Texas TCPA Order - Adamcik v Credit Control Services, Inc. / CCS / Credit Collection Services

7/31/2019 Texas TCPA Order - Adamcik v Credit Control Services, Inc. / CCS / Credit Collection Services

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EO V@N ÔEVNF YVGVNY FEYVZEIV IC^ZVACZ V@N RNYVNZO FEYVZEIV CA VNPGYG^YVEO FEQEYECO

YVGIE GFGKIEM, Tlgeoteaa,

IZNFEV ICOVZCL YNZQEINY, EOI. f/j/gIrnfet Icllniteco Ynrveins, Fnanofgot.

CZFNZ

8 88 89

Igsn Oc. G-7C-IG-955-YY

JN EV ZNKNKJNZNF co tès fgy t`n Icurt rnvenwnf t`n aeln eo t`n gjcvn-stylnf igusn, gofspnieaeiglly Fnanofgot Irnfet Icotrcl Ynrveins, Eoi.'s Kcteco acr Notry caHufbknot ]#55[, TlgeoteaaYtgie Gfgkiem's Znspcosn gof Kcteco acr Notry ca Hufbknot ]#746[, IIY's Znply ]#742[=Gfgkiem's jrenaTrecr Nxprnss Icosnot ôfnr t`n Vnlnp`con Icosuknr Trctniteco Git Kgy jnZnvcmnf Crglly ]#744[, gof IIY's Znspcosn tc Tlgeoteaa's Kcteco acr Notry ca Hufbknot ]#749[.@gveob rnvenwnf t`nsn aeleobs, t`n gppleigjln lgw, gof t`n igsn aeln gs g w`cln, t`n Icurt notnrs t`nacllcweob cpeoeco gof crfnrs.

JgimbrcuofGfgkiem gpplenf tc Rgi`cveg Jgom acr g stufnot lcgo tc icvnr tueteco acr t`n ôevnrsety ca

T`cnoex. V`n lcgo wgs auofnf eo :440, wet` t`n aerst pgyknot tc jn kgfn co Anjrugry 76, :474.Gfgkiem gppgrnotly gs kgfn oc pgyknots.7 Rgi`cveg Jgom rnanrrnf nr giicuot tc IIY co Kgri`

7V`n Icurt octns t`nrn grn strcob èots eo tès igsn t`gt Gfgkiem kgy `gvn gitnf eo jgf aget` eo net`nr gpplyeobacr t`n lcgo, cr eo `nr jn`gvecr t nrngatnr. Eo pgrteiulgr, Gfgkiem kgy `gvn `gf g precr rnlgtecosèp wet` `nr Grezcoglgwynr, sui` t`gt aeleeeb g fnjt-icllniteco rnlgtnf lgwsuet wgs pnr`gps oct noternly uoacrnsnno. Onvnrt`nlnss, t`n knretscaGfgkiem' s legjelety uofnr t`n octncr ct`nrwesngrn oct jnacrn t`n Icurt.

Igsn 7874-iv-44955-YY Fciuknot 740 Aelnf 7:/75/77 Tgbn 7 ca 70


2/18


3/18

aurt`nr gsmnf `cw kgoy sui` iglls, ea goy, wnrn rninevnf gatnr goy rnvcigteco ca icosnot. V`n huryrnturonf g vnrfeit co Ocvnkjnr 5, :477. V`n hury acuof oc legjelety uofnr t`n VFITG, gof glscgoswnrnf Oc tc t`n AFITG qunstecos rnbgrfeob iglls gt wcrm gof agelurn tc prcvefn octein.@cwnvnr, t`n hury acuof IIY fef igusn . . . Gfgkiem's tnlnp`cons tc reob, rnpngtnfly cricoteoucusly, wet` eotnot tc goocy, gjusn, cr `grgss, beveob resn tc stgtutcry legjelety uofnr t`nAFITG,0 cr w`ei` t`n hury gwgrfnf nr $944.44. Aeoglly, t`n hury acuof Gfgkiem `gf rnvcmnf `nricosnot tc rninevn gutckgteiglly feglnf gof grteaeiegl cr prnrnicrfnf vcein systnk tc `nr inllulgrp`con, gof acuof aurt`nr IIY `gf plginf t`erty-oeon gutckgteiglly feglnf iglls tc `nr inllulgrp`congatnr icosnot wgs rnvcmnf.5

FesiussecoIIY grbuns et es notetlnf tc hufbknot octwet`stgofeob t`n vnrfeit jnigusn t`n hury fef oct

`gvn g lnbglly suaaeienot nvefnotegry jgses tc aeof acr Gfgkiem co `nr AFITG `grgssknot ilgek.IIY aurt`nr gssnrts t`n hury's aeofeob carnvcigteco ca icosnot tc rninevn gutckgteiglly feglnf igllslemnwesn lgims go nvefnotegry jgses, grbueob coly g wrettno rnvcigteco octein es naanitevn uofnr t`nVITG, gof Gfgkiem gfkets s`n prcvefnf oc wrettno octein. V`n Aeat` Ieriuet `gs nxplgeonf t`gt gicurt s`culf fnoy g kcteco acr hufbknot gs g kgttnr ca lgw gatnr g hury `gs rnofnrnf ets vnrfeituolnss t`n hury's fnieseco wgs uttnrly eosuppcrtgjln jy t`n nvefnoin gt tregl. Ogvebgot Icosulteob,Eoi. v. Relmeosco, >40 A.9f :22, :0: (>t` Ier. :442) ( {H[ufbknot gs g kgttnr calgw s`culf oct jnbrgotnf uolnss t`n agits gof eoanrnoins pceot sc strcobly gof cvnrw`nlkeobly eo t`n kcvgot's agvcr

0Ynn 7> ^.Y.I. 715:m(g)(:)(G).5Glt`cub` t`n hury acuof Gfgkiem `gf rnvcmnf icosnot tcrninevn grteaeiegl cr prnrnicrfnf iglls, et acuof ocsui` iglls wnrn kgfn tc `nr jy IIY gatnr rnvcigteco.

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4/18

t`gt rngscogjln hurcrs iculf oct rngi` g icotrgry icoiluseco. ).E. AFITG IlgekEotnot tc @grgss

V`n AFITG rnbulgtns t`n kgoonr eo wèi` fnjt icllnitcrs eotnrgit wet` fnjtcrs. Znlnvgot`nrn, et acrjefs goy icofuit t`n ogturgl icosnqunoin ca wèi` es tc `grgss, cpprnss, cr gjusn t`nfnjtcr. 7> ^.Y.I. 715:f. Con ca t`n oconxieusevn nxgkplns prcvefnf jy t`n AFITG es8]i[guseob g tnlnp`con tc reob cr nobgbeob goy pnrsco eo tnlnp`con icovnrsgteco rnpngtnfly cr

icoteoucusly wet` eotnot tc goocy, gjusn, cr`grgss goy pnrsco gt t`n igllnf oukjnr. Ef. 7 15:f(>).Qeclgteco ca t`n AFITG kgmns g fnjt icllnitcr legjln tc t`n fnjtcr acr, eotnr gleg, (7) goy gituglfgkgbn]s[, (:) gffetecogl stgtutcry fgkgbns up tc $7,444, gof (9) icsts gof rngscogjln gttcrony'sanns. Ef. l15:m(g)(7)(9).

V`n hury acuof IIY veclgtnf 715:f, gof gwgrfnf $944 eo stgtutcry fgkgbns uofnr 7 15:m(g)(:). IIY urbns t`n Icurt tc snt gsefn t`csn aeofeobs, gof grbuns t`n hury lgimnf suaaeienotnvefnoin tc suppcrt t`n rnquesetn aeofeob ca eotnot tc goocy, gjusn, cr `grgss uofnr t`n AFITG.7Ynn 7> ^.Y.I. 715:f(>). V`n nvefnoin s`cwnf IIY igllnf Gfgkiem gt lngst 796 tekns cvnr gogpprcxekgtnly acrty-fgy pnrecf. IIY gssnrts tès es oct nocub`, gof ietns rninot igsns eo ct`nrfestreit icurts, `clfeob eotnot tc `grgss igooct jn eoanrrnf arck vclukn ca iglls glcon, jut kust jnjgsnf co t`n cvnrgll ogturn gof pgatnro ca t`n iglls. Ynn, n.b, Fgoenl v. R. Gssnt Kbkt., Eoi., Oc.77-74496,:477 RL>76:504,gt*6(N.F.Kei`.Cit.:0,:477).

V`n Icurt onnf oct fntnrkeon w`nt`nr IIY es icrrnit t`gt vclukn ca iglls glcon igooctsuppcrt ghury aeofeob ca eotnot tc `grgss eo veclgteco ca t`n AFITG. V`nrn wgs gffetecogl nvefnoin

74Gfgkiem gssnrts IIY wgevnf tès essun jy oct prnsnoteob et eo g Zuln >4 kcteco precr tc t`n hury vnrfeit, jutgoy rngscogjln rngfeob ca IIY's Kcteco acr Hufbknot gs g Kgttnr ca Lgw ]#01[ gt >, s`cws IIY fef teknly rgesn tèsessun. IIY glsc crglly rgesnf tès pceot gt t`n prcpnr tekn. V`nrnacrn, t`n Icurt rnhnits Gfgkiem's wgevnr grbuknot.



5/18

wèi`, pgrteiulgrlyw`no venwnf eo t`n icotnxt cag kcteco acrhufbknotoctwet`stgofeob t`nvnrfeit,s`cwnf g ogturn gof pgttnro ca iglls arck wèi` t`n hury iculf prcpnrly eoanr go eotnot tc goocy,gjusn, cr grgss Gfgkiem. Ypnieaeiglly, IIY plginf g igll tc con caGfgkiem's p`cons nvno gs s`nwgs co t`n ct`nrp`con, spngmeob wet` g IIY rnprnsnotgtevn. Glsc, glt`cub` IIY gfkettnf ets pcleiyes tc eostetutn g Rget Fgtn, ingseob ickkuoeigtecos tc g fnjtcr acr tno fgys upco rnqunst, IIYrnsuknf iglleob Gfgkiem g knrn twc fgys gatnr Gfgkiem rnqunstnf t`n iglls stcp.77 Aurt`nrkcrn,g IIY rnprnsnotgtevn kgfn go gkjebucus stgtnknot tc Gfgkiem gjcut w`no cr `cw t`n arnqunotiglls iculf jn stcppnf, arck wèi` t`n hury iculf `gvn eoanrrnf IIY wgs rnprnsnoteob et `gf ocicotrcl cvnr w`no gof `cw catno iglls wnrn plginf tc Gfgkiem. Eo ct`nr wcrfs, venwnf eo g leb`tkcst agvcrgjln tc Gfgkiem, t`n hury iculf `gvn eoanrrnf g t`rngt jy t`n IIY rnprnsnotgtevn t`gt gèb` vclukn ca iglls wculf icoteoun uotel IIY rninevnf pgyknot, gof IIY ct`nrwesn iculf octkcfnrgtn t`n igll arnqunoiy. Giicrfeobly, t`n Icurt FNOENY IIY's kcteco acr hufbknot co tèspceot, gof BZGOVY hufbknot co t`n vnrfeit ca $944.44 tc Gfgkiem acr `nr AFITG ilgek.EE. VITG Ilgek

G. Gutcfeglnr Iglls tc g Inllulgr T`conV`n VITG rnbulgtns t`n usn ca tnlnp`cons tc icotgit icosuknrs. Znlnvgot `nrn, et acrjefs

t`n usn cainrtgeo gutckgtnf tnlnp`con nquepknot, eoilufeob useob goygutckgtei tnlnp`confegleobsystnk cr go grteaeiegl cr prnrnicrfnf vcein tc igll g inllulgr tnlnp`con wet`cut precr nxprnss

77IIY grbuns tès es oct nvefnoin, jnigusn IIY's cwo kgougl es oct t n lgw. Fna.'s Znply ]#742[ gt 9.@cwnvnr, wèln IIY es icrrnit eo octeob ets kgougl es oct pgrtca t`n stgtutn, ets pcleiens, gof IIY' s ocoickplegoin wet`t`csn pcleiens eo tès igsn, grn rnlnvgot nvefnoin arck wèi` t`n hury iculf eoanr go eotnot tc gjusn, goocy, cr `grgssGfgkiem.->-

Igsn 7874-iv-44955-YY Fciuknot 740 Aelnf 7:/75/77 Tgbn > ca 70


6/18

icosnot ca t`n icosuknr.7: 62 ^.Y.I. ::2(j)(7)(G)(eee).Go gutckgtei tnlnp`con fegleob systnk (`nrneogatnr rnanrrnf tc gs go gutcfeglnr) kngos

nquepknot wèi` `gs t`n igpgiety8 (G) tc stcrn cr prcfuin tnlnp`con oukjnrs tc jn igllnf, useobg rgofck cr snqunotegl oukjnr bnonrgtcr= gof (J) tc fegl sui` oukjnrs. Ef. ::2(g)(7)(G)(J).V`nrn es oc fesputn iis wgs useob go gutcfeglnr tc plgin ouknrcus iglls tc Gfgkiem's p`cons,eoilufeob`nr inllulgr p`con. @cwnvnr, t`n nvefnoin gt tregl icoilusevnly s`cwnf Gfgkiem prcvefnf`nr inllulgr tnlnp`con oukjnr tc Rgi`cveg eo icooniteco wet` `nr gppleigteco acr g stufnot lcgo.V`n AII `gs rulnf tès icostetutns precr nxprnss icosnot uofnr ::2(j) tc rninevn gutcfeglnr igllsrnlgtnf tc fnjt icllniteco.79 Eo rn Zulns & Znbulgtecos Ekplnknoteob t`n Vnlnp`con IcosuknrTrctnitecoGit ca7557, Fnilgrgtcry Zuleob, :9 AII Zif >>5,>16(:440) ]`nrneogatnr :440 Zuleobh.Gs sui`, t`n coly qunsteco acr t`n hury wgs w`nt`nr Gfgkiem `gf rnvcmnf tès ekplenf nxprnssicosnot. V`n hury acuof Gfgkiem eofnnf `gf rnvcmnf icosnot, prnsukgjly jgsnf co g p`conicovnrsgteco wet` IIY rnprnsnotgtevns. V`n hury aurt`nr acuof IIY usnf ets gutcfeglnr tc plgintèrty-oeon iglls tc Gfgkiem's inllulgr p`con gatnr t`n rnvcigteco, eo veclgteco cat`n VITG.

IIY grbuns Gfgkiem' s crgl rnvcigteco ca icosnot wgs eonaanitevn gs g kgttnr ca lgw, gof

l: es ekpcrtgot tc jngr eo keof t`gt t`n VITG glsc, eo sujsniteco (i), irngtns g snpgrgtn igusn ca giteco acrtnlnp`con scleietgtecos wèi` veclgtn AII rnbulgtecos. Ynn 62 ^.Y.I. ::2(i)(>). Yujsniteco (i) es oct gt essun eo tèsigsn, jut precr fniesecos gppngr tc `gvn icoausnf cr icoalgtnf t`n twc igusns ca giteco gt tekns, gs fesiussnf jnlcw.Glsc, t`n AII's trngtknot ca sujsniteco (i) es sckntekns eoacrkgtevn eo gppleigteco ca sujsniteco (j).79V`n Icurt octns tès eotnrprntgteco fcns veclnoin tc t`n ilngr lgobugbn ca ::2t`n AII `gs, eo naanit,nobrgatnf go ekplenf icosnot nxinpteco cotc t`n stgtutn's rnquernknotcanxprnss precr icosnot. Ynn Lnimlnr v. Igsìgll,Eoi., >>6 A. Yupp. :f 74:>, 7499 (O.F. Igl. :440), vgigtnf, Oc. I 42-4644: YE, :440 RL >444>:0. @cwnvnr, uofnrt`n @cjjs Git, tès Icurt `gs oc huresfeiteco tc rnvenw t`n AII's ruln, gof sc t`n Icurt fuly gpplenf t`n ruln eo t`n huryeostruiteco gof vnrfeit acrk `nrn. Ynn Lnimlnr v. Igsìgll, Eoi., Oc. I 42-4644: YE, :440 RL >444>:0 gt *:S9 (O.F.

Igl. Ocv. :7, :440) (`clfeob festreit icurt `gf ochuresfeiteco tc rnvenw AII Fnilgrgtcry Zuleobjy gitecoca t`n @cjjsGit, gof vgigteob precr cpeoeco). V`n @cjjs Git prcvefns t`gt anfnrgl icurts ca gppngl `gvn nxilusevn huresfeiteco tcnohceo, snt gsefn, suspnof (eo w`cln cr eo pgrt), cr tc fntnrkeon t`n vglefety ca. . . gll aeogl crfnrs ca t`n AnfnrglIckkuoeigtecos Ickkesseco kgfn rnvenwgjln jy sniteco 64:(g) ca tetln 62. :0 ^.Y.I. :96:(7).



7/18

t`nrnacrn rnqunsts Gfgkiem's VITG ilgek jn feskessnf wet` prnhufein, jnigusn t`nrn wgs ocnvefnoin Gfgkiem kgfn g wrettno rnvcigteco. IIY octns t`gt t`n AFITG rnquerns g fnjt icllnitcrtc ingsn ickkuoeigteob wet` g fnjtcr, jut coly upco g rnqunst eo wreteob. IIY gssnrts t`n AFITG'swreteob rnquernknot s`culf gpply tc Gfgkiem's VITG ilgek. R`nt`nr g wrettno rnvcigteco esrnquernf eo g VITG giteco eo t`n fnjt-icllniteco icotnxt es g feaaeiult qunsteco, jut gs nxplgeonfjnlcw, t`n Icurt ultekgtnly gbrnns wet` Gfgkiem t`gt go crgl rnvcigteco es suaaeienot uofnr t`nVITG.J. Znvcigteco ca Icosnot

R`gt kgmns tès qunsteco feaaeiult es t`gt et gresns gt t`n eotnrsniteco catwc festeoit stgtutcrysi`nkns8 t`n AFITG gof t`n VITG. Ytgofeob glcon, ngi` stgtutn es rnlgtevnly ngsy tc eotnrprnt.Znlnvgot `nrn, t`n AFITG prcvefns, upco g wrettno rnqunst arck g fnjtcr, g irnfetcr cr fnjticllnitcr es rnquernf tc ingsn ickkuoeigteob wet` t`n fnjtcr. 7> ^.Y.I. 7 15:i(i). Icovnrsnly,t`n VITG es selnot co cw icosnot tc rninevn gutcfeglnr iglls igo jn rnvcmnf, jut t`gt sekply kngos,acr g `cst ca rngscos uofnr t`n ickkco lgw gof igocos ca stgtutcry icostruiteco, t`gt go crglrnvcigteco s`culf jn naanitevn. Ynn, n.b., ZNYVGVNKNOV (YNICOF) CA VCZVY 05:G ikt. e. (7525)( V`n icosnot es tnrkeogtnf w`no t`n gitcr mocws cr gs rngsco tc mocw t`gt t`n ct`nr es oc lcobnrwelleob acr èk tc icoteoun t`n pgrteiulgr icofuit. Vès uowelleobonss kgy jn kgoeanstnf tc t`ngitcr jy goy wcrfs cr icofuit eoicosestnot wet` icoteounf icosnot. . . . )= ZNYVGVNKNOV (YNICOF)CA ICOVZGIVY 6: ikt. f (7507) ( Goy ilngr kgoeanstgteco ca uowelleobonss tc notnr eotc t`nprcpcsnf jgrbgeo es suaaeienot ]tc giènvn rnvcigteco[. ). V`n feaaeiulty es w`nt`nr, w`no g fnjtcrjreobs g VITG ilgek, t`n AFITG's wreteob rnquernknot s`culf jn rngf eotc t`n VITG. Gsfesiussnf jnlcw, ct`nr festreit icurts `gvn fevefnf co tès qunsteco. Go nxgkeogteco cajct` (7) t`n

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8/18

rnlgtevn sicpn gof cpnrgteco cat`n stgtutns, gof (:) t`n precr igsn lgw gof AII crfnrs, pnrsugfns t`nIcurt t`gt t`n AFITG's wreteob rnquernknot fcns oct gpply tc g VITG ilgek.7. Yicpn gof Cpnrgteco

Go AFITG rnqunst tc ingsn ickkuoeigtecos feaanrs eo sicpn gof cpnrgteco arck g VITGrnvcigteco ca icosnot. V`n acrknr es jrcgf eo sicpn, gofcoin prcpnrly eovcmnf jy t`nfnjtcrprcèjets vertuglly gll ickkuoeigtecos arck t`n fnjt icllnitcr tc t`n fnjtcr. V`n lgttnr esteb`tly ieriuksirejnf8 et fcns oct nvno prnvnot gll ickkuoeigtecos tc gll typns ca p`cons, et knrnlywet`frgws t`n nxprnss precr icosnot tc rninevn gutcfeglnr iglls tc g inllulgr p`con.

Ypnieaeiglly, 7 15:i(i), notetlnf Ingseob ickkuoeigteco, prcvefns8 Eag icosuknr octeaensg fnjt icllnitcr eo wreteob . . . t`gt t`n icosuknr wes`ns t`n fnjt icllnitcr tc ingsn aurt`nrickkuoeigteco wet` t`n icosuknr, t`n fnjt icllnitcr s`gll oct ickkuoeigtn aurt`nr wet` t`nicosuknr wet` rnspnit tc sui` fnjt. . . . 7> ^.Y.I. 715:i(i). Vès es g jlgomnt prcèjeteco coaurt`nr ickkuoeigtecos, sgvn coly t`gt, gatnr rnineveob t`n icosuknr's wrettno octein, t`n fnjticllnitcr es gllcwnf8

(7) tc gfvesn t`n icosuknr t`gt t`n fnjt icllnitcr's aurt`nr naacrts grn jneobtnrkeogtnf=(:) tc octeay t`n icosuknr t`gt t`n fnjt icllnitcr cr irnfetcr kgy eovcmn spnieaenfrnknfens wèi` grn crfeogrely eovcmnf jy sui` fnjt icllnitcr cr irnfetcr= cr(9) w`nrn gppleigjln, tc octeay t`n icosuknr t`gt t`n fnjticllnitcr cr irnfetcr eotnofstc eovcmn g spnieaenf rnknfy.

Ef. 7 15:i(i)( 7)(9). @cwnvnr, et es g prcèjeteco wèi` nxests coly gatnr t`n icosuknr octeaens t`nfnjt icllnitcr eo wreteobt`n fnagult pcseteco es, caicursn, t`gt fnjt icllnitcrs grn arnn tc kgmn oco-gjusevn naacrts tc icotgit fnjtcrs. Ef. 7 15:i(i).

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9/18

Jy icotrgst, t`n rnvcigteco caicosnot uofnr ::2 es icosefnrgjly feaanrnot eo jct` cpnrgtecogof naanit. Yniteco ::2(j) acrjefs gll usn ca gutckgtei feglnr cr prnrnicrfnf vcein systnks tc igllinllulgr p`cons, uolnss gof uotel t`n icosuknr icosnots tc sui` iglls. Eo rn Zulns & ZnbulgtecosEkplnknoteob t`n Vnlnp`con Icosuknr Trctniteco Git ca 7557, 70 AII Zif 76476 (:449)]`nrneogatnr :449 Crfnr[. V`gt es, t`n prcèjeteco nxests gs g kgttnr ca lgw wet`cut goy gaaerkgtevngit jy t`n icosuknr. Coly w`no t`n icosuknr gaaerkgtevnly icosnots tc rninevn suiìckkuoeigtecos well t`n prcèjeteco fesgppngr. Ynn 62 ^.Y.I. ::2(j)(7)(G)(eee). Gs octnf gjcvn,t`n AII `gs rulnf t`n git ca gpplyeob acr irnfet icostetutns nxprnss precr icosnot uofnr ::2(j) tcrninevn gutcfeglnr iglls. :440 Zuleob gt >16.

Vuroeob tc t`n naanit ca ::2(j), et `gs oc prcèjeteco cr naanit gt gll co crfeogry, levnp`con igllst`n stgtutn's nxprnss tnrks leket ets gppleigteco tc gutckgtei feglnr cr prnrnicrfnf iglls.Ynn 62 ^.Y.I. ::2(j)(7)(G)= snn glsc Eo rn Zulns & Znbulgtecos Ekplnknoteob t`n Vnlnp`conIcosuknr Trctniteco Git ca7557, Znpcrt gof Crfnr, 2 AII Zif 02>:, 0210 (755:) ]`nrneogatnr755: Crfnr[ ( Rn nkp`gsezn t`gt uofnr t`n prcèjetecos snt acrt` eo ::2(j)(7). . . coly iglls plginfjy gutckgtei tnlnp`con fegleob systnks cr useob go grteaeiegl cr prnrnicrfnf vcein grn prcèjetnf. ).Vùs, w`no g icosuknr naanitevnly rnvcmns nr precr nxprnss icosnot uofnr ::2(j), t`n coly rnsultes tc rneostgtn t`n stgtutn's prcèjeteco co t`n usn ca gutckgtei feglnr cr prnrnicrfnf iglls tc t`nicosuknr's inllulgr p`con. Ynn 62 ^.Y.I. ::2(j)(7)(G)= :440 Zuleob gt >1>= ia 755: Crfnr gt0229 o.2: ( G irnfetcr kgy scleiet g rnsefnotegl sujsirejnr useob g prnrnicrfnf knssgbn gs lcob t`nnstgjles`nf juseonss rnlgtecosèp `gs oct jnno prnvecusly snvnrnf jy t`n fnjtcr. ). Goy fcujt tèses t`n igsn es fespnllnf jy t`n 755: Crfnr, wèi` spnieaenf tc t`n nxtnot goy icoaleits nxest,ickplegoin wet` jct` stgtutns es pcssejln t`rcub` t`n usn ca levn iglls. 755: Crfnr gt 0229. Ca



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icursn, ea t`n fnjtcr wes`ns tc jreob go nof tc gll ickkuoeigteco, t`no s`n kust knnt 7 15:i(i)' swrettno octein rnquernknot. Ynn 7> ^.Y.I. 715:i(i).:. V`n Ytgrmny Fnieseco

ôacrtuogtnly, t`n stgtutn gof AII ruleobs prcvefn oc ruln acr w`no cr `cw gfnjtcricosuknr's (ekplenf) precr nxprnss icosnot uofnr ::2(j) kgy jn rnvcmnf. V`n Icurt esgppresnf ca aevn festreit icurt cpeoecos gffrnsseob tès essun, gljnet rngièob feaanrnot cutickns.Acur ca t`n cpeoecos (t`n Ytgrmny leon ca igsns) acuof rnvcigteco uofnr ::2 es bcvnronf jy t`ningsn ickkuoeigteco prcveseco acuof eo 7 15:i(i), gof giicrfeobly `nlf go crgl rnqunst tc ingsn

kgmeob gutcfeglnr iglls wgs eonaanitevn. Kccrn v. Aerstscurin Gfvgotgbn, LLI, Oc. 42IQ-224,:477 RL 696>249, gt * 77 (R.F. O.U. Ynpt. 7>, :477)= Kcltz v. Aerstscurin Gfvgotgbn, LLI, Oc.40IQ-:95Y, :477 RL 9914474, gt *> (R.F. O.U. Gub. 9, :477)= Iuooeob`gk v. IrnfetKbkt.,L.T., Oc. 9845-iv-7652-B (JA), :474 RL 9257746, gt *> (OF. Vnx. Gub. 94, :474)(rnickknofgteco ca kgbestrgtn hufbn)= Ytgrmny v. Aerstscurin Gfvgotgbn, LLI, Oc. 42IQ11:G,:474 RL :>672>1, gt *1 (R.F. O.U. Kgr. 77, :474) (rnickknofgteco cakgbestrgtnhufbn). V`nct`nr cpeoeco icovnrsnly nlf go crgl rnvcigteco wgs naanitevn tc rnstcrn ::2(j)' s prcèjeteco. YnnButenrrnz v. Jgrilgys Brp., Oc. lCiv747: FKY (JBY), :477 RL >25:90, gt *6 (Y.F. Igl. Anj. 5,:477) (`clfeob g vnrjgl rnvcigteco ca icosnot tc rninevn fnjt icllniteco iglls tc g wernlnss oukjnres suaaeienot uofnr t`n VITG).

Ypnieaeiglly, Butenrrnz octnf t`n plgeo lgobugbn ca t`n VITG, gs wnll gs t`n 755: Crfnr,subbnst crgl rnvcigteco es naanitevn. Ef. V`n icurt aurt`nr rngsconf (7) icosuknrs igo gpply acrirnfet crglly, sui` gs cvnr t`n p`con, (:) ]e[t snnks èb`ly uolemnly. . . go co-leon gppleigot bgvnprecr nxprnss icosnot, jut ]g[ tnlnp`con gppleigot fef oct, gof (9) t`nrnacrn, gjsnot lgobugbn eo t`n

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stgtutn tc t`n icotrgry, crgl rnvcigteco wgs naanitevn. Ef. Acr t`n rngscos fesiussnf `nrneo, t`nIcurt gbrnns wet` t`n icoiluseco eo Butenrrnz, gof rnhnits t`gt ca t`n Ytgrmny leon ca igsns.

Ca t`n acur igsns `clfeob g wrettno rnvcigteco es rnquernf uofnr t`n VITG, t`n kcst rninott`rnn sekply acllcwnf t`n `clfeob cat`n aerst, Ytgrmny v. Aerstscurin Gfvgotgbn, LLI. Ynn Kccrn,:477 RL 696>249, gt * 77= Kcltz, :477 RL 9914474, gt *>S1 (gpplyeob Ytgrmny, gof `clfeob w`nog igsn es prekgrely g fnjt icllniteco fesputn t`n AFITG cvnrrefns t`n VITG. )= Iuooeob`gk,:474 RL 9257746, * > (ieteob Ytgrmny, gof aeofeob ets `clfeob es icosestnot wet` t`n prctnitecos cat`n AFITG ). V`nrnacrn, t`n Icurt gffrnssns Ytgrmny eo sckn fntgel, jut well sgy oc kcrn gjcutt`n ct`nr cpeoecos, jnigusn t`ny fc oct gff goy rngscoeob jnycof t`gt acuof eo Ytgrmny.

Lemn tès igsn, Ytgrmny eovclvnf jct` AFITG ilgeks, gof VITG ::2(j) ilgeks. YnnYtgrmny, :474 RL :>672>1, gt *96 Eo fniefeob Ytgrmny, t`n kgbestrgtn hufbn ca t`n RnstnroFestreit caOnw Ucrm fnilgrnf Vès es g fnjt icllniteco igsn, oct g tnlnkgrmnteob igsn. Ef. gt *6Jy fceob sc, t`n icurt naanitevnly `nlf ickplegoin wet` t`n AFITG nxiusns g fnjt icllnitcr arckickplegoin wet` t`n VITG. Vès rnsult es icotrgry tc jct` t`n lgobugbn cat`n stgtutns eo qunsteco,gof jy t`n AII's buefgoin eo vgrecus crfnrs gof ruleobs. G aurt`nr rngsco t`n Icurt fnileons tcacllcw Ytgrmny es t`n Ytgrmny icurt glsc gppngrs tc `gvn icoalgtnf t`n gutcfeglnr gof tnlnp`conscleietgteco igusns ca giteco. Vès es prcjlnkgtei jnigusn, wèln t`n AII `gs kgfn ilngr fnjt-icllniteco iglls grn bnonrglly oct tnlnp`con scleietgtecos uofnr sujsniteco (i) ca `n VITG, t`n AII`gs nquglly kgfn ilngr t`n gutcfeglnr prcèjetecos acuof eo sujsniteco (j) fc gpply tc fnjt icllnitcrs.g. V`n AFITG fcns oct Cvnrrefn t`n VITG

V`n fnjt icllnitcr eo Ytgrmny kgfn coly sex tc acurtnno iglls wetèo g twc kcot` pnrecf, goft`nrn wgs oc nvefnoin t`n fnjt icllnitcr eotnofnf tc `grgss, cpprnss, cr gjusn ]t`n plgeoteaa[ eo goy

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wgy. Ytgrmny, :474 RL :>672>1, gt *> V`n fnjt icllnitcrwgs tùs notetlnf tc sukkgryhufbknots`cweob et `gf ickplenf wet` t`n AFITG. Ynn ef. @cwnvnr, eo turoeob tc t`n plgeoteaa's VITGilgek, t`n Ytgrmny icurt sujcrfeogtnf t`n VITG tc t`n AFITG's prcvesecos. Glt`cub` t`n VITG`gs sckn gppleigteco tc t`n eostgot igsn eoscagr gs fnanofgot wgs plgieob prnrnicrfnf gutckgtnf igllstc plgeoteaa's inllulgr tnlnp`con, Icobrnss `gs ilngrly stgtnf t`gt fnjt icllniteco naacrts grn bcvnronfjy t`n AFITG. Ef. gt *1. Eo fceob sc, t`n Ytgrmny icurt icotrgvnonf t`n AII's buefgoin co t`nVITG's gppleigteco tc fnjt icllnitcrs. Ynn :440 Zuleob gt >1> (octeob t`n prcèjeteco co gutckgteifeglnr iglls gpplens rnbgrflnss ca t`n icotnot ca t`n iglls)= :449 Crfnr ( Rn gaaerk t`gt uofnr t`nVITG, et es uolgwaul tc kgmn goy igll useob go gutckgtei tnlnp`con fegleob systnk cr go grteaeieglcr prnrnicrfnf knssgbn tc goy wernlnss tnlnp`con oukjnr. ).

Eo pceot ca agit, t`n VITG icotgeos oc bnonrgl nxnkpteco acr fnjt icllnitcrs, ocr es t`nericofuit sclnly bcvnronf jy t`n AFITG. V`ny grn hust gs sujhnit tc t`n prcvesecosgll t`nprcvesecoscat`n ôetnf Ytgtns Icfn gs goycon nlsn. Onet`nr gs t`n AII nxnkptnf t`nk arckt`n inllulgr p`con prcvesecos ca t`n VITG. Ynn :440 Zuleob gt >1>= ef. gt >12 ]R[n nxpnit fnjticllnitcrs tc jn gjln tc utelezn t`n sgkn knt`cfs gof rnscurins t`gt tnlnkgrmntnrs `gvn acuofgfnqugtn tc fntnrkeon wèi` oukjnrs grn gssebonf tc wernlnss igrrenrs, gof tc ickply wet` t`nVITG's prcèjeteco co tnlnp`con iglls useob go gutcfeglnr cr go grteaeiegl cr prnrnicrfnf vceinknssgbn tc wernlnss oukjnrs. )= 755: Crfnr gt 0229 (fnileoeob tc gfcpt go nxprnss nxnkpteco arckt`n VITG's prcèjetecos acr fnjt icllniteco iglls ).

Vc t`n icotrgry, AII crfnrs nxèjet t`n Ickkesseco's gwgrnonss ca cvnrlgp jntwnno t`nVITG gof t`n AFITG, gof t`gt fnjt icllnitcrs' icofuit es sujhnit tc rnbulgteco uofnrjct`stgtutns.Ynn, n.b., 755: Crfnr gt 0210 (crfnreob t`gt t`n VITG's tekn ca fgy rulns kgti` t`csn ca t`n

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Igsn 7874-iv-44955-YY Fciuknot 740 Aelnf 7:/75/77 Tgbn 7: ca 70


13/18

AFITG)= ef. gt 0212-10 ( Rn icoiur wet` t`n ickknotnrs t`gt goy icoaleit jntwnno t`nrnquernknots ca `n VITG gof t`n AFITG wculf kgmn ickplegoin wet` jct` stgtutns icoauseob. )=ef. gt 022:-29 (icosefnreob icoaleit jntwnno AFITG's icoaefnoteglety rnquernknots, gof VITG'sigllnr efnoteaeigteco rulns). Gs sui`, fnjt icllniteco igsns gof VITG igsns grn oct kutugllynxilusevn. Gof, seoin t`n twc stgtutns grn oct eo icoaleit, t`n Icurt kust gpply jct` w`nrn rnlnvgot.

V`n Ytgrmny icurt `nlf ct`nrwesn, octeob ]t[`n AFITG, oct t`n VITG, wgs nogitnf jyIcobrnss tc, eotnr gl/g, nlekeogtn gjusevn fnjt icllniteco prgiteinsjy fnjt icllnitcrs. Ytgrmny, :474RL :>672>1, gt *> Jut ca nqugl feboety tc t`n AFITG's prc`ejeteco co gjusevn fnjt icllnitecoprgiteins es t`n VITG's prc`ejeteco co gutckgtnf iglls tc inllulgr p`cons. Jct` grn fuly nogitnfanfnrgl lgws, gof onet`nr eoilufns goy prcveseco sujcrfeogteob con tc t`n ct`nr. V`nrnacrn g icurtkust gpply jct` stgtutnsg icurt kgy oct grjetrgrely lgjnl g suet g fnjt icllniteco igsn, gof t`noprcinnf tc ebocrn con gppleigjln stgtutn eo agvcr ca goct`nr, cr hufeieglly gknof con stgtutn tc gffprcvesecos arck t`n ct`nr. Ynn Zuimne`gus v. Kcosgotc Ic., 612 ^.Y. 501, 7470 (7506) ( Jut w`nrntwc stgtutns grn igpgjln ca ic-nxestnoin, et es t`n futy ca t`n icurts, gjsnot g ilngrly nxprnssnficobrnssecogl eotnoteco tc t`n icotrgry, tc rnbgrf ngi` gs naanitevn. ) (quctgtecos gof ietgtecosckettnf). Glsc, icostrueob con stgtutn tc trukp goct`nrgjsnot goy stgtutcry eostruiteco tc fcscveclgtns g jnfrcim preoiepln ca stgtutcry icostruiteco8 w`no pcssejln, icurts s`culf icostrunstgtutns.. . tc acstnr `grkcoy wet` ct`nr stgtutcry gof icostetutecogl lgw. Febetgl Nquep. Icrp. v.Fnsmtcp Fernit, Eoi., >77 ^.Y. 019, 025 (7556).

Ea Icobrnss cr t`n AII `gf t`cub`t g jrcgf nxnkpteco acr fnjt icllnitcrs wgs knretnf, t`nyiculf (gof pnr`gps s`culf) `gvn irngtnf con. V`gt t`n Lnbeslgturn cr t`n AII iculf `gvn irngtnfg jrcgf nxnkpteco es rngfely fnkcostrgtnf8 t`n AII `gs spnieaenf fnjt icllniteco iglls grn oct

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tnlnp`conscleietgtecos uofnr t`n snpgrgtn igusn cagiteco acr uoicosnotnf scleietgtecos nstgjles`nfjy ::2(i). Ynn :440 Zuleob gt >1>. Nxtnofeob tès nxnkpteco tc t`n gutcfeglnr igusn ca gitecouofnr sujsniteco (j) keb`t jn g prufnot pcleiy, jut et es oct acr tès Icurt tc irgat sui` g ruln.j. Vnlnp`con Ycleietgteco Qeclgtecos grn Festeoit arck Gutcfeglnr Qeclgtecos

V`n Ytgrmny icurt gppngrs tc `gvn icoalgtnf t`n gutcfeglnr gof tnlnp`con scleietgteco igusnsca giteco. ]I[glls rnbgrfeob fnjt icllniteco cr tc rnicvnr pgyknots grn oct sujhnit tc t`n VITG'ssnpgrgtn rnstreitecos co 'tnlnp`con scleietgtecos. Ytgrmny, :474 RL :>672>1, gt *> V`gt es trun,jut et es errnlnvgot tc fntnrkeoeob t`n rnvcigteco stgofgrf uofnr ::2(j), jnigusn t`n VITG es octcoly fernitnf gt tnlnp`con scleietgtecos, et es glsc fernitnf gt gutcfeglnr iglls tc inllulgr p`cons, gsrnalnitnf jy t`n feaanrnot sujsnitecos ca ::2, wèi` irngtn snpgrgtn igusns cagiteco acr tnlnp`conscleietgtecos gof gutckgtnf iglls tc inllulgr p`cons. Ickpgrn 62 ^.Y.I. ::2(j)(9) (nstgjlesèobigusn cagiteco acr gutcfeglnr cr prnrnicrfnf iglls kgfn eo veclgteco ca ::2(j)), wet` ef. ::2(i)(>)(irngteob igusn ca giteco acr tnlnp`con scleietgtecos kgfn eo veclgteco ca AII rnbulgtecosprckulbgtnf eo giicrfgoin wet` ::2(i)).

Kcrncvnr, Icobrnss aurt`nr festeobues`nf jntwnno t`n tnlnp`con scleietgtecogof gutcfeglnrigusns ca giteco irngtnf jy t`n VITG jy spnieayeob t`n prcvesecos ca sujsniteco (i) s`gll oct jnicostrunf tc pnrket g ickkuoeigteco prcèjetnf jy sujsniteco (j) ca tès sniteco. 62 ^.Y.I. ::2(i)(1). Gof t`n AII `gs spnieaeiglly rnetnrgtnf (7) t`n VITG's sicpn nxtnofs jnycoftnlnp`con scleietgtecos, gof (:) wèln fnjt-icllniteco iglls grn oct sujhnit tc t`n VITG's rnstreitecosco tnlnkgrmnteob, t`ny grn sujhnit tc t`n prcèjetecos co gutckgtei feglnr iglls.

Rn glsc rnetnrgtn t`gt t`n plgeo lgobugbncasniteco ::2(j)( 7 )(G)(eee) prcèjetst`n usn ca gutcfeglnrs tc kgmn goy igll tc g wernlnss oukjnr eo t`n gjsnoin ca gonknrbnoiy cr t`n precr nxprnss icosnot ca t`n igllnf pgrty. Rn octn t`gt tès-76-



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prcèjeteco gpplens rnbgrflnss ca t`n icotnot ca t`n igll, gof es oct leketnf coly tciglls t`gt icostetutn tnlnp`con scleietgtecos. @cwnvnr, wn gbrnn wet` GIG gofct`nr ickknotnrs t`gt iglls sclnly acr t`n purpcsn cafnjt icllniteco grn oct tnlnp`conscleietgtecos gof fc oct icostetutn tnlnkgrmnteob. V`nrnacrn, iglls rnbgrfeob fnjticllniteco cr tc rnicvnr pgyknots grn oct sujhnit tc t`n VITG's snpgrgtn rnstreitecosco tnlnp`con scleietgtecos.

:440 Zuleob gt >1> (acctoctns ckettnf). Gs sui`, goy nxnkpteco fnjt icllnitcrs kgy gvn arcktnlnp`con scleietgteco ilgeks fcns oct sènlf t`nk arck go gutcfeglnr ilgek.

Eo icoiluseco, t`n Ytgrmny icurt's nxplgogteco t`gt tc ingsn fnjt icllniteco iglls, wrettnooctein es rnquernf, Ytgrmny, :474 RL :>672>1, gt *1, wèln go giiurgtn stgtnknot ca lgw uofnr t`nAFITG, ultekgtnly kessns t`n kgrm. Gs nxplgeonf gjcvn, rnvcigteco caicosnot uofnr ::2(j) fcnsoct cpnrgtn tc stcp gll fnjt icllniteco iglls, et cpnrgtns tc stcp coly gutcfeglnr iglls tc g inllulgrp`con. Yeboeaeigotly, ocon ca `n acur igsns rnquereob g wrettno rnvcigteco uofnr ::2(j) icosefnrnftès festeoiteco. Zgt`nr, jnbeooeob wet` Ytgrmny, t`ny snnk tc `gvn nqugtnf t`n ogrrcw rnvcigtecocaicosnot uofnr t`n VITG wet` t`n jrcgfnr ingsn ickkuoeigtecos rnqunst uofnr t`n AFITG. Vèsuofnrkeons t`ner pnrsugsevnonss co t`n pgrteiulgr pceot ca lgw gt essun `nrn. V`nrnacrn, eo leb`t ca(7) t`n AII's buefgoin, gof (:) t`n Icurt's futy tc gpply jct` stgtutcry si`nkns, gof (9) t`n plgeokngoeob ca t`n stgtutns, t`n Icurt `clfs crgl rnvcigteco ca icosnot es lnbglly naanitevn uofnr t`nVITG, nvno eo t`n fnjt-icllniteco icotnxt.EEE. VITGFgkgbns

V`n nvefnoin eo tès igsn fcvntgels ongtly wet` t`n acrnbceob goglyses. Gfgkiem, cvnr t`np`con, fef oct gttnkpt tc nof gll fnjt-icllniteco ickkuoeigtecos`n uofnrtccm tc prcvefn gacrjngrgoin acrk tc IIY (ca icursn, nvno ea s`n `gf gttnkptnf tc nof gll ickkuoeigteco, sui` gocrgl rnqunst wculf `gvn jnno eonaanitevn uofnr 7 15:i). @cwnvnr, s`n glsc gfgkgotly rnqunstnf

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Igsn 7874-iv-44955-YY Fciuknot 740 Aelnf 7:/75/77 Tgbn 7> ca 70


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t`gt IIY stcp t`n gutckgtei iglls, pgrteiulgrly gatnr s`n rninevnf ynt goct`nr sui` igll wèln co t`np`con wet` t`n IIY rnprnsnotgtevn. V`n hury giicrfeobly acuof Gfgkiem `gf rnvcmnf `nr icosnottc rninevn gutcfeglnr iglls uofnr ::2(j), gof fuly igliulgtnf `cw kgoy sui` iglls IIY kgfn tc`nr gatnr t`n rnvcigteco. V`nsn iglls, kgfn coin t`n ::2(j) prcèjeteco wgs jgim eo plgin jnigusnca Gfgkiem's rnvcigteco, bevn resn tc stgtutcry legjelety uofnr ::2(j)(9)(J) acr net`nr gituglkcontgry lcss arck sui` g veclgteco, cr. . . $>44 eo fgkgbns acr ngi` sui` veclgteco, wèi`nvnr esbrngtnr. 62 ^.Y.I. ::2(j)(9)(J). V`nrn wgs oc nvefnoin ca goy gitugl kcontgry lcss. @gveobfntnrkeonf t`n AFiTG's wrettno rnqunst rnquernknot fcns oct gpply tc t`n VITG, gof octeob t`nrnes oc ct`nr jgses co wèi` tc ekpcsn sui` g rnquernknot `nrn, t`n icurt `clfs t`n hury's aeofeob carnvcigteco igooct jn snt gsefn.76 V`nrnacrn, t`n icurt es ickpnllnf tc gwgrf Gfgkiem $>44 acr ngi`ca t`n tèrty-oeon veclgtecos acuof jy t`n hury, acr g tctgl ca $75,>44.

V`n icurt aully jnlenvns tès es go uofnsnrvnf weofagll tc Gfgkiem, wèi` es oct knretnf funtc `nr sigrinly icoinglnf jgf aget` gitecos, gof es glsc cut ca gll prcpcrteco tc w`gtnvnr keoekgl`grk s`n kgy gvn suaanrnf fun tc iis s icofuit. Onvnrt`nlnss, icobrnss `gs gppgrnotly kgofgtnftès gkcuot ca fgkgbngt lngst $>44 pnr veclgteco, gof oc lnssrnbgrflnss ca t`n uofnrlyeobjn`gvecrca t`n icosuknr, cr ct`nr nquetgjln icosefnrgtecos. > Ytrgobnly,gof arustrgteobly, icobrnss`gs bevno icurts fesirnteco tc gwgrf lnss t`go $>44 pnr veclgteco ca t`n tnlnp`con scleietgteco

76IIY gssnrts Gfgkiem'srnvcigteco rnqunst wgs go uonoacringjlngttnkpt gt crgl kcfeaeigtecoca`nr icotrgitwet` Rgi`cveg. Fna.'s Znsp. tc Tl.'s Kct. acr Notry caH. ]#749[ gt 9 ( V`n Tlgeoteaa bgvn Rgi`cveg Jgom t`n gut`crety,tc icotgit `nr co`nr inll p`con. . . gof t`nrn es oc nvefnoin t`gt sui` gut`crezgteco wgs kcfeaenf eo wreteob... . ). Vèsgrbuknot agels jnigusn t`n essun es oct w`nt`nr IIY wgs prnilufnf arck icotgiteob Gfkgieli co `nr inll p`con (et wgsoct) jut w`nt`nr IIY iculf icoteoun useob go gutcfeglnrtc plgin suiìglls. Gs nxplgeonf prnvecusly, t`n VITG wculfoct prnvnot IIY arck kgmeob levn iglls tc Gfgkiem's inll p`con, cr, acr t`gt kgttnr, arck useob go gutcfeglnr tc rngi``nr lgofleon.7>kn Icurt igo coly prnsukn Icobrnss eotnofnf t`n $>44-keoekuk pnr veclgteco gs g qugse-rnbulgtcrykngsurn, tc fntnr VITG veclgtecos bnonrglly.

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sujsniteco ca t`n VITG, ::2(i), jut rnquernf g $>44 keoekuk acr gutcfeglnr veclgtecos uofnr ::2(j). Ickpgrn ef. ::2(i)(>) ( ]G[itugl kcontgry lcss arck sui` g ]tnlnp`con scleietgteco[veclgteco, cr tc rninevn up tc $>44 eo fgkgbns acr ngi` sui` veclgteco, wèi`nvnr es brngtnr. )(nkp`gses gffnf), wet` Ef. ::2(j)(9)(J) ( ]G[itugl kcontgry lcss arck sui` g]o gutckgtnftnlnp`con nquepknot[ veclgteco, cr tc rninevn $>44 eo fgkgbns acr ngi` sui` veclgteco, wèi`nvnres brngtnr. ). Et es feaaeiult tc uofnrstgof w`y Icobrnss trngtnf t`nsn twc ilcsnly rnlgtnf igusns cagiteco sc feaanrnotly, jut t`n Icurt kust gpply t`n stgtutn gs wrettno. Zgt`nr, t`n coly fesirntecoIcobrnss `gs gaacrfnf t`n Icurt eo tès igsn es w`nt`nr tc eoirngsn fgkgbns, gs fesiussnf jnlcw8

Gfgkiem glsc kcvns t`n Icurt tc aeof IIY veclgtnf t`n VITG wellaully cr mocweobly, goftc ekpcsn trnjln fgkgbns giicrfeobly. V`n stgtutn prcvefns8

Ea t`n icurt aeofs t`gt t`n fnanofgot wellaully cr mocweobly veclgtnf tès sujsnitecocr t`n rnbulgtecos prnsirejnf uofnr tès sujsniteco, t`n icurt kgy, eo ets fesirnteco,eoirngsn t`n gkcuot ca t`n gwgrf tc go gkcuot nqugl tc oct kcrn t`go 9 tekns t`ngkcuot gvgelgjln uofnr sujpgrgbrgp` (J) catès pgrgbrgp`.62 ^.Y.I. ::2(j)(9). V`n Anfnrgl Ickkuoeigtecos Ickkesseco `gs eotnrprntnf 'wellaul crmocweob' uofnr t`n Vnlnickkuoeigtecos Git (ca wèi` t`n VITG es g pgrt), gs oct rnquereob jgfaget`, jut coly t`gt t`n pnrsco gvn rngsco tc mocw, cr s`culf gvn mocwo, t`gt ès icofuit wculfveclgtn t`n stgtutn. Vnx. v. Gk. Jlgstagx, Eoi., 716 A. Yupp. :f 05:, 055 (R.F. Vnx. :447).

Gpplyeob t`gt stgofgrf `nrn, t`n Icurt aeofs IIY fef oct wellaully cr mocweobly veclgtn ::2(j). Oc nvefnoin wgs prnsnotnf wèi` wculf suppcrt g aeofeob t`gt IIY wgs kcrn t`goonblebnot eo ets VITG veclgtecospnieaeiglly, t`nrn wgs oc nvefnoin IIY mocweobly fesrnbgrfnfGfgkiem's rnvcigteco caicosnot, ocr wgs t`nrn goy nvefnoin IIY monw cr s`culf `gvn mocwo et

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wgs veclgteob t`n VITG.71 Ia f. (aeofeob wellaul gof mocweob veclgteco caVITG w`no fnanofgotskgfn g mocweob, welaul, fnlejnrgtn gof igliulgtnf fnieseco tc icoteoun snofeob eotrgstgtn agx

gfvnrtesnknots wet`cut t`n rniepenots' icosnot gof wet`cut `gveob go nstgjles`nf juseonssrnlgtecosèp wet` t`n rniepenots gof icoteounf fceob sc nvno gatnr tès Icurt `nlf t`n VITG gpplenftc t`ner icofuit). V`nrnacrn t`n Icurt, nxnrieseob w`gt lettln fesirnteco et `gs, fnileons tc gwgrftrnjlnf fgkgbns uofnr ::2(j)(9). Eofnnf, nvno ea IIY `gf gitnf wellaully, t`n Icurt wculf jnlcgt` tc usn ets fesirnteco tc jgllcco Gfgkiem's weofagll eo tès igsn nvno aurt`nr.

IcoilusecoEo giicrfgoin wet` t`n acrnbceob,

EV EY CZFNZNF t`gt IIY's Kcteco acr Notry ca Hufbknot ]#55[ es FNOENF=EV EY A^ZV@NZ CZFNZNF t`gt Gfgkiem's Znspcosn gof Kcteco acr Notry ca

Hufbknot ]#746[ es BZGOVNF eo pgrt gof FNOENF eo pgrt, gs fnsirejnf gjcvn=EV EY A^ZV@NZ CZFNZNF t`gt IIY's Kcteco acr Hufbknot gs g Kgttnr ca Lgw

]#01[ es BZGOVNF ]O TGZV gof FNOENF eo pgrt, pnr tès Icurt's Crgl Crfnr caOcvnkjnr 0,:477=

EV EY AEOGLLU CZFNZNF t`gt gll ct`nr pnofeob kctecos ]##21, 22, 25[ grnFEYKEYYNF GY KCCV.

YEBONF tès t`n /5fgy ca Fninkjnr :477.YGK YTGZMYÔEVNF YVGVNY FEYVZEIV H^FBN

71R`nt`nr IIY wellaully cr mocweobly veclgtnf t`n VITG es g snpgrgtn essun arck w`nt`nrIIY `gf eotnot tcgoocy, gjusn, cr `grgss Gfgkiem eo veclgteco ca t`n AFITG.955 aeogl hufbknot he`.wpf 70


Texas TCPA Order - Adamcik v Credit Control Services, Inc. / CCS / Credit Collection Services

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