Textile industry

• Textile industry effluent is one of the major contributor to

water pollution (Verma et al., 2012)

• Dyeing and finishing processes is the main aforementioned

contributor (Khandegar & Saroha, 2013).

• treating effluent from textile industry is a challenging task

due to the various type of pollutant content, inter alia;

organic and inorganic dye, heavy metal, surfactant, grease,

wax and suspended solid (Kurade et al., 2012)

• The discharging industrial effluent properly is lies on the

shoulder of industrial corporates.

• It is important to the specific industry to treat their effluent

onsite before discharge it into aqueous ecosystem.

Textile industry process (Batik processing)

Preparation of the cloth

Dyeing of the cloth

Application of the wax

Removing the wax

Source: JadiBatek.com.

POLUTION SOURCES

Process Compounds

Preparation of cloth Used oil (castor or coconut oil),

Starch

Dyeing of the cloth Organic and Inorganic dyes,

ludigol, potassium aluminum

sulfate, sodium alginate

Application of the wax Wax, dyes

Removing the wax Grease, surfactant, suspended

solids, colors

Source: JadiBatek.com.

Conventional technique

• Dye pollutions been a general focus in wastewater treatment since the colour change in water body easily detected even by bare eye (Vargas et al., 2011)

• There are a couple of common ways to discharge dyes have such as physical-chemical technique destroying the colour group, chemical oxidation and biological process mineralizing the colourless organic intermediate etc. (Khandegar and Saroha, 2013 and Kurade et al., 2012)

• Conventional techniques have limited ability to remove pollutant completely, non-practical, produces toxic sludge, sometimes required another disposal technique, and add to unnecessary cost projection.

Conventional method Advantages Disadvantages

Activated carbon Excellent removal for

wide variety of dyes

Decrease the

concentration of

dissolved organic solid

Very

expensive

Involves the

loss of

adsorbent

Biological treatment

Anaerobic process

Activated sludge

process

Oxidation ponding

Capable to degrade

certain type of dye

(non-toxic dyes)

Large area

requirement

Long

treatment time

Catalytic wet oxidation Capable to remove the

low concentration of

organic contaminant

Do not produce by-

product

Produce

carbon dioxide

Source : Khandegar and Saroha, (2013) and Kurade et al., (2012)

Conventional

method

Advantages Disadvantages

Chemical

oxidizing agent

Effective to

remove textile

industry effluent

Formation of

absorbable

organohalides (toxic

substance)

Coagulation Effective for

sulphur and

dispersive dyes

removal

Not effective for acid,

basic, direct, vat and

reactive dyes.

Produce large amount

of sludge

Increase Total

Suspended Solid

(TSS) content

Cucurbituril Good sorption

capacity for

various dyes

High cost

Conventional

method Advantages Disadvantages

Electrochemical

destruction

Breakdown non-

hazardous compound

High cost of

electricity

Fentons reagent Effective to decolour

soluble and insoluble

dyes.

Produce

sludge

Ion exchange Regeneration : no

adsorbent loss

Only effective

for specific

dyes

Irradiation Oxidation only

effective at lab scale

A lot of

dissolved

oxygen

required


Conventional


Membrane

filtration

Capable to remove all

types of dyes

Less space requirement

Do not produce sludge

Minimize the used of

fresh water during

treatment (recycle and

reuse)

High cost

NaOCl Accelerates and initiates

azo-bond cleavage

Release

aromatic

amine


Conventional


Ozonation Applied in

gaseous state: no

volume change

Short half-life (20

min)

Hazardous

substances (

require ozone

destruction unit)

Peat Good adsorbent

due to cellular

structure

Lower specific

surface area for

adsorption are

compared to

activated carbon

Photochemical Do not generate

sludge

Produce by-

product

Conventional


Silica gel Only effective to

remove basic dye

Side reaction

prevent

commercial

application

Wet air

oxidation

Effective for

removal high

organic matter or

toxic contaminants

content

High installation

and operating cost

Wood chips only effective to

remove acid dyes

Long retention

times requirement


ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY (Electrocoagulation + other method)

• electrocoagulation remove 97% of colour from water

body while coagulation (Alum) method remove 94 % of

dye content in the textile effluent.

• combination of electrocoagulation (EC) technique with

other method shows high effectiveness for removing

BOD, COD, color and turbidity from textile industry

wastewater (Khandegar and Saroha, 2013).

Combination technology Results (%)

EC + Electroflotation BOD (88.9), Color (93), COD

(79.7 ), Turbidity (76.2), SS

(85.5)

EC + Sedimentation COD (70), Turbidity (90)

EC + Nanofiltration Color(>99)

1)Bioflotation, 2)FBBR, 3)flow jet and 4)a standard activated sludge system. (Souce : Papadia et al., 2011)

ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY (Fixed Bed Biomass Reactor)

• FBBR is an effective advance technology used in treating

textile industry wastewater due to their high capability

holding high loads of very active biomass over time and

for their ability to handle high and variable organic loads.

• The segregated zones in FBBR system enhance the

sludge mineralization by decrease the washout of

biomass (Papadia et al., 2011)

ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY (Bioflotation Reactor)

• Bioflotation is an effective advance technology used in treating in treating dyeing and finishing effluent form textile industry.

• Bioflotation technologies are less affected by organic loads (the organic load rate up to 0.40 kgCOD /m3/day)

• The high pressure ejector air supply system in bioreactor provides largest air wastewater contact surface, thus produce high oxygen dissolution (Papadia et al., 2011).

CONCLUSION

• The findings of recent study related to textile industry

wastewater management is still not clear to determine the

most appropriate technique and technology to be used.

• More studies should be conducted and latest technologies

should be developed to answer to the earth’s urgency in

managing wastewater cycles effectively, for marine lives to

be saved and global water streams to be preserved.

CITED REFERENCES Corcoran, E., Nellemann, C., Baker, E., Bos, R., Osborn, D., Savelli, H. Sick Water? The central role of

wastewater management in sustainable development. A rapid response assessment, United Nations

Environment Programme. UN-HABITAT, GRID; Arendal: 2010.

Khandegar, V., & Saroha, Anil K. (2013). Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile industry effluent –

A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 128(0), 949-963. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.043

Kurade, Mayur B., Waghmode, Tatoba R., Kagalkar, Anuradha N., & Govindwar, Sanjay P. (2012).

Decolorization of textile industry effluent containing disperse dye Scarlet RR by a newly developed

bacterial-yeast consortium BL-GG. Chemical Engineering Journal, 184(0), 33-41. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.058

Papadia, Simone, Rovero, Giorgio, Fava, Fabio, & Di Gioia, Diana. (2011). Comparison of different pilot

scale bioreactors for the treatment of a real wastewater from the textile industry. International

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 65(3), 396-403. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.01.002

Steiner, A. and Tibaijuka, A.K., (2010). Join statement. In Corcoran, E., Nellemann, C., Baker, E., Bos, R.,

Osborn, D.,Savelli, H. Sick Water? The central role of wastewater management in sustainable development.

A rapid response assessment, United Nations Environment Programme. UN-HABITAT, GRID; Arendal:

2010.

Verma, Akshaya Kumar, Dash, Rajesh Roshan, & Bhunia, Puspendu. (2012). A review on chemical

coagulation/flocculation technologies for removal of colour from textile wastewaters. Journal of

Environmental Management, 93(1), 154-168. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.09.012

Textile industry

Education

Transcript of Textile industry