TEXTBOOK OF - KopyKitab · Textbook of Field Crops (As per ICAR syllabus covering two courses:...

TEXTBOOK OF

Mukund Joshi

Textbook of Field Crops(As per ICAR syllabus covering two courses: Field Crops I and Field Crops II)

MUKUND JOSHIAssociate Professor of Agronomy

College of Agriculture University of Agricultural Sciences

Bangalore

Delhi-1100922015

TEXTBOOK OF FIELD CROPSMukund Joshi

© 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-5056-4

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi-110020.

Tomy wife, Mrs. Hema

my daughters, Mrs. Anupama and Mrs. Priyafor their emotional and moral support

while preparing the manuscript of the book

v

Contents

Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................xxix

Preface ...............................................................................................................................................xxxi

Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... xxxiii

How To Use This Book? .................................................................................................................xxxv

KHARIF CROPS(For Course: Field Crops I)

Part 1KHARIF CEREALS

1. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ....................................................................................................... 51.1 Economic Importance .....................................................................................................51.2 Origin and History ..........................................................................................................51.3 Distribution .....................................................................................................................61.4 Rice Ecosystems ..............................................................................................................71.5 Soil and Climatic Requirements .....................................................................................71.6 Botanical Description of Plant .......................................................................................81.7 Systems of Cultivation ...................................................................................................10

1.7.1 Transplanted Irrigated Rice (Wet Rice) ...........................................................10 1.7.2 Direct Seeded Irrigated Rice ............................................................................11 1.7.3 Dry/Rainfed Rice (Upland/Drill Sown Rice) ...................................................12 1.7.4 Semi-dry or Wet-cum-dry System of Cultivation ...........................................12 1.7.5 SystemofRiceIntensification[SRIMethod] ..................................................12 1.7.6 Aerobic Rice .....................................................................................................13

1.8 NurseryManagement ...................................................................................................13

1.8.1 NurseryTechniques ..........................................................................................13

1.9 Varieties/Hybrids ..........................................................................................................141.10 ClassificationandVernacularNamesofSeasonsofRice ..........................................16

1.10.1 ClassificationofRice ........................................................................................16 1.10.2 Vernacular Names of Seasons of Rice in India ...............................................16

1.11 GeneralPrinciplesforMaintainingtheSpaceWhilePlanting .....................................16

vi • Contents

1.12 Cropping Systems ..........................................................................................................171.13 NutrientManagement ...................................................................................................17

1.13.1 RightChoiceofSourceofNutrient .................................................................17 1.13.2 MethodofFertiliserApplication ......................................................................18 1.13.3 AppropriateSplitScheduleofApplication ......................................................18 1.13.4 AppropriateWaterManagementTechniques ..................................................18 1.13.5 BalancedandAppropriateDoseofFertilisers .................................................18 1.13.6 UseofOrganicManuresinConjunctionwithFertilisers ...............................18 1.13.7 UseofBioFertilisersinConjunctionwithFertilisers ....................................19

1.14 WaterManagement .......................................................................................................191.15 WeedControlMethods ................................................................................................201.16 Harvest and Post Harvest .............................................................................................201.17 Important Pests and Diseases .......................................................................................211.18 Rice Quality Considerations .........................................................................................221.19 Hybrid Rice ...................................................................................................................221.20 Cultivation Practices .....................................................................................................241.21 Anti-nutritionalFactors ................................................................................................25

Points to Remember ..................................................................................................................25References ..................................................................................................................................28

2. Maize (Zea mays L.) ........................................................................................................29

2.1 Economic Importance ....................................................................................................292.2 Origin and History .........................................................................................................292.3 Classification ..................................................................................................................30

2.3.1 FlintCorn(Zea mays indurata).........................................................................30 2.3.2 Dent Corn (Zea mays indenta) ..........................................................................30 2.3.3 Popcorn (Zea mays everta) ................................................................................31 2.3.4 Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata) ..................................................................31 2.3.5 FlourCorn(Zea mays amylacea) ......................................................................32 2.3.6 Pod Corn (Zea mays tunicate) ...........................................................................32 2.3.7 Waxy Corn (Zea mays certaina) .......................................................................32

2.4 Area and Distribution ....................................................................................................322.5 Soil and Climatic Requirements ....................................................................................332.6 Botanical Description of Plant ......................................................................................342.7 Hybrids and Inbred Lines ..............................................................................................352.8 Hybrids and Varieties ....................................................................................................362.9 Seasons ...........................................................................................................................372.10 Maize-BasedCroppingSystems ....................................................................................372.11 NutrientManagement ....................................................................................................382.12 WaterManagement ........................................................................................................382.13 WeedManagement ........................................................................................................382.14 Pests and Diseases .........................................................................................................392.15 MaizeProductionTechniques .......................................................................................39

Contents • vii

2.16 Anti-nutritionalFactorsinMaize ..................................................................................40

Points to Remember ...................................................................................................................40References ..................................................................................................................................42

2A FodderMaize .................................................................................................................43

2A.1 Importance..........................................................................................................43 2A.2 CultivationTechniques ......................................................................................43

Model Questions for Kharif Cereal Crops ............................................................................44

Part 2KHARIF MILLETS

3. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) .................................................................................49

3.1 Economic Importance ....................................................................................................493.2 Origin and History .........................................................................................................493.3 Area and Distribution ....................................................................................................503.4 Classification ..................................................................................................................503.5 Soil and Climatic Requirement .....................................................................................513.6 BotanicalDescriptionofSorghum ................................................................................523.7 Varieties and Hybrids ....................................................................................................533.8 Cropping System ............................................................................................................543.9 NutrientManagement ....................................................................................................553.10 WaterManagement ........................................................................................................553.11 WeedManagement ........................................................................................................553.12 Harvesting and Post Harvesting ....................................................................................563.13 Pests and Diseases .........................................................................................................573.14 Quality Considerations ..................................................................................................573.15 Uses and Products ..........................................................................................................583.16 ProductionTechniques ..................................................................................................583.17 AntinutritionalFactors ...................................................................................................59

Points to Remember ...................................................................................................................59References .................................................................................................................................62

3A FodderSorghum ............................................................................................................62

3A.1 Importance..........................................................................................................62 3A.2 How Do Plants Produce Cyanide? ....................................................................64

4. Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides L.) .............................................................................65

4.1 Economic Importance ....................................................................................................654.2 Origin and History .........................................................................................................654.3 Area and Distribution ....................................................................................................654.4 Soil and Climatic Requirements ....................................................................................664.5 Botanical Description of Plant ......................................................................................664.6 Seasons for Cultivation ..................................................................................................67

viii • Contents

4.7 Varieties and Hybrids ....................................................................................................674.8 Cropping Systems ..........................................................................................................684.9 NutrientManagement ....................................................................................................684.10 WaterManagement ........................................................................................................694.11 WeedManagement ........................................................................................................694.12 Pests and Diseases .........................................................................................................694.13 Harvest and Post Harvest .............................................................................................704.14 ProductionTechniques ..................................................................................................704.15 Anti-nutritionalFactors ..................................................................................................71


5. Finger Millet (Elusine coracona Gaertn) ............................................................75

5.1 Economic Importance ....................................................................................................755.2 Origin and History .........................................................................................................755.3 Area and Distribution ....................................................................................................765.4 Soil and Climatic Requirement .....................................................................................765.5 Botanical Description of Plant .....................................................................................765.6 Seasons and Systems of Cultivation .............................................................................775.7 Varieties .........................................................................................................................785.8 Population and Spacing .................................................................................................795.9 Cropping Systems ..........................................................................................................795.10 NutrientManagement ....................................................................................................795.11 WaterManagement ........................................................................................................795.12 WeedManagement ........................................................................................................805.13 Harvesting and Post Harvest .........................................................................................805.14 Pests and Diseases .........................................................................................................805.15 ProductionTechniques ..................................................................................................815.16 Anti-nutritionalFactors ..................................................................................................82


6. Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentaceae L.) ............................................85

6.1 Economic Importance ...................................................................................................856.2 Classification ..................................................................................................................856.3 Origin and History .........................................................................................................856.4 Area and Distribution ....................................................................................................866.5 Soil and Climatic Requirements ....................................................................................866.6 Botanical Description of Plant ......................................................................................866.7 Varieties .........................................................................................................................876.8 Cropping Systems ..........................................................................................................876.9 ProductionTechniques ..................................................................................................87


Contents • ix

7. Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) .............................................................................90

7.1 Economic Importance ....................................................................................................907.2 Origin and History ........................................................................................................907.3 Area and Distribution ....................................................................................................917.4 Soil and Climatic Requirements ....................................................................................917.5 Botanical Description of Plant ......................................................................................917.6 Varieties .........................................................................................................................927.7 Cropping Systems ..........................................................................................................927.8 Harvesting and Yield ....................................................................................................927.9 ProductionTechniques ..................................................................................................93


8. Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) ...................................................................95

8.1 Economic Importance ....................................................................................................958.2 Origin and History .........................................................................................................958.3 Area and Distribution ...................................................................................................958.4 Soil and Climatic Requirement .....................................................................................968.5 Botanical Description of Plant ......................................................................................968.6 Varieties .........................................................................................................................968.7 Cropping Systems ..........................................................................................................978.8 Harvesting and Yield .....................................................................................................978.9 ProductionTechniques ..................................................................................................97


9. Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) .........................................................99

9.1 Economic Importance ....................................................................................................999.2 Origin and History .........................................................................................................999.3 Area and Distribution ....................................................................................................999.4 Soil and Climatic Requirements ..................................................................................1009.5 Botanical Description of Plant ....................................................................................1009.6 Varieties .......................................................................................................................1009.7 Issues of Lodging .........................................................................................................1019.8 ProductionTechniques ................................................................................................101

Points to Remember .................................................................................................................102Reference ..................................................................................................................................103

10. Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense L.) ..............................................................104

10.1 Economic Importance ..................................................................................................10410.2 Origin and History .......................................................................................................10410.3 Area and Distribution ..................................................................................................104

Textbook Of Field Crops

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120350564 Author : Mukund Joshi

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