Handbook of Evidence-Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery3A978-3-540-69960-6%2F… · a comprehensive...
Transcript of Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery3A978-3-540-69960-6%2F… · a comprehensive...
Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery
Andres M. Lozano, Philip L. Gildenberg, Ronald R. Tasker (Eds.)
Textbook of Stereotacticand Functional Neurosurgery
With 1088 Figures and 232 Tables
Editors:Andres M. LozanoProfessor of Surgery and RR Tasker Chair in Functional NeurosurgeryUniversity of TorontoSenior Scientist, Toronto Western Research InstitutePresident, World Society for Stereotactic and Functional NeurosurgeryCanadian Research Chair in Neuroscience (Tier 1)399 Bathurst St. WW 4-447Toronto, Ontario M5T [email protected]
Philip L. GildenbergHouston Stereotactic Concepts, Inc.2260 West Holcombe BoulevardSuite 309Houston, Texas [email protected]
Ronald R. TaskerUniversity of Toronto399 Bathurst St. WW 4-447Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8Canada
A C.I.P. Catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-3-540-69959-0This publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-3-540-69960-6 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-3-540-70779-0
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� Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
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Andres Lozano dedicates this work
To Marie, Alexander and Christopher
Philip L. Gildenberg, MD, PhD, dedicates this ‘‘Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery’’
to Patricia Franklin Gildenberg, who has been a significant collaborator in everything he has
written since 1973. Her contributions and dedication to both the American and World Societies
for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery have been important in maintaining the
integrity of those organizations throughout the years.
I would like to dedicate my contribution to this book to my late wife,
Mary Morris Craig Tasker, who made my career possible.
Ronald R. Tasker OC, MD, FRCSC
Preface
This second edition of the Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery appears just 11 years
after the first.
The first edition of the Textbook marked the 50th anniversary of the birth of human stereotactic
neurosurgery. After an initial period of rapid growth, the field became quiescent in the 1960s when
treatment of Parkinson’s disease migrated from stereotactic surgery to medication, primarily L-dopa.
When it became apparent that L-dopa was not the final answer to the management of Parkinson’S
disease, human stereotaxis had a rebirth, and the first edition followed a few years later. Many patients
returned once again to surgical management in the early 1990s, so many neurosurgeons returned to the
fields of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. In the meantime, computer science and imaging
techniques had advanced to foster the development of frameless image guided surgery, as well as
stereotactic radiosurgery. Consequently, many neurosurgeons were becoming involved with stereotac-
tic surgery, either returning to the field or being introduced to it for the first time. Both groups needed
a comprehensive review of the then-current state of the field which was provided by the first edition of
the Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery.
During the past 11 years there have been additional significant advances in this field. Computers
have advanced to the point where exotic complex surgical programs have become commonplace and
computers have become commonly used in the operating room, both for image guidance and
physiological verification of targets. Image guided surgery is being used by most neurosurgeons,
many of whom may not have had a prior background in stereotactic surgery. Deep brain stimulation
for the treatment of motor disorders has become technically feasible and is commonly practiced at
many stereotactic centers, using some techniques that were still under development a decade ago and
technically advanced stimulating devices. Radiosurgical techniques involve more complex dosimetry
than was available earlier, again because of advances in computer technology. Many new possibilities
are being opened for both neurosurgical guidance and functional surgery involving targets that had not
previously been recognized.
These advances have proceeded so rapidly and broadly across several scientific fields that we have a
need for a new edition of the Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. It is meant to provide
a broad background for neurosurgeons, neurologists, and radiation oncologists, radiation physicists,
and other scientists in the ever expanding fields of stereotactic neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery,
and stereotactic radiosurgery. These fields have become so broad that no other publication covers the
information necessary for all those specialists in a single reference source. This book will provide an
update on the significant advances, information, and knowledge that have developed during this past
decade has and have been scattered through the literature of these disparate specialties.
The first edition was edited by Philip L. Gildenberg and Ronald Tasker. Both those stereotactic
neurosurgeons retired from active clinical practice in the past 10 years, so they recruited Andres Lozano
to be the primary editor. They felt that he brings to this position a unique combination of clinical
# Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg 2009
xii Preface
expertise, extensive knowledge of background laboratory information, a record of providing innova-
tion to functional neurosurgery, and has provided leadership for a new generation of stereotactic
neurosurgeons. The editors wish to thankMcGraw-Hill, who published the first edition, for relinquish-
ing the copyright to Dr. Gildenberg, which opened the door for Springer to publish the second edition.
The difference in the editorial process between the first edition and the second edition in some
ways reflects the development of computers during that time, and consequently the advances in the
fields of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. The authors who contributed to the first edition sent
hard copy printed manuscripts to the editors who would then read for content and copy edit, a time-
consuming and inefficient process. Manuscripts were then mailed back to the authors for final approval
and/or correction and sent back to the Editors, possibly several times, who relayed them to the
publisher when they were perfected. All manuscript preparation and submission for the second edition
were done electronically, so no paper changed hands, which sometimes introduced new complexities,
but ultimately proved more efficient, not to mention friendly to the environment. It is noteworthy that
between the time of the first edition and the second edition, the operating room also became digitized,
with consequent improvement in the display of diagnostic studies, processing information from those
studies, and integrating that information into the surgical plan.
The editors thank Garbiele Schroder and Stephanie Benko of Springer, who made this Textbook
possible. The editors especially wish to thank Andrew Spencer and his staff at Springer, who served as
the publisher’s representative to this project and maintained the flow of digital information between
authors, editors and publisher.
The editors also wish to thank Joan Richardson, who served as a liaison between the authors,
editors, and publisher’s staff, and provided an accurate update on the progress and problems of each
chapter and author. She managed the organization of 195 manuscripts with over 250 authors, with
occasional changes in authors or topics, to facilitate communication between the editors and authors.
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
Section 1 History of Stereotactic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 History of Stereotactic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
P. L. Gildenberg . J. K. Krauss
2 History of the Stereotactic Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
P. L. Gildenberg . J. K. Krauss
3 History of Stereotactic Surgery in US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
P. L. Gildenberg
4 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
J. K. Krauss
5 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
C. Ohye
6 History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery in the Nordic Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
B. A. Meyerson . B. Linderoth
7 A Brief History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery in Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
E. Taub
8 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Great Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
E. A. C. Pereira . A. L. Green . D. Nandi . T. Z. Aziz
9 History of Stereotactic Surgery in France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
A. L. Benabid . S. Chabardes . E. Seigneuret
10 History of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
A. G. Parrent
xiv Table of contents
11 History of Stereotactic Surgery in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
F.-C. Lee . B. Sun . J. Zhang . K. Zhang . F.-G. Meng
12 History of Stereotactic Surgery in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
P. K. Doshi
13 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
S. S. Chung
14 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
J. Guridi . M. Manrique
15 History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
A. Franzini . V. A. Sironi . G. Broggi
16 History of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
O. Vilela Filho
Section 2 Imaging in Stereotactic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
17 General Imaging Modalities: Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
A. A. Gorgulho . W. Ishida . A. A. F. De Salles
18 CT/MRI Technology: Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
M. I. Hariz . L. Zrinzo
19 CT/MRI Safety in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
M. Schulder . A. Oubre
20 Functional MRI in Image Guided Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
T. Sankar . G. R. Cosgrove
21 Angiography, MRA in Image Guided Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
P. Jabbour . S. Tjoumakaris . R. Rosenwasser
22 Diagnostic PET in Image Guided Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
B. Ballanger . T. van Eimeren . A. P. Strafella
23 Neurophysiologic Mapping for Glioma Surgery: Preservation of
Functional Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
R. M. Richardson . M. S. Berger
Table of contents xv
24 Image Reconstruction and Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
B. A. Kall
Section 3 Stereotactic Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
25 Printed Stereotactic Atlases, Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
R. J. Coffey
26 Electronic Stereotactic Atlases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
J. Yelnik . E. Bardinet . D. Dormont
27 Anatomical and Probabilistic Functional Atlases in Stereotactic and
Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
W. L. Nowinski
28 Accuracy in Stereotactic and Image Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
A. Hartov . D. W. Roberts
29 Development of a Classic: The Todd-Wells Apparatus, the BRW,
and the CRW Stereotactic Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
J. Arle
30 Leksell Stereotactic Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
L. D. Lunsford . D. Kondziolka . D. Leksell
31 The Riechert/Mundinger Stereotactic Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
J. K. Krauss
32 The Talairach Stereotactic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
A. L. Benabid . S. Chabardes . E. Seigneuret . D. Hoffmann . J. F. LeBas
33 Laitinen Stereotactic Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
M. I. Hariz . L. V. Laitinen
34 Miniframe Stereotactic Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
M. A. Madera . W. D. Tobler
Section 4 Image Guided Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
35 Engineering Aspects of Electromagnetic Localization in Image
Guided Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
E. C. Parker . P. J. Kelly
xvi Table of contents
36 The History, Current Status, and Future of the StealthStation Treatment
Guidance System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
R. Bucholz . L. McDurmont
37 BrainLab Image Guided System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
J. F. Fraser . T. H. Schwartz . M. G. Kaplitt
38 Robotic Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
P. L. Gildenberg
39 MRI in Image Guided Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
M. Schulder . L. Jarchin
40 CT in Image Guided Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
D. Kondziolka . L. D. Lunsford
41 Impedance Recording in Central Nervous System Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
R. J. Andrews . J. Li . S. A. Kuhn . J. Walter . R. Reichart
42 Stereotactic and Image-Guided Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
J. B. Elder . A. P. Amar . M. L. J. Apuzzo
43 Pathology Techniques in Stereotactic and Image Guided Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
P. T. Chandrasoma . N. E. Klipfel
44 Stereotactic and Image Guided Craniotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
E. C. Parker . P. J. Kelly
45 Image Guided Craniotomy for Brain Tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
I. E. McCutcheon
46 Virtual Reality in the Operating Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
P. L. Gildenberg
47 Comprehensive Brain Tumor Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
M. Tamber . M. Bernstein
48 Novel Therapies for Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
G. Al-Shamy . R. Sawaya
49 Image-Guided Management of Brain Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
E. Taub . A. M. Lozano
Table of contents xvii
50 Image-Guided Management of Brain Stem Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
M. Levivier
51 Stereotactic Approaches to the Brain Stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
L. U. Zrinzo . D. G. T. Thomas
52 Image Guided Management of Intracerebral Hematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
A. Losiniecki . G. Mandybur
53 Technical Aspects of Image-Guided Neuroendoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
J. D. Caird . J. M. Drake
54 Intraoperative Image Guidance in Skull Base Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
D. Omahen . F. Doglietto . D. Mukherjee . F. Gentili
55 Image Guided Management of Cerebral Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
P. Kongkham . M. Bernstein
Section 5 Stereotactic Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
56 Radiobiology of Stereotactic Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
D. C. Shrieve . J. S. Loeffler
57 Overview of Radiosurgery Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
M. Schulder
58 Gamma Knife: Technical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
D. J. Schlesinger . C. P. Yen . C. Lindquist . L. Steiner
59 Linac Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
W. A. Friedman . F. J. Bova
60 CyberKnife: Technical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
J. R. Adler . D. W. Schaal . A. Muacevic
61 Proton Beam Radiotherapy: Technical and Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
S. Y. Woo
62 IMRT: Technical and Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
M. P. Carol
63 What Every Neurosurgeon Should Know About Stereotactic Radiosurgery . . . . . . 977
P. M. Black . F. Tariq
xviii Table of contents
64 Radiosensitizers in Neurooncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
D. Khuntia . A. Chakravarti . H. I. Robins . K. Palanichamy . M. P. Mehta
65 Gamma Knife: Clinical Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
A. Niranjan . L. D. Lunsford . J. C. Flickinger . J. Novotny . J. Bhatnagar . D. Kondziolka
66 Gamma Knife: Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
L. Steiner . C. P. Yen . J. Jagannathan . D. Schlesinger . M. Steiner
67 Linac Radiosurgery: Technical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087
F. J. Bova . W. A. Friedman
68 Cyberknife: Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
F. C. Henderson Sr . W. Jean . N. Nasr . G. Gagnon
69 Proton Beam Radiosurgery: Clinical Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131
H. A. Shih . P. H. Chapman . J. S. Loeffler
70 Radiosurgery for Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
M. Maarouf . C. Buhrle . M. Kocher . V. Sturm
71 Focused and Conventional Radiation for Acoustic Nerve Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
R. Den . S. H. Paek . D. W. Andrews
72 Radiosurgery for Pituitary Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
J. P. Sheehan . J. Jagannathan . W. J. Elias . E. R. Laws
73 Radiosurgery for Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191
D. Kondziolka
74 Whole Body and Spinal Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203
P. C. Gerszten
75 Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Technical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225
D. Kondziolka . A. Niranjan . J. Novotny . J. Bhatanagar . L. D. Lunsford
Section 6 Functional Neurosurgery – Technical Aspects . . . . . . . . . 1237
76 Image Guided Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239
S. Khan . N. K. Patel . E. White . P. Plaha . S. Ashton . S. S. Gill
77 Evoked Potentials in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255
J. L. Shils . J. E. Arle
Table of contents xix
78 Microelectrode Recording in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283
W. D. Hutchison . J. O. Dostrovsky . M. Hodaie . K. D. Davis . A. M. Lozano . R. R. Tasker
79 Impedance Recording in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325
L. Zrinzo . M. I. Hariz
80 Anesthesia for Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331
P. H. Manninen . N. Apichatibutra
81 Lesions Versus Implanted Stimulators in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . 1349
W. S. Anderson . R. E. Clatterbuck . K. Kobayashi . J.-H. Kim . F. A. Lenz
82 Radiofrequency Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359
E. R. Cosman Sr. . E. R. Cosman Jr.
83 Stimulation Physiology in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383
A. W. Laxton . J. O. Dostrovsky . A. M. Lozano
84 Stimulation Technology in Functional Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401
B. H. Kopell . A. Machado . C. Butson
85 Therapeutic Lesions Through Chronically Implanted Deep Brain
Stimulation Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427
S. Raoul . D. Leduc . C. Deligny . Y. Lajat
Section 7 Functional Neurosurgery for Movement and MotorDisorders – Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443
86 Surgery for Movement Disorders: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1445
K. M. Prakash . A. E. Lang
87 History of Surgery for Movement Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1467
A. G. Parrent
88 Psychiatric Considerations in Management of Movement Disorders . . . . . . . . . . 1487
M. Zurowski . V. Voon . V. Valerie
89 Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497
M. R. DeLong . T. Wichmann
90 Medical Management of Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1507
E. V. Encarnacion . R. A. Hauser
xx Table of contents
91 Patient Selection for Surgery for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1529
E. K. Tan . J. Jankovic
92 Pallidotomy for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1539
M. I. Hariz
93 Selective Thalamotomy and Gamma Thalamotomy for Parkinson
Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1549
C. Ohye
94 Subthalamotomy for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569
J. A. Obeso . L. Alvarez . R. Macias . N. Pavon . G. Lopez . R. Rodriguez-Rojas .
M. C. Rodriguez-Oroz . J. Guridi
95 Globus Pallidus Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577
M. Deogaonkar . J. L. Vitek
96 Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1603
A. L. Benabid . J. Mitrofanis . S. Chabardes . E. Seigneuret . N. Torres . B. Piallat .
A. Benazzouz . V. Fraix . P. Krack . P. Pollak . S. Grand . J. F. LeBas
97 Thalamic Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1631
R. E. Wharen . R. J. Uitti . J. A. Lucas
98 PPN Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1649
S. Stone . C. Hamani . A. M. Lozano
99 Other Targets to Treat Parkinson’s Disease (Posterior Subthalamic Targets
and Motor Cortex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1665
F. Velasco . S. Palfi . F. Jimenez . J. D. Carrillo-Ruiz . G. Castro . Y. Keravel
100 Motor Cortex Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1679
M. Meglio . B. Cioni
101 Tissue Transplantation for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1691
K. Mukhida . M. Hong . I. Mendez
102 Gene Transfer for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719
P. A. Starr . K. S. Bankiewicz
103 Intraparenchymal Drug Delivery for Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1731
R. D. Penn . A. A. Linninger
Table of contents xxi
104 Management of Essential Tremor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743
J. M. Nazzaro . K. E. Lyons . R. Pahwa
105 Management of Tremors other than Essential Tremor and
Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1757
J. P. Nguyen . S. Raoul . C. Deligny . V. Roualdes . Y. Keravel
106 Diagnosis and Medical Management of Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1767
S. Fahn
107 Pathophysiology of Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1779
J. A. Bajwa . M. D. Johnson . J. L. Vitek
108 Central Procedures for Primary Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1801
X. A. Vasques . L. Cif . B. Biolsi . P. Coubes
109 Functional Stereotactic Procedures for Treatment of Secondary Dystonia . . . . . 1835
H-H. Capelle . J. K. Krauss
110 Diagnosis and Medical Management of Cervical Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1857
R. Bhidayasiri . D. Tarsy
111 Central Procedures for Cervical Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871
J. Q. Oropilla . Z. H. T. Kiss
112 Peripheral Procedures for Cervical Dystonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1885
T. Taira
113 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911
J. R. Pagura
114 History and Current Neurosurgical Management of Spasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925
R. D. Penn
115 Destructive Neurosurgical Procedures for Spasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1935
M. Sindou . P. Mertens
116 Surgery in the Dorsal Root Entry Zone for Spasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959
M. P Sindou . P. Mertens
117 Intrathecal Drugs for Spasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973
R. D. Penn
xxii Table of contents
Section 8 Functional Neurosurgery for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983
118 Anatomy and Physiology of Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985
W. D. Willis Jr. . K. N. Westlund
119 Neuroimaging and Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019
R. Peyron
120 What have PET Studies Taught us about Cerebral Mechanisms Involved in
Analgesic Effect of DBS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2031
R. Kupers . J. Gybels
121 History of DBS for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2049
D. Richardson
122 Comprehensive Management of Cancer Pain Including Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2061
P. S. Kalanithi . J. M. Henderson
123 The Central Lateral Thalamotomy for Neuropathic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2081
D. Jeanmonod . A. Morel
124 Technique of Trigeminal Nucleotractotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2097
M. J. Teixeira . E. T. Fonoff
125 Bulbar DREZ Procedures for Facial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2125
J. P. Gorecki
126 Percutaneous Cordotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2137
R. R. Tasker
127 CT-Guided Percutaneous Cervical Cordotomy for Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149
Y. Kanpolat
128 Ablative Spinal Cord Procedures for Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2159
P. L. Gildenberg
129 Intrathecal Opiates for Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2171
J. C. Sol . J. C. Verdie . Y. Lazorthes
130 Management of Pain of Benign Versus Cancer Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2197
P. L. Gildenberg . R. A. DeVaul
Table of contents xxiii
131 DBS for Persistent Non-Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2227
C. Hamani . D. Fontaine . A. Lozano
132 Motor Cortex Stimulation for Persistent Non-Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2239
A. G. Machado . A. Y. Mogilner . A. R. Rezai
133 Radiofrequency Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2251
P. Konrad . F. Caputi . A. O. El-Naggar
134 Surgical Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2269
M. P. Sindou
135 Facet Denervation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2291
R. R. Tasker . Wen Ching Tzaan
136 Sympathectomy for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2297
C. R. Telles-Ribeiro . L. F. de Oliveira
137 Spinal Cord Stimulation. Techniques, Indications and Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305
B. Linderoth . B. A. Meyerson
138 Mechanisms of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2331
B. Linderoth . R. D. Foreman . B. A. Meyerson
139 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2349
A. G. Shetter
140 The Pathophysiology of Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2359
R. W. Hurt
141 Radiofrequency Rhizotomy for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2421
E. Taub
142 Retrogasserian Glycerol Injection for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2429
B. Linderoth . G. Lind
143 Balloon Compression for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2457
J. A. Brown . J. G. Pilitsis
144 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2465
S. Sup Chung
145 Gamma Knife Surgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia and Facial Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475
A. C. J. de Lotbiniere
xxiv Table of contents
146 Treatment of Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2483
N. T. Mathew
147 Occipital Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2507
D. B. Cohen . M. Y. Oh . D. M. Whiting
148 Hypothalamic Stimulation for Cluster Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2517
A. Franzini . M. Leone . G. Messina . R. Cordella . C. Marras . G. Bussone . G. Broggi
149 Surgical Treatment of Chronic Cluster Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2525
J. M. Castilla
150 Mesencephalotomy for Cancer Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2533
P. L. Gildenberg
Section 9 Management of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2541
151 Indications for Surgical Management of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2543
H. G. Wieser . D. Zumsteg
152 Classification of Epileptic Seizures and Epilepsies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2561
H. O. Luders . S. Noachtar
153 EEG in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575
M. Hoppe . R. Wennberg . P. Tai . B. Pohlmann-Eden
154 The Wada Test-60th Year Anniversary Update-In Epilepsy Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . 2587
J. A. Wada . B. Kosaka
155 Imaging Evaluation of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2617
D. Madhavan . R. Kuzniecky
156 Image Guided Epilepsy Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2633
Y. G. Comair . R. B. Chamoun
157 Intraoperative Monitoring in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2651
G. Ojemann
158 MEG in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2661
A. Fujimoto . T. Akiyama . H. Otsubo
159 Medical Management of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2669
M. E. Newmark
Table of contents xxv
160 Selective Amygdalo-Hypocampectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2677
T. A. Valiante
161 Subpial Transection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2715
Z. S. Tovar-Spinoza . J. T. Rutka
162 Corpus Callosotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2723
R. E. Maxwell
163 Hemispherectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2741
J.- G. Villemure . R. T. Daniel
164 Radiosurgery in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2761
I. Yang . N. M. Barbaro
165 Centromedian Thalamic Stimulation for Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2777
F. Velasco . A. L. Velasco . M. Velasco . F. Jimenez . J. D. Carrillo-Ruiz . G. Castro
166 Anterior Nucleus DBS in Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2793
M. Hodaie . C. Hamani . R. Wennberg . W. Hutchison . J. Dostrovky . A. M. Lozano
167 Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2801
A. P. Amar . J. B. Elder . M. L. J. Apuzzo
168 Cerebellar Stimulation for Seizure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2823
R. Davis
169 Stimulation of the Hippocampus and the Seizure Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2839
A. L. Velasco . F. Velasco . M. Velasco . G. Castro . J. D. Carrillo-Ruiz .
J. M. Nunez D. Trejo
Section 10 Psychiatric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2853
170 Ethical Considerations in Psychiatric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2855
B. S. Appleby . P. V. Rabins
171 Psychosurgery – A Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2867
C. R. Bjarkam . J. C. Sørensen
172 Cingulotomy for Depression and OCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2887
G. R. Cosgrove
xxvi Table of contents
173 DBS for OCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2897
L. Gabriels . P. Cosyns . K. van Kuyck . B. Nuttin
174 Medical Management and Indications for Surgery in Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2925
P. Giacobbe . S. Kennedy
175 Ablative Procedures for Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2943
V. A. Coenen . C. R. Honey
176 Deep Brain Stimulation for Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2953
C. Hamani . B. Snyder . A. Laxton . A. Lozano
177 Surgical Procedures for Tourette’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2963
V. Visser-Vandewalle
178 Treatment of Aggressive Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2971
G. Broggi . A. Franzini
Section 11 Special and Emerging Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2979
179 DBS Disorders of Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2981
N. D. Schiff
180 Apnea: Phrenic Nerve Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2991
S. Rehncrona . G. Sedin . H. Fodstad
181 DBS for Bladder Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2999
R. Almusa . M. M. Hassouna
182 Impaired Vision: Visual Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3009
J. P. Girvin . A. G. Martins
183 Impaired Hearing: Auditory Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3021
J. K. Niparko . A. Marlowe . H. W. Francis
184 Impaired Motor Function: Functional Electrical Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3047
R. B. Stein . A. Prochazka
185 Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders (Except Oncology) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3061
M. G. Kaplitt
Table of contents xxvii
186 Gene Therapy for Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3083
M. L. M. Lamfers . E. A. Chiocca
187 Microdialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3117
M. J. Smith . M. G. Kaplitt
Section 12 The Future of Stereotactic and FunctionalNeurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3129
188 The Future of Computers and Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3131
B. A. Kall
189 The Future of Neuronavigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3137
D. W. Roberts
190 The Future of Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3143
L. Ma . P. K. Sneed
191 The Future of Infusion Systems in Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3155
R. D. Penn
192 The Future of Cell Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3161
M. B. Newman . R. A. E. Bakay
193 The Future of Neural Interface Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3185
M. C. Park . M. A. Goldman . T. W. Belknap . G. M. Friehs
194 The Future of Molecular Neuro-Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3201
J. A. J. King . M. D. Taylor
195 Future Ethical Challenges in Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3229
N. Lipsman . M. Bernstein
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3239
List of Contributors
John R. Adler, Jr.
Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
Tomoyuki Akiyama
Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics,
The Hospital for Sick Children, University of
Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario,
M5G 1X8, Canada
Riyad Almusa
Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst St,
M5T 2S8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
George Al-Shamy
Department of Neurosurgery - 442, The University
of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515
Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
L. Alvarez
Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and
Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de
Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
Arun Paul Amar
Departments of Neurosurgery, University of
California San Francisco and the Permanente
Medical Group 2025 Morse Avenue, Sacramento,
CA 95825, USA
Email: [email protected]
William S. Anderson
Instructor in Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School,
Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, CA 138F,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
Email: [email protected]
David W. Andrews
Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Medical
College, 834 Walnut St. Suite 650, PA 19107,
Philadelphia, USA
Email: [email protected]
Russell J. Andrews
Ames Associate (Smart Systems and
Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center,
CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA
Email: [email protected]
Narisa Apichatibutra
Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western
Hospital, University Health Network, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Brian S. Appleby
John Hopkins Hospital, Meyer 279, 600 N. Wolfe St.,
21287–7279, MD, Baltimore, USA
Michael L. J. Apuzzo
Edwin M. Todd/Trent H. Wells, Jr., Professor of
Neurological Surgery and Professor of Radiation
Oncology, Biology, and Physics Keck School of
Medicine, University of Southern California,
1200 North State Street, Suite 5046, Los Angeles,
CA 90033, USA
Email: [email protected]
xxx List of contributors
Jeffrey E. Arle
Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic, 41 Mall
Road, 01805, Burlington, MA, USA
Sharon Ashton
Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge,
Gloucestershire GL12 8JR, UK
Tipu Z. Aziz
Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield
Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, and
Department of Neurological Surgery, The West
Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.
Imperial College London and Charing Cross
Hospital, London
Jawad A. Bajwa
Capistrant Parkinson and Movement Disorder
Center, Bethesda Hospital and Nasseff
Neuroscience Center, United Hospital, Saint Paul,
MN, USA
Neurological Associates of Saint Paul, Maplewood,
MN, USA
Roy A. E. Bakay
Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University
Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
Email: [email protected]
B. Ballanger
PET Imaging Centre, Center of Addiction Mental
Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Krystof S. Bankiewicz
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
California, San Francisco, USA
Nicholas M. Barbaro
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
California, San Francisco, USA
Eric Bardinet
INSERM U679, Hopital de la Salpetriere, 47, Bd de
l’Hopital, 75013, Paris, France
Thomas Belknap
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Program in
Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of
Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital,
Providence, RI 02903, USA
Alim-Louis Benabid
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, Grenoble, France
Email: [email protected]
Abdelhamid Benazzouz
University of Bordeaux, France
Mitchel S. Berger
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
California, 505 Panassus Ave, Box 0112, San
Francisco, CA, USA
Email: [email protected]
Mark Bernstein
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital
and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Jagdish Bhatnagar
The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213, USA
Roongroj Bhidayasiri
Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Movement
Disorders Center, Chulalongkorn University
Hospital, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Bangkok 10330,
Thailand
Email: [email protected]
List of contributors xxxi
B. Biolsi
CHRU Montpellier, Service de Neurochirurgie,
Universite Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
Carsten Reidies Bjarkam
Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy,
University of Aarhus, DK–8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Email: [email protected]
Peter M. Black
Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston,
MA 02115, USA
Email: [email protected]
Frank J. Bova
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
Florida, PO Box 100265, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
Giovanni Broggi
Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto
Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy
Email: [email protected]
Jeffrey A. Brown
600 Northern Boulevard #118, Great Neck,
NY 11021, USA
Email: [email protected]
Richard Bucholz
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint
Louis, Missouri, USA
Email: [email protected]
Christian Buhrle
Associate Professor, Department of Stereotactic
and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital,
50924 Cologne, Germany
G. Bussone
Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute
Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy
Chris Butson
Medical School of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown
Plank Road, WI 53226, Milwaukee, USA
John D. Caird
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
The Hospital for Sick Children, University of
Toronto, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Hans-Holger Capelle
Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School
Hannover, MHH, Hannover, Germany
Franco Caputi
Department of Neurosurgery, Rome, Italy
Email: [email protected]
Mark P. Carol
744 Lexington Way, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
Email: [email protected]
Jose Damian Carrillo
Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic,
Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery,
General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico
Jose Manuel Castilla
Servicio de Neurocirugıa, Hospital “General Yague”,
Avenida de Cid 96, 09005, Burgos, Spain
Email: [email protected]
Guillermo Castro
Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic,
Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery,
General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico
Stephan Chabardes
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
Arnab Chakravarti
Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of
xxxii List of contributors
Radiation Oncology, Cox 3, 100 Blossom Street,
Boston, MA, USA
Email: [email protected]
Roukoz B. Chamoun
Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Parakrama T. Chandrasoma
Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine
University of Southern California, GNH 2900, 1200
North State St., CA, USA
Paul H. Chapman
Departments of Radiation Oncology and
Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Email: [email protected]
E. Antonio Chiocca
James Cancer Hospital/Solove Research Institute,
The Ohio State University Medical Center,
Columbus, OH 43210–1240, USA
Email: [email protected]
Sang Sup Chung
Bundang CHA General Hospital, 351 Yatap-dong,
463–712, Bundang-gu Sungnam-se,
Kyong-doSungnam, South Korea
Email: [email protected]
L. Cif
CHRU Montpellier, Service de Neurochirurgie,
Universite Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
Beatrice Cioni
Neurochirurgia Funzionale e Spinale, Universita
Cattolica, Roma, Italy
Richard E. Clatterbuck
Hattiesburg Clinic, 4155 28th Avenue, Hattiesburg,
MS 39401, USA
Email: [email protected]
Volker A. Coenen
Surgical Center for Movement Disorders, Division of
Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Robert J. Coffey
Medtronic Neurological, 4000 Lexington Avenue
North, MN, USA
Email: [email protected]
David B. Cohen
Drexel University College of Medicine
Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General
Hospital, 420 East North Ave, PA 15212,
Pittsburgh, USA
Youssef G. Comair
Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of
Medicine, 1709 Dryden, TX 77030, Houston,
Texas, USA
Email: [email protected]
R. Cordella
Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute
Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy
G. Rees Cosgrove
Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic Medical
Center and Tufts University School of Medicine,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Email: [email protected]
Eric R. Cosman, Jr.
Cosman Medical, 76 Cambridge Street, MA,
Burlington, USA
Email: [email protected]
Eric R. Cosman, Sr.
Cosman Medical, 76 Cambridge Street, MA,
Burlington, USA
Email: [email protected]
List of contributors xxxiii
Paul Cosyns
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital
Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Philippe Coubes
Unite de Recherche sur les Mouvements Anormaux,
Hopital Gui de Chauliac, Service de Neurochirurgie,
80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier
cedex 05, France
Email: [email protected]
Karen D. Davis
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto,
1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1S8, Toronto, Canada
Ross Davis
Neural Engineering Clinic, 330 Hammock Shore Dr.,
Melbourne Beach, FL, 32951, USA
Email: [email protected]
Alain C. J. de Lotbiniere
FACS Brain & Spine Surgeons of New York, 244
Westchester Avenue, NY 10604, White Plains, USA
Email: [email protected]
Luiz F. de Oliveira
Neurodor - Neurosurgery and Pain Clinic, Rua
Visconde de Piraja 351/509, Cep: 22471–002,
Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Antonio A. F. De Salles
Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School
of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles,
10495 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2120, Los Angeles,
California 90095, USA
Email: [email protected]
Celine Deligny
Department of Neurology, CHU de Nantes, Nantes,
France
Mahlon R. DeLong
Department of Neurology, Emory University
Woodruff Memorial Research Building, 101
Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Email: [email protected]
Robert Den
Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Medical
College, 834 Walnut St. Suite 650, PA 19107,
Philadelphia, USA
Milind Deogaonkar
Functional Neuroscience Research Center,
Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Center,
9500 Euclid Avenue, OH 44195, Cleveland, USA
Richard A. DeVaul
Prof. Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Texas A & M
System Health Science Center, College Station,
Texas, USA
John P. Donoghue
Department of Neuroscience and Brain Science
Program, Brown University, Providence,
RI 02912, USA
Paresh K. Doshi
Department of Neuroscience, Jaslok Hospital and
Research Centre, 15 - Dr. Deshmukh Marg, Pedder
Road, Mumbai 400 026, Maharashtra, India
Email: [email protected]
Jonathan O. Dostrovsky
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto,
1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1S8, Toronto, Canada
Email: [email protected]
James M. Drake
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
The Hospital for Sick Children, University of
Toronto, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Email: [email protected]
xxxiv List of contributors
James B. Elder
Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School
of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200
North State Street, Suite 5046, Los Angeles,
CA 90033, USA
Email: [email protected]
Jeff Elias
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia,
Box 800212, HSC, VA, 22908–0212,
Charlottesville, USA
Email: [email protected]
Amr O. El-Naggar
Lake Cumberland Neurosurgery, Somerset, KY, USA
Email: [email protected]
Elmyra V. Encarnacion
Plummmer Movement Disorders Center, Texas
A &MHealth Sciences Center/Scott &White, Temple,
Texas, USA
Stanley Fahn
Department of Neurology, Columbia University
College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY
10032, USA
Email: [email protected]
Osvaldo Vilela Filho
Goiania Neurological Institute, Goiania, GO, Brazil
Email: [email protected]
John C. Flickinger
The Departments of Neurological Surgery, and
Radiation Oncology
The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213, USA
Harald Fodstad
University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
Erich Talamoni Fonoff
Division of Functional Neurosurgery, University of
Sao Paulo Medical School, Rua Mena Barreto
765 - Itaim Bibi, SP- 014033–010, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Denys Fontaine
Service de Neurochirurgie, Hopital Pasteur, Centre
Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
Robert D. Foreman
Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Valerie Fraix
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
Doglietto Francesco
Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto,
Canada
Howard W. Francis
Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck
Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, USA
Angelo Franzini
Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto
Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy
Justin F. Fraser
Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical
College of Cornell University, New York-
Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
William A. Friedman
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
Florida, PO Box 100265, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
Email: [email protected]
Gerhard M. Friehs
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Program in
Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of
Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital,
Providence, RI 02903, USA
List of contributors xxxv
Ayataka Fujimoto
Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics,
The Hospital for Sick Children, University of
Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario,
M5G 1X8, Canada
Loes Gabriels
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital
Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
Gregory Gagnon
Department of Neurosurgery and
Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University
Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd, 20007,
Washington DC, USA
Fred Gentili
Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto,
Canada
Email: [email protected]
Peter C. Gerszten
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian B–400, 200 Lothrop
Street, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, USA
Email: [email protected]
Peter Giacobbe
University Health Network, University of Toronto,
200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Philip L. Gildenberg
Houston Stereotactic Concepts, 3776 Darcus St.,
77005, Houston, Texas, USA
Email: [email protected]
Steven S. Gill
Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital,
Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
Email: [email protected]
John P. Girvin
1078 The Parkway, ON, N6A 2W0, London, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Marc A. Goldman
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Program in
Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of
Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital,
Providence, RI 02903, USA
John P. Gorecki
Department of Neurosurgery, Wichita Surgical
Specialists, P.A. The Heritage Plaza, 818 N. Emporia,
Suite 200, 67214–3788, Wichita, Kansas, USA
Email: [email protected]
Alessandra A. Gorgulho
Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School
of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles,
10495 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2120, Los Angeles,
California 90095, USA
Sylvie Grand
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
Alexander L. Green
Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield
Department of Surgery, University of Oxford and
Department of Neurological Surgery, The West
Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Jorge Guridi
Division of Neurosurgery, Clinica Universitaria,
Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion
Medica Aplicada. CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
Jan Gybels
Department of Neurosurgery, Gasthuisberg
University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium
xxxvi List of contributors
Sun Ha Paek
Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Medical
College, 834 Walnut St. Suite 650, PA 19107,
Philadelphia, USA
Clement Hamani
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Marwan I. Hariz
Edmond J. Safra Chair of Functional Neurosurgery,
Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Institute of
Neurology, London, UK
Email: [email protected]
Alex Hartov
Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College,
Hannover, NH 03755, USA
Magdy M. Hassouna
Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst St, M5T
2S8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Robert A. Hauser
Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders
Center, University of South Florida, 4 Columbia
Drive, Suite 410, Tampa,
Florida 33606, USA
Email: [email protected]
Jaimie M. Henderson
Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr,
CA 94305, Stanford, USA
Email: [email protected]
Fraser Cummins Henderson, Sr.
Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800
Reservoir Rd, 20007, Washington DC, USA
Email: [email protected]
Leigh R. Hochberg
Department of Neuroscience and Brain Science
Program, Brown University, Providence,
RI 02912, USA
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA, USA
Center for Restorative and Regenerative Medicine,
Rehabilitation Research and Development Service,
Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health
Administration, Providence, RI 02908, USA
Mojgan Hodaie
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto,
1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1S8, Toronto, Canada
Dominique Hoffmann
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, Grenoble, France
Christopher R. Honey
Surgical Center for Movement Disorders - Division
of Neurosurgery – University of British Columbia -
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Murray Hong
Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and
Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Matthias Hoppe
Bethel Epilepsy Centre, Bielefeld, Germany
R. Wayne Hurt
Chief of Neurological Surgery, St. Joseph Medical
Center and Assistant Clinical Professor of
Neurological Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine
and University of Texas Medical Branch, Houston,
Texas, USA
William Hutchison
Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5S 2T8, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
List of contributors xxxvii
Warren Ishida
Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School
of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles,
10495 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2120, Los Angeles,
California 90095, USA
Pascal Jabbour
Department of Neurosurgery, Philadelphia, PA, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Jay Jagannathan
Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery,
Department of Neurosurgery, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Joseph Jankovic
Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement
Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor
College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Suite 1801,
Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Email: [email protected]
Lauren Jarchin
Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore LIJ,
Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
Walter Jean
Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation
Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, 3800
Reservoir Rd, 20007, Washington DC, USA
Email: [email protected]
Daniel Jeanmonod
Department of Functional Neurosurgery, University
Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Email: [email protected]
Fiacro Jimenez
Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic,
Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery,
General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico
Matthew D. Johnson
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland
Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Paul Kalanithi
Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr,
CA 94305, Stanford, USA
Bruce A. Kall
Departments of Neurologic Surgery and
Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
MN, USA
Email: [email protected]
Yucel Kanpolat
Inkilap Sokak No: 24/2, 06640, Kizilay, Turkey
Email: [email protected]
Michael G. Kaplitt
Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell
Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Email: [email protected]
Patrick J. Kelly
Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU School of
Medicine, 530 First Ave, Suite 8R, NY, USA
Email: [email protected]
Sidney Kennedy
University Health Network, University of Toronto,
200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Email: [email protected]
Yves Keravel
Service de Neurochirurgie, Hopital Henri Mondor,
Creteil, France
Sadaquate Khan
Institute of Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital,
Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
Deepak Khuntia
Department of Human Oncology, University of
xxxviii List of contributors
Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, K4-B100, Madison,
WI, USA
Email: [email protected]
Jong-Hyun Kim
Fellow in Neurosurgery, Department of
Neurosurgery, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer
8–181, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Email: [email protected]
James A. J. King
Sick kids Hospital, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Zelma H. T. Kiss
Associate Professor, Neurosurgery University of
Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Nancy E. Klipfel
Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine
University of Southern California, GNH 2900, 1200
North State St., CA, USA
Email: [email protected]
Kazu Kobayashi
Fellow in Neurosurgery, Department of
Neurosurgery, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer
8–181, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Martin Kocher
Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology,
University Hospital, 50924 Cologne, Germany
Douglas Kondziolka
The Departments of Neurological Surgery, and
Radiation Oncology, The University of Pittsburgh,
PA, USA
The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Paul Kongkham
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital
and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Peter Konrad
Director of Functional Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Department of
Neurological Surgery, Rm T–4224; MCN,
37232–2380, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Email: [email protected]
Brian Harris Kopell
Medical School of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown
Plank Road, WI 53226, Milwaukee, USA
Email: [email protected]
Brenda Kosaka
Division of Neurosciences, University of British
Columbia, 2329 West Mall, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver,
Canada
Paul Krack
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
Joachim K. Krauss
Chairman and Director, Department of
Neurosurgery, Medical University, MHH Carl-
Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
Email [email protected]
S. A. Kuhn
Ames Associate (Smart Systems and
Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center,
CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA
Ron Kupers
PET Unit & Department of Surgical
Pathophysiology, Rigshospitalet, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Email: [email protected]
List of contributors xxxix
Ruben Kuzniecky
Professor, NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center,
Department of Neurology, New York University
Medical Center, NY, USA
Email: [email protected]
Lauri V. Laitinen
Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Institute of
Neurology, Box 146, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG,
London, UK
Martine L. M. Lamfers
Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical
Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Anthony E. Lang
Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto
Western Hospital McLaughlin Pavilion, 7th Floor
Rm 7–403, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Edward R. Laws
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia,
Box 800212, HSC, VA, 22908–0212, Charlottesville,
USA
Email: [email protected]
Adrian Laxton
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western
Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Yves Lazorthes
Service de Neurochirurgie, Hospital Larrey-
Rangueil, Avenue Jean Poulhes, 31403, Toulouse,
France
Email: [email protected]
Jean Francois LeBas
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
Dominique Leduc
IREENA, Faculte des Sciences de Nantes, Nantes,
France
Foo-Chiang Lee
Consultant Neurosurgeon, Division of Neuroscience
Sunway Medical Center, No. 5 Jln Lagoon Selatan,
Bandar Sunway, 46150, Selangor, Subang Jaya,
Malaysia
Email: [email protected]
Dan Leksell
Lars Leksell Professor of Neurological Surgery,
University of Pittsburgh, B400 UPMC, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213, USA
Frederick A. Lenz
Professor of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Department of
Neurosurgery, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer
8–181, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Email: [email protected]
M. Leone
Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute
Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy
Marc Levivier
Department of Neurosurgery, CHUV, and Centre
Universitaire Romand de Neurochirurgie, Lausanne,
Switzerland
Email: [email protected]
J. Li
Ames Associate (Smart Systems and
Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center,
CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA
Goran Lind
Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet
and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm,
Sweden
xl List of contributors
Bengt Linderoth
Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University
Hospital, SE 171–76 Stockholm, Sweden
Email: [email protected]
Christer Lindquist
Director, Gamma Knife Centre, Cromwell Hospital,
London, England
Andreas A. Linninger
Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering and
Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Laboratory for Product and Process Design, M/C
063, 851 S. Morgan St. - 218 SEO, Chicago, Illinois
60607–7000, USA
Email: [email protected]
Nir Lipsman
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western
Hospital, University Health Network, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Jay S. Loeffler
Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, MA 02114,
Boston, USA
Email: [email protected]
G. Lopez
Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and
Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de
Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
Andrew Losiniecki
Department of Neurosurgery, University of
Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati,
OH, USA
Andres M. Lozano
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto,
399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Email: [email protected]
John A. Lucas
Associate Professor of Psychology, Mayo Clinic
College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Rd, FL 32224,
Jacksonville, USA
L. Dade Lunsford
Department of Neurological Surgery, Suit B–400,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200
Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Email: [email protected]
Hans O. Luders
Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500
Euclid Ave, OH 44195, Cleveland, USA
Email: [email protected]
Kelly E. Lyons
University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of
Neurology, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Mailstop 2012,
Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
Email: [email protected]
Lijun Ma
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of
California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, CA
94143–0226, San Francisco, USA
Mohammad Maarouf
Department of Stereotactic and Functional
Neurosurgery, University Hospital, 50924 Cologne,
Germany
Andre G. Machado
Center for Neurological Restoration, Department of
Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland,
OH, USA
R. Macias
Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and
Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de
Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
List of contributors xli
Marcella A. Madera
University of Cincinnati, Department of
Neurosurgery, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Deepak Madhavan
Department of Neurological Sciences, University of
Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Email: [email protected]
George Mandybur
The Neuroscience Institute: Department of
Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of
Medicine and Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Email: [email protected]
Pirjo Manninen
Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Email: [email protected]
Miguel Manrique
Division of Neurosurgery, Clinica Universitaria,
Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion
Medica Aplicada. CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
Andrea Marlowe
Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck
Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, USA
C. Marras
Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute
Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy
Antonio G. Martins
Ninan T. Mathew
Houston Headache Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA
Email: [email protected]
Robert Maxwell
Department of Neurosurgery, Univ of Minnesota/S.E.
MMC 96, 420 E. Delaware St., MN 554455–0374,
Minneapolis, USA
Email: [email protected]
Ian E. McCutcheon
Department of Neurosurgery, The University of
Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515
Holcombe Blvd., Box 44, Houston, Texas
77030–4009, USA
Email: [email protected]
Lee McDurmont
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint
Louis, Missouri, USA
Mario Meglio
Istituto di Neurochirurgia, Policlinico Agostino
Gemelli, Lg Gemelli, 00168, Roma, Italy
Email: [email protected]
Minesh P. Mehta
Department of Human Oncology, University of
Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, K4-B100, Madison,
WI 53792, USA
Email: [email protected]
Ivar Mendez
Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and
Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Fang-Gang Meng
Center for Functional Neurosurgery (BMS),
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital and
Department of Functional Neurosurgery (JGZ,KZ,
FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s
Republic of China
Patrick Mertens
Department of Neurosurgery, Hopital
Neurologique P. Wertheimer, University of Lyon,
59 Bd Pinel, F–69003 Lyon, France
xlii List of contributors
G. Messina
Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute
Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy
Bjorn A. Meyerson
Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institute
and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm,
Stockholm, Sweden
Email: [email protected]
John Mitrofanis
University of New South Wales, Australia
Alon Y. Mogilner
Section of Functional and Restorative
Neurosurgery, North Shore-LIJ Health System,
Manhasset, New York, USA
Anne Morel
Department of Functional Neurosurgery, University
Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Alexander Muacevic
European CyberKnife™ Center Munich, Max
Lebsche Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
Email: [email protected]
Debabrada Mukherjee
Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto,
Canada
Karim Mukhida
Cell Restoration Laboratory, Room 12H1,
Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and
Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, 5850
College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada B3H 1X5
Email: [email protected]
Dipankar Nandi
Imperial College London and Charing Cross
Hospital, London, UK
Nadim Nasr
Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation
Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, 3800
Reservoir Rd, 20007, Washington DC, USA
Jules M. Nazzaro
University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of
Neurology, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Mailstop 2012,
Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
Mary B. Newman
Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University
Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Michael E. Newmark
Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, 2727 W. Holcombe Blvd,
2nd floor Neurology, TX 77025, Houston, USA
Email: [email protected]
Jean Paul Nguyen
Department of neurosciences, CHU Laennec,
Nantes, France
Email: [email protected]
John K. Niparko
Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck
Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, USA
Email: [email protected]
Ajay Niranjan
The Departments of Neurological Surgery, and
Radiation Oncology, The University of Pittsburgh,
PA, USA
The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213, USA
Soheyl Noachtar
Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500
Euclid Ave, OH 44195, Cleveland, USA
Josef Novotny
The Departments of Neurological Surgery, and
List of contributors xliii
Radiation Oncology, The University of Pittsburgh,
PA, USA
The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213, USA
Wieslaw L. Nowinski
Biomedical Imaging Lab, Agency for Science,
Technology & Research (ASTAR), 30 Biopolis Street,
138671, The Matrix, Singapore
Email: [email protected]
Jose Marıa Nunez
Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic,
Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery,
General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico
Bart Nuttin
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital
Gasthuisberg and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Herestraat 49, B–3000, Leuven, Belgium
Email: [email protected]
Jose A. Obeso
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery,
Clinica Universitaria and Medical School and
Neuroscience Division, CIMA
Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre
Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED),
University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Email: [email protected]
Michael Y. Oh
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, Drexel
University College of Medicine
Co-Director, Division of Neuromodulation
Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General
Hospital, 420 East North Ave, PA 15212,
Pittsburgh, USA
Email: [email protected]
Chihiro Ohye
Functional & Gamma Knife Surgery Center, 886
Nakao-machi, 370–0001, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
Email: [email protected]
George Ojemann
Department of Neurological Surgery RI–20,
University of Washington Medical Center, Campus
Box 356470, 1959 N.E. Pacific Street, WA 98195,
Seattle, USA
Email: [email protected]
David Omahen
Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto,
Canada
Hiroshi Otsubo
Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics,
The Hospital for Sick Children, University of
Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario,
M5G 1X8, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Alondra Oubre
Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore
University Hospital, 9 Tower, Manhassett,
NY 11030, USA
Jorge Roberto Pagura
Centro Integrado de Dor, Rua Baltazar da Veiga 490,
S.P. 04510, Sao Paolo, Brazil
Email: [email protected]
Rajesh Pahwa
University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of
Neurology, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Mailstop 2012,
Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
Kamalakannan Palanichamy
Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of
Radiation Oncology, Cox 3, 100 Blossom Street,
Boston, MA 02114, USA
xliv List of contributors
Stephan Palfi
Service de Neurochirurgie, Hopital Henri Mondor,
Creteil, France
Michael C. Park
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Program in
Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of
Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital,
Providence, RI 02903, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Erik C. Parker
Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU School of
Medicine, 530 First Ave, Suite 8R, NY, USA
Andrew G. Parrent
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University
Hospital, 339 Windemere Rd., N6A 5A5, London,
Ontario, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Nikunj K. Patel
Institute of Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital,
Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
N. Pavon
Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and
Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de
Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
Richard D. Penn
Professor of Neurosurgery, The University of
Chicago Medical Center Section of Neurosurgery,
MC 3026 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago,
Illinois 60637, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Erlick A. C. Pereira
Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield
Department of Surgery, University of Oxford and
Department of Neurological Surgery, The West
Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3
9DU, UK
Email: [email protected]
Roland Peyron
CHU de Saint-Etienne & INSERM U879, University of
St. Etienne, Lyon, France
Email: [email protected]
Brigitte Piallat
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
Julie G. Pilitsis
Assistant Professor, University of Massachusetts,
School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
Email: [email protected]
Puneet Plaha
Institute of Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital,
Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
Bernd Pohlmann-Eden
Bethel Epilepsy Centre, Bielefeld, Germany
Epilepsy Service, Division of Neurology, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Canada
Pierre Pollak
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
Kumar M. Prakash
Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto
Western Hospital McLaughlin Pavilion, 7th Floor Rm
7–403, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Arthur Prochazka
Department of Physiology and Centre for
Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB
T6G 2S2, Canada
Jean Quint Oropilla
Consultant in Neurosurgery, Makati Medical Center,
Philippines
Email: [email protected]
List of contributors xlv
Peter Rabins
John Hopkins Hospital, Meyer 279, 600 N. Wolfe St.,
21287–7279, MD, Baltimore, USA
Email: [email protected]
Sylvie Raoul
Service de Neurochirurgie, Hopital G. et R. Laennec,
Bd J. Monod, 44093 NANTES cedex, France
Email: [email protected]
Stig Rehncrona
Lunds Universitet, Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund,
Sweden
Email: [email protected]
R. Reichart
Ames Associate (Smart Systems and
Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center,
CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA
Ali Rezai
Director, Center for Neurological Restoration, Jane
and Lee Seidman Chair in Functional Neurosurgery,
Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, OH, USA
Email: [email protected]
Donald Richardson
Emeritus Professor Neurosurgery, Tulane University
Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Email: [email protected]
R. Mark Richardson
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
California, San Francisco, 505 Panassus Ave,
Box 0112, CA, USA
David W. Roberts
Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Medical
School, Hannover, NH 03755, USA
Email: [email protected]
H. Ian Robins
Department of Medicine and Human Oncology,
University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, K4-B100,
Madison, WI 53792, USA
Email: [email protected]
M. C. Rodriguez-Oroz
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery,
Clinica Universitaria and Medical School and
Neuroscience Division, CIMA
Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre
Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED),
University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
R. Rodriguez-Rojas
Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and
Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de
Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
Robert Rosenwasser
Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson
University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
V. Roualdes
Department of neurosciences, CHU Laennec,
Nantes, France
James T. Rutka
Division of Neurosurgery, Suite 1503, The Hospital
for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
Email: [email protected]
Tejas Sankar
Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
Raymond Sawaya
Department of Neurosurgery - 442, The University
of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515
Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
Email: [email protected]
xlvi List of contributors
David W. Schaal
Clinical Development, Accuray Incorporated,
Sunnyvale, CA, USA
Nicholas D. Schiff
Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill
Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York
Avenue Room F610, New York, New York, 10021,
USA
Email: [email protected]
David Schlesinger
Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery,
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Michael Schulder
Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore
University Hospital, 9 Tower, Manhassett,
NY 11030, USA
Email: [email protected]
Theodore H. Schwartz
Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical
College of Cornell University, New York-
Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Gunnar Sedin
University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
Email: [email protected]
Eric Seigneuret
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
Jason P. Sheehan
Box 800–212, Department of Neurological Surgery,
Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville,
VA 22908, USA
Andrew G. Shetter
Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow
Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and
Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
Email: [email protected]
Helen A. Shih
Departments of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA, USA
Email: [email protected]
Jay L. Shils
Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic, 41 Mall
Road, 01805, Burlington, MA, USA
Email: [email protected]
Dennis C. Shrieve
Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, MA 02114,
Boston, USA
Email: [email protected]
Marc P. Sindou
Chairman Department of Neurosurgery, University
Claude-Bernard of Lyon
Hopital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer,
59 Bd Pinel, 69677, BRON CEDEX, France
Email: [email protected]
V.A. Sironi
Fondazione Istituto Neurologico, “C. Besta”, Milan,
Italy
Michelle J. Smith
Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell
Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Penny K. Sneed
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of
California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue,
CA 94143–0226, San Francisco, USA
Email: [email protected]
Brian Snyder
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western
Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
List of contributors xlvii
J. C. Sol
Multidisciplinary Pain Center Unit of Stereotactic
and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of
Neuroscience, University Hospital of Toulouse,
Toulouse, France
Jens Christian Sørensen
Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University
Hospital, DK–8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Philip A. Starr
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
California, San Francisco, USA
Email: [email protected]
Richard B. Stein
Department of Physiology and Centre for
Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB
T6G 2S2, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Ladislau Steiner
Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery,
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Email: [email protected]
Melita Steiner
Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery,
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Scellig Stone
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
A. P. Strafella
PET Imaging Centre, Center of Addiction Mental
Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western
Hospital & Research Institute, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Volker Sturm
Professor, Department of Stereotactic and
Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital,
50924 Cologne, Germany
Email: [email protected]
Bomin Sun
Center for Functional Neurosurgery (BMS),
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital
and Department of Functional Neurosurgery
(JGZ,KZ,FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s
Republic of China
Peter Tai
Epilepsy Program, Toronto Western Hospital,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Takaomi Taira
Director of Stereotactic and Functional
Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo
Women’s Medical University, 8–1 Kawada, Shinjuku,
Tokyo 1628666, Japan
Email: [email protected]
Mandeep Tamber
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital
and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Eng-King Tan
National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General
Hospital, Singapore
Farzana Tariq
Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston,
MA 02115, USA
Daniel Tarsy
Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
xlviii List of contributors
Ronald R. Tasker
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto,
1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1S8, Toronto, Canada
Ethan Taub
Oberarzt, Department of Neurosurgery, Basel
University Hospital, Spitalstrasse 21, CH–4031 Basel,
Switzerland
Email: [email protected]
Michael D. Taylor
Sick Kids Hospital, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
Division of Functional Neurosurgery, University of
Sao Paulo Medical School, Rua Mena Barreto
765 - Itaim Bibi, SP- 014033–010, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Email: [email protected]
Carlos R. Telles-Ribeiro
Neurodor - Neurosurgery and Pain Clinic, Rua
Visconde de Piraja 351/509, Cep: 22471–002,
Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Email: [email protected]
David G. T. Thomas
Division of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for
Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, Box 32,
WC1N 3BG, London, UK
Daniel Roy Thomas
Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian
Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
Stavropoula Tjoumakaris
Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson
University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
William D. Tobler
Department of Neurosurgery, University of
Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0515, Cincinnati,
Ohio, USA
Email: [email protected]
Napoleon Torres
Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble
University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
Zulma Tovar-Spinoza
Division of Neurosurgery, Suite 1503, The Hospital
for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
David Trejo
Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic,
Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery,
General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico
Wen-Ching Tzaan
Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Medical
College and Memorial Hospital, 5 Zu Shung St.,
Kweishan, Taoynan 333, Taiwan
Ryan J. Uitti
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo
Rd, FL 32224, Jacksonville, USA
Taufik A. Valiante
Univeristy of Toronto, Department of Surgery, Co-
Director, Epilepsy Program, Krembil Neuroscience
Center, UHN, 399 Bathurst Street 4W–436, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada, M4S3H6
Email: [email protected]
T. van Eimeren
PET Imaging Centre, Center of Addiction Mental
Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Kris van Kuyck
Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of
Experimental Neurosurgery and
Neuroanatomy, Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Belgium
List of contributors xlix
X. A. Vasques
CHRU Montpellier, Service de Neurochirurgie,
Universite Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
Ana Luisa Velasco
Cerrada Bosques de Moctezuma 55, La Herradura
Huixquilucan, Estado de Mexico 52780, Mexico
Email: [email protected]
Francisco Velasco
Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for
Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery
and Radiosurgery, General Hospital of
Mexico City, Mexico
Email: [email protected]
Marcos Velasco
Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for
Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery
and Radiosurgery, General Hospital of
Mexico City, Mexico
J. C. Verdie
Multidisciplinary Pain Center Unit of Stereotactic
and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of
Neuroscience, University Hospital of Toulouse,
France
Jean-Guy Villemure
Director, Division of Neurosurgery, University of
Montreal, Professor and Chairman, Neurosurgery
Service, Centre hospitalier de l’universite de
Montreal, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, Canada
H2L 4M1
Email: [email protected]
Veerle Visser-Vandewalle
Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Hospital
Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, AZ Maastricht,
The Netherlands
Email: [email protected]
Jerrold L. Vitek
Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic
Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, NC30, Cleveland,
OH 44195, USA
Email: [email protected]
Valerie Voon
NINDS/NIH, 10 Center Dr, 20892–1428, Bethesda,
Maryland, USA
Email: [email protected]
Juhn A. Wada
Division of Neurosciences, University of British
Columbia, 2329 West Mall, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver,
Canada
Email: [email protected]
J. Walter
Ames Associate (Smart Systems and
Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center,
CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA
Richard Wennberg
Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5S 2T8, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Karin N. Westlund
Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas
Medical Branch, 2925 Beluche, TX 77551,
Galveston, USA
Robert E. Wharen, Jr.
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo
Rd, FL 32224, Jacksonville, USA
Email: [email protected]
Edward White
Institute of Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital,
Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
l List of contributors
Donald M. Whiting
Drexel University College of Medicine
Director, Division of Neuromodulation
Vice-Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery,
Allegheny General Hospital, 420 East North Ave,
PA 15212, Pittsburgh, USA
Thomas Wichmann
Department of Neurology, Emory University
Woodruff Memorial Research Building
101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Heinz Gregor Wieser
Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich,
Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
Email: [email protected]
William D. Willis, Jr.
Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas
Medical Branch, 2925 Beluche, TX 77551,
Galveston, USA
Email: [email protected]
Shiao Y. Woo
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Proton Therapy Center- Houston, 1840 Old
Spanish Trail, TX 77054, Houston, USA
Email: [email protected]
Isaac Yang
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
California San Francisco, USA
Email: [email protected]
Jerome Yelnik
INSERM U679, Hopital de la Salpetriere, 47, Bd de
l’Hopital, 75013, Paris, France
Email: [email protected]
Chun-Po Yen
Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery,
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Jianguo Zhang
Center for Functional Neurosurgery (BMS),
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital and
Department of Functional Neurosurgery (JGZ,KZ,
FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s Republic of
China
Kai Zhang
Center for Functional Neurosurgery (BMS),
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital and
Department of Functional Neurosurgery (JGZ,KZ,
FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s Republic of
China
Ludvic U. Zrinzo
Division of Neurosurgery, The National
Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery,
Queen Square, Box 32, WC1N 3BG,
London, UK
Email: [email protected]
Dominik Zumsteg
Neurology Department, University Hospital
Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich,
Switzerland