric can be applied.

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This research analyzes the textual rhetoric on Hillary Clinton speech

transcript about anti-Trump in Reno, Nevada. This speech is interesting to

analyze because there are many arguments that makes us think hardly and

makes us believes Hillary Clinton arguments. In other word, this speech can

give the effect to the audience. The writer interested in textual rhetoric

because this kind of topic is still rarely to be found. So, the writer tries to

analyze the topic in order to add references in next similar research.

Therefore, this research takes a position to find an answer that textual rhetoric

has function in speech transcript.

B. Focus of the Study

According to background of the study, this research focuses on

Leech‟s textual rhetoric in speech transcript delivered by Hillary Clinton

entitled "Anti-Trump" which takes place on Thursday, August 25th

, 2016 at a

campaign rally in Reno, Nevada.

C. Research Question

Based on the background and focus of the study, the research

questions are formulated as follows:

1. What types of Leech‟s textual rhetoric used in Hillary Clinton speech

transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada?

2. How is the function of Leech‟s textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton speech

transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada?

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D. Objective of the Study

Based on research questions above, the objective of the study are:

1. To identify Leech‟s textual rhetoric used in Hillary Clinton speech

transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada.

2. To analyze the function of Leech‟s textual rhetoric used in Hillary Clinton

speech transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada.

E. Significance of the Study

The theoretical benefits of this research are expected to allow the

reader to add to their repertoire of knowledge to the pragmatics field,

especially in textual rhetoric.

Practical benefits from the results of this study are expected to

provide an explanation of textual rhetoric in speech transcript. So, this

research can be useful references for readers who will conduct the similar

research.

F. Research Methodology

1. Method of the Research

This research is in pragmatics field and the method used in this

research is qualitative method, a research relying in verbal and non-

numerical data as the basis of analysis and problem solving (Farkhan 2).

In addition, this study used a descriptive analysis, the analysis that

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examines an object with the aim to provide a description and picture of

the actual facts are scrutinized and systematic (Suryana 36).

2. The Technique of Data Collection

The technique of data collecting in this research is bibliography

technique because the corpus of this research is speech transcript.

According to Subroto (42), it is more suitable for research in the field of

language especially written language such as articles, books,

magazines, newspaper, etc.

The writer does some steps to collect the data as follows:

1) Identifying the speech of Hillary Clinton.

2) Justifying the main problem of the research by picking speech which

is assumed containing textual rhetoric.

3) Segmenting the data into sentences.

4) Tabulating the data and numbering the sentences.

3. The Technique of Data Analysis

The writer does some steps to analyze the data as follows:

1) Finding textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton speech transcript.

2) Classifying the types of textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton speech

transcript.

3) Explaining the result of the analysis by mentioning the function of

textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton speech transcript.

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4) Draw a conclusion about textual rhetoric based on the data that has

been analyzed.

4. Research Instrument

The instrument of this research is the writer as a main

instrument to obtain the data. The writer uses books and journals to

support the data which are needed for analyze the textual rhetoric in

Hillary Clinton speech transcript.

5. Unit of Analysis

The data used in this research is the speech transcript. The

source of this research is Hillary Clinton speech transcript that delivered

on Thursday, August 25th

, 2016 in Reno, Nevada. The speech transcript

obtained from the web page of The Washington Post.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/25/hillary-

clintons-alt-right-speech-annotated/

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

This research focuses on textual rhetoric on Hillary Clinton speech

transcript about anti-Trump in Reno, Nevada. Related to this topic, many

studies have already done with different point of view. Previous research is

needed to identify the differences of this research and previous research. Here

are some previous researches which are similar with this topic:

First, a study done by Ahmad Mayuuf (2015) entitled “Rhetorical

Pragmatics”. The study adopts Leech's model of communication which

entails explaining the interpersonal rhetoric and the textual rhetoric. An idea

concerning the textual rhetoric is also presented in section four giving some

significant points on its principles. The research also deals with rhetorical

pragmatic strategies, types of arguments, figures of speech and tropes. The

research found that rhetorical pragmatic strategies are powerful tools because

of the deviation that characterizes rhetorical means combined with pragmatic

devices.

Second, a journal written by Patricia Vallejos (2016) entitled

“Grammar and Pragmatic Interrelations in the Construction of Popular

Science Texts for Children”. This research analyzed pragmatic perspective of

Leech‟s principles of textual rhetoric in popular science books for children.

The aim of the study is to provide a pragmatic explanation of the syntactic

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restrictions that characterizes the scientific language of the texts. The data

used in this study are popular science books that cover physics and biology

subjects‟. The analysis draws attention to the needs of the teachers that

intervene in the learning process of scientific knowledge in order to develop

the skills required for the purposes of school literacy of science. These

include the mastering not only of field-specific terms but also of the grammar

resources that structure scientific knowledge. On account of this, the work

stresses the importance of the implementation, in science teachers‟ syllabus,

of courses or tutorial sessions of scientific language in order to instruct future

science educators in its linguistic skills and, in so doing, complement their

professional literacy.

Third, a journal conducted by Monsefi Roya (2017) entitled “The

Rhetoric of Persian News Headlines: A Case Study of Euronews”. The

method was descriptive and the data was analyzed on the basis of textual

rhetorical analysis. In this study, wordplay is selected for examination

because it is the effective means of persuasion that can influence the readers‟

attitude, experience and world perception. Wordplay is investigated in news

headlines due to the headlines‟ prominent position in news articles and their

determining function of persuasion. Headlines express the news with

intention and express the news for attention. The findings suggested that

wordplays were frequently employed in Euronews Persian headlines.

Although similar researches have already done, few of studies have

attempted to analyze textual rhetoric in speech transcript. This study analyzes

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the use of principles and maxims in textual rhetoric in speech transcript.

Therefore, this topic is still interesting to discuss.

B. Rhetoric

Kennedy (2007) defines rhetoric as the energy inherent in emotion

and thought transmitted through a system of signs, including language, to

others to influence their decisions or actions. When we express emotions and

thoughts to other people with the goal of influencing them, we are engaged in

rhetoric. Meanwhile Murthy and Ghosal (2014), consider rhetoric is the art of

persuade people using language in order to influence the audience about what

the speaker want to inform. By contrast, Elston (2017) explain that rhetoric is

about action, creation and coalition that can impress the audience. Another

opinion is come from Cedillo (2017), she said that rhetoric is necessary for

survive, because words cannot be trusted and unstable. So, we need rhetoric

to convincing people what we want to say. From the definition about rhetoric

above, it can be conclude that the function of rhetoric is to influence people.

Aristotle divides rhetoric into three persuasive appeals. They are

ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos is defined as the credibility that the author

establishes with the audience. The credibility of the speaker towards the

audience can be acquired through personality, character, intelligence, virtue,

good will, being just, sensitive etc (Murthy and Ghosal 2014). Pathos means

appealing to the audience by arousing their emotions. With the help of

Pathos, the speaker can get connected emotionally with the audience

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(McCormack 2014). Meanwhile logos, defines as persuasion through

reasoning. It denotes the message internal consistency, the clarity of the

claim, the logic of its reason and the effectiveness of its confirming proof (Al-

Hindawi, Mayuuf and Al-Juwaid 2017). This persuasive appeal is effective

not only in public speaking but also in every field where language is widely

used to persuade people towards the truth.

According to Aristotle, the purpose of rhetoric is to show the

speaker intention with the proof. Among many theories and concepts, the

rhetorical tradition is known for its Five Canons, namely invention,

arrangement, style, memory, and delivery, all to be used as guides for

effective communication. Invention is the development of an idea through

research and thinking process. Arrangement refers to the organization of an

argument. Style determines the tone and manner of the argument. Memory

deals with the way of which the presenter prepares for the reception of the

argument. The last is delivery, concerns the presentation of the argument.

Although the Five Canons are traditionally specific to oral communication,

modern scholars use them as practical guides for creating and delivering

compelling written and visual communication as well (Tham 2016).

Leech (15) mentions rhetoric as the effective use of language to

influence or persuade people. He classifies rhetoric into Interpersonal

Rhetoric and Textual Rhetoric, each of which is made up of sets of principles.

According to Leech (60), Textual Rhetoric helps to determine the stylistic

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form of the text in terms of segmentation, ordering, etc. While, Interpersonal

Rhetoric dealt with how people regulate interaction. Interpersonal Rhetoric

contains five constituent of principles with its maxims and Textual Rhetoric

contains four principles with its maxims. Leech‟s rhetorical concept shown in

figure below:

Figure 2.1. Leech‟s Rhetorical Concept (Leech 16)

C. Pragmatics

According to Leech (3), pragmatics is sub-discipline of linguistics

that observes about how language is used in communication (spoken or

written) which has meanings in situations. He explains that meaning in

pragmatics is relative to a speaker or user of the language and context

contributes to interpret the meaning. While, Horn and Ward (xi) argued that

13

pragmatics is the study of those context-dependent aspects of meaning which

are systematically abstracted away from in the construction of content or

logical form. Mey (7) said that pragmatics is needed if we want a fuller,

deeper, and generally more reasonable account of human language behavior.

It can be said that pragmatics is linguistics scope that examine about the

meaning.

Leech (11) distinguishes pragmatics into pragma-linguistics and

socio-pragmatics based on its function. Pragma-linguistics is the study of

features of language use related to speakers' knowledge of the structure

(grammar) and expressive resources of the language itself rather than of the

social context. Whereas, socio-pragmatics is the study of language use that

relates to everyday social practices. Thus, textual rhetoric included into

pragma-linguistics because explaining about structure of the text.

The focus of this research is on textual rhetoric, thus the writer only

gives detail explanation about textual rhetoric. Here are the explanations of

Textual Rhetoric in detail:

D. Textual Rhetoric

Textual Rhetoric is language use to construct the text in spoken or

written language (Leech 56). Textual Rhetoric has four principles with its

maxims. They are:

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1. Processibility Principle

According to Leech (64), processibility principle recommends

that the text must be humanly processible in ongoing time. Texts should be

produced in an easier way for the reader to decode them in time. This

principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated decisions

about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the syntactic

structures of the clauses and the degrees of linkage or subordination

between different parts of the message (Vallejos 3).

This principle has three maxims, they are:

a) End-focus Maxim

The end-focus maxim is concerned with the information structure of a

sentence. That is, given information is put before new information or

the most important information is placed at the end (Mitarai 110).

Given information is the speaker believes the listener already knows

and accepts as true and new information is the speaker believes the

listener does not yet know (Astington and Baird 86). The end-focus

maxim is usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a

clause/ sentence. Open class items are nouns, adjectives, verbs, and

adverbs (Quirk and Greenbaum 16).

The example of end-focus maxim is as follows:

(3) Sean Connery was born in Scotland.

In the sentence above, the last open-class item is the noun 'Scotland.' By

default, it is the focus, the new piece of information in this sentence. In

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contrast, 'Sean Connery' is the topic (subject) of the sentence, or the old

piece of information on which the speaker makes some comment. Old

information is generally placed in the subject, whereas new information

is generally housed in the predicate (Cohen, Giangola & Jennifer 149).

The given-new order of information can contribute to the cohesion of a

text. The given-new order also helps the addressee to understand the

message (Wales 136).

b) End-weight Maxim

This maxim is frequently motivated by “restrictions of human memory

capacity in the left-to-right parsing of tree-structures.” According to it,

in a syntactic structure, “light” constituents precede “heavy ones”

(Leech 64). The example of the end-weight maxim is as follows:

(4) A) That Simon will resign is on the cards.

B) It is on the cards that Simon will resign.

In example (4), by choosing the that-clause in final position, the

speaker/writer facilitates for the hearer/reader to interpret or decode the

message. A is happier sentence than B because it follows the end-

weight maxim subjects are light constituents followed by heavy

predicates.

Many movement transformations (e.g., the rule of extra-position) serve

in End-weight Maxim by helping to ensure that complex constituents

are positioned in the final position of a sentence or clause (Leech 65).

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c) End-scope Maxim

End-scope maxim says that logical operators such as a negative

operator or a quantifier precede, rather than follow, the elements

(including other logical operators) which are within their scope

(Leech 65). The example of the end-scope maxim is as follows:

(5) A) Everyone in the room knows at least two languages.

B) At least two languages are known by everyone in the room.

Interpretation A:

( x (PERSON x & INROOM x) (Ǝy≥2

(LANGUAGE y & KNOW x, y)))

Interpretation B:

(Ǝy≥2

(LANGUAGE y & ( x ((PERSON x & INROOM x) KNOW x,

y)))))

In example A, the reading in which the existential quantifier is within

the scope of the universal quantifier is greatly preferred, whereas in

example B there is an equally strong preference for the reading in which

the scope-relations are reversed. This preference may be regarded as a

pragmatic preference, and it follows from a maxim corresponding to the

end-weight maxim (Leech 66).

2. Clarity Principle

The clarity principle applies to different levels of coding (Al-Hindawi,

Mayuuf and Al-Juwaid 19). Leech associates two maxims to this principle:

a) Transparency Maxim

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This maxim states a direct and transparent relationship between

message and text (Vallejos 5). The example of the transparency maxim

is as follows:

(6) The morning came at last when we were due to leave.

The separation of the modifying clause when we were due to leave from

its head morning obscures the relationship between argument and

predicate.

b) Ambiguity Maxim

This maxim recommends avoiding ambiguity (Vallejos 6). The example

of the ambiguity maxim is as follows:

(7) If the baby won‟t drink cold milk, it should be boiled.

Ambiguity occurs notoriously with pronoun anaphora above.

3. Economy Principle

According to Leech (67), the economy principle recommend being quick

and easy. On phonological level, economy principle presents elisions,

assimilations, and the abbreviating and simplifying processes. Similarly,

on the syntactic level, the economy principle has a contributory maxim of

reduction.

The processes which are subsumed under the heading of reduction here

are: (a) pro-nominalization, (b) substitution by other pro-forms, and

(c) ellipsis (or deletion). The example of the maxim of reduction is as

follows:

(8) A) James enjoys golf more than James enjoys tennis.

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B) James enjoys golf more than he does tennis.

C) James enjoys golf more than tennis.

The sentences above are example to pro-form substitution and ellipsis. The

longest sentence (A) is the „unhappiest‟ variant and the shortest one (C) is

the „happiest‟ (Leech 68).

4. Expressivity Principle

The Expressivity Principle is connected with effectiveness in that it refers

to the expressive and aesthetics aspects of communication. For example,

an Iconicity Maxim which invites the user, all other things being equal, to

make the text imitate aspects of the message, should be included in it

(Vallejos 7). Iconicity also provides a means for expressing the world of

the senses, before the conceptualizing mind moves us toward abstraction

(Freeman 427).

According to Vallejos (8), there are three types of iconicity maxim that can

be seen from its function: first is interrogative sentence; these structures

have a central pragmatic function in order to activate the curiosity and

interest of readers. Second is exclamative sentence; in these sentences,

expressivity functions to surprise, to provoke admiration or to stir some

kind of awareness. The last is comparative structures; these structures are a

frequent resource to describe or explain information. Metaphor also

included into iconicity maxim because metaphor plays in creating the

similarities that make expression iconic (Freeman 429). Here is the

influence of the expressivity principle in inhibiting reduction:

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(9) A) John Brown was guilty of the crime, and John Brown would have

to pay for it.

B) They put in the best they had and we put in the best we had and we

beat them bad.

C) She saw there an object. That object was gallows. She was afraid

of the gallows.

In each of these examples, it would be possible to abbreviate the text

without causing ambiguity (Leech 68).

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

The data was collected from Hillary Clinton speech transcript

entitled “Anti-Trump” in Reno, Nevada. The speech was delivered on August

25th

, 2016. In data description, the writer tries to classify and analyze the data

from Hillary Clinton‟s speech transcript. She found the principles and its

maxims in textual rhetoric used in the speech transcript by using relevant

theories. The result of textual rhetoric that consists of principles and maxims

are shown in the table below:

No. Textual Rhetoric

Datum Total Principle Maxim

1. Processibility

End-focus 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12, 14,

16, 18, 22, 26, 29 12

End-weight 8, 13, 28 3

End-scope 4 1

2. Clarity Transparency 7, 17 2

Ambiguity 10, 11, 19, 27 4

3. Economy Maxim of Reduction 20, 21, 23 3

4. Expressivity Iconicity 2, 15, 24, 25, 30 5

Total 30

Table 3.1. Textual Rhetoric in Corpus Data

B. Data Analysis

The table of textual rhetoric in corpus data above consists of

30 data which has been selected for the purpose of the research. The data are

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analyzed based on principles of textual rhetoric. The detail of analysis shown

as follows:

Datum 1

I am so thrilled to be back in Reno. Thank you! I have to say I know when I'm

here in Reno, I'm the other Hillary. And I am more than okay with that

because I think your mayor is doing a terrific job. (Line 1-3)

The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus

maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated

decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the

syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in

manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is

usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.

It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.

The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the

given information is marked by underline and new information marked by

italic. In the first sentence “I am so thrilled to be back in Reno”, new

information falls on adverb of place that used as preposition „in Reno‟

because the most important message in this sentence is in Reno Hillary

Clinton come back and she was glad. Then, in second sentence “I have to say

I know when I'm here in Reno, I'm the other Hillary“, new information falls

on prepositional phrase that used as adjective „the other Hillary‟ because the

most important message in this sentence is the other Hillary that means her

transformation in Reno then and now. In the last sentence “And I am more

22

than okay with that because I think your mayor is doing a terrific job”, new

information fall on adjective phrase „a terrific job‟ because the most

important message in this sentence is a terrific job that has been done by the

mayor makes Hillary proud. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in

processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the

information of the sentence.

Datum 2

And the fact that she herself is a small businesswoman and committed to

really lifting up Reno and giving everybody in this great city, the biggest little

city, with a big heart, a chance to get ahead and stay ahead. (Line 3-6)

The datum above is categorized as expressivity principle with iconicity

maxim. This principle is connected with effectiveness in that it refers to the

expressive and aesthetics aspects of communication. While, the iconicity

maxim is the conceive similarity or analogy between the form of a sign and

its meaning. It can be seen from the datum above that has metaphors. First

metaphor is in adjective phrase „a small businesswoman‟ that literally does

not mean woman that have small body who runs business. The denotative

meaning for a small businesswoman is a woman who runs a business with not

many employees. Second metaphor is in verb phrase „lifting up Reno‟ that

literally does not mean she remove Reno with her hand. The denotative

meaning for lifting up Reno is the mayor advancing a city named Reno. Then,

the last metaphor is in adjective phrase „a big heart that literally does not

23

mean someone who has heart in big size. The denotative meaning for a big is

someone that has a kind and generous character. Metaphor used to refer to

something that it does not literally denote and sharpening listeners/ readers

imaginations to comprehend what is being communicated. Thus, the function

of iconicity maxim in expressivity principle that applied in the datum above is

to makes the sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟ interests.

Datum 3

I could not be more honored than to have her support and endorsement in this

race. (Line 6-7)







It can be seen from the datum above that has main focus in the end of the

sentence. The end-focus maxim has given and new information. The given

information is marked by underline and new information marked by italic.

New information fall on adverb of place that used as preposition „in this race‟

because the most important message in this sentence is in her race she got

support and endorsement, so she felt very honored. Thus, the function of end-

24

focus maxim in processibility principle that applied in the datum above is to

emphasize the information of the sentence.

Datum 4

So thank you so much Mayor Schieve, and let me also thank Dr. Karen

Hilgerson and everybody here at Truckee Meadows Community College.

(Line 8-9)

The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-scope




manner which makes it easy to process in real time. End-scope maxim says

that logical operators such as a negative operator or a quantifier precede,

rather than follow. In the datum above, it can be seen that universal quantifier

(everybody) within the scope of the existential quantifier (Mayor Schieve and

Dr.Karen Hilgerson).

This sentence can be interpreted as follow:

(Ǝy (HERE y & ( x ((PERSON x & TRUCKEE MEADOWS COMMUNITY

COLLEGE x) (THANK x, y)))))

Compare to sentence below:

Everybody here at Truckee Meadiws Community College, Mayor Schieve,

and Dr. Karen thank you so much.

25

This sentence can be interpreted as follow:

( x (PERSON x & TRUCKEE MEADOWS COMMUNITY COLLEGE x)

(Ǝy (HERE y & THANK x, y)))

In sentence above, the reading in which the existential quantifier is within the

scope of the universal quantifier is greatly preferred, whereas previous

sentence is strong preference. This preference regarded as a pragmatic

preference for the reading in which the scope-relations are reversed. Thus, the

function of end-scope maxim in processibility principle that applied in the

datum above is to arrange the sequence of sentence.

Datum 5

I love community colleges, and I know something about what this college is

doing to give people of all ages, not just young people, a real chance to get

the skills and opportunities that everybody in America deserves. (Line 10-12)







It can be seen from the datum above that has main focus in the end of the

sentence. The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data

above, the given information is marked by underline and new information

26

marked by italic. New information fall on clause „everybody in America

deserves‟ because the most important message in this sentence is everybody

in America deserves to get a chance to improve their skills and opportunities.

Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in processibility principle applied in

the datum above is to emphasize the information of the sentence.

Datum 6

I have to begin by saying my original plan for this visit was to focus on our

agenda to help small businesses and entrepreneurs. This week we proposed

new steps to cut red tape and taxes to make it easier for small businesses to

get the credit they need to grow and hire. (Line 13-16)










italic. In first sentence, new information is in infinitive phrase „to help small

businesses and entrepreneurs‟ because the most important message in this

sentence is to help small businesses and entrepreneurs are the original plan

27

for Hillary visit. In second sentence, new information is in infinitive phrase

„to grow and hire‟ because the most important message in this sentence is to

grow and hire needed for small businesses to get credit. Thus, the function of

end-focus maxim in processibility principle applied in the datum above is to

emphasize the information of the sentence.

Datum 7

I want to be a small business president. My father was a small businessman.

And I believe that in America, if you can dream it, you should be able to

build it. And so, we‟ll be talking a lot more about small business and about

our economic plans in the days and weeks ahead. (Line 17-20)

The datum above categorized as clarity principle with transparency

maxim. Clarity principle recommends us to presents a clear message and

transparency maxim suggests to makes a transparent relationship between

message and text. It can be seen from the datum above that has clear message.

Before Hillary Clinton talk about small business, she tells story about her

dream and her father job. She wanted to motivate the audiences about their

dream by using conditional conjunction „if‟ and she was using conjunction

„so‟ to connect what she was talking about before. She mentioned small

business several times to emphasize the topic that she will deliver. Thus, the

function of transparency maxim in clarity principle that applied in the datum

above is to makes the relationship between message and text getting clear.

28

Datum 8

Everywhere I go, people tell me how concerned they are by the divisive

rhetoric coming from my opponent in this election. And I understand that

concern, because it‟s like nothing we‟ve heard before from a nominee for

president of the United States from one of our two major parties. (Line 24-27)

The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-weight



syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The end-weight maxim means

that we try to put long "heavy" elements at the end of the sentence, and keep

the subject as short as possible. In cases such as the sentence above we often

use the "empty subject" it with a complement followed by the "that" clause.

The sentence above has light and heavy constituent. In the first sentence,

extraposition or rightward movement used to make the sentence easy to

understand. The sentence could be “The divisive rhetoric coming from my

opponent in this election and people tell me how concerned they are

everywhere I go”. In the second sentence, IT-extraposition used to make the

sentence easy to follow. The sentence could be “And I understand that

concern, because that we‟ve heard before from a nominee for president of the

United States from one of our two major parties is like nothing.” Thus, the

function of end-weight maxim in processibility principle that applied in the

datum above is to makes the sentence easy to understand.

29

Datum 9

From the start, Donald Trump has built his campaign on prejudice and

paranoia. He is taking hate groups mainstream and helping a radical fringe

take over the Republican Party. His disregard for the values that make our

country great is profoundly dangerous. (Line 28-31)










italic. In the first sentence, new information falls on noun phrase „on

prejudice and paranoia‟ because the most important message in this sentence

is on prejudice and paranoia that Donald Trump used in his campaign. Then,

in second sentence, new information falls on noun phrase „Republican Party‟

because the most important message in this sentence is Republican Party that

had been taken away by radical fringe. In the last sentence, new information

fall on adjective phrase „profoundly dangerous‟ because the most important

message in this sentence is profoundly dangerous that he had disregard for the

30

values. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in processibility principle

applied in the datum above is to emphasize the information of the sentence.

Datum 10

Trump has stood up in front of largely white audiences and described black

communities in such insulting and ignorant terms: “Poverty. Rejection.

Horrible education. No housing. No homes. No ownership. Crime at levels

nobody has seen." Right now, he said, "you can walk down the street and get

shot.” Those are his words. (Line 32-36)

The datum above categorized as clarity with ambiguity maxim. Clarity

principle recommends us to presents a clear message and ambiguity maxim

suggests to avoiding ambiguity. It can be seen from the datum above that has

clear message. First, Hillary explains what Donald Trump has been said to

white audiences about black communities. “Poverty. Rejection. Horrible

education. No housing. No homes. No ownership. Crime at levels nobody has

seen” is insulting and ignorant terms. The sentence “you can walk down the

street and get shot” is the result of crime at levels nobody has seen that means

uncontrolled crime. In the beginning sentence, Trump mentioned and for the

rest of the sentence, pronoun „he‟ and „his‟ are refers to Trump. There is no

ambiguity and other meaning in this sentence. Thus, the function of the

ambiguity maxim in clarity principle that applied in the datum above is to

avoid ambiguity and make the text clear.

31

Datum 11

How sad. Donald Trump misses so much. He doesn‟t see the success of black

leaders in every field, the vibrancy of black-owned businesses, the strength of

the black church. He doesn‟t see the excellence of historically black colleges

and universities or the pride of black parents watching their children thrive.

(Line 37-41)

The datum above categorized as clarity principle with ambiguity maxim.

Clarity principle recommends us to presents a clear message and ambiguity

maxim suggests to avoiding ambiguity. It can be seen from the datum above

that has clear message. First, Hillary expresses her sorrow about Donald

Trump. She disappointed because Donald Trump could not see everything

good in black people. In sentence “Donald Trump misses so much”, it is

refers to the reason why Hillary Clinton sad. In sentence “He doesn‟t see the

success of black leaders in every field, the vibrancy of black-owned

businesses, the strength of the black church. He doesn‟t see the excellence of

historically black colleges and universities or the pride of black parents

watching their children thrive”, „he‟ is refers to Donald Trump and it is the

explanation about what he misses. There is no ambiguity and other meaning

in this sentence. Thus, the function of the ambiguity maxim in clarity

principle that applied in the datum above is to avoid ambiguity and make the

text clear.

32

Datum 12

Now, Trump‟s lack of knowledge or experience or solutions would be bad

enough. But what he‟s doing here is more sinister. Trump is reinforcing

harmful stereotypes and offering a dog whistle to his most hateful supporters.

(Line 48-51)










italic. In the first sentence “Now, Trump‟s lack of knowledge or experience

or solutions would be bad enough”, new information falls on adjective phrase

„bad enough‟ because the most important message in this sentence is bad

enough if Trump is lack of knowledge or experience or solutions. Then, in

second sentence “But what he‟s doing here is more sinister “, new

information falls on comparative adjective „more sinister‟ because the most

important message in this sentence is more sinister that Donald Trump doing

here. In the last sentence “Trump is reinforcing harmful stereotypes and

offering a dog whistle to his most hateful supporters”, new information fall

33

on infinitive phrase „to his most hateful supporters‟ because the most

important message in this sentence is to his most hateful supporters Trump is

reinforcing harmful stereotypes and offering a dog whistle. Thus, the function

of end-focus maxim in processibility principle applied in the datum above is

to emphasize the information of the sentence.

Datum 13

It‟s a disturbing preview of what kind of president he‟d be. (Line 51)

The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-weight



syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The end-weight maxim means

that we try to put long "heavy" elements at the end of the sentence, and keep

the subject as short as possible. In cases such as the sentence above we often

use the "empty subject" it with a complement followed by the "that" clause.

The sentence above has light constituent “It‟s a disturbing preview of” and

heavy constituent “what kind of president he‟d be”. This sentence use IT-

extraposition or rightward movement to make the sentence easier to

understand. The sentence could be “what kind of president he‟d be is a

disturbing preview”. IT-extraposition constructs by it as subject of Adjectival

Predicate WH (what kind of president he‟d be) and Verb Phrase (is a

disturbing preview). Extraposition used because there is a tendency in English

not to like heavy elements, such as clauses, at the beginning of a sentence, but

34

to prefer them at the end. This preference is a result of the basic Subject-

Verb-Object structure of English, where objects are typically longer than

subjects. Thus, while sentence “what kind of president he‟d be is a disturbing

preview” is perfectly grammatical, it is much more natural to use the

synonymous sentence “It‟s a disturbing preview of what kind of president

he‟d be.” Then, the function of end-weight maxim in processibility principle

that applied in the datum above is to makes the sentence easy to understand.

Datum 14

A man with a long history of racial discrimination, who traffics in dark

conspiracy theories drawn from the pages of supermarket tabloids and the far,

dark reaches of the internet, should never run our government or command

our military. (Line 52-55)










italic. In the sentence above, new information falls on adverbial clause

https://www.thoughtco.com/subject-verb-object-1692011

https://www.thoughtco.com/subject-verb-object-1692011

https://www.thoughtco.com/object-in-grammar-1691445

35

„should never run our government or command our military‟ because the

most important message in this sentence is Donald Trump was not deserve to

run in government or command military. Thus, the function of end-weight

maxim in processibility principle that applied in the datum above is to make

the sentence easy to understand.

Datum 15

Ask yourself, if he doesn‟t respect all Americans, how can he serve all

Americans? (Line 56-57)

The datum above categorized as expressivity principle with iconicity




its meaning. It can be seen from the datum above that contain interrogative

sentence. These structures have function in order to trigger the curiosity and

interest the audience or reader. The sentence above can be used as a question,

but may very well serve as a request to think twice to choose Donald Trump.

The declarative sentence before and after the interrogative sentence makes the

sentence becomes operative and meaningful. Thus, the function of iconicity

maxim in expressivity principle that applied in the datum above is to makes

the sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟ interests.

36

Datum 16

But the hard truth is, there‟s no other Donald Trump. (Line 62)










italic. In the sentence above, new information is in noun phrase „no other

Donald Trump‟ because the most important message in the sentence is no

other Donald Trump is the hard truth. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim

in processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the


Datum 17

Maya Angelou, a great American whom I admire very much, she once said:

“When someone shows you who they are, believe them the first time.” Well,

throughout his career and this campaign, Donald Trump has shown us exactly

who he is. We should believe him. (Line 64-67)

37

The datum above categorized as clarity principle with transparency

maxim. It can be seen from the datum above that has clear message, which

have a direct and transparent relationship between message and text. In

sentence “Maya Angelou, a great American whom I admire very much.”

Hillary tried to introduce Maya Angelou to the audience. Then, in sentence

“She once said: “When someone shows you who they are, believe them the

first time.””, „she‟ is refers to Maya Angelou and Hillary tried to tell about

her quote to the audiences. In the last sentence “Well, throughout his career

and this campaign, Donald Trump has shown us exactly who he is. We should

believe him.”, „his‟, „he‟ and „him‟ are refer to Donald Trump, „us‟ and „we‟

are refer to Hillary Clinton herself and the audiences. She tried to connect

Maya Angelou quote with Donald Trump career and campaign.As the

audiences know that Donald Trump has bad reputation for his career and

campaign, so Hillary ask the audiences to believe him in order they will not

regret what they choose.

Datum 18

In 2015, Trump launched his own campaign for president with another racist

lie. He described Mexican immigrants as rapists and criminals. And he

accused the Mexican government of actively sending them across the border.

None of that is true. (Line 80-83)

In textual rhetoric, the datum above categorized as processibility principle

with end-focus maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account

38

interrelated decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in

the syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented

in manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim

is usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/

sentence. It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the

sentence. The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data

above, the given information is marked by underline and new information

marked by italic. In the first sentence “In 2015, Trump launched his own

campaign for president with another racist lie.”, new information falls on

noun phrase „another racist lie‟ because the most important message in this

sentence is another racist lie that Donald Trump has been done in his

campaign in 2015. Then, in second sentence “He described Mexican

immigrants as rapists and criminals.“, new information falls on noun „rapists

and criminals „ because the most important message in this sentence is rapist

and criminals that Donald Trump gave to described Mexican immigrants. In

the third sentence “And he accused the Mexican government of actively

sending them across the border.”, new information falls on preposition

phrase „across the border‟ because the most important message in this

sentence is across the border Donald Trump accused the Mexican government

sending them. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in processibility

principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the information of the

sentence.

39

Datum 19

When Trump said a distinguished federal judge born in Indiana couldn‟t be

trusted to do his job because, quote, “He‟s a Mexican.” Think about that.

(Line 85-87)

The datum above categorized as clarity principle with ambiguity maxim.

Clarity principle recommends us to presents a clear message and ambiguity

maxim suggests to avoiding ambiguity. It can be seen from the datum above

that has clear message. It can be seen from the datum above that has clear

message. First, Hillary explains what Donald Trump has been accused to

Mexican, he seems to hate Mexican. Then, she connected it with Donald

Trump that said a distinguished federal judge born in Indiana couldn‟t be

trusted to do his job because, quote, “He‟s a Mexican.”, as we know that

Indiana is located in Mexico which means Indiana is Mexican and they could

not be trusted because they are rapists and criminals. There is no ambiguity

and other meaning in this sentence. Thus, the function of the ambiguity

maxim in clarity principle that applied in the datum above is to avoid

ambiguity and make the text clear.

Datum 20

When asked in a nationally televised interview whether he would disavow the

support of David Duke, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, Trump

wouldn‟t do it. And only later, again, under mounting pressure, did he

40

backtrack. And when Trump was asked about anti-Semitic slurs and death

threats coming from his supporters, he refused to condemn them. Through it

all, he has continued pushing discredited conspiracy theories with racist

undertones. (Line 102-108)

The datum above categorized as economy principle with maxim of

reduction. This principle recommends being quick and easy. Economy

principle favors elisions, assimilations, and the abbreviating and simplifying

processes which is contributory maxim of reduction. It can be seen from the

datum above that the sentence has been reduced from its original sentence.

The first sentence use ellipsis (said that) and substitution (do it refers to

disavow the support of David Duke) to reduce the sentence. The original

sentence should be: “When asked in a nationally televised interview whether

he would disavow the support of David Duke, a former grand wizard of the

Ku Klux Klan said that Trump wouldn‟t disavow the support of David

Duke.” In the next sentence, pro-nominalization (he refers to Trump) and

(them refers to his supporters) used. The original sentence should be: “And

when Trump was asked about anti-Semitic slurs and death threats coming

from his supporters, Trump refused to condemn his supporters.” Thus, the

function of maxim of reduction in economy principle that applied in the

datum above is to makes the text being quick and easy or in other word, it

could be shorter.

41

Datum 21

You remember he said that thousands of American Muslims in New Jersey

cheered the 9/11 attacks. They didn‟t. He suggested that Ted Cruz‟s father

was involved in the Kennedy assassination. Now perhaps in Trump‟s mind,

because Mr. Cruz was a Cuban immigrant, he must have had something to do

with it. And there is absolutely, of course, no evidence of that. (Line 109-113)

The datum above categorized as economy principle with maxim of

reduction. This principle recommends being quick and easy. Economy

principle favors elisions, assimilations, and the abbreviating and simplifying

processes which is contributory maxim of reduction. It can be seen from the

datum above that the sentence has been reduced from its original sentence.

The first sentence use pro-nominalization (they refers to American Muslims

in New Jersey) and ellipsis (cheered the 9/11 attacks) to reduce the sentence.

The original sentence should be: “You remember he said that thousands of

American Muslims in New Jersey cheered the 9/11 attacks. American

Muslims in New Jersey didn‟t cheered the 9/11 attacks.” In the next sentence,

pro-nominalization (he refers to Trump) and substitution (it refers to a Cuban

immigrant) used. The original sentence should be: “Now perhaps in Trump‟s

mind, because Mr. Cruz was a Cuban immigrant, he must have had something

to do with a Cuban immigrant.” In the last sentence, substitution (it refers to

Ted Cruz‟s father was involved in the Kennedy assassination) used. The

42

original sentence should be: “And there is absolutely, of course, no evidence

of Ted Cruz‟s father was involved in the Kennedy assassination” Thus, the

function of maxim of reduction in economy principle that applied in the

datum above is to makes the text being quick and easy or in other word, it

could be shorter.

Datum 22

His latest paranoid fever dream is about my health. All I can say is, Donald,

dream on. This is what happens when you treat the National Enquirer like

Gospel. They said in October I'd be dead in six months. (Line 116-118)










italic. In the first sentence “His latest paranoid fever dream is about my

health.”, new information falls on prepositional phrase „about my health‟

because the most important message in this sentence is about Hillary Clinton

health that become Donald Trump latest paranoid dream. Then, in second

43

sentence “All I can say is, Donald, dream on“, new information falls on

prepositional phrase that used as verb phrase „dream on‟ because the most

important message in this sentence is dream on is Hillary can say to Donald.

In the third sentence “This is what happens when you treat the National

Enquirer like Gospel”, new information falls on noun phrase „like Gospel‟

because the most important message in this sentence is like Gospel they treat

the National Enquirer. In the last sentence “They said in October I'd be dead

in six months.”, new information falls on prepositional phrase „in six months‟

because the most important message in this sentence is in six months they

said in October Hillary will be dead. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim

in processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the


Datum 23

But look at his policies. The ones that Trump has proposed, they would put

prejudice into practice. And don‟t be distracted by his latest attempts to

muddy the waters. (Line 140-142)





its meaning. It can be seen from the datum above that has figurative language

idiom. In sentence “The ones that Trump has proposed, they would put

44

prejudice into practice.”, put prejudice into practice is idiom that means to use

prejudice in actual situations. Then, in sentence “And don‟t be distracted by

his latest attempts to muddy the waters.”, muddy the waters is idiom that

means make a situation or an issue more confusing and complicated. Thus,

the function of iconicity maxim in expressivity principle that applied in the

datum above is to make the sentence more attractive in order to captivate

readers‟ interests.

Datum 24

He‟d ban Muslims around the world, billions of them, from entering our

country just because of their religion. Think about that for a minute. How

would it actually work? So people landing in U.S. airports would line up to

get their passports stamped, just like they do now. (Line 149-152)







interest the audience or reader. The interrogative sentence above can be used

as a question, but may very well serve as anxiety about the process of

entering America due to Donald Trump ban Muslims around the world. There

is a sense that makes the interrogative sentence above becomes operative and

45

meaningful. It is because the explanation before and after that interrogative

sentence, so the answer is not needed. Thus, the function of iconicity maxim

in expressivity principle that applied in the datum above is to makes the

sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟ interests.

Datum 25

But in Trump‟s America, when they step up to the counter, the immigration

officer would ask every single person, “What is your religion?” And then

what? What if someone says, “I‟m a Christian,” but the agent doesn‟t believe

him. Do they have to prove it? How would they do that? (Line 152-155)







interest the audience or reader. In the first interrogative sentence “What is

your religion? And then what?” is trigger the curiosity about what would

happen next because it was talking about before. In second interrogative

sentence “Do they have to prove it? How would they do that?” can be used as

a question, but may very well serve as anxiety if the agent does not believe

their religion. There is a sense that makes the interrogative sentence above

becomes operative and meaningful. It is because the explanation before and

46

after that interrogative sentence, so the answer is not needed. Thus, the

function of iconicity maxim in expressivity principle that applied in the datum

above is to makes the sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟

interests.

Datum 26

But look at who he‟s put in charge of his campaign. Trump likes to say he

only hires the “best people.” But he‟s had to fire so many campaign managers

it‟s like an episode from the Apprentice. (Line 168-170)










italic. In the first sentence “But look at who he‟s put in charge of his

campaign.”, new information falls on noun phrase „his campaign‟ because

the most important message in this sentence is his campaign that Donald

Trump put in charge. Then, in second sentence “Trump likes to say he only

hires the “best people.”“, new information falls on adjective phrase „best

47

people‟ because the most important message in this sentence is best people

that Trump hires. In the last sentence “But he‟s had to fire so many campaign

managers it‟s like an episode from the Apprentice.”, new information falls on

noun clause „an episode from the Apprentice‟ because the most important

message in this sentence is an episode from the Apprentice is like many

campaign managers that Donald Trump fire. Thus, the function of end-focus

maxim in processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize

the information of the sentence. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in



Datum 27

Next time you see Trump rant on television, think about all the

children listening across America. Kids hear a lot more than we think. Parents

and teachers are already worried about what they‟re calling the “Trump

Effect.” They report that bullying and harassment are on the rise in our

schools, especially targeting students of color, Muslims, and immigrants.

(Line 234-238)

The datum above categorized as clarity principle with ambiguity maxim. It

can be seen from the datum above that has clear message. Clarity principle

recommends us to presents a clear message and ambiguity maxim suggests to

avoiding ambiguity. It can be seen from the datum above that has clear

message. First, Hillary shared about impact for kids that listening and

48

watching Trump in television. Then, she connected it with “Trump Effect”

that trigger bullying and harassment in the school; the victims are students

with different skin color, Muslims, and immigrants. In sentence “Next time

you see Trump rant on television, think about all the children listening across

America. Kids hear a lot more than we think.”, Hillary warns the audiences

that already have children to not allow their children watch Donald Trump in

television because kids can do more than they expect. Kids usually imitate

what they see because they not understand yet whether it is good or not, they

cannot choose something. So, Hillary hopes that their parents and teachers

will control them into good person. In sentence “Parents and teachers are

already worried about what they‟re calling the “Trump Effect.” They report

that bullying and harassment are on the rise in our schools, especially

targeting students of color, Muslims, and immigrants.” Hillary introduces the

„Trump Effect‟. Bullying and harassment that targeting students of color,

Muslims, and immigrants are some examples of „Trump Effect‟. There is no

ambiguity and other meaning in this sentence. Thus, the function of the

ambiguity maxim in clarity principle that applied in the datum above is to

avoid ambiguity and make the text clear.

Datum 28

This is a moment of reckoning for every Republic dismayed that the Party of

Lincoln has become the Party of Trump. It‟s a moment of reckoning for all of

49

us who love our country and believe that America is better than this. (Line

246-249)

In textual rhetoric, the datum above categorized as processibility principle

with end-weight maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into

account interrelated decision about the ordering and prominence of certain

elements in the syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The end-weight

maxim means that we try to put long "heavy" elements at the end of the

sentence, and keep the subject as short as possible. In cases such as the

sentence above we often use the "empty subject" it with a complement

followed by the "that" clause. The sentence above has light and heavy

constituent. In the first sentence “This is a moment of reckoning for every

Republic dismayed that the Party of Lincoln has become the Party of

Trump.”, extraposition or rightward movement used to make the sentence

easy to understand. The sentence could be “That the Party of Lincoln has

become the Party of Trump is a moment of reckoning for every Republic

dismayed.” In the second sentence “It‟s a moment of reckoning for all of us

who love our country and believe that America is better than this.” IT-

extraposition used to make the sentence easy to follow. The sentence could be

“who love our country and believe that America is better than this is a

moment of reckoning for all of us.” Thus, the function of end-weight maxim

in processibility principle that applied in the datum above is to makes the

sentence easy to understand.

50

Datum 29

I will be a president for all Americans. Because I truly believe we are

stronger together. And this is a vision for the future rooted in our values and

reflected in a rising generation of young people. The young people in

America today are the most open, diverse, and connected we’ve ever seen.

(Line 265-268)










italic. In the first sentence “I will be a president for all Americans”, new

information falls on noun phrase „for all Americans‟ because the most

important message in this sentence is for all American Hillary will be a

president. Then, in second sentence “Because I truly believe we are stronger

together.“, new information falls on adjective phrase „stronger together‟

because the most important message in this sentence is stronger together

Hillary truly believe we are. In the third sentence “And this is a vision for the

future rooted in our values and reflected in a rising generation of young

51

people.”, new information fall on adverb clause „in a rising generation of

young people‟ because the most important message in this sentence is in a

rising generation of young people is a vision for the future rooted in our

values and reflected. In the last sentence “The young people in America today

are the most open, diverse, and connected we’ve ever seen.”, new information

fall on noun clause „we‟ve ever seen‟ because the most important message in

this sentence is we‟ve ever seen the young people in America today are the

most open, diverse, and connected. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in



Datum 30

How many of you saw the Like Ibtihaj Muhammad, an African-American

Muslim from New Jersey who won the bronze medal in fencing with grace

and skill. Would she even have a place in Donald Trump‟s America? (Line

272-274)







interest the audience or reader. The sentence above can be used as a question,

52

but may very well serve as a hesitation that Donald Trump respect athlete

(Ibtihaj Muhammad) that have characteristic that he usually insult. The

sentence before and after the interrogative sentence makes the sentence

becomes operative and meaningful. Thus, the function of iconicity maxim in

expressivity principle that applied in the datum above is to makes the

sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟ interests.

53

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

According to the analysis above, the writer can draw some

conclusions about the study of Leech‟s textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton

speech transcript “Anti-Trump” in Nevada as follows: Based on the first

research question, the writer found 4 types of principles and 7 types of maxims

in textual rhetoric that applied in Hillary Clinton speech transcript. There are

30 data that divided into 16 data of processibility principles (12 end-focus

maxims, 3 end-weight maxims, and 1 end-scope maxim), 6 data of clarity

principles (2 transparency maxims and 4 ambiguity maxims), 3 data of

economy principles with maxim of reductions, and 5 data of expressivity

principles with iconicity maxims. Each principles and maxims in textual

rhetoric has its functions to construct the text.

Meanwhile, based on second research question, there are some

functions of maxims that contain in principles of textual rhetoric. First,

processibility principle is basically suggests the writer to take into account

interrelated decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in

the syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. There are 3 maxims in

processibility principle and each maxim has different functions. The function

of end-focus maxim is to emphasize the information of the sentence; the

function end-weight maxim is to makes the sentence easy to understand; and

54

the function end-scope maxim is to arrange the sequence of sentence. Second,

clarity principle recommends us to presents a clear message. There are in

clarity principle and each maxim has different functions. The function of

transparency maxim is to makes the relationship between message and text

getting clear, whereas the function of ambiguity maxim is to avoid ambiguity.

Third, economy principle recommends being quick and easy. There is maxim

of reduction in this principle and the function of this maxim is to shorten the

text. The last is expressivity principle. This principle is connected with

effectiveness that refers to the expressive and aesthetics aspects of

communication. There is iconicity maxim in this principle and the function of

this maxim is to makes the sentence more attractive in order to captivate

readers‟ interests.

B. Suggestions

After conducting the research about Leech‟s textual rhetoric applied in

Hillary Clinton speech transcript “Anti-Trump” in Nevada, the writer suggests

to the next researchers who are interested in textual rhetoric and speech to find

another object of the analysis to develop the research, such as movie transcript,

advertisement and headline news which present different language uses.

Finally, the writer hopes that this research can enrich the readers‟ knowledge. I

also expect that this study will be useful as a reference for the further

researchers.

55

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58

APPENDIXES

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/25/hillary-clintons-

alt-right-speech-annotated/Transcript: Hillary Clinton's full remarks in Reno,

Nevada

Hillary Clinton’s Alt-Right Speech, Annotated

By Team Fix, Abby Ohlheiser and Caitlin Dewey

August 25th

, 2016

Thank you so much. I am so thrilled to be back in Reno. Thank you! I have to say 1

I know when I'm here in Reno, I'm the other Hillary. And I am more than okay 2

with that because I think your mayor is doing a terrific job. And the fact that she 3

herself is a small businesswoman and committed to really lifting up Reno and 4

giving everybody in this great city, the biggest little city, with a big heart, a 5

chance to get ahead and stay ahead. I could not be more honored than to have her 6

support and endorsement in this race. So thank you so much Mayor Schieve, and 7

let me also thank Dr. Karen Hilgerson and everybody here at Truckee Meadows 8

Community College. 9

I love community colleges, and I know something about what this college is doing 10

to give people of all ages, not just young people, a real chance to get the skills and 11

opportunities that everybody in America deserves. So thank you. 12

I have to begin by saying my original plan for this visit was to focus on our 13

agenda to help small businesses and entrepreneurs. This week we proposed new 14

steps to cut red tape and taxes to make it easier for small businesses to get the 15

credit they need to grow and hire. 16

I want to be a small business president. My father was a small businessman. And 17

I believe that in America, if you can dream it, you should be able to build it. And 18

so, we‟ll be talking a lot more about small business and about our economic plans 19

in the days and weeks ahead. But today, here in this community college devoted 20

to opening minds and creating great understanding of the world of which we live, 21

I want to address something that I am hearing about from Americans all over our 22

country. 23

https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/abby-ohlheiser/

https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/caitlin-dewey/

59

Everywhere I go, people tell me how concerned they are by the divisive rhetoric 24

coming from my opponent in this election. And I understand that concern, 25

because it‟s like nothing we‟ve heard before from a nominee for president of the 26

United States from one of our two major parties. 27

From the start, Donald Trump has built his campaign on prejudice and paranoia. 28

He is taking hate groups mainstream and helping a radical fringe take over the 29

Republican Party. His disregard for the values that make our country great is 30

profoundly dangerous. 31

In just this past week, under the guise of “outreach” to African Americans, Trump 32

has stood up in front of largely white audiences and described black communities 33

in such insulting and ignorant terms: “Poverty. Rejection. Horrible education. No 34

housing. No homes. No ownership. Crime at levels nobody has seen." Right now," 35

he said, "you can walk down the street and get shot.” Those are his words. 36

But when I hear them, I think to myself: How sad. Donald Trump misses so much. 37

He doesn‟t see the success of black leaders in every field, the vibrancy of black-38

owned businesses, the strength of the black church. He doesn‟t see the excellence 39

of historically black colleges and universities or the pride of black parents 40

watching their children thrive. And he apparently didn't see Police Chief Brown 41

on television after the murders of five of his officers conducting himself with such 42

dignity. He certainly doesn‟t have any solutions to take on the reality of systemic 43

racism and create more equity and opportunity in communities of color and for 44

every American. It really does take a lot of nerve to ask people he‟s ignored and 45

mistreated for decades, “What do you have to lose?” Because the answer is: 46

Everything. 47

Now, Trump‟s lack of knowledge or experience or solutions would be bad 48

enough. But what he‟s doing here is more sinister. Trump is reinforcing harmful 49

stereotypes and offering a dog whistle to his most hateful supporters. 50

It‟s a disturbing preview of what kind of president he‟d be. And that's what I want 51

to make clear today: A man with a long history of racial discrimination, who 52

traffics in dark conspiracy theories drawn from the pages of supermarket tabloids 53

and the far, dark reaches of the internet, should never run our government or 54

command our military. 55

Ask yourself, if he doesn‟t respect all Americans, how can he serve all 56

Americans? 57

60

Now, I know some people still want to give Trump the benefit of the doubt. They 58

hope that he will eventually reinvent himself – that there‟s a kinder, gentler, more 59

responsible Donald Trump waiting in the wings somewhere. Because after all, it‟s 60

hard to believe anyone – let alone a nominee for president – could really believe 61

all the things he says. But the hard truth is, there‟s no other Donald Trump. This is 62

it. 63

Maya Angelou, a great American whom I admire very much, she once said: 64

“When someone shows you who they are, believe them the first time.” 65

Well, throughout his career and this campaign, Donald Trump has shown us 66

exactly who he is. We should believe him. When Trump was getting his start in 67

business, he was sued by the Justice Department for refusing to rent apartments to 68

black and Latino tenants. Their applications would be marked with a “C” – “C” 69

for “colored” – and then rejected. 70

Three years later, the Justice Department took Trump back to court because he 71

hadn‟t changed. And the pattern continued through the decades. State regulators 72

fined one of Trump‟s casinos for repeatedly removing black dealers from the 73

floor. No wonder the turn-over rate for his minority employees was way above 74

average. 75

And let‟s not forget Trump first gained political prominence leading the charge 76

for the so-called “Birthers.” He promoted the racist lie that President Obama is not 77

really an American citizen – part of a sustained effort to delegitimize America‟s 78

first black president. 79

In 2015, Trump launched his own campaign for president with another racist lie. 80

He described Mexican immigrants as rapists and criminals. And he accused the 81

Mexican government of actively sending them across the border. None of that is 82

true. Oh, and by the way, Mexico‟s not paying for his wall either. If it ever gets 83

built, you can be sure that American taxpayers will be stuck with the bill. 84

But there has been a steady stream of bigotry. We all remember when Trump said 85

a distinguished federal judge born in Indiana couldn‟t be trusted to do his job 86

because, quote, “He‟s a Mexican.” Think about that. The man who today is the 87

standard bearer of the Republican Party said a federal judge -- who by the way 88

had a distinguished record as U.S. attorney, had to go in hiding because Mexican 89

drug gangs were after him, who has Mexican heritage but just like me was born in 90

this country -- is somehow incapable of doing his job solely because of his 91

61

heritage. Even the Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives, Paul 92

Ryan, described that -- and I quote -- as “the textbook definition of a racist 93

comment.” 94

To this day, Trump has never apologized to Judge Curiel. But for Trump, that is 95

just par for the course. This is someone who retweets white supremacists online, 96

like the user who goes by the name “white-genocide-TM.” Trump took this fringe 97

bigot with a few dozen followers and spread his message to 11 million people. His 98

campaign famously posted an anti-Semitic image – a Star of David imposed over 99

a sea of dollar bills – that first appeared on a white supremacist websites. 100

The Trump campaign has also selected a prominent white nationalist leader as a 101

delegate in California, and they only dropped him under pressure. When asked in 102

a nationally televised interview whether he would disavow the support of David 103

Duke, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, Trump wouldn‟t do it. And 104

only later, again, under mounting pressure, did he backtrack. And when Trump 105

was asked about anti-Semitic slurs and death threats coming from his supporters, 106

he refused to condemn them. Through it all, he has continued pushing discredited 107

conspiracy theories with racist undertones. 108

You remember he said that thousands of American Muslims in New Jersey 109

cheered the 9/11 attacks. They didn‟t. He suggested that Ted Cruz‟s father was 110

involved in the Kennedy assassination. Now perhaps in Trump‟s mind, because 111

Mr. Cruz was a Cuban immigrant, he must have had something to do with it. And 112

there is absolutely, of course, no evidence of that. 113

Just recently, Trump claimed that President Obama founded ISIS. And he 114

has repeated that over and over again. 115

His latest paranoid fever dream is about my health. All I can say is, Donald, 116

dream on. This is what happens when you treat the National Enquirer like Gospel. 117

They said in October I'd be dead in six months. It‟s what happens when you listen 118

to the radio host Alex Jones, who claims that 9/11 and the Oklahoma City 119

bombings were inside jobs. He even said -- and this really, is just so disgusting -- 120

he even said the victims of the Sandy Hook massacre were child actors and no one 121

was actually killed there. I don't know what happens in somebody's mind or how 122

dark their heard must be to say things like that. But Trump didn‟t challenge those 123

lies. He actually went on Jones‟ show and said: “Your reputation is amazing. I 124

will not let you down.” This from the man wants to be president of the United 125

States. 126

62

You know, I‟ve stood by President Obama‟s side as he made the toughest 127

decisions a Commander-in-Chief has to make. In times of crisis, our country 128

depends on steady leadership, clear thinking, calm judgment. Because one wrong 129

move can mean the difference between life and death. 130

I know we have veterans here and I know we have families, mothers and spouses 131

of people currently serving. The last thing we need in the Situation Room is a 132

loose cannon who can‟t tell the difference -- or doesn't care to -- between fact and 133

fiction, and who buys so easily into racially-tinged rumors. 134

Someone so detached from reality should never be in charge of making decisions 135

that are as real as they come. That is yet another reason why Donald Trump is 136

simply temperamentally unfit to be president of the United States. 137

Now, I hear and I read some people who are saying that, well, his bluster and his 138

bigotry is just over-heated campaign rhetoric – an outrageous person saying 139

outrageous things for attention. But look at his policies. The ones that Trump has 140

proposed, they would put prejudice into practice. And don‟t be distracted by his 141

latest attempts to muddy the waters. 142

He may have some new people putting new words in his mouth, but we know 143

where he stands. He would form a deportation force to round up millions of 144

immigrants and kick them out of the country. He‟d abolish the bedrock 145

constitutional principle that says if you‟re born in the United States, you‟re an 146

American citizen. He says that children born into undocumented parents in 147

America are “anchor babies” and should be deported.Millions of them. 148

And he‟d ban Muslims around the world, billions of them, from entering our 149

country just because of their religion. Think about that for a minute. How would it 150

actually work? So people landing in U.S. airports would line up to get their 151

passports stamped, just like they do now. 152

But in Trump‟s America, when they step up to the counter, the immigration 153

officer would ask every single person, “What is your religion?” And then what? 154

What if someone says, “I‟m a Christian,” but the agent doesn‟t believe him. Do 155

they have to prove it? How would they do that? 156

Really, ever since the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock, America has 157

distinguished itself as a haven for people fleeing religious persecution, believing 158

in religious freedom and religious liberty. 159

63

Under Donald Trump, America would distinguish itself as the only country in the 160

world to impose a religious test at the border. Come to think of it, there actually 161

may be one other place that does that. The so-called Islamic State. The territory 162

that ISIS controls. What a would be a cruel irony that someone running for 163

president would equate us with them. 164

Don‟t worry, some will say, as president, Trump will be surrounded by smart 165

advisers who will rein in his worst impulses. So when a tweet gets under his skin 166

and he wants to retaliate with a cruise missile, maybe cooler heads will convince 167

him not to. Well, maybe. But look at who he‟s put in charge of his campaign. 168

Trump likes to say he only hires the “best people.” But he‟s had to fire so many 169

campaign managers it‟s like an episode from the Apprentice. 170

The latest shake-up was designed to – quote – “Let Trump be Trump.” To do that, 171

he hired Stephen Bannon, the head of a right-wing website called Breitbart.com, 172

as campaign CEO. To give you a flavor of his work, here are a few headlines 173

they‟ve published: “Birth Control Makes Women Unattractive and Crazy.” 174

“Would You Rather Your Child Had Feminism or Cancer?” “Gabby Giffords: 175

The Gun Control Movement‟s Human Shield” “Hoist It High And Proud: The 176

Confederate Flag Proclaims A Glorious Heritage.” 177

That one came shortly after the Charleston massacre, when Democrats and 178

Republicans alike were doing everything they could to heal racial divides. 179

Breitbart tried to enflame them further. Just imagine – Donald Trump reading that 180

and thinking: “this is what I need more of in my campaign.” Bannon has nasty 181

things to say about pretty much everyone. 182

This spring, he railed against Paul Ryan for, quote “rubbing his social-justice 183

Catholicism in my nose every second.” No wonder he‟s gone to work for Trump – 184

the only Presidential candidate ever to get into a public feud with the Pope. It's 185

truly hard to believe, but according to the Southern Poverty Law Center, which 186

tracks hate groups, Breitbart embraces “ideas on the extremist fringe of the 187

conservative right." This is not conservatism as we have known it. This is not 188

Republicanism as we have know it. These are race-baiting ideas, anti-Muslim and 189

anti-immigrant ideas, anti-woman –– all key tenets making up an emerging racist 190

ideology known as the „Alt-Right.‟ Now Alt-Right is short for “Alternative 191

Right.” The Wall Street Journal describes it as a loose but organized movement, 192

mostly online, that “rejects mainstream conservatism, promotes nationalism and 193

views immigration and multiculturalism as threats to white identity.” 194

64

The de facto merger between Breitbart and the Trump Campaign represents a 195

landmark achievement for the “Alt-Right.” A fringe element has effectively taken 196

over the Republican Party. And this is part of a broader story -- the rising tide of 197

hardline, right-wing nationalism around the world. 198

Just yesterday, one of Britain‟s most prominent right-wing leaders, a man named 199

Nigel Farage, who stoked anti-immigrant sentiments to win the referendum to 200

have Britain leave the European Union, campaigned with Donald Trump in 201

Mississippi. Farage has called for a bar on the children of legal immigrants from 202

public schools and health services, has said women are and I quote “worth less” 203

than men, and supports scrapping laws that prevent employers from 204

discriminating based on race -- that‟s who Donald Trump wants by his side when 205

he is addressing an audience of American voters. And the grand godfather of this 206

global brand of extreme nationalism is Russian President Vladimir Putin. In fact, 207

Farage regularly appears on Russian propaganda programs. Now he‟s standing on 208

the same stage as the Republican nominee. 209

Trump himself heaps praise on Putin and embraces pro-Russian policies. He talks 210

casually of abandoning our NATO allies, recognizing Russia‟s annexation of 211

Crimea, and of giving the Kremlin a free hand in Eastern Europe more generally. 212

American presidents from Truman to Reagan have rejected the kind of approach 213

Trump is taking on Russia. We should, too. 214

Now all of this adds up to something we‟ve never seen before. Of course there has 215

always been a paranoid fringe in our politics, a lot of it rising from racial 216

resentment. But it‟s never had the nominee of a major party stoking it, 217

encouraging it, and giving it a national megaphone. Until now. 218

On David Duke‟s radio show the other day, the mood was jubilant. “We appear to 219

have taken over the Republican Party,” one white supremacist said. Duke laughed. 220

"No, there‟s still more work to do," he replied. 221

So no one should have any illusions about what‟s really going on here. The names 222

may have changed. Racists now call themselves “racialists.” White supremacists 223

now call themselves “white nationalists.” The paranoid fringe now calls itself “alt-224

right.” But the hate burns just as bright. And now Trump is trying to rebrand 225

himself as well. But don‟t be fooled. 226

There‟s an old Mexican proverb that says “Tell me with whom you walk, and I 227

will tell you who you are.” We know who Trump is. A few words on a 228

65

teleprompter won‟t change that. He says he wants to “make America great again,” 229

but more and more it seems as though his real message seems to be “Make 230

America hate again.” And this isn‟t just about one election. It‟s about who we are 231

as a nation. It‟s about the kind of example we want to set for our children and 232

grandchildren. 233

Next time you see Trump rant on television, think about all the children listening 234

across America. Kids hear a lot more than we think. Parents and teachers are 235

already worried about what they‟re calling the “Trump Effect.” They report that 236

bullying and harassment are on the rise in our schools, especially targeting 237

students of color, Muslims, and immigrants. 238

At a recent high school basketball game in Indiana, white students held up Trump 239

signs and taunted Latino players on the opposing team with chants of “Build the 240

wall!” and “Speak English.” After a similar incident in Iowa, one frustrated school 241

principal said, “They see it in a presidential campaign and now it's OK for 242

everyone to say this.” We wouldn‟t tolerate this kind of behavior and we wouldn't 243

tolerate it in our own homes. And we should not stand for it from a presidential 244

candidate. 245

You know, my friends, this is a moment of reckoning for every Republic 246

dismayed that the Party of Lincoln has become the Party of Trump. It‟s a moment 247

of reckoning for all of us who love our country and believe that America is better 248

than this. 249

Twenty years ago, when Bob Dole accepted the Republican nomination, he 250

pointed to the exits and told any racists in the party to get out. The week after 251

9/11, George W. Bush went to a mosque and declared for everyone to hear that 252

Muslims “love America just as much as I do.” 253

In 2008, John McCain told his own supporters they were wrong about the man he 254

was trying to defeat. Senator McCain made sure they knew: Barack Obama, he 255

said, is an American citizen and a decent person. We need that kind of leadership 256

again. 257

We can have our disagreements and believe me I understand that. I think that's 258

healthy. We need good debates. But we need to do it in a respectful way, not 259

finger pointing and blaming and stirring up this bigotry and prejudice. 260

Every day, more Americans are standing up and saying “enough is enough” – 261

including a lot of Republicans. And I am honored to have their support. And I 262

66

promise you this: with your help, I will be a president for Democrats, 263

Republicans, and independents. For those who vote for me and for those who vote 264

against me. I will be a president for all Americans. Because I truly believe we are 265

stronger together. And this is a vision for the future rooted in our values and 266

reflected in a rising generation of young people. The young people in America 267

today are the most open, diverse, and connected we‟ve ever seen. 268

How many of you saw the Olympics? I was so proud. I always get carried away 269

every time the Olympics are on. And you look at the diversity of our athletes. Just 270

look at our fabulous Olympic team representing the United States of America. 271

Like Ibtihaj Muhammad, an African-American Muslim from New Jersey who 272

won the bronze medal in fencing with grace and skill. Would she even have a 273

place in Donald Trump‟s America? 274

And I'll tell ya, when I was growing up, in so many parts of our country, Simone 275

Manuel would not have been allowed to swim in the same public pool as Katie 276

Ledecky. And now together on our swimming team they‟re winning Olympic 277

medals as teammates. 278

I don't know about you but I don't think we have a person to waste. We want to 279

build an America where every person has a place where if you work hard and do 280

your part, you can get ahead and stay ahead. That's the basic bargain of America. 281

And we cannot get to where we need to be unless we stand together and stand up 282

against prejudice and paranoia and prove once and for all that America is great 283

because is America is good. 284

Thank you all. Let's go out and win the election. May God bless the United States 285

and bless you 286

67

Textual Rhetoric Found in Hillary Clinton Speech Transcript

The writer found 30 data that divided into 16 data of processibility

principle (12 end-focus, 3 end-weight, and 1 end-scope maxim), 6 data of clarity

principle (2 transparency and 4 ambiguity maxim), 3 data of economy principle

with maxim of reduction, and 5 data of expressivity principle with iconicity

maxim. Each principles and maxims in textual rhetoric has its functions to

construct the text and make it easy to understand by the readers.

No Datum Textual Rhetoric

Principle Maxim

1.

(Line

1-3)

I am so thrilled to be back in

Reno. Thank you! I have to

say I know when I'm here in

Reno, I'm the other Hillary.

And I am more than okay

with that because I think

your mayor is doing a

terrific job.

Processibility End-focus

2.

(Line

3-6)

And the fact that she herself is a small

businesswoman and committed to

really lifting up Reno and giving

everybody in this great city, the

biggest little city, with a big heart, a

chance to get ahead and stay ahead.

Expressivity Iconicity

3.

(Line

6-7)

I could not be more honored than to

have her support and endorsement in

this race.


4.

(Line

8-9)

So thank you so much Mayor Schieve,

and let me also thank Dr. Karen

Hilgerson and everybody here at

Truckee Meadows Community

College.

Processibility End-scope

5.

(Line

10-12)

I love community colleges, and I know

something about what this college is

doing to give people of all ages, not

just young people, a real chance to get

the skills and opportunities that

everybody in America deserves.


68

6.

(Line

13-16)

I have to begin by saying

my original plan for this visit

was to focus on our agenda

to help small businesses and

entrepreneurs. This week we

proposed new steps to cut

red tape and taxes to make it

easier for small businesses to

get the credit they need to

grow and hire.


7.

(Line

17-20)

I want to be a small business

president. My father was a small

businessman. And I believe that in

America, if you can dream it, you

should be able to build it. And so,

we‟ll be talking a lot more about small

business and about our economic plans

in the days and weeks ahead.

Clarity Transparency

8.

(Line

24-27)

Everywhere I go, people tell me how

concerned they are by the divisive

rhetoric coming from my opponent in

this election. And I understand that

concern, because it‟s like nothing

we’ve heard before from a nominee

for president of the United States from

one of our two major parties.

Processibility End-weight

9.

(Line

28-31)

From the start, Donald Trump has

built his campaign on prejudice and

paranoia. He is taking hate groups

mainstream and helping a radical

fringe take over the Republican Party.

His disregard for the values that make

our country great is profoundly

dangerous.


10.

(Line

32-36)

Trump has stood up in front of largely

white audiences and described black

communities in such insulting and

ignorant terms: “Poverty. Rejection.

Horrible education. No housing. No

Clarity Ambiguity

69

homes. No ownership. Crime at levels

nobody has seen." Right now, he said,

"you can walk down the street and get

shot.” Those are his words.

11.

(Line

37-41)

How sad. Donald Trump misses so

much. He doesn‟t see the success of

black leaders in every field, the

vibrancy of black-owned businesses,

the strength of the black church. He

doesn‟t see the excellence of

historically black colleges and

universities or the pride of black

parents watching their children thrive.

Clarity Ambiguity

12

(Line

48-51)

Now, Trump‟s lack of knowledge or

experience or solutions would be bad

enough. But what he‟s doing here is

more sinister. Trump is reinforcing

harm-ful stereotypes and offering a

dog whistle to his most hateful

supporters.


13.

(Line 51)

It‟s a disturbing preview of what kind

of president he’d be. Procesibility End-weight

14.

(Line

52-55)

A man with a long history of racial

discrimination, who traffics in dark

conspiracy theories drawn from the

pages of supermarket tabloids and the

far, dark reaches of the internet,

should never run our government or

command our military.


15.

(Line

56-57)

Ask yourself, if he doesn‟t respect all

Americans, how can he serve all

Americans?


16.

(Line

62)

But the hard truth is, there‟s no other

Donald Trump. Processibility End-focus

17.

(Line

64-67)

Maya Angelou, a great American

whom I admire very much, she once

said: “When someone shows you who

they are, believe them the first time.”

Clarity Transparency

70

Well, throughout his career and this

campaign, Donald Trump has shown

us exactly who he is. We should

believe him.

18.

(Line

80-83)

In 2015, Trump launched his own

campaign for president with another

racist lie. He described Mexican

immigrants as rapists and criminals.

And he accused the Mexican

government of actively sending them

across the border. None of that is true.


19.

(Line

85-87)

When Trump said a distinguished

federal judge born in Indiana couldn‟t

be trusted to do his job because, quote,

“He‟s a Mexican.” Think about that.

Clarity Ambiguity

20.

(Line

102-

108)

When asked in a nationally televised

interview whether he would disavow

the support of David Duke, a former

grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan,

Trump wouldn‟t do it. And only later,

again, under mounting pressure, did he

backtrack. And when Trump was

asked about anti-Semitic slurs and

death threats coming from his

supporters, he refused to condemn

them. Through it all, he has continued

pushing discredited conspiracy

theories with racist undertones.

Economy Maxim of

reduction

21.

(Line

109-

113)

You remember he said that thousands

of American Muslims in New Jersey

cheered the 9/11 attacks. They didn‟t.

He suggested that Ted Cruz‟s father

was involved in the Kennedy

assassination. Now perhaps in

Trump‟s mind, because Mr. Cruz was

a Cuban immigrant, he must have had

something to do with it. And there

is absolutely, of course, no evidence of

that.

Economy Maxim of

reduction

71

22.

(Line

116-

118)

His latest paranoid fever dream is

about my health. All I can say is,

Donald, dream on. This is what

happens when you treat the National

Enquirer like Gospel. They said in

October I'd be dead in six months.


23.

(Line

140-

142)

But look at his policies. The ones that

Trump has proposed, they would put

prejudice into practice. And don‟t be

distracted by his latest attempts to

muddy the waters.

Economy Maxim of

reduction

24.

(Line

149-

152)

He‟d ban Muslims around the world,

billions of them, from entering our

country just because of their religion.

Think about that for a minute. How

would it actually work? So people

landing in U.S. airports would line up

to get their passports stamped, just like

they do now.


25.

(Line

152-

155)

But in Trump‟s America, when they

step up to the counter, the immigration

officer would ask every single person,

“What is your religion?” And then

what? What if someone says, “I‟m a

Christian,” but the agent doesn‟t

believe him. Do they have to prove it?

How would they do that?


26.

(Line

168-

170)

But look at who he‟s put in charge of

his campaign. Trump likes to say he

only hires the “best people.” But he‟s

had to fire so many campaign

managers it‟s like an episode from the

Apprentice.


27.

(Line

234-

238)

Next time you see Trump rant on

television, think about all the

children listening across America.

Kids hear a lot more than we think.

Parents and teachers are already

worried about what they‟re calling the

Clarity Ambiguity

72

“Trump Effect.” They report that

bullying and harassment are on the

rise in our schools, especially targeting

students of color, Muslims, and

immigrants.

28.

(Line

246-

249)

This is a moment of reckoning for

every Republic dismayed that the

Party of Lincoln has become the Party

of Trump. It‟s a moment of reckoning

for all of us who love our country and

believe that America is better than

this.

Processibility End-weight

29.

(Line

265-

268)

I will be a president for all Americans.

Because I truly believe we are

stronger together. And this is a vision

for the future rooted in our values and

reflected in a rising generation of

young people. The young people in

America today are the most open,

diverse, and connected we’ve ever

seen.


30.

(Line

272-

274)

How many of you saw the Like Ibtihaj

Muhammad, an African-American

Muslim from New Jersey who won the

bronze medal in fencing with grace

and skill. Would she even have a place

in Donald Trump‟s America?


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