Texas State Geographic Spring 2014

8/12/2019 Texas State Geographic Spring 2014

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/texas-state-geographic-spring-2014 1/38Zprnbh ?3=5

UAW Z ZU UA

HAFH_ SGNJ


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/texas-state-geographic-spring-2014 2/38

Jraents< Jfvar, Nbsnea @imp, Smha ? (@frawfre), Smha :5 (M`tarwfre), Futsnea @imp mbe Omjd jfvar< puoinj efkmnb / Xndnkaenm Jfkkfbs. Sgftfs, kmps,

nb mrtnjias mra jfpyrnhgt nbenvneumi mrtnjia mutgfr axjapt ms bftae. Mrtnjias mra jfpyrnhgt tganr mutgfr.

frd wntgnb tgns kmhmznba wms puoinsgae wntg parknssnfb f` tga mutgfrs.

Ztmta Hafhrmpgnj ns bft m``ninmtae wntg tga Eapmrtkabt f` Hafhrmpgy fr Uaxms Ztmta Qbnvarsnty.



=

U

AW Z

Z

U UA

H

AFH_ SGNJ

ZS_NBH?3=5

? @frawfre

Miax Mrinbhgmus : Smrd Zystak Axpmbsnfb nb Zmb Kmrjfs

_mjgai Oatts 0 Nbjfka & Urmbspfrtmtnfb nb Mustnb, UW

Mb mbmiysns f` katgfes usnbh qumbtntmtnva katgfes mbe HNZ

Drystmi Xmrrab == Nt Jmka @rfk tga Zam M Gurrnjmba Jfkpmrnsfb

Zmrm Orant =5 Xgmt ns tga Jgampast _P Smrd Bamrasttf Bmtura fb tga Uaxms Jfmst6

Zmrmg _avarkmb =8 Bmtnfbmi Xnieinà _aùhas `fr tgaAbembharae Fjaift Iafpmreus pmremins

M Srfpfsmi

Ornmb Bnatf ?= Jabtrmi Uaxms Kftfjrfss M Ifjmtnfbmi Mbmiysns

Daiiy _fymii ?5 @nra Gyermbt Enstrnoutnfb mbeA`àjtnvabass nb Iuinbh, Uaxms

Daisay Eabbns ?7 Mpmrtkabt Gubtars Zmb Kmrjfs

Lmjfo Xmtarkmb :3 Zpmtnmi Mbmiysns f` Kmrdatnbh @fjus `frZgaii _ftaiim ’Zupar_nhs‛ Avabt

:5 M`tarwfre



?

Xaijfka tf fur nbmuhurmi nssua!

@fr kmby Uaxmbs, tga `nrst axparnabja axpifrnbh tga imrhar wfrie f` hafhrmpgy jmka `rfk tga pmhas

f` Bmtnfbmi Hafhrmpgnj kmhmznba mbe tga wfrd f` tga Bmtnfbmi Hafhrmpgnj Zfjnaty. Amjg kfbtg ms

yfubh dnes, wa wara axpfsae tf enstmbt imbes, pimbats, pafpia mbe mbnkmis `rfk tga pmst tf tga

prasabt, `rfk tga kmjrf tf tga knjrf, mbe `rfk mii jfrbars f` tga amrtg mbe oayfbe. Nt wms tgns

ofubty f` tfpnjs tgmt abjfurmhae kmby f` us tf oajfka prf`assnfbmi hafhrmpgars nb tga `nrst pimja.

Nt ns nbspnrae oy tga spnrnt f` tganr wfrd tgmt wa prasabt fur `nrst nssua f` Uaxms Ztmta Hafhrmpgnj .

Uaxms Ztmta Hafhrmpgnj mspnras tf jaiaormta tga wfrd f` fur stueabts mbe rasamrjgars wgf mppiy

hafhrmpgnj tajgbnquas tf mbswar rami-wfrie quastnfbs mbe sfiva rami-wfrie prfoiaks. Ugns nssua gms

m strfbh abvnrfbkabtmi mbe sfjnmi `fjus iffdnbh mt prfoiaks nb uromb trmbspfrtmtnfb, rurmi gfusnbh

mbmiysns, spajnas prfpmhmtnfb, mbe ftgar tfpnjs bamr mbe eamr tf fur Ifba Ztmr stmta.

Uga stueabts wgf prasabt tganr wfrd wntgnb raprasabt tga pmssnfb mbe wfrd tgmt hafhrmpgy jramtas.

Xa mpprajnmta tganr gmre wfrd mbe a``frt, mbe wa gfpa yfu ablfy tgara mrtnjias.

Znbjaraiy,

Emvne M. Smrr Er. Jgrnstn Ufwbsabe Bmtgmbnai Eaea-Omk`f

*Bfta< Uaxms Ztmta Hafhrmpgnj ns bft m``ninmtae wntg tga Eapmrtkabt f` Hafhrmpgy fr Uaxms Ztmta Qbnvarsnty.



::

Smrd Zystak Axpmbsnfb nb Zmb Kmrjfs

Miax Mrinbhgmus

Xgara mra tga oast ifjmtnfbs `fr axpmbenbh

tga Smrd Zystak nb Zmb Kmrjfs, Uaxms6

Zmb Kmrjfs ns jnty nb sfutg jabtrmi Uaxms, ?> kniassfutg f` Mustnb mbe 5> knias bfrtg f` Zmb Mbtfbnf.

Uga jnty, wntg m ?3=3 pfpuimtnfb f` 55,7>5, ns tga

`mstast hrfwnbh f` nts snza wntg m hrfwtg rmta f`

0.>% oatwaab ?3== mbe ?3=?. Ms tga jnty axpmbes,

hraabspmja sgrnbds. Ugns prflajt mnks tf prasarva

sfka f` tgns fpab spmja nb tga uromb mram oy

`nbenbh tga oast ifjmtnfbs `fr tga meentnfb f` baw

pmrds, fr `fr tga axpmbsnfb f` axnstnbh pmrdimbe. Nb

frear tf saiajt tga mpprfprnmta ifjmtnfbs, mb mram

kust<

Oa futsnea tga abvnrfbkabtmiiy sabsntnva

Aewmre„s Mqun`ar rajgmrha zfba

Oa wntgnb fba knia f` efwbtfwb Zmb

Kmrjfs nb frear tf oa nb tga uromb mram

Oa melmjabt tf mb axnstnbh pmrd, fr oa imrha

abfuhg tf oajfka m baw pmrd.

Axnstnbh Smrds



5

Mbmiysns Katgfes

=. @nrst N meeae tga pmrds, fpab spmja, mbe Aewmre„s

mqunàr rajgmrha zfba imyars, ms waii ms m smtaiinta

nkmhary imyar snkpiy `fr raàrabja mbe mastgatnjs.

?. Nb frear tf nbe tga mrams tgmt mra iass

abvnrfbkabtmiiy sabsntnva, N par`frkae m ubnfb

oatwaab tga rajgmrha zfba mbe axnstnbh pmrds

imyars. @rfk tga baw imyar's mttrnouta tmoia N jmb

saa mbe saiajt wgnjg pmrds mra nb tga rajgmrha

zfba mbe wgnjg fbas mrab't.

:. N tgab saiajtae oy mttrnoutas tf nbe tga pmrds tgmt

wara bft wntgnb rajgmrha zfba

5. Ugab N jramtae m baw pmrds imyar fut f` tgak mbe

eaiatae tga jfkonbae pmrds/mqunàr imyar.

1. N rapamtae tgns prfjass `fr tga fpab spmja imyar tf

hat pnjtura 5.0. Nb frear `fr tga baw pmrd tf oa nb tga uromb mram, N

meeae m banhgofrgffes imyar jramtae m ou`àr f` =

knia mrfube tga efwbtfwb banhgofrgffe.

(Snjtura 1)

8. N jinppae tga axnstnbh pmrds, mbe fpab spmja imyars

sf tgay sgfw tga pimjas wntgnb tga = knia ou`àr.

Ugab N rakfvae tga banhgofrgffes imyar ms nt ns

bfw ubbajassmry, ms waii ms tga pmrds, mbe fpab

spmja imyars tgmt imy futsnea tga ou`àr, ms tgasa

mra ubsuntmoia `fr fur jrntarnm. (Snjtura 0)

7. Uf `nbe tga mrams tgmt axnstnbh pmrds jfuie axpmbenbtf, N usae saiajt oy ifjmtnfb. Uga fpab spmja tgmt

ns melmjabt tf mb axnstnbh pmrd ns sgfwb nb Snjtura

8.

>. @nbmiiy, tf saa wgnjg mrams mra onh abfuhg tf

oajfka baw pmrds N usae saiajt oy mttrnoutae tf

saa wgmt fpab spmja ns imrhar tgmb =.1 kniinfb sq.

`t. (Snjtura 7)

=

?

:

5

1

0

8

7

Emtm Zfurjas<

Uaxms Ztmta Qbnvarsnty emtm, ?3=:< Smrds, Fpab Zpmja, Jnty Inknts mbe banhgofrgffe

imyar emtm, mbe enhntmi nkmhary emtm. Mjjassae Kmrjg ?1tg, ?3=5

Aewmre„s Mqunàr Mutgfrnty, ?3=:< Mqunàr \fbas imyar emtm.

gttp<//aewmresmqunàr.frh/mqunàr-emtm-mbe-kmps/hnsMjjassae Kmrjg ?1tg, ?3=5



1

Jfbjiusnfb

Uga kmp tf tga ia`t

sgfws tga spmjastgmt oast `nt fur

jrntarnm. Ugasa mrams

raprasabt tga pimjas

nb wgnjg tga pmrd

systak jfuie

axpmbe. Uga spmjas

nb Inhgt yaiifw mra

wgara baw,

nbeapabeabt pmrds

jfuie oa jramtae.

Inhgt hraab

sykofinzas mrams

tgmt mra neami `fr

axpmbenbh axnstnbh

pmrds. N` tgasa mrams

wara tmdab ubear

jnty jfbtrfi mbe

prasarvae, nt wfuie

hramtiy axpmbe Zmb

Kmrjfs„ hraabspmja.

_aàrabjasAewmre's Mqunàr Mutgfrnty. (?3=5). Aewmre's Mqunàr Mutgfrnty . _atrnavae `rfk

Aewmre's Mqunàr Mutgfrnty< aewmresmqunàr.frh

Srnja, K. (?3=5). Kmstarnbh MrjHNZ. Baw ^frd< KjHrmw Gnii.



BJFKA & U_MBZSF_UMUNFB NB MQZUNB, UW< MB MBMI^ZNZ F@

_AIMUNFBZGNS QUNIN\NBH ]QMBUNUMUNPA KAUGFEZ MBE HNZ

_mjgai L. O

Uaxms Ztmta Hafhrm

0

Nbjfka &Urmbspfrtmtnfbnb Mustnb, UW<

Mb mbmiysns f`raimtnfbsgnp

utninznbh]umbtntmtnva

Katgfes mbe HNZ

Nssua Emta

SQ_SFZA MQUGF_

Uga Hafhrmpgnj ]uastnfbHafhrmpgy ns m spmtnmi sjnabja jfbjarbae wntgtga spmtnmi mbmiysns f` tga gukmb mbe ajfifhnjmi

axparnabjas. Kfearb hafhrmpgy usas kuitn-ensjnpinbmry katgfes tf ubearstmbe tga Amrtg

mbe mii f` nts jfkpiaxntnas - bft karaiy wgarafolajts mra, out gfw tgay gmva jgmbhae mbejfka tf oa. ’Xgara ns nt6 Xgy ns nt tgara6‛ mra

jfbstmbt quastnfbs hafhrmpgars msd wgab tgayiffd mt m kmp fr mbmiyza raimtnfbsgnps oatwaab

jgmrmjtarnstnjs f` m ifjmtnfb.

HNZjnabja, fr Hafhrmpgnj Nb`frkmtnfb Zjnabja,

mbe ]umbtntmtnva (Ztmtnstnjmi) Katgfes mra tffistgmt hafhrmpgars usa tf ubearstmbe

raimtnfbsgnps oatwaab aiakabts, mbswar ramiwfrie„ quastnfbs mbe kmda praenjtnfbs fr utura

trabes nb spmtnmi pgabfkabm.

Uga hafhrmpgnj quastnfb tgmt wnii oa meerassae

wntgnb tgns stuey ns ms `fiifws<’Ns tgara m snhbn`njmbt en``arabja oatwaab tgajabsus oifjd hrfup nbjfka iavai mbe tga rmtnf f`

pafpia tf ous stfps nb Mustnb, UW6‛ Ugns quastnfbwnii meerass nbjfka aquminty oy axpifrnbh

wgatgar ous stfps mra aqumiiy enstrnoutae wntgrahmre tf nbjfka nb Mustnb.

Uga folajtnva `fr rasamrjgnbh nbjfka mbetrmbspfrtmtnfb nb Mustnb, Uaxms ns tf utninza twf

hafhrmpgnj tffis, HNZjnabja & ]umbtntmtnvaKatgfes, tf varn`y wgatgar m snhbn`njmbt

en``arabja axnsts oatwaab jabsus oifjd hrfupnbjfka iavai mbe tga rmtnf f` pafpia tf ous stfps

nb Mustnb, Uaxms.

Ugns quastnfb ns f` nkpfrtmbja oajmusa f` tga

rnsnbh pfpuimtnfb f` Mustnb mbe tga trm``njjfbhastnfb tgmt ns rmpneiy nbjramsnbh nb tga

Jabtrmi Uaxms _ahnfb eua tf tgns nbjramsa nbpfpuimtnfb.

_mjgai L. Oatts

_mjgai L. Oatts ns m Hafhrmpgy stuea

Uaxms Ztmta Qbnvarsnty, jurrabtiy nb gsabnfr yamr pursunbh gar Omjgaifr„s

Eahraa. Gar `fjus ns fb Qromb mbe

_ahnfbmi Simbbnbh, wntg m Knbfr nb K

Jfkkubnjmtnfbs. _mjgai ablfys

hmreabnbh, vfiubtaarnbh nb garjfkkubnty, mbe trmvaiinbh. Zga

jurrabtiy invas mt Ganriffk Oiffks nb

Kmrjfs, UW wntg gar ofy`rnabe EarrnjIaa, gar twf jmts Uubm mbe Unhar, mb

gar efh Embey.

Jmpntmi Katrf's prflajtnfbs `fr

tga Ous _mpne Urmbsnt Zystak.Nkmha `rfk Jmpntmi Katrf

Xaosnta.




_AIMUNFBZGNS QUNIN\NBH ]QMBUNUMUNPA KAUGFEZ MBE HNZ |

8

OmjdhrfubeMustnb, Uaxms ns m hrfwnbh katrfpfintmb mram

wntg m hrfwtg rmta f` ?.7 %. Mjjfrenbh tf

tga Mustnb Mkarnjmb Ztmtaskmb, ’Baw

jabsus pfpuimtnfb astnkmtas sgfw surhas nb

Uaxms' onhhast katrfpfintmb jabtars, mbe

Mustnb-_fube _fjd-Zmb Kmrjfs rmbds ms tga

bmtnfb's sajfbe `mstast hrfwnbh katrf mramoatwaab Mprni ?3=3 mbe Luiy ?3==, wntg m :.>

parjabt pfpuimtnfb nbjramsa. Uga baw

astnkmtas put tga Mustnb katrf mram's

pfpuimtnfb mt =.87 kniinfb. Uga Mustnb mram

meeae 08,?:3 pafpia eurnbh tga =1-kfbtg

parnfe. Urmvns Jfubty gme tga kmlfrnty f`

tgmt hmnb, wntg :7,717.‛

Mjjfrenbh tf tga Mustnb Ousnbass Lfurbmi,

’Uga Uajg Offk mbe rmpne pfpuimtnfb

hrfwtg gmva jmusae nbjfka iavais nb Mustnb

tf oajfka prfhrassnvaiy sahrahmtae.‛ Uga

rmpne pfpuimtnfb hrfwtg nb Mustnb gms mb

a``ajt fb bft fbiy tga eakfhrmpgnjs out misftga nb`rmstrujtura. Urmbspfrtmtnfb gms

struhhiae tf sarvnja tga hrfwnbh pfpuimtnfb.

Uga Jmpntmi Katrfpfintmb Urmbspfrtmtnfb

Mutgfrnty (Jmpntmi Katrf) mifbh wntg tga Jnty

f` Mustnb mbe tga Jmpntmi Mram Katrfpfintmb

Simbbnbh Frhmbnzmtnfb (JMKSF) mra wfrdnbh

tfhatgar ubear tga pmrtbarsgnp f` Srflajt

Jfbbajt. Srflajt Jfbbajt mnks `fr m gnhg-

jmpmjnty rahnfbmi trmbspfrtmtnfb systak `fr

Jabtrmi Uaxms wgnjg wfuie rainava gamvy

mkfubts f` trm``nj `fr Mustnb.

Uga Uajg Offk mbe rmpne pfpuimtnfb hrfwtg gms jmusae nbjfka

iavais `fr Mustnb tf oajfka prfhrassnvaiy sahrahmtae mjjfrenbh

tf tga Mustnb Ousnbass Lfurbmi.

Emtm Zfurjas

Jmpntmi Katrf, ?3=3. Ous Ztfp Sfnbt Emtm.

gttp<//www.jmpkatrf.frh/katrfimos/.

Mjjassae Kmrjg ?7tg, ?3=5.

Kmp Zarvnja AZ_N< MrjHNZ Fbinba Zarvar,

?3=?. Eakfhrmpgnjs4 QZM Kaenmb Nbjfka.

gttp<//hftf.mrjhnsfbinba.jfk/kmps/Eakfhrm

pgnjs/QZMVKaenmbVGfusagfieVNbjfka .

Mjjassae Mprni =3tg, ?3=5.

JMSJFH< QZ Jabsus ?3=3 Hafemtmomsa,

?3=3. gttp<//www.jmpjfh.frh/emtm-kmps-

mbe-rapfrts/hafspmtnmi-emtm/ . Mjjassae

Kmrjg ?7tg, ?3=5.

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_AIMUNFBZGNS QUNIN\NBH ]QMBUNUMUNPA KAUGFEZ MBE HNZ

_mjgai L. O

Uaxms Ztmta Hafhrm

7

Katgfe f` Mbmiysns

Uga katgfes usae tf mbmiyza tga emtm fotmnbae

nbvfiva oftg HNZjnabja mbe ]umbtntmtnva Katgfes.

Uga iavai mt wgnjg emtm wnii oa mbmiyzae ns tga QZ

Jabsus oifjdhrfup. M oifjdhrfup ns m stmtnstnjmi

envnsnfb f` jabsus trmjt habarmiiy jfbtmnbnbh

oatwaab 033 tf :,333 pafpia.

Uga qumbtntmtnva mbmiysns tgmt wnii oa usae tf tast tga

gypftgasns ns tga Mbmiysns F` Pmrnmbja (MBFPM).

MBFPM ns m stmtnstnjmi tast tgmt kmy oa usae tf

jfkpmra hrfup (smkpia) kambs. MBFPM prfeujas m

rmtnf f` tga vmrnmtnfb oatwaab hrfups tf tga vmrnmtnfb

wntgnb hrfups, raàrrae tf ms mb @-rmtnf. MBFPM wnii

oa usae tf jmijuimta tga en`àrabja f` ous stfp

mvmnimoninty oatwaab nbjfka iavais. Uga @-_mtnf tgmt

wnii oa jmijuimtae ns tga _mtnf< Sfpuimtnfb par Ous

Ztfp. Ugns sgfws tga pfpuimtnfb eabsnty sarvnjae oy

amjg ous stfp mt tga oifjdhrfup iavai

Eatmni f` Mbmiysns

=. Uga `nrst stap wms tf jramta omsakmps `fr nbjfka iavais, ous

stfps mbe pfpuimtnfb. Omsakmps `rfk AZ_N Kmp Zarvnja mra

mb axjaiiabt rasfurja4 gfwavar, tga moninty tf utninza tga emtm

hnvab nb tga kmp ns inkntae. Nb frear tf gmva m kmp wgnjg

jfuie oa aentae, mb fvarimy f` oifjdhrfup emtm fb tfp f` tga

QZM Nbjfka Emtm wms baaeae.

?.

@fr tga purpfsa f` jramtnbh m rmtnf f` kamsurakabt tgmt

niiustrmtas pfpuimtnfb par ous stfp mt tga oifjdhrfup iavai,

en`àrabt emtm sfurjas wara lfnbae tfhatgar. Nb frear tf ef

tgns : en`àrabt lfnbs baaeae tf oa jfkpiatae<

m.

M sukkmrnzae lfnb f` tga Oifjd Sfpuimtnfb imyar tf

tga Nbjfka Oifjdhrfup imyar wgnjg jramtae tga‗OifjdVSfp„ imyar.

o.

M sukkmrnzae lfnb f` tga Ous Ztfp imyar tf tga

Nbjfka Oifjdhrfup imyar, wgnjg jramtae tga

‗OifjdVZtfps„ imyar.

j. M tmoia Lfnb f` tga bawiy jramtae ‗OifjdVZtfps„

imyar tf tga ‗OifjdVSfp„ imyar.

:. Uga bawiy aentae mttrnouta tmoia `rfk tga OifjdVSfp imyar

wms axpfrtae nbtf Axjai `fr tga purpfsa f` usnbh tga emtm nb

tga MBFPM Mbmiysns.

5. Nb Axjai m jfiukb nb wgnjg tga pfpuimtnfb-par-ous stfp rmtnf

wms jmijuimtae. Ugns emtm wms usae nb tga jmijuimtnfb f` tga @-

_mtnf `fr tga MBFPM.

1. Ugara wara m àw emtm pfnbts tgmt jfkprfknsae tga nbtahrnt

f` tga MBFPM, sujg ms oifjdhrfups nb wgnjg tgara mra bf ou

stfps. F` 17= oifjdhrfups nb Mustnb, =8? ene bft gmva ous

stfps. Ugns emtm wms ia`t fut f` tga mbmiysns, eua tf tga nbvm

rmtnf tgmt jmka ms m rasuit.

0. Fbja tga pfpuimtnfb tf ous stfp rmtnf wms jmijuimtae, nt wms

pfssnoia tf hrfup mii emtm tfhatgar omsae fb nbjfka iavais =

0. Nt wms tgab pfssnoia tf jmijuimta tga @-_mtnf oy jmijuimtnb

tga MBFPM.

Axjai Zpramesgaat usae tf mbmiyza e

]umbtntmtnva Katgfes Qsa Mttrnouta Umoia tf jramta

jfiukb f` _mtnf< Sfpuimtnfb par

Ous Ztfp mt Oifjdhrfup Iavai

Hrfup mii emtm omsae fb

Oifjdhrfup Nbjfka Iavai

MBFPM f` tga _mtnf<

Sfpuimtnfb par Ous Ztfp mt

Oifjdhrfup Iavai

HNZ

Jramta Oifjdhrfup Imyar `fr

Nbjfka Emtm

Zukkmrnzae Lfnb f` Oifjd

Sfpuimtnfb Imyar tf

Oifjdhrfup Imyar

Jramta OifjdVSfpuimtnfbImyar

Zukkmrnzae Lfnb f` Ous

Ztfp Imyar tf Oifjdhrfup

Imyar

Jramta OifjdVZtfps Imyar

Umoia Lfnb f` OifjdVZtfps tf

OifjdVSfpuimtnfb

Uga twf taxt ofxas fb tgns pmha nbenjmtatga staps tmdab nb frear tf tast tga buiigypftgasns<G< Ugara ns bf snhbn`njmbt en`àrabjaoatwaab tga jabsus oifjd hrfup nbjfkaiavai mbe tga rmtnf f` pafpia tf ousstfps nb Mustnb, UW.‛

Emtm Mbmiysns

Oaifw ns m smkpia f` tga Axjai Zpramesgaat usae tf mbmiyza tga

axtrmjtae `rfk MrjHNZ. Uga twf gnhginhgtae Untias nbjiuea _mtn

Sfp/ Ztfps mbe _mtnf< Kambs/ Oifjdhrfup Iavai.

_mtnf< Sfp/ Ztfps ns tga rmtnf f` pfpuimtnfb par ous stfp wntgnb a

oifjdhrfup. Ugns wms jmijuimtae oy envnenbh tga ‗Sfpuimtnfb mt

Oifjdhrfup Iavai„ oy tga ‗Ous Ztfps/ Oifjdhrfup„.

_mtnf< Kambs/ Oifjdhrfup Iavai ns tga kamb f` tga jmijuimtae rm

`fr amjg nbjfka iavai.





>

_asuitsUga @-_mtnf jmijuimtae wms ?.=0?. Uga jmijuimtae tast

stmtnstnjs prfvae tf bft axjaae tga jrntnjmi @-_mtnf f`

?.?:0, tgfuhg oy m sink kmrhnb. Uga p-vmiua wms 3.318, m

ifw vmiua wgnjg sgfws gnhg nbtahrnty f` emtm. Mitgfuhg

tga jmijuimtae @-Pmiua ene bft axjaae tga @-jrntnjmi Pmiua,

nt ns pfssnoia tgmt kfra tastnbh sgfuie oa efba. Uga emtm

nbjiueae wntgnb tga rmtnf f` pfpuimtnfb par ous stfpaxjiueas emtm rfk oifjdhrfups wgnjg ef bft jfbtmnb ous

stfps. Ugasa spajn`nj oifjdhrfups gmppab tf oa tga

oifjdhrfups wgnjg gmva tga gnhgast nbjfka.

Xgab tga kambs mra jmijuimtae `rfk tga pfpuimtnfb-par-

ous stfp rmtnfs oy tga nbjfka iavai, nt sgfws m trabe,

tgfuhg nt kmy bft sgfw nb tga MBFPM mbmiysns. Oaifw

tga MBFPM _asuits ns m hrmpg raprasabtnbh tga rmtnf

kambs f` ous stfp mvmnimoninty par nbjfka iavai tntiae

Zukkmry f` Mvarmha Ous Ztfps par Nbjfka Iavai .

Nbjfka = nb tga omr hrmpg tf tga rnhgt ns sybfbykfus wntg $?5,333 fr

iass, wgnjg ns tga ifwast easnhbmtnfb f` nbjfka iavai. Nbjfka =, wgnjg

gms 1 oifjdhrfups, gms mb mvarmha f` :=>.1 pafpia par ous stfp. Nt ns

bftnjamoia tgmt tga rmtnf f` pfpuimtnfb-par-ous stfp nbjramsas ms tga

nbjfka nbjramsas. Ugmt ns, tgara mra kfra pafpia par ous stfp, n.a. ias

mvmnimoninty f` ous stfps mssfjnmtae wntg gnhgar nbjfka oifjdhrfups.

Uga oiua hrmpg nb tga jgmrt raprasabts tga bukoar f` oifjdhrfups

mssfjnmtae wntg nbjfka, wgarams tga frmbha hrmpg wntgnb tga jgmrt ns

tga kamb fr mvarmha rmtnf iavai f` pfpuimtnfb tf ous stfp.

Jfbjiusnfb

Oaifw ns m vnsumi raprasabtmtnfb f` tga emtm

usae `fr tga MBFPM Mbmiysns. Uga emrdast

rae fb tga kmp raprasabts tga mrams wgnjg

gmva tga gnhgast pfpuimtnfb par ous stfp

rmtnf, n.a. iamst puoinj trmbsnt mvmnimoninty. Uga

jrfssgmtjg raprasabts tga mrams wntg tga

gnhgast nbjfka. Mitgfuhg tgara ns sfka

fvarimy nt ns m habarmi jfbjiusnfb tgmt tgara ns

m snhbn`njmbt en``arabja oatwaab nbjfka

iavais mbe tga rmtnf f` pfpuimtnfb tf ous stfp

wntgnb tgfsa nbjfka iavais.

Mitgfuhg tga MBFPM mbmiysns jmiis `fr m

`mniura tf ralajt tga buii gypftgasns nt jmb oa

smne tgmt tga emtm jmiis `fr kfra rasamrjg nbtf

tgns suolajt mbe mb mbmiysns f` ftgar kfeas

f` trmbspfrtmtnfb ftgar tgmb ous trmbsnt.

Ugns nb`frkmtnfb ns nkpfrtmbt tf tga Jnty f`

Mustnb mbe surrfubenbh mrams eua tf tga

rmpne hrfwtg nt ns axparnabjnbh. Ms Mustnb

jfbtnbuas tf hrfw tga jfbhastnfb f` trm``nj

wnii fbiy wfrsab. Xgnia Jmpntmi Katrf ns

jurrabtiy wfrdnbh fb m jfkpragabsnva pimb

tf ravntminza Mustnb wntg puoinj trmbspfrtmtn

fptnfbs, rasamrjg sgfuie oa efba tf absura

`mnr mbe aqumi mjjass tf puoinj trmbspfrtmtnf

mjrfss tga Jnty.

Jfbtnbuae rasamrjg jfuie nbjiuea tga usa f

ftgar katgfes utninznbh kmppnbh mbe

stmtnstnjs wgnjg axpifra mjjass, mvmnimoninty,

mbe `raquabjy f` ous, rmni, mbe ftgar

katgfes f` puoinj trmbspfrtmtnfb.

Jmijuimtae _mtnf Kambs par Nbjfka iavai

DayNbjfka = ; $?5,333 fr iass

Nbjfka ? ; $?5,33= tf $:>,333

Nbjfka : ; $:>,33= tf $1:,333

Nbjfka 5 ; $1:,33= tf $07,333

Nbjfka 1 ; $07,33= tf $7?,333

Nbjfka 0 ; Kfra tgmb $7?,333

MBFPM _asuits wntg S-Pmiua, @- _mtnf, mbe @-Jrntnjmi Pmiua Gnhginhg





=3

a`arabjas=. Xaiis, Dnrstnb mbe Ugnii, Lamb-Jimuea. ?3==. Ef Urmbsnt-Eapabeabt Banhgofrgffes _ajanva Nb`arnfr Ous Mjjass6 M Banhgofrgffe Mbmiysns

nb @fur Jntnas. Lfurbmi f` Qromb M``mnrs.

?. Jmstniif, Lumb. ?3=5. Mustnb Mram Hrfwtg _mta _mbd ?be nb Bmtnfb. Mustnb Mkarnjmb Ztmtaskmb.

gttp<//www.stmtaskmb.jfk/baws/baws/ifjmi/mustnb-mram-hrfwtg-rmta-rmbds-?be-nb-bmtnfb/b_kde/. Mjjassae Fbinba Mprni >tg, ?3=5.

:.

Ugans, Knjgmai. ?3=5. Kfbemy Kmp< Gfw Ajfbfknj Zahrahmtnfb Zprames Fut nb Mustnb Mram.

gttp<//www.onzlfurbmis.jfk/mustnb/baws/?3=5/35/38/kfbemy-kmp-gfw-ajfbfknj-sahrahmtnfb-sprames-fut-nb.gtki6pmha;mii. Mjjassae

Fbinba Mprni =3tg, ?3=5.

http://www.statesman.com/news/news/local/austin-area-growth-rate-ranks-2nd-in-nation/nRmkd/

http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2014/04/07/monday-map-how-economic-segregation-spreads-out-in.html?page=all

http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2014/04/07/monday-map-how-economic-segregation-spreads-out-in.html?page=all

http://www.statesman.com/news/news/local/austin-area-growth-rate-ranks-2nd-in-nation/nRmkd/



UAWMZ ZUMUA HAFH_MSGNJ NU JMKA @_FK UGA ZAM Ns

UaxmsZtmta

HafhrmpgnjNt Jmka `rfk tga Zam

’Urmhaey ns m tffi `fr tga invnbh tf hmnb

wnsefk, bft m hunea oy wgnjg tf inva‛

_foart @. Dabbaey =>?1-=>07

Nb tga wmda f` m ensmstar nt ns gmre tf saa mby

pfsntnva nkpmjts, out avab trmhnj axparnabjas

jmb ornbh `frtg m hffe fppfrtubnty. Emtm

jfiiajtae `rfk gurrnjmbas ns jrujnmi nb tga

ùtura ubearstmbenbh f` tgasa stfrks. Out

tga emtm ns misf usaùi `fr pimbbnbh mrfube

tga stfrks mbe eaàbsa `rfk tga stfrks.

Xntg emtm jfiiajtae `rfk gurrnjmbas mifbh

tga Amst Jfmst mbe Hui` Jfmst f` tga Qbntae

Ztmtas, rasamrjg wms efba tf saa wgnjg

jfmstinba gme tga kfst nbtabsa gurrnjmbas

Xntg tga usa f` stmtnstnjmi mbmiysns m buii

gypftgasns wms prfpfsae, tgara wnii oa bf

en`àrabja nb nbtabsnty oatwaab Hui` Jfmst

mbe Amst Jfmst gurrnjmbas. Uga prflajt usae

wnbe spaae ms mb nbenjmtfr f` nbtabsnty4 tga

rasamrjg ene bft tmda ftgar `mjtfrs

mssfjnmtae wntg gurrnjmbas, sujg ms stfrk

surhas mbe rmnb nbtf mjjfubt.

Omjdhrfube

Gurrnjmbas mra jimssn`nae fb tga Zm``nr-

Znkpsfb Gurrnjmba Xnbe Zjmia. Ugns sjmia

oramds efwb tga stfrks nbtf `nva en`àrabt

jmtahfrnas oy usnbh tga sustmnbae wnbe spaae

f` tga stfrk. Out oa`fra m stfrk ns jimssn`nae

ms m gurrnjmba, nt `nrst stmrts f`` ms m trfpnjmi

ensturombja. @rfk tgara tga stfrk oajfkas

m trfpnjmi eaprassnfb mbe tgab m trfpnjmistfrk. Fbja tga stfrk gms sustmnbae wnbe

spaae f` 05 dbfts, 85 kpg, nt ns tgab m

gurrnjmba.

Uga `nrst mbe sajfbe iavais f` tga Zm``nr-

Znkpsfb Zjmia mra m jmtahfry fba mbe twf4

tgasa jmb jmusa sfka emkmha tf rff`s mbe

traas. Nt nsb„t ubtni gurrnjmbas ramjg sustmnbae

wnbes f` >0 dbfts, === kpg, tgmt tgay mra

jfbsnearae kmlfr gurrnjmbas. Jmtahfry tgraa

tf jmtahfry `nva gurrnjmbas jmb jmusa

jmtmjiysknj emkmha. Uga Zm``nr- Znkpsfb

Zjmia fbiy meerassas emkmha efba oy wnbe

mbe efas bft miiuea tf ftgar gurrnjmbamjtnvnty emkmhas (Zjgftt, Imbesam, Gmàia,

Ifrabs, Umyifr, Ugurk, Xmre, Xniins, &

\miasdn, ?3=?).

Uga eavaifpkabt f` gurrnjmbas fjjurs fvar

tga fjamb. Uypnjmiiy nb tga wmtars bamr tga

aqumtfr mbe tga trfpnjs, ms gurrnjmbas baae

wmtar takparmturas f` mofut ?8 eahraas

Jaisnus, 73 @mgrabgant, tf frk. Fbja tga sam

sur`mja takparmtura nbjramsas tf ?8 eahraas

Jaisnus, tga wmtar oahnbs tf avmpfrmta mbe

rnsa. Ms tga wmrk wmtar rnsas nt avabtumiiy

gnts eaw pfnbt mbe rmnbs omjd efwb jmusnbh

tga rmnbs mssfjnmtae wntg gurrnjmbas.

Zajfbeiy, gurrnjmbas baae wnbe jfbvarhabtf `frk. @fr wnbe jfbvarhabja tf tmda pimj

mb mram f` gnhg prassura kust kaat wntg mb

mram f` ifw prassura. Urfpnjmi ensturombjas

mra ifw prassura systaks, mbe wgab tgasa

ifw prassura systaks jfka nb jfbtmjt wntg

gnhg prassura systak tgay nbjramsa wnbe

spaae. Xnbes mra suolajtnva tf tga Jfrnfins

A`àjt, nb wgnjg wnbes nb tga Bfrtgarb

gaknspgara eaìajt tga rnhgt nb m jnrjuimr

pmttarb. Ugus jmusnbh tga spnb f` tga stfrk

wgnia tgns spnb ns tmdnbh pimja mnr easjabes n

tga jabtar kmdnbh tga aya f` tga stfrk.

Gurrnjmbas mra ubmoia tf `frk n` wnbe sgamr

tff strfbh. Xnbe sgamr ns tga en`àrabja

oatwaab tga wnbe spaae mbe enrajtnfb fvar

sgfrt enstmbja. Uff kujg wnbe sgamr wnii rnp

m gurrnjmba mpmrt. Gurrnjmbas baae tf

eavaifp vartnjmiiy, wgab tff kujg wnbe

sgamr ns meeae tga gurrnjmba wnii oa `frjae t

sprame fut fvar m imrhar mram. Ugns wnii kmd

tga stfrk wamdab mbe avabtumiiy oramd

mpmrt.

Nb tga Bfrtg Mtimbtnj Omsnb, wgara tga

gurrnjmbas tgmt wara nbjiueae nb tgns stuey

wara `frkae, gurrnjmba mjtnvnty ns gnhgiy

Nt Jmka `rfk tga Zam< M Gurrnjmba Jfkpmrnsfboy Drystmi Xmrrab

Zfurja< BMZM MSFE

==



UAWMZ ZUMUA HAFH_MSGNJ NU JMKA @_FK UGA ZAM | Nssua =

nbìuabjae oy parnfes f` Ai Bnbf mbe Im Bnbm.

Ai Bnbf mbe Im Bnbm mra parnfes wgara sam

sur`mja takparmturas rnsa mbe `mii

raspajtnvaiy. Gurrnjmba eavaifpkabt

nbjramsas eurnbh yamrs f` Im Bnbm (Nsimk,

Karraii, Zantz, & Gmrrnss, ?33>, =:7).Im Bnbm

ornbhs gurrnjmbas wgnia Ai Bnbf ornbhs rmnb.

Uga nbenjmtfr f` Ai Bnbf mbe Im Bnbm parnfes

ns tga jgmbha nb mtkfspgarnj prassura mt samiavai. Uga Zfutgarb Fsjniimtnfb Nbeax (ZFN)

kamsuras tga imrha sjmia ìujtumtnfbs f` sam

iavai prassura jgmbhas nb tga trfpnjmi pmjn`nj.

Ugns nbeax ns m prajursfr tf yamrs f` Ai Bnbf fr

Im Bnbm4 oy tmdnbh tga en`àrabja nb

mtkfspgarnj sam iavai prassura mt Umgntn mbe

Emrwnb, Mustrminm, tga nbeax jmb tgab oa

`frkae (BFMM, Zfutgarb Fsjniimtnfb Nbeax).

Emtm Jfiiajtnfb

Uf jfiiajt emtm `fr tgns rasamrjg tga Bmtnfbmi

Fjambnj mbe Mtkfspgarnj Meknbnstrmtnfb„s

Gnstfrnjmi Gurrnjmba Urmjdar wms usae, nhura= (BFMM). Uga BFMM„s Gnstfrnjmi Gurrnjmba

trmjdar miifws tga usar tf jgffsa m ifjmtnfb,

fjamb omsnb, fr bmka tf ifjmta gurrnjmbas

mrfube tga wfrie. Fbja m gurrnjmba ns jgfsab

fba jmb tgab trmjd tga gurrnjmba `rfk frnhnb

tf abe saanbh tga jgmbha nb nbtabsnty

tgrfuhgfut tga stfrk„s inà spmb.

Ugraa pmrmkatars wara put nbtf pimja `fr

gurrnjmba emtm jfiiajtnfb. Fbiy gurrnjmbas

oatwaab tga yamrs f` =>?3 tf ?3=? jfuie oa

usae nb tga mbmiysns. Zajfbeiy, stfrks gme tf

oa mt gurrnjmba stmtus mt tga tnka f` imbe`mii4

tgay jfuie bft gmva `miiab tf trfpnjmi stfrkiavai fr ifwar tf oa nbjiueae nb tga stuey.

Ugnreiy, fba stfrk jfuie bft gnt tga ftgar

jfmst `nrst. M stfrk jfuie bft gnt tga Amst

Jfmst mbe tgab gnt tga Hui` Jfmst.

Mbmiysns

Xntg tgasa pmrmkatars nb pimja tgnrty

gurrnjmbas `rfk antgar jfmst wara jgfsab mt

rmbefk tf oa usae nb mbmiysns. @fr tga

mbmiysns tgraa en`àrabt stmtnstnjmi tasts wara

rub fb oftg jfmstinba gurrnjmba hrfups. @nrst,

z-sjfras mbe jfb`neabja nbtarvmis wara

jmijuimtae (Mppabenx M, Hui` Jfmst<

Mppabenx O, Amst Jfmst). M`tar tgasa rasuits

wara mbmiyzae m tgnre tast wms jgfsab tf

mbswar tga gypftgasns.

Uf mbswar tga quastnfb mb nbeapabeabt t-

tast mt tga .31 iavai wms usae fb tga emtm.

Qsnbh wnbe spaae, jmijuimtae nb dbfts, mt

imbe`mii f` tga gurrnjmba, tga emtm wms

jfkpniae nbtf tga aqumtnfb. Xntg tga rasuits

f` tga t-tast, tga buii wms ralajtae. Xntg tga

buii gypftgasns ralajtae nt oajfkas jiamr tgmt

gurrnjmbas kmdnbh imbe`mii fb tga Hui` jfmst

mra tga kfra nbtabsa gurrnjmbas.

_asuits

Oy ralajtnbh tga buii, nt wms prfvab tgmt

gurrnjmbas mifbh tga Hui` Jfmst mra kfra

nbtabsa, omsae fb wnbe spaae, tgmb tgfsa

mifbh tga Amst Jfmst. Ugasa rasuits jfuie

saak nbsnhbn`njmbt mt `nrst himbja, out tgasa

`nbenbhs gfie qunta m ont f` nkpfrtmbja.

Ugasa rasuits jmb oa usae nb qunta m àw

en`àrabt wmys.

Mhrnjuitura ns m`àjtae hramtiy oy jinkmtambe wamtgar. Dbfwnbh tgmt gurrnjmbas mra

kfra nbtabsa fb tga Hui` Jfmst wfuie gaip

`mrkars nb tgfsa mrams dbfw wgmt tf pimbt.

M `mrkar wfuie bft wmbt tf pimbt jfrb nb m

pimja f` gnhg wnbes, out jfuie hat mwmy

wntg pimbtnbh m ifw pimbt tgmt wfuieb„t

oifw efwb. Xgarams mrkars nb mrams

mifbh tga Amst jfmst dbfw tgmt gurrnjmbas

wnii bft oa ms nbtabsa mifbh tganr jfmstinba,

sf tgay kmy oa kfra nbjinbae tf pimbt jfrb.

Qromb Simbbars wnii gmva m oattar

ubearstmbenbh f` gfw tf oattar easnhb m jnt

dbfwnbh tgmt gurrnjmbas mra kfra nbtabsa

mifbh tga Hui` Jfmst. Qromb pimbbars wnii

gmva m oattar sabsa f` wgmt kmtarnmis tf us

mbe ounienbh katgfes tf oattar wntgstmbe

gnhg wnbes. Mbe Jfbsarvmtnfbnsts wnii gmva

oattar neam f` wgmt jfmst tf iffd tfwmres

prftajtnbh. Ms tgay knhgt wmbt tf jgajd tg

Hui` Jfmst `fr ìfrm tgmt jfuie oa hfnbh

axtnbjt eua tf gnhg wnbes eurnbh gurrnjmba

samsfb.

Jfbjiusnfb

Avab wntg mii tga rasamrjg tgmt gms oaab

jfkpniae fb tga suolajt, gurrnjmbas mra stni

ubpraenjtmoia stfrks tgmt jfka `rfk tga s

mbe jmb imst `fr waads. Uga rasamrjg fb tgns

tfpnj wnii bavar oa jfkpiata4 wntg sujg mb

ubpraenjtmoia suolajt fba jmb fbiy kmda

huassas fb tga kmttar. Ugns rasamrjg sgfws

hramt nbsnhgt, out misf kmdas tga rasamrjga

rakakoar tga embhar f` sujg kmttars.

Ugns prflajt ns m effr fpabar tf ftgars nb tg

`naie. Xntg jgmbhas tf tga pmrmkatars mbe t

tga nbenjmtfr f` nbtabsnty, rasuits jfuie gmva

oaab vary en`àrabt. Out jfbtnbunbh fb wntg

wnbe spaae ms mb nbenjmtfr f` nbtabsnty jmb

iame tf ftgar mbmiysns f` gurrnjmbas mifbhoftg tga Amst Jfmst mbe tga Hui` Jfmst. Out

tga baae `fr rasamrjg fb gurrnjmba mjtnvnty

avneabt antgar wmy.

Mofut tga Mutgfr

Drystmi Xmrrab ns m stueabt mt Uaxms Ztmta Qbnvarsnty. Zga nsstueynbh fr m Omjgaifr„s nb Mbtgrfpfifhy wntg m knbfr nb

Hafhrmpgy. Zga ns nbtarastae nb tga jfmstmi rahnfbs mbe tga

mrjgmafifhnjmi sntas mifbh tgak.

=?



UAWMZ ZUMUA HAFH_MSGNJ NU JMKA @_FK UGA ZAM | Nssua =

Mppabenx M

M jfkpnimtnfb f` gurrnjmba emtm `rfk tga

Hui` Jfmst nbjiuenbh< bmka, yamr, jmtahfry

(mjjfrenbh tf tga Zm``nr-Znkpsfb Zjmia), z-

sjfra, wnbe spaae mt imbe`mii (nb dbfts), mbe

jfb`neabja nbtarvmi.

Gurrnjmbas Mifbh tga Hui` Jfmst

Gurrnjmba

_mbd

XZ \-sjfra

Miiab =>73 : =33 -3.3=0

Mberaw =>>? 5 =?3 3.>??

Jmrim =>0= 5 =?1 =.=10

Oatsy =>01 ? >3 -3.575

Hafrhas =>>7 = 01 -=.010

Nvmb ?335 : =31 3.?=>

Bft Bmkae =>?> = 83 -=.5??

_ntm ?331 : =33 -3.3=0

Xnikm ?331 : =31 3.?=>

Mueray =>18 5 =?1 =.=10

Orat =>>> : =33 -3.3=0

Jmrkab =>85

:

=31

3.?=>

Nda ?337 ? >1 -3.?1

Hustmv ?337 ? >3 -3.575

Inin ?33? = 73 -3.>1:

Minjnm =>7: : =33 -3.3=0

Eabbns ?331 : =31 3.?=>

Efiiy ?337 = 81 -=.=77

Dmtrnbm ?331 1 =13 ?.:?7

Jgmriay ?335 5 =?1 =.=10:

Nraba =>>> = 01 -=.010

Fpmi =>>1 : ==3 3.51:

Jgmbtai =>7> = 83 -=.5??

Bft Bmkae =>:?

5

=?1

=.=10

Bft Bmkae =>51 5 =?3 3.>??

Gukoartf ?338 = 73 -3.>1:

Bft Bmkae =>:? 5 =?1 =.=10

Aentg =>8= ? 71 -3.8=>

Dmta =>71 ? 71 -3.8=>

@raernj =>8> 5 ==1 .7:3:

Jfb`neabja Nbtarvmis< >1%- >?.==, =31.>3

>>%- 7>.>?, =37.37

Mppabenx O

M jfkpnimtnfb f` gurrnjmba emtm `rfk tga

Amst Jfmst nbjiuenbh< bmka, yamr, jmtahfry

(mjjfrenbh tf tga Zm``nr-Znkpsfb Zjmia), z-

sjfra, wnbe spaae mt imbe`mii (nb dbfts), mbe

jfb`neabja nbtarvmi.

Gurrnjmbas Mifbh tga Amst Jfmst

Gurrnjmba _mbd XZ) \-sjfra

Guhf =>7> ? 71 -3.=80

Nsmoai ?33: ? >3 .=15?

Hifrnm =>71 ? >3 .=15?

@ifye =>>> ? >3 .=15?

Emvne =>8> ? 71 -3.=80

Nraba ?3== = 81 -3.7:8

Lambba ?335 : =31 =.=50

Ofbbna =>>7 ? 71 -3.=80

@rmb =>>0 : =33 .7=1:

Oartgm =>>0 ? >3 .=15?

Ofo =>>= ? 71 -3.=80BB =>55 = 01 -=.5>7

Enmba =>11 = 81 -3.7:8

Hrmjna =>1> : =31 =.=50

Hmstfb ?335 = 01 -=.=13

Jfbbna =>11 = 83 -=.=08

Jiaf =>05 ? 71 -3.=80

Dnbh =>13 ? >3 .=15?

Gmzai =>15 : ==3 =.580

Enmba =>75 = 73 -3.138

Moia =>1? ? >3 .=15?

Efrm =>05 ? >1 .5757

Jnbey =>1> = 01 -=.5>7

Jmrfi =>15 ? 71 -3.=80

Aebm =>15 = 73 -3.138

Omromrm =>1: ? >3 .=15?

Nfba =>11 = 01 -=.5>7

BB =>?7 5 =?1 ?.507

BB =>51 5 =?3 ?.=:8

BB =>?0 ? >3 .=15?

Jfb`neabja Nbtarvmis< >1%- 7?.?1, >:.3>

>>%- 73.15, >5.8>

_a`arabjas

Mstrfbfky Snjtura f` tga Emy. (?331, Muhu

?>). Nkmha. MSFE< ?331 Muhust

?>. _atrnavae Mprni =8, ?3=5, `rfk

gttp<//mpfe.bmsm.hfv/m

e/mp3137?>.gtki

Nsimk, U., Karraii, X., Zantz, X., & Gmrrnss, _

(?33>). Frnhnb, enstrnoutnfb, mbe

tnknbh f` Uaxms gurrnjmbas< =71=-

?330. Bmturmi Gmzmres _avnaw, =:

=55. efn< =3.=30=/(MZJA) =1?8-

0>77(?33>)=3<5(=:0)

Bmtnfbmi Fjambnj mbe Mtkfspgarnj

Meknbnstrmtnfb. (b.e.). Gnstfrnjmi

Gurrnjmba Urmjds. _atrnavae Mprni

??, ?3=5, `rfk

gttp<//www.jsj.bfmm.hf

gurrnjmbas/nbeax.gtki6prass;ea`

it%?Jea`muit&sjmia;=58>=5:7?&Uypa;nes&jmts;ea`muit&kfs

;ea`muit&ii;??%?A:013

3%?J=5%?A177?88&stfrks;=>3

?:>B=1:=7&yamrs;ea`muit&sai;s

ajtae#mpp;:>:1&77je-

saiajtaeNbeax;=

Bmtnfbmi Fjambnj mbe Mtkfspgarnj

Meknbnstrmtnfb. (b.e.). Zfutgarb

fsjniimtnfb nbeax (ZFN). _atrnavae

`rfk

gttps<//www.bjej.bfmm.hfv/taiaj

bbajtnfbs/absf/nbenjmtfrs/sfn.pgp

Zjgftt, U., Imbesam, J., Gm`aia, H., Ifrabs,

Umyifr, M., Ugurk, G., at mi. (?3=?

@aorumry =). . Bmtnfbmi Gurrnjmba

Jabtar. _atrnavae , `rfk

gttp<//www.bgj.bfmm.hfv/pe`/ssg

s.pe`

=:



Xgara ns tga Oast Simja tf Inva nb Mrmbsms Jfubty6

Xgmt ns tga jgampast _P

Smrd bamrast tf Bmtura

fb tga Uaxms jfmst6

Mutgfr< Zmrm OrantZmrm Orant ns mb Qbearhrmeumta Hafhrmpgy Ztueabt m

Uaxms Ztmta Qbnvarsnty ifjmtae nb Zmb Kmrjfs, Uaxms. Z

gfpas tf hrmeumta eurnbh tga sukkar f` ?3=0 wntg m

Jartn`njmta mbe gfbfrs enstnbjtnfb. Zga ablfys wmtar

spfrts sujg ms `nsgnbh mbe sjuom envnbh. Misf, Zmrm inda

tf vfiubtaar wntg Uaxms Smrds mbe Xniein`a Eapmrtkab

Zga jurrabtiy invas nb Zmb Kmrjfs wntg gar pat rfjd,

Mi`rae. ^fu kmy ramjg gar mt sbo:8Ctxstmta.aeu.

MrmbsmsJfubty,Uaxms, ns gfkatf samhuiismbe’sbfwonres‛

(wnbtar

Uaxmbs) minda!

mailto:[email protected]






Xgmt ns tga jgampast _P Smrd Bamrast tf Bmtura fb tga Uaxms Jfmst6

=1

Omjdhrfube

N mk mb mvne futeffrswfkmb wgf praàrs tf pmrd gar gfka bamr bmtura. Xgab N smy pmrd f` jfursa, N kamb

tgmt N inva nb mb _P ùii tnka, wgnjg nb ntsai` ns mb m``fremoia mbe jfbvabnabt invnbh mrrmbhakabt. Ugns sukkar, N

wms f`àrae tga jgmbja tf nbtarb wntg Uaxms Smrds mbe Xnieinà Eapmrtkabt efwb mt tganr jfmstmi rahnfb

envnsnfb. N mk `mkninmr wntg tga mram, out N stnii baaeae m pimja tf inva!

N wmbtae tf inva nb tga smka jfubty tgmt tga rahnfbmi f``nja

wms ifjmtae snbja tgmt wfuie oa ’gfka omsa,‛ sf N inkntae

ky stuey mram tf Mrmbsms Jfubty. Mrmbsms Jfubty gms

hifrnfus oamjgas mbe `nsgnbh gfias, ns gfka tf savarmi

àstnvmis mbe jfkkubnty jaiaormtnfbs, mbe ns mb neami

eastnbmtnfb `fr wnbtar Uaxmbs. N wmbtae tf dbfw wgmt mii f`

tga _P Smrd fptnfbs wara `fr tga jfubty, ms waii ms tganr

kfbtgiy spmja jgmrhas. @nbmiiy, N wmbtae tf inva nb m pmrd

tgmt wms ms jifsa tf bmtura ms pfssnoia ― wntgnb 1333`t. HNZ

wms tga paràjt wmy tf saa mii f` ky fptnfbs, mbe oa moia tf

bmrrfw tgak efwb tf m snbhia paràjt pmrd.

Emtm Zfurjas

Uaxms Habarmi Imbe F``nja, ?3=5. Zpajnas/Gmontmts mifbh tga Uaxms Jfmstinba. gttp<//www.hif.taxms.hfv/HIF/mhabjy-meknbnstrmtnfb/hns/hns-emtm.gtki, mjjassae Mprni ?, ?3=5.

Uaxms Uajg Jabtar `fr Hafspmtnmi Uajgbfifhy, ?338. Mrmbsms Jfubty Ofubemry, _fmes.

gttp<//www.hns.ttu.aeu/jabtar/EmtmJmtmifh/Efwbifme.pgp6Jfubty;Mrmbsms, mjjassae Mprni ?, ?3=5.AZ_N Omsa Kmps, ?3=5. _fme Zystak Kmp, Omsakmp. Mjjassae `rfk AZ_N Emtmomsa, Mprni >, ?3=5.Hffhia Kmps, ?3=5. _mw Emtm, _P Smrds nb Mrmbsms Jfubty.

gttps<//www.hffhia.jfk/kmps/samrjg/_P+Smrds+nb+mrmbsms+jfubty/C?7.38>=1>1,->8.3?10?80,=3z/emtm;!:k=!5o=, mjjassae Mprni >, ?3=5.

https://www.google.com/maps/search/RV+Parks+in+aransas+county/@28.0791595,-97.0256276,10z/data=!3m1!4b1

http://www.glo.texas.gov/GLO/agency-administration/gis/gis-data.html



http://www.gis.ttu.edu/center/DataCatalog/Download.php?County=Aransas




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http://www.fws.gov/refuge/aransas/







Xgara ns tga Oast Simja tf Inva nb Mrmbsms Jfubty6

Katgfes

=) Hmtgarae emtm fb Mrmbsms jfubty ofubemry, rfmes, mbe wnieinà spajnas gmontmts

?) Zwntjgae imyars mbe omsa kmps tf tga smka jffrenbmta systak mbe prflajtnfb (Imkoart Jfb`frkmi

Jfbnj)

:)

Jinppae omsa imyar `rfk AZ_N tf `nt jfubty ofubemry axtabt, misf jinppae spajnas gmontmt axtabts tf sgfwfbiy tgfsa wntgnb tga jfubty

5) Jramtae _P Smrd imyar usnbh Aentfr tf sgfw mpprfxnkmta ifjmtnfbs f` :5 _P Smrds wntgnb tga axtabt

(iffdae fb Hffhia Kmps)

1) _mb Ifjmtnfb quarnas tf `nbe Xnieinà Gmontmts wntgnb 1333 àat f` mb _P Smrd

0) Jramtae baw imyar `rfk tga 1333 àat saiajtnfb, mbe rmb mbftgar quary `rfk tgmt saiajtnfb tf `nbe tga

jgampast _P Smrd

8) Jramtae m sapmrmta imyar gnhginhgtnbh tgmt _P Smrd mbe nts raspajtnva Gmontmt mram

_asuits mbe Ensjussnfb

Omsae fb ky jrntarnm, Zampfrt Pniimha _P Smrd abeae up oanbh tga wnsast fptnfb. Nts prfxnknty tf tga bamrast

wnieinà mram wms 51?8 àat, mbe nt fbiy jgmrhas $=>3 par kfbtg. Misf, nt ns == knbutas `rfk tga USXE F``nja,

wgnjg wmsb„t m jrntarnm out abeae up oanbh m oaba`nt mbywmy. Fvarmii N wms vary piamsae wntg tga rasuit. N` N

wara tf jgmbha tga mbmiysns sfkawgmt, N wfuie inda tf ounie m rfme kmp tgmt jfuie oa m omsns `fr ounienbh mb

meerass ifjmtfr tf kmda tga kmp avab kfra usaùi. N wfuie misf jfiiajt `naie emtm fb `nsgnbh gfias mbe tga

vmrnfus typas f` `nsg fba jfuie jmtjg mt tga mram. Zujg nb`frkmtnfb wfuie oa gaipùi tf mbhiars mbe ofmtars

minda.

=0



=8

Fjaift, Sgftf `rfk QZ @nsg mbe Xnieinà Zarvnja

Xgara ns tga smàst pimja nb

Uaxms tf astmoinsg m baw Bmtnfbmi Xnieinà _aùha `fr

tga abembharae Fjaift6 Xnii

nt gmva tga jfrrajt gmontmt

vahatmtnfb mbe rasfurjas

raqunrae fr ifbh tark sgaitar6

Omjdhrfube

Uga fjaift Iafpmreus pmremins ns m kaenuk-snzae jmt `fube

wntgnb tga hafhrmpgnj rmbha rfk sfutgarb Uaxms tf bfrtgarb

Mrhabtnbm (Hfuimrt at mi. ?33>). Nt ns kfstiy rajfhbnzae oy

nts enstnbjt emppiae jfmt tgmt jfkas nb vmrnfus jfifrs `rfk

hrmy tf m eaap jnbbmkfb orfwb. Qb`frtubmtaiy, eua tf tga

fjaift„s gnhgiy jfvatae siaad jfmt tga spajnas wms gubtae tf

bamr axtnbjtnfb `fr ùr trmea mbe wms pimjae fb tga

abembharae inst nb Kmrjg =>8? (NQJB). Mbe bfw tga fjaift

ns mjnbh urtgar nkpmjt eua tf tga kmlfr tgramt f` gmontmt ifss

mbe rmhkabtmtnfb (NQJB). Nb tga pmst, tga fjaift pfpuimtnfb

ìfurnsgae wntgnb tga Qbntae Ztmtas fbja rmbhnbh `rfk

Mrdmbsms tf Mrnzfbm. Uga pfpuimtnfb bfw stmbes mt mrfube

73-=?3 nbenvneumis tgmt mra ifjmtae nb tga sfutgarb-kfstjfubtnas f` Uaxms (Gmnbas at mi. ?331). Qsnbh nb`frkmtnfb

hmtgarae `rfk vmrnfus rasfurjas tgns prflajt wnii prfpfsa

baw mrams `fr m baw Bmtnfbmi Xnieinà _aùha tf oa

astmoinsgae tf gaip prfvnea meentnfbmi smà gmontmt rahnfbs.

Meaqumta vahatmtnfb `fr gmontmt ns fba f` tga assabtnmi

suolajts tf oa jfvarae mbe mppinae tf kmps `nrst. Fjaifts mra

dbfwb tf oa m vary rajiusnva mbe sfintmry spajnas tgmt praàr

eabsa vahatmtnfb tf mbytgnbh aisa (Hfuimrt at mi. ?33>). Uga

eabsa jfvar bft fbiy prfvneas prftajtnfb out misf tgnjd

nbmjjassnoia mrams `fr eabs, mbe kmdas nt amsnar fb gubtnbh

pray. Ugara ns m wnea spajtruk f` gmontmts tgmt tga spajnas

praàrs fvar fpab `naies sujg ms jfmstmi kmrsgas, smvmbbm

hrmssimbes mbe pmsturas, tgfrb sjruo, mbe trfpnjmi `frast(NQJB). Qsnbh m vahatmtnfb kmp f` sfutg Uaxms wnii gaip

pnbpfnbt tga jfrrajt vahatmtnfb (Kasqunta, sgruo, kmrsg mbe

fmd) tf pimja m baw raùha wntgnb. Nkmha = sgfws mb

axmkpia f` eabsaiy jfvarae vahatmtnfb gmontmt tgmt tga

spajnas praàrs tf inva nb.

Uga baxt suolajt tf meerass ns mjjass tf wmtar. Mii mbnkmis

raqunra wmtar tf survnva, aspajnmiiy nb gft jinkmtas sujg ms

Bmtnfbmi Xnieinà _aùhas `fr tga Abembharae Fjaift Iafpmreus pmremin s< M Srfpfsmi

o Zmrmg _avarkmb



=7

sfutg Uaxms. Nb `mjt, tga Fjaift ns fba f` tga àw jmt spajnas

tgmt inda wmtar mbe wnii swnk nb nt n` nt àais fvargamtae

(Hfuimrt at mi. ?33>). Zf mbftgar kmp tgmt prfvneas `rasg

wmtar sfurjas sujg ms sprnbhs, waiis, mbe rnvars sgfuie oa

usae ms m `mjtfr `fr tga baw ifjmtnfb f` mby raùha.

Ms kabtnfbae oa`fra, gmontmt ifss mbe `rmhkabtmtnfb gmva

oajfka tga tmrhat tgramt `fr fjaifts tfemy. _fmes sarva ms mkmlfr gmontmt rmhkabt mjtfr, aspajnmiiy imrha gnhgwmys tgmt

raqunra `fur imbas mbe m kaenmb. Bft fbiy efas tgns fostmjia

jut up tga fjaifts„ gmontmt out nt misf oajfkas m embharfus

`fr fjaifts. Eua tf tga spajnas bfjturbf-jrapusjuimr mjtnvnty

fjaifts ef mii f` tganr gubtnbh, àaenbh, mbe kfvakabt

eurnbh tga emrd gfurs f` tga emy (NQJB). Fjaifts wnii trmvai

fvar ?3 knias tf hat rfk fba tarrntfry tf mbftgar (aspajnmiiy

kmias) nb frear tf oraae fr jimnk tarrntfry. Ugns knhrmtnfb

misf fjjurs oatwaab tga jurrabt Xniein a _aùhas. Zf nt ns

bft ubjfkkfb fr mb nbenvneumi tf jrfss m gamvy trm``nj rfme.

Qb`frtubmtaiy tgns iames tf m embharfus sntumtnfb wgara

fjaifts gmva oaab dniiae oy gnhg spaae gnts fb gnhgwmys

eurnbh tga bnhgt. Ugns sgfuie gamvniy nbìuabja wgara baw

raùhas wnii oa astmoinsgae mjjfrenbh tf wgara rfmes mra

ifjmtae. M rfmes kmp wnii oa usa ui nb prfvnenbh nb`frkmtnfb

fb mrams tf mvfne jfbtmjt.

Emtm

Uga emtm hmtgarae `fr tgns `nbmi prflajtae wms jfiiajtae nb

vmrnfus frkmts. Zgmpa`nias mbe emtmomsas wara fube fbinbawntg `raa HNZ enhntmi efwbifme sntas. Zpajn`njmiiy tga kmps

wara `fube tgrfuhg fbinba sarvnjas sujg ms Uaxms Bmturmi

_asfurja Nb`frkmtnfb Zystak, Uaxms Smrds mbe Xnieinà,

mbe Q.Z. @nsg mbe Xnieinà Zarvnjas. Uaxms jfubtnas,

vahatmtnfb, rnvars mbe stramks, UxEFU rfmewmys, mbe

Bmtnfbmi Xnieinà _aùha ofubemrnas kmps wara mii

jfiiajtae rfk raa fbinba sntas tf prfvnea m jfkpiata kmp tf

hmtgar nb`frkmtnfb `rfk. Mii tga habarmi nb`frkmtnfb fb

Fjaift oagmvnfr, gmontmt, mbe rmbha wara `fube fb fbinba

lfurbmis, mrtnjias, mbe bmtnfbmi wnieinà nb`frkmtnfbmi sntas.

Katgfes f` Mbmiysns

@nhura =< _aprasabts tga vahatmtnfb jfvar typas mbe wmtar sfurjas `fr

Dabaey, Xniimjy, Jmkarfb, Gnemihf mbe Ztmrr Jfubtnas ifjmtae nb sfutg

Uaxms.



=>

Omsa kmp wms jramtae f` tga sfutg Uaxms jfubtnas wgara tga

rmbha f` tga abembharae fjaift ns stnii efjukabtae. M`tar

rasamrjgnbh tga spajn`nj vahatmtnfb typas tgmt fjaift„s usa, m

saiajt oy mttrnouta wms rub `fr tga vahatmtnfb imyar tf saiajt

tga eabsa vahatmtnfb typas (Kasqunta, sgruo, kmrsg mbe fmd)

tgmt wfuie prfvnea suntmoia gmontmt fr fjaifts. Fjaifts

habarmiiy inva fbiy m jfupia knias `rfk m wmtar sfurja, sf m

? knia ou`àr wms jramtae mrfube amjg wmtar sfurja mbe tgab

jinppae tf tga suntmoia gmontmt vahatmtnfb saiajtnfb. Uga

jinppae imyar wfuie rasuit nb usmoia gmontmt `fr mb fjaift.

Gfwavar tgara ns stnii tga embhar f` rfmes rubbnbh tgrfuhg

tgasa mrams. M kuitnpia rnbh ou` ar wms prfeujae mrfube mii

tga rfmes nb tga fur ifwar jfubtnas. Uga ou`àr rnbhs sgfwae

iavais f` embhar nb jfkpmrnsfb wntg gfw jifsa tga mram wms

tf tga rfme. Mbytgnbh wntgnb = knia wfuie oa tff embharfus,

wgnia mby mram wntgnb 0-?3 knias f` tga rfme wfuie oa smàr.

Uga rnbh ou`àr wms tgab jinppae tf tga suntmoia gmontmt wntg

wmtar sfurjas. @rfk tgmt baw imyar tga mrams tgmt wara nb tga

hraab ’smàst‛ rahnfb wara saiajtae ms tga `nbmi mrams tf oa

prfpfsae `fr baw Bmtnfbmi Xnieinà _aùha mrams.

Jfbjiusnfbs

Uga rasuits sgfwb tgrfuhg tga kmps prfvneae mofva sgfw

mrams tgmt prfvnea mb mbswar tf tgns prflajts quastnfb f`

wgara tga smàst pimja tf astmoinsg m baw Bmtnfbmi Xnieinà

_aùha fr tga abembharae Fjaift wfuie oa. @nhura = sgfws

m omsa kmp f` tga vahatmtnfb mbe wmtar sfurjas N gme tf wfrd

wntg tf saiajt m suntmoia gmontmt `fr fjaifts. M imrha pfrtnfbf` tgmt kmp jfbsnstae f` jrfp imbe mbe uromb mrams tgmt wara

bft suntmoia. Kfstiy tga mrams bfrtg f` tga jrfps mbe mifbh

tga jfmst wara praàrrae gmontmt. @nhura ? sgfws tga rfme

kmp mbe kuitnpia rnbh ou`àr tgmt wfuie m`àjt tga suntmoia

gmontmt saiajtnfb. Uga rae zfba raprasabts embhar f` oanbh

tff jifsa tf ousy rfmes mbe tga hraab raprasabts tga smà

zfbas fr m raùha. Imstiy, @nhura : hnvas tga nbmi mbswar f`

wara mby raùha jfuie oa pimjae `fr suntmoia gmontmt, wmtar

sfurjas, mbe smàty `rfk rfme embhar. Gfwavar, eua tf tga

Fjaift„s jfbsnstabt trmvai oatwaab tarrntfrnas, tga oast

ifjmtnfbs fr mby baw raùha wnii kfst indaiy oa wntgnb m aw

knias m jurrabt raùha wntg inttia fr bf rfmes nbtarsajtnbh tga

twf raùhas.

@nhura ?< _aprasabts rfme ou`àr rnbhs nb prflajtae suntmoia gmontmt mrams `fr

fjaifts. _ae astmoinsgas tga gnhgast embhar zfbas tgmt mram fba knia `rfk m rfme,

frmbha ns twf knias, yaiifw ns tgraa knias mbe hraab ns tga smà zfbas tgmt mra 0-

?3 knias `rfk mby rfme tgmt rubs tgrfuhg suntmoia gmontmt rmbha.



?3

_aàrabjas

’UxEFU _fmewmys ?3=:‛ Tpfiyinba kmp[. Zjmia bft hnvab. ’Uaxms Bmturmi _asfurja Nb`frkmtnfb Zystak‛.

gttp<//www.tbrns.frh/hat-emtm6qunjdtmosVkmpsVemtm;=. (Mprni =3, ?3=5).

’ZtrmtKmp Jfubty Ofubemrnas‛ Tpfiyhfb kmp[. Zjmia bft hnvab. ’Uaxms Bmturmi _asfurja Nb`frkmtnfb Zystak‛.

gttp<//www.tbrns.frh/hat-emtm6qunjdtmosVkmpsVemtm;=. (Mprni =3, ?3=5).

’_nvars mbe Ztramks‛ Tpfiyhfb kmp[. T=<?5,333[. ’Uaxms Bmturmi _asfurja Nb`frkmtnfb Zystak‛. gttp<//www.tbrns.frh/hat-

emtm6qunjdtmosVkmpsVemtm;=. (Mprni =3, ?3=5).

’Pahpy‛ Tkmp[. T=<=,333,333[. ’HNZ Imo Emtm Efwbifmes. Uaxms Smrds mbe Xnieinà‛.

gttp<//www.tpwe.stmta.tx.us/imbewmtar/imbe/kmps/hns/emtmVefwbifmes/. (Mprni =3, ?3=5).

’QZ@XZ Bmtnfbmi Jmemstrmi Emtm< Znkpin`nae Ofubemrnas‛ Tkmp[. Zjmia bft hnvab. ’Q.Z. @nsg & Xnieinà Zarvnjas. QZ@XZ

Hafspmtnmi Zarvnjas‛. @aorumry ?3=5 gttp<//www.`ws.hfv/hns/emtm/JmemstrmiEO/nbeax.gtk(Mprni =3, ?3=5).

Gmnbas M. K., Uawas K. A., Immjd I. I. (?331). ’Zurvnvmi mbe Zfurjas f` Kfrtminty nb Fjaifts‛. Lfurbmi f` Xnieinà Kmbmhakabt.

0><?11-?0:.

Hfuimrt @. P., Hrmnpai K. A., Ufrtmtf K. M., Hgnzfbn-Lr N. _., _fernhuas I. H., Jmjaras B. J.. (?33>). ’Ajfifhy f` tga Fjaift

(Iafpmreus Smremins) nb tga Mtimbtnj @mrfast f` Zfutgarb Ormzni‛. Baftrfpnjmi Onfifhy mbe Jfbsarvmtnfb. 5<=:8-=5:.

Uga NQJB _ae Inst f` Ugramtabae Zpajnas. ’Iafpmreus pmremins‛. gttp<//www.nujbraeinst.frh/eatmnis/==13>/3(Mprni ?>, ?3=5).

@nhura :< _avamis tga `nbmi mrams tgmt mra kfst suntmoia `fr fjaift ra-nbtrfeujtnfb mbe tga

smàst mrams tgmt kmnbtmnb m hffe enstmbja `rfk rfme embhar fr gukmb nkpmjt. Ornhgt

hraab mrams sgfw tga oast ifjmtnfb `fr kuitnpia baw raùhas fr axtabsnfbs f` jurrabt

raùhas.

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http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/land/maps/gis/data_downloads/

http://www.fws.gov/gis/data/CadastralDB/index.htm


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http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/land/maps/gis/data_downloads/







?=

Jabtrmi Uaxms Kftfjrfss< M Ifjmtnfbmi Mbmiysns

Ornmb Bnatf

Nbtrfeujtnfb

Kftfjrfss (KW) ns m pfpuimr spfrt mjrfss tga

jfubtry mbe avab mrfube tga wfrie. Nt„s m pgysnjmiiy mbe kabtmiiy eakmbenbh spfrt, mbe

nt„s m suntmoia jgfnja `fr tgfsa wgf inda tf stmy

nb sgmpa wntg tga rusg f` rmjnbh snea-oy-snea

wntg tab fr ?3+ ftgar rmjars. Nt„s m hramt spfrt

`fr merabminba lubdnas. _mjas tabe tf mttrmjt

rmjars, `mkninas, spajtmtfrs, mbe spfbsfrs mii

wntg tga easnra tf ablfy m hffe waadabe f`

rmjnbh. Ugara mra m vmrnaty f` jimssas fr

rmjars tf pmrtnjnpmta nb, rmbhnbh `rfk oahnbbar tf axpart mbe mhas 1

tf fvar 53. Lust mofut mbyfba jmb rmja ms ifbh ms yfu gmva tga

jfrrajt smàty hamr.

Ugara mra twf kftfjrfss trmjds nb tga Mustnb mram, twf nb tga Zmb

Mbtfbnf mram mbe zarf nb tga Zmb Mbtfbnf-Mustnb jfrrnefr. Bfba f`

tga trmjds nb Mustnb fr Zmb Mbtfbnf miifw MUPs (mii-tarrmnb vagnjia,

misf dbfwb ms m qume). Mby qume rmjars tgmt inva nb tga Jabtrmi

Uaxms mram mra fut f` iujd, mbe tgay wfuie gmva tf trmvai oatwaab

=13-?33 knias tf hat tf tga bamrast kftfjrfss trmjd nb antgar Xmjf

fr Jfbrfa, Uaxms.

Ms m qume rmjar

kysai` invnbh nb ZmbKmrjfs , N mnk tf `nbe

tga oast ifjmtnfb tf

ounie m kftfjrfss

trmjd bamr Zmb Kmrjfs

tgmt jmtars tf enrt onda

mbe qume rnears.

Omjdhrfube

Zmb Kmrjfs ns tga ’Hmtawmy tf tga

Gnii Jfubtry.‛ Uga Uaxms Gnii Jfubtry

pfsas m prfoiak `fr mby baw

kftfjrfss trmjds nb tga mram. Uf

ounie m sujjassùi kftfjrfss trmjd,

yfu baae mb mram tgmt ns bft vary

rfjdy, praàrmoiy mb mram wntg ifts f`

sf`t, parkamoia enrt. Ugns kambs tga

Gnii Jfubtry, wgnjg ns efknbmtae oy

tga gmre saenkabtmry rfjd inkastfba,

ns bft m suntmoia mram tf ounie m

kftfjrfss trmjd. Out tgmt efasb„t

kamb yfu gmva tf trmvai `mr tf hat mwmy `rfk

mii f` tgmt inkastfba. M`tar mii Zmb Kmrjfs ns

lust ’Hmtawmy‛ tf tga Gnii Jfubtry.

Jfkmi, Humemiupa, Gmys, mbe Jmiewaii

jfubtnas mra usae tf `nbe tga oast ifjmtnfb `fr

mb KW trmjd. Nb tgns mram, tga sfin typa rmbhas

`rfk inkastfba, smbe, tarrmja, jimy mbe kue,

`nba-hrmnbae knxae jimstnj, hrmvai, sgmia, mbe

snitstfba. Inkastfba, hrmvai, mbe sgmia mra

tff gmre `fr mb KW trmjd. Aqunpkabt wfuie

jfbstmbtiy oramd, mbe nt wfuie gurt tf `mii fb

sfine rfjd. Uarrmja mrams mra bft suntmoia

oajmusa nt ns gmre tf ounie mbe kmnbtmnb fb

staap sifpas. Zmbe, `nba-hrmnbae knxae

jimstnj, mbe snitstfba mra sf`tar out jrukoia

amsniy wgab pmjdae kmdnbh trmjd

kmnbtabmbja vary en``njuit. Uga oast hafifhy

typa tf usa `fr mb KW trmjd nb fur tmrhat mram

ns jimy mbe kue. Ugasa sfnis mra sf`t abfuhg

tf eatar sfka nblurnas yfu jfuie ftgarwnsa

hat fb m rfjdy trmjd.



??

. Katgfes

Jrntarnm<

f

Uga trmjd kust oa ounit nb mb mram wgara tgaprnkmry hafifhy ns jimy mbe kue mbe bf

inkastfba.

f

Uga trmjd kust oa wntgnb =1 knias f` Zmb Kmrjfs

fr Baw Ormub`ais.

f Uga trmjd kust oa wntgnb = knia f` m gnhgwmy.

N meeae tga emtm `fr Uaxms jfubtnas, jntnas, mbe rfmes.

Zaiajtnfb oy mttrnoutas wms usae tf hat Nbtarstmta, Ztmta,

mbe Q.Z. gnhgwmys fbiy mbe tgab jramta m baw rfmes imyar.

Gmys, Jfkmi, Humemiupa, mbe Jmiewaii jfubtnas wara

saiajtae.

Uga jinp tffi wms usae tf hat fbiy tga jntnas/tfwbs mbe

rfmes nb tga `fur tmrhat jfubtnas.

Uga baxt stap wms tf mee tga hafifhy emtm `fr Uaxms. Ugab

N usae tga jinp tffi tf hat tga hafifhy emtm `fr tga `fur

tmrhat jfubtnas.

@rfk tga hafifhy mttrnouta emtm, saiajtnfb oy mttrnoutas

wms usae tf saiajt hafifhnjmi mrams tgmt mra prnkmrniy jimy

fr kue mbe m baw imyar wms kmea `rfk tga saiajtnfb.

Znbja hafifhnjmi emtm gms prnkmry mbe sajfbemry hafifhy

typas, mbftgar saiajtnfb oy mttrnoutas fb tga jimy mbe kue

imyar wms par`frkae tf hat m baw jimy mbe kue imyar wntg

bf inkastfba ms m sajfbemry hafifhy typa.

M fba knia ou``ar wms kmea usnbh tga kmlfr rfmes imyar.

Ugab tga jinp tffi wms usae tf hat jimy fr kue mrams wntgnb

fba knia f` m gnhgwmy mbe fur KW trmjd sntas.

Emtm Zfurjas

Jmpntmi Mram Jfubjni f` Hfvarbkabts. Ztraats Jabtarinbas omsa imyars. 5/=1/?3=5. gttp<//www.jmpjfh.frh/emtm-kmps-mbe-

rapfrts/hafspmtnmi-emtm/

Qbntae Ztmtas Hafifhnjmi Zurvay. Uaxms Hafifhnj Kmp Emtm. 5/=5/?3=5. gttp<//kremtm.ushs.hfv/hafifhy/stmta/stmta.pgp6stmta;UW

Nkmha Urmear mt Imbesmt.jfk. Jfubtnas sgmpa`nia. 5/=5/?3=5. gttp<//www.imbesmt.jfk/taxms-`raa-hns-emtm.gtki

Bmtnfbmi Mtims f` tga Qbntae Ztmtas. Jntnas mbe Ufwbs sgmpa`nia. 5/=5/?3=5.

gttp<//bmtnfbmimtims.hfv/mtims`tp.gtki6fpabJgmptars;#jgptrmbs




http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/state.php?state=TX



http://www.landsat.com/texas-free-gis-data.html


http://nationalatlas.gov/atlasftp.html?openChapters=#chptrans









?:


M`tar mii tga jinppnbh mbe saiajtnbh, tgns `nbmi kmp sgfws tga mrams

oast suntae `fr mb KW trmjd nb frmbha. Kfst f` tgak mra nb

Humemiupa Jfubty wntg m àw nb Jmiewaii mbe nb tga amst jfrbar f`

Gmys. Ugasa mrams `nt tga jrntarnm, tga prnkmry hafifhy typa ns jimy

mbe kue mbe tga sajfbemry hafifhy typa ns bft inkastfba, tgay mra

wntgnb =1 knias f` Zmb Kmrjfs fr Baw Ormubàis, mbe tgay mra wntgnb

fba knia f` m gnhgwmy. Bfw tgmt N gmva hafifhnjmi emtm f` mrams oast

suntae `fr mb KW trmjd sfka ftgar tgnbhs tgmt N jmb ef ns `nbe pmrjai

emtm `fr tgns mram tf ifjmta wgmt pmrjais ina wntgnb tgasa pftabtnmi

KW trmjd sntas mbe `nhura fut wgmt pmrjais mra mvmnimoia fr fjjupnae.

M zfbnbh imyar jmb misf oa meeae, n` mvmnimoia `fr tga mram, tf

eatarknba n` jfkkarjnmi zfbas mra wntgnb tga pftabtnmi KW trmjd

sntas fr n` m vmrnmbja wfuie oa raqunrae.

_aàrabjas

Zmbestfba. Hafsjnabja Baws mbe Nb`frkmtnfb, Hafifhy.jfk.

5/=0/?3=5 gttp<//hafifhy.jfk/rfjds/smbestfba.sgtki

Inkastfba. Hafsjnabja Baws mbe Nb`frkmtnfb, Hafifhy.jfk.

5/=0/?3=5 gttp<//hafifhy.jfk/rfjds/inkastfba.sgtki

Zmbe. Hafsjnabja Baws mbe Nb`frkmtnfb, Hafifhy.jfk.

5/=0/?3=5 gttp<//hafifhy.jfk/stfrnas/=:/smbe/

Uarrmja (Hafifhy). Xndnpaenm. 5/=0/?3=5.

gttp<//ab.wndnpaenm.frh/wndn/UarrmjaV%?7hafifhy%?>

Jimy fr kue. Q.Z. Hafifhnjmi Zurvay. 5/=0/?3=5.

gttp<//kremtm.ushs.hfv/hafifhy/stmta/shkj-

intg.pgp6taxt;jimy+fr+kue

Hifssmry f` Hafifhnj Uarks. Nfwm Ztmta Qbnvarsnty. 5/=0/?3=5.

gttp<//www.ha-mt.nmstmta.aeu/hifssmry-f`-hafifhnj-tarks/

@nba-hrmnbae knxae jimstnj. Q.Z.

Hafifhnjmi Zurvay. 5/=0/?3=5.

gttp<//kremtm.ushs.hfv/hafifhy/stmta/shkj-

intg.pgp6jfea;?.=.?

Hrmvai. Xndnpaenm. 5/=0/?3=5.

gttp<//ab.wndnpaenm.frh/wndn/Hrmvai

Zgmia. Hafsjnabja Baws mbe

Nb`frkmtnfb, Hafifhy.jfk. 5/=0/=5.

gttp<//hafifhy.jfk/rfjds/sgmia.sgtki

Znitstfba. Mofut.jfk Hafifhy.

5/=0/=5.

Znitstfba. Hafsjnabja Baws mbe

Nb`frkmtnfb, Hafifhy.jfk. 5/=0/=5.

gttp<//hafifhy.jfk/rfjds/snitstfba.sgtki

Kftfjrfss Nkmha `rfk EaaSfp,

Xndnkaenm Jfkkfbs, Jramtnva Jfkkfbs

injabsa

http://geology.com/rocks/sandstone.shtml



http://geology.com/rocks/limestone.shtml


http://geology.com/stories/13/sand/



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_%28geology%29


http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-lith.php?text=clay+or+mud



http://geology.com/rocks/siltstone.shtml











?5

@nra Gyermbt Enstrnoutnfb mbe A`àjtnvabass nb Iuinbh, Uaxms

@nra mt Kfbtay„s Omr, ?3=3, Iuinbh, Nkmha oy Dmrab KjJramry

Mutgfr< Daiiy _fymii

Mofut tga Mutgfr<Kr. _fymii ns m stueabt mt Uaxms Ztmta Ztueynbh

Xmtar _asfurjas. Ga ablfys jfiiajtnbh kmpsmbe eavaifpnbh baw kmps usnbh HNZ mbe ns m`frkar vfiubtaar nra`nhgtar fr nva yamrs nb tgaIuinbh Pfiubtaar @nra Eapmrtkabt mbe ZfutgAmst Jmiewaii Jfubtry @nra eapmrtkabt.

Srftajtnbh Inà mbe Srfparty

Ztappnbh f`` f` tga `nra trujd, yfu àai tga gamt oury ntsai` fb

tga snea f` yfur mja. fu turb mwmy mbe fjus fb yfur trmnbnbh

ms yfu put fb yfur mnr-pmjd. Jffi mnr rfk tga mnr pmjd sfftgas

yfur mja ms yfu ermh tga gfsa tf tga game f` tga nra. Uga gfsa

stratjgas nb yfur hifvae gmbes ms nt `niis wntg wmtar. ^fu àai

yfur pmrtbar gaip kmbauvar tga gfsa nb pfsntnfb. Uga gamt nsstmrtnbh tf pusg nts wmy tgrfuhg yfur hamr, mbe yfu àai yfur

ofey wmrknbh ms yfu jrmjd tga bfzzia fb tga gfsa-inba. Uga

`nra gnssas mbe oaijgas stamk ms tga gamt ns jfbvartae tf stamk

oy tga wmtar. ^fur inà eapabes fb tga jffi wmtar ìfwnbh

tgrfuhg tga gfsa, out kfst pafpia nhbfra tga inttia rae iukps

f` staai tgmt inba tga rfme. Xgnia kfst mspajts f` `nra`nhgtnbh

fparmtnfbs mbe tajgbfifhy gmva jgmbhae, tga omsnj baae tf

suppiy wmtar `fr m `nra gms bft. Enstmbja `rfk m ounienbh tf m

gyermbt ns day. @nbenbh m wmtar suppiy wnii avab jgmbha tga

rfuta m `nra trujd wnii tmda tf m sjaba nb frear tf imy gfsa tf tga

`nra `rfk tga jifsast gyermbt tf tga `nra. Uga omimbja oatwaab

tga `nbmbjnmi nbvastkabt nb nb`rmstrujtura mbe prftajtnfb ns mb

nkpfrtmbt eaomta `fr m jnty. Uga jnty f` Iuinbh (nb Jabtrmi

Uaxms) ns hrfwnbh mbe ubearstmbes tga baae tf omimbjaprftajtnfb f` inà mbe prfparty wntg tga ouehat raqunrakabts

f` m skmii tfwb.

Omjdhrfube

Astmoinsgae nb =785 mt tga wastarb stfp f` tga Zubsat Ormbjg

fb tga Zfutgarb Smjn`nj _mni _fme. (Iuinbh Jgmkoar f`

Jfkkarja, ?330) M aw yamrs mhf tga jnty wms fbiy dbfwb fr

tga Iuinbh Xmtarkaifb Ugukp mbe Jnty Kmrdat OO]. Bfw

wgab m ifjmi smys ’N„k `rfk Iuinbh‛ tga nbqunrar„s raspfbsa ns

’Fg! Ugmt„s wgara tga Ouj-aa„s mifbh N-=3 ns‛. N` yfu stnii baae

jimrnty fb tga ifjmtnfb tga jnty f` Iuinbh ns m bamr tga

nbtarsajtnfb wgara Gnhgwmy =7: mbe Nbtarstmta =3 kaat. Uga

?3=3 Jabsus sgfwae tga pfpuimtnfb f` Iuinbh tf oa 1,5== mt

tgmt tnka wntg m ?.8% hrfwtg rmta. Uga jnty misf gms m vmrnaty

f` gmzmres eua tf tga abarhy sajtfr, rmnirfme, mbe kmlfr

gnhgwmy nbtarsajtnfbs wntgnb tga jnty inknts. Ugasa gmzmres, nb

sfka jmsas, mra nb jifsa prfxnknty tf rasneabtnmi mrams fr bamrkmlfr gnhgwmys. Uga jnty f` Iuinbh ns misf axpmbenbh nts

ofubemrnas tf nbjiuea mrams f` prfpfsae hrfwtg mbe

eavaifpkabt f` mb nbeustrnmi pmrd. (Lfgb Xastorffd, parsfbmi

jfkkubnjmtnfb, Kmrjg 8, ?3=5). Uf kaat tga jurrabt

eakmbes, tga Iuinbh Pfiubtaar @nra Eapmrtkabt gms twf Jimss

Omsa kmp, jramtae oy tga Mutgfr



?1


M `nra abhnbas mbe m ?13 HSK Offstar Urujd. Uga twf Jimss

M `nra abhnbas jmrry =333 `t. f` suppiy gfsa fb amjg tftminbh

?333 `t. f` `nva nbjg enmkatar gfsa. Uf usa tga ùii ?333 `t., m

trujd gms tf mjt ms m offstar mbe usa nts pukp tf nbjramsa tga

ìfw. Uga ensmevmbtmha `fr tga usa f` twf abhnbas nb tgns

kmbbar ns tga ifss f` fba abhnba tf suppiy wmtar, m raeujtnfbnb aqunpkabt fb sjaba, mbe m raeubembt suppiy f` wmtar

mvmnimoia tf tga `nra`nhgtars fb sjaba. Nb neami sntumtnfbs fba

abhnba wfuie oa mttmjgae tf m prnkmry gyermbt, mbe tga ftgar

wfuie mttmjg tf m sajfbemry gyermbt. Uga sajfbemry gyermbt

wfuie oa fb m en`àrabt snea f` tga piukonbh iffp. Ugns

raeubembjy ns oast oajmusa m `mniura nb m wmtar kmnb jmb oa

nsfimtae mbe wmtar suppiy kmnbtmnbae fb tga sjaba. (Jgmrias

_fymii, parsfbmi jfkkubnjmtnfb, Kmrjg 8, ?3=5) Uga Iuinbh

@nra Eapmrtkabt jmb wfrd mrfube kfst sntumtnfbs, out

eavaifpnbh mb ubearstmbenbh f` tga `nra gyermbt ifjmtnfbs mbetga baaes f` tga jnty ns assabtnmi tf pimbbnbh. Iffdnbh mt tga

a`àjtnvabass f` m wmtar suppiy `fr `nra supprassnfb nsnkpfrtmbt tf kmnbtmnbnbh tga smàty f` rasneabts nbsnea tga jnty.

Uga purpfsa f` tgns rasamrjg ns tf prfvnea tga jnty

wntg tga nb`frkmtnfb tf nkprfva nts jurrabt

nb`rmstrujtura mbe ubearstmbe wgmt mrams wnii gmva

tf oa meerassae ms tga jnty hrfws. Uf mbswar tgns

quastnfb, tgasa mra tga staps f` mbmiysns N tffd<

=.

Meeae mii tga emtm `fr tga omsa kmp nbjiuenbh

Iuinbh Jnty Inknts4 Jmiewaii Jfubty Mpprmnsmienstrnjt„s axtrmtarrntfrnmi lurnsenjtnfb (AUL),

straats, mbe pmrjais4 Humemiupa Jfubty

Mpprmnsmi Enstrnjt„s pmrjais mbe straats4 mbe

Iuinbh `nra stmtnfb ifjmtnfb.

?.

M`tar nbsartnbh tga emtm, tga wms jgajdae emtuk

tf nbsura tgay mii kmtjgae< twf f` ky emtm

sfurjas wara nb BME =>7: ZtmtaSimba Uaxms

Zfutg Jabtrmi mbe tga rast wara nb BME =>7:

ZtmtaSimba Uaxms Jabtrmi4 tf nbsura jfbsnstabjy

tga _mni _fme mbe AUL wara jfbvartae tf tga

BME =>7: ZtmtaSimba Uaxms Jabtrmi usnbh tga

Srflajt tffi.

:.

Uf sat tga Ztuey Mram, tga AUL mbe Jnty i nknts

imyars wara saiajtae fbiy<

m)

Qsnbh Zaiajt oy ifjmtnfb mbe jgffsnbh

fbiy tga Iuinbh Jnty inknts, mbe tga

Iuinbh AUL4

o)

Jfkpmrae tga twf emtm sats mbe

`fube fut tgmt tgay eneb„t inba upmbe imrha mrams wara knssnbh4

j) Qsnbh tga aentfr , tga inbas wara

kfvae `rfk tga AUL tf minhb wntg

tga Jnty Inknts wgnjg wms m bawar

kmp4

e) Uga ubnfb tffi wms usae tf lfnb tga

twf kmps mbe nbmiiy jiambae up wntg

tga pfiyhfb aentfr .

5.

Uf gaip wntg mbmiysns, tga Humemiupa mbe

Jmiewaii jfubty straats mbe pmrjais wara karhae .

1.

Uf raeuja prfjassnbh strmnb, tga emtm wms

jinppae tf tga stuey mram

0.

Qsnbh tga omsa kmp tga pmrjais imyar wms

mjtnvmtae mbe mii f` tga emtm axjapt `fr tgapmrjais wara jinppae `rfk tga kmp4

m)

M saiajtnfb f` fbiy tga pmrjais tgmt

wara m kmlfrnty wntgnb tga

ofubemrnas f` tga stuey mram wms

par`frkae tf inknt tga pmrjais tf tga

stuey mram.

o)

M kmp f` tga pmrjais prfxnknty tf

tga gyermbts< snkpia Enstmbja lfnb

oatwaab tga gyermbts mbe pmrjais4

mbe tga rasuits wara ra-jimssn`nae nb

=333 `t., ?333`t., mbe =1,333`t.

nbjrakabts tf sgfw tga en`àrabt

fparmtnfb typas

8.

Uga suosaquabt kmp wms jramtae tf enspimy tgaenstmbja mifbh tga rfmes `rfk tga bamrast

gyermbts<

=. Uga stuey mram mbe gyermbt imyars

wara jfbvartae tf rmstar tf kmda tga

mbmiysns amsnar.

?.

Eua tf tga gyermbts rasnenbh f`` f`

tga rfmes mt vmrnfus enstmbjas m =13

`t. ou`àr wms meeae tf tga straats

imyar tf nbjiuea ms kmby f` tga

Jrntarnm=.

@nra gyermbts jmbbft oa kfra tgmb ?333 t. `rfkamjg ftgar `fr rahuimr pukpar fparmtnfbs wntgnbtga jnty inknts.

?.

Uga praàrrae iabhtg ns =333 `t. `fr fba pukparfparmtnfbs.

Smrjai kmp, jramtae oy tga mutgfr



?0


gyermbts ms pfssnoia nb tga `fiifwnbh

mbmiysns.

:.

M Jfst Enstmbja tffi wms usae tf

enspimy tga emtm wgnjg sgfws tga

enstmbja `rfk tga jifsast gyermbt mt

amjg pfnbt mifbh amjg rfme nb Iuinbh.

_asuits mbe Ensjussnfb<

Uga purpfsa f` tgns rasamrjg ns tf prfvnea tga jnty wntg tga

nb`frkmtnfb tf nkprfva nts jurrabt nb`rmstrujtura mbe

ubearstmbe wgmt mrams wnii gmva tf oa meerassae ms tga jnty

hrfws. M`tar eavaifpnbh kmps sgfwnbh tga spmtnmi raimtnfbsgnps

f` tga `nra gyermbt pimjakabts. Uga enstmbja oatwaab tga `nra

gyermbts nbsnea tga jnty inknts `fr m kmlfrnty f` tga jnty ns waii

wntgnb tga jfb`nbas f` tgns stuey. Gfwavar, n` yfu iffd mt tga

eatmniae kmp oaifw imoaiae M tgara ns mb mram mifbh Gnhgwmy

=7: tgmt wnii baae tf oa meerassae n` tga mram hrfws. Ugns mram

jmb oa suppinae oy twf pukpars, out n` m imrha `nra fr kuitnpia

strujturas mra nbvfivae kfra aqunpkabt wnii oa baaeae tf

meaqumtaiy raspfbe nbsnea tga jnty inknts. Mbftgar mram f`jfbjarb ns misf fb tga eatmniae kmp ms Mram< O. Ugns kmp eatmnis

tga mram mifbh Gnhgwmy 73 fb tga Xast snea f` tga jnty. Nb tga

kmp tgara mra m ift f` rasneabtnmi ounienbhs tgmt raqunra twf

pukpar mbe tabear fparmtnfbs. Xgnia tgns mram ns nbsnea tga AUL

tga jnty ns bft raqunrae tf suppiy utni ntnas fr gyermbts, out ms tga

Omsa kmp sgfws tgara mra gyermbts futsnea tga jnty inknts mbe

nbsnea tga AUL. N` yfu jfkpmra tga omsa kmp tf smtaiinta

nkmhary yfu saa àwar gfusas nb tgfsa mrams. Uf oattar sarva

tga jfbstntuabts f` tga jnty mbe tgfsa wgf rasnea nbsnea tga AUL

meentnfbmi gyermbts sgfuie oa meeae mifbh Gnhgwmy 73 msouehatnbh parknts.

Jfkpmrnbh tga nb`frkmtnfb saab Nb tga pmrjais fb kmp nb tga

katgfes sajtnfb, tgasa mrams mra fb tga aeha f` tga jnty inkntsmbe ms tgay mra mbbaxae wnii baae tf oa suppinae wntg m gyermbttf kaat tga baaes f` tga baw jntnzabs.

Uga `nbmi eatmniae mram kmp fb tgns pmha sgfws tga nbtarsajtnfbf` N=3 mbe Gnhgwmy =7:. Ugns mram ns tga ifjmtnfb f` Ouj-aa„s,

Ifva„s Urujd Ztfp, mbe m Baw Gftai. Ugns mram ns prfomoiy

hfnbh tf hrfw mbe wnii baae tf oa avmiumtae oy tga jnty ms waii.

Jmraùi jfbsnearmtnfb f` tga ìffe pimnb mbe iavai f` nbtarast nb

ousnbassas kfvnbh tf tgmt mram f` tfwb tf astnkmta tga mkfubtf` hrfwtg wnii oa baaeae.

Mt tga t nka f` tgns mbmiysns tga emtm `fr tga jnty wmtar suppiy

wms bft jfkpiata mbe baaeae tf oa upemtae. (Lfgb Xastorffd,

parsfbmi jfkkubnjmtnfb, Kmrjg 8, ?3=5). Ugns emtm wfuie oa

m day mjtfr nb tga eajnsnfb kmdnbh prfjass, oajmusa axtabenbh

fr rubbnbh m baw wmtarinba jmb oa vary jfstiy. Misf tga stuey

jfuie oa ùrtgar abgmbjae wntg tga meentnfb f` pnpainba rfuts,

oajmusa tga `nra eapmrtkabt praàrs tf usa twf gyermbts fbsapmrmta iffps ms ensjussae nb tga omjdhrfube. @nbmiiy, m stuey

sgfuie oa par`frkae tf mbmiyza tga ifjmtnfbs f` tga gyermbts

mifbh tga kmlfr rfmes mbe jfkpmra tgak tf gfusas mifbh tga

Gmrwffe @nra wntg Ome Xmtar Zuppiy, ?33>,

Nkmha oy Daiiy _fymii

Gyermbt enstmbja mifbh tga rfme, jramtae oy tga mutgfr



?8


rfme. N` m gfusa ns fb tga fppfsnta snea f` straat `rfk m gyermbt

mbe tff `mr `rfk m gyermbt fb tga smka snea. Uga `nra

eapmrtkabt wfuie baae tf sgut efwb m kmlfr rfme tf imy m

gfsa mjrfss nt. Ugns wfuie jmusa trm``nj jfbhastnfb mbe nbjramsa

tga rnsd `fr mb mutfkfonia mjjneabt mbe put `urtgar strmnb fb

tga `nra eapmrtkabt. Kmdnbh wnsa jgfnjas ns nkpfrtmbja tf jnty

hrfwtg mbe gmvnbh tga rnhgt emtm prfvneas kfra fppfrtubnty`fr mb nb`frkae eajnsnfb

Emtm Zfurjas<

Xastorffd, L (?3=5, Kmrjg 8). Srfvneae emtm `fr gyermbtifjmtnfbs, @nra eapmrtkabt ifjmtnfb, mbe jurrabt jnty inknts

Jmiewaii Jfubty Mpprmnsmi Enstrnjt, ?3=:, AUL mbe Smrjai

nb`frkmtnfb kmea mvmnimoia oy Kr. Xastorffd, Kmrjg 8, ?3=5

Humemiupa Jfubty Mpprmnsmi Enstrnjt, ?3=:, Smrjai mbe straats

emtm kmea mvmnimoia oy Kr. Xastorffd, Kmrjg 8, ?3=5

Jmpntmi Mram Jfubjni f` Hfvarbkabts, ?3=3, _mnirfmes, Jntnas,

gttp<//emtm.jmpjfh.frh/Nb`frkmtnfbVJiamrnbhgfusa/emtm/rmni

rfmes/rmnirfmesVsgp.znp , Imst Mjjassae Kmrjg 8, ?3=5

Qbntae Ztmtas Eapmrtkabt f` Nbtarnfr, ?3=?, QZ Ztmtas, QZ

_fmes, QZ Jfubtnas,

gttp<//www.bmtnfbmimtims.hfv/mtims`tp.gtki6fpabJgmptars;j

gpofube%?Jjgptrmbs#jgptrmbs, Imst Mjjassae Mprni ?1,

?3=5

_a`arabjas<

_fymii, D. (?3=5, Kmrjg 8). Sarsfbmi nbtarvnaw f` Lfgb

Xastorffd. Jnty f` Iuinbh Kmppnbh mbe \fbnbh Jffrenbmtfr.

_fymii, D. (?3=5, Kmrjg 8). Sarsfbmi nbtarvnaw f` Jgmrias

_fymii. Iuinbh @nra Eapmrtkabt Mssnstmbt @nra Jgna`.

Iuinbh Jgmkoar f` Jfkkarja. ?330. Gnstfry ,

gttp<//www.iuinbhjj.frh/gnstfry.gtk - Imst mjjassae Mprni ?>,

?3=5

http://data.capcog.org/Information_Clearinghouse/data/railroads/railroads_shp.zip



http://www.nationalatlas.gov/atlasftp.html?openChapters=chpbound%2Cchptrans#chptrans



http://www.lulingcc.org/history.htm









?7

Mpmrtkabt Gubtars Zmb Kmrjfs

Uaxms Ztmta Qbnvarsnty ns ifjmtae nb tga

gamrt f` Zmb Kmrjfs, Uaxms. Uga Qbnvarsntyjfkprnsas 518 mjras f` gniiy imbe mifbh tga Zmb

Kmrjfs _nvar. Nt ns tga `n`tg imrhast ubnvarsnty nb tga

stmta f` Uaxms mbe ofmsts mb abrfiikabt f` fvar

:1,333 stueabts ms f` tga `mii ?3=: sakastar. Jifsa tf

73% f` tgasa stueabts inva nb f`` jmkpus gfusnbh.

Xgab samrjgnbh `fr tga rnhgt mpmrtkabt jfkpiax,

tgara mra twf kmlfr `mjtfrs tgmt nbìuabja m stueabt„s

eajnsnfb- tga jfst f` rabt mbe nts prfxnknty tf jmkpus.

Kfst stueabts wmbt tf spabe tga iamst mkfubt f`

kfbay, out gmva tga amsnast mjjass tf jmkpus. Ky

rasamrjg stuey mnks tf meerass tgns sntumtnfb. Efas mb

mpmrtkabt jfkpiax„s prfxnknty tf tga Uaxms Ztmta

Qbnvarsnty jmkpus gmva mb a`àjt fb tga jfst f` rabt6

Uga buii gypftgasns ns tgmt tgara ns bf raimtnfbsgnp

oatwaab mb mpmrtkabt„s enstmbja `rfk jmkpus mbe

tga jfst f` rabt.

Nb frear tf mbswar tgns quastnfb, N jgfsa ?5

en`àrabt mpmrtkabt jfkpiaxas mrfube tga jnty mbe

`fube tga mvarmha jfst f` rabt mt amjg ifjmtnfb. @fr

tga mpmrtkabt saiajtnfb, N kmea sura tf jgffsa

mpmrtkabts `rfk kuitnpia mrams f` Zmb Kmrjfs mbe

vmrnfus enstmbjas `rfk tga Uaxms Ztmta jmkpus. Fbja

N gme mb avabiy enstrnoutae hrfup f` mpmrtkabts, N

utninzaevmrnfus

mpmrtkabt

samrjg

waosntas tf

fotmnb tga

prnjas f` m fba, twf, mbe tgraa oaerffk mpmrtkabt mt

tga jfkpiax. @fr tga twf mbe tgraa oaerffk

mpmrtkabts, N `fube tga jfst f` rabt par oaerffk. Uf

hat tga emtm tgmt wms usae, N `fube tga fvarmii prnja

`fr amjg mpmrtkabt jfkpiax oy `nbenbh tga mvarmha f`

tga fba, twf, mbe tgraa oaerffk prnjas. N misf baaeae

tf `nbe tga enstmbjas f` amjg jfkpiax `rfk m

jabtrminzae ifjmtnfb fb jmkpus. Uf ef tgns, N `fube

tga meerass `fr amjg mpmrtkabt jfkpiax mbe usae

Hffhia Kmps tf hat tga enstmbja nb knias. N nbsartae

tga prnjas mbe tga enstmbja `fr amjg jfkpiax nb mb

Axjai spramesgaat.

N misf usae tga mpmrtkabt meerassas mbe

pifttae tgak fb m rahnfbmi kmp f` Zmb Kmrjfs nb

frear tf sgfw tga spmtnmi enstrnoutnfb.

Axjai spramesgaat wntg mpmrtkabt jfst mbe enstmbja `rfk

tga Uaxms Ztmta jmkpus.

Oy< Daisay Eabbns

Zabnfr Qromb mbe _ahnfbmi Simbbnbh

stueabt mt Uaxms Ztmta Qbnvarsnty.



?>

Uga `nrst katgfe f` mbmiysns N jfbeujtae wms

`nbenbh tga z-sjfras f` tga en`àrabt smkpias. N `fube

tga mvarmha f` tga prnjas f` tga jfkpiaxas oy meenbh

tgak tfhatgar mbe envnenbh oy ?5- tga bukoar f`

smkpias nb tga emtm sat. N tgab usae tga mvarmha tf

`nbe tga stmbemre eavnmtnfb f` tga emtm

sat usnbh tga `frkuim

Oy `nbenbh tga mvarmha mbe tga stmbemre eavnmtnfb, N

wms moia tf usa tga vmiuas tf `nbe tga

z-sjfra `rfk tga `frkuim

Baxt, N `fube tga jfb`neabja nbtarvmis

mt >1% mbe >>%. Mhmnb, N usae tga mvarmha vmiua mbe

tga stmbemre eavnmtnfb mbe piuhhae tgak nbtf tga

`frkuim. @fr tga >1% jfb`neabja nbtarvmi tast, N usae

m z-vmiua f` =.>0 mbe `fr tga >>% tast, N usae m z-

vmiua f` ?.17. Imstiy, N jgfsa tf rub m inbamr

rahrassnfb tast. N jgfsa tgns stmtnstnjmi tast oajmusa N

mk tastnbh `fr m raimtnfbsgnp oatwaab twf vmrnmoias- prnja mbe enstmbja. N usae Axjai tf `frkuimta m

rahrassnfb inba mbe `nbe tga r¿-vmiua mbe p-vmiua.

Xntg nbtarpratnbh z-sjfras, N mk astnkmtnbh

gfw indaiy nt ns tf fjjur nb m smkpia f` emtm. @fr

axmkpia, tga `nrst z-sjfra tgmt wms jmijuimtae mt 3.15.

Oajmusa nt ns pfsntnva, nt ns raàrrnbh tf tga mram tf tga

rnhgt f` tga kamb fb m hrmpg. Qsnbh m z-tmoia, N wms

moia tf eatarknba tgmt ?=% f` mii tga sjfras nb tga

enstrnoutnfb `mii nb tgns mram. Uga baxt tast tgmt wms

jfbeujtae wms tga jfb`neabja nbtarvmi tast. N `fube

tgmt tgara ns m >1% jgmbja tgmt tga jfst f` mb

mpmrtkabt wnii oa oatwaab $11:.51 mbe $050.:>.

Indawnsa, tgara ns m >>% jgmbja tgmt tga jfst wnii oa

oatwaab $1:7.80 mbe $00=.37. @fr tga imst tast, N wmsmoia tf `nbe mb r¿ vmiua f` 3.:7:. N misf `fube tga p-

vmiua tf oa 3.33=05>. Nb raàrabja tf r¿ vmiuas, tga

gnhgar tga vmiua, tga oattar tga kfeai `nts yfur emtm.

M p-vmiua ns mb fosarvae snhbn`njmbja iavai. Nt

prfvneas tga indaingffe tgmt tga rasuits mra rami mbe

ene bft fjjur oy jgmbja. Uga p-vmiua f` 3.33=05>

kambs tgmt tgara ns m >>.>>7 parjabt jgmbja tgmt tga

raimtnfbsgnp oatwaab jfst mbe enstmbja ns rami. Nb tga

hrmpg f` tga inbamr rahrassnfb inba, enstmbja ns tga

nbeapabeabt vmrnmoia mbe ns `fube mifbh tga x-mxns.

Uga prnja par mpmrtkabt ns tga eapabeabt vmrnmoia mbe

ns ifjmtae mifbh tga y-mxns.

Oajmusa f` tga r¿-vmiua mbe tga inbamr

rahrassnfb inba, tga emtm sgfws tgmt tgara ns m

raimtnvaiy strfbh bahmtnva raimtnfbsgnp oatwaab tga

jfst f` mb mpmrtkabt mbe nts prfxnknty tf tga Uaxms

Ztmta Qbnvarsnty jmkpus. Ugara`fra, N jmb ralajt ky

buii gypftgasns tgmt tgara ns bf raimtnfbsgnp oatwaab

mb mpmrtkabt„s enstmbja `rfk jmkpus mbe tga jfst f`

rabt. Uga rasuits gmva sgfwb tgmt tgara ns nb `mjt m

raimtnfbsgnp oatwaab tga twf. Ms tga enstmbja `rfk

jmkpus nbjramsas, tga jfst tf rabt mb mpmrtkabt

eajramsas. Ugara mra sfka fppfrtubntnas `fr ùrtgarrasamrjg. Fba jfuie jfbeujt tgns stuey `fr ftgar

ubnvarsnty jmkpusas mjrfss tga Qbntae Ztmtas. Ugns

wfuie f`àr kfra emtm mbe gaip tf hnva kfra prajnsa

rasuits. Mbftgar fptnfb ns tf jfbeujt tga stuey nb m

imrhar jnty. Ugns jmb prfvnea `fr m imrhar smkpia.

Ifjmtnfb f` mpmrtkabt jfkpiaxas.

\-sjfras `fr amjg jfkpiax mbe tganr jfrraspfbenbh

enstrnoutnfbs.Hrmpg f` inbamr rahrassnfb.



Zpmtnmi Mbmiysns f` Kmrdatnbh @fjus `fr Zgaii _ftaiim ’Zupar_nhs‛ Avabt

:3

Zpmtnmi Mbmiysns f`Kmrdatnbh @fjus `fr

Zgaii _ftaiim’Zupar_nhs‛ Avabt

MQUGF

Hafhrmpgy gms kmby `fjusas wgnjg miifw

nbenvneumis tf stuey tga wfrie mrfube us nb

spmtnmi tarks. Xntg tga mevabt f` HNZ, mbe tga

avab kfra rajabt surha f` MrjHNZ sf`twmra,Hafhrmpgars mra oahnbbnbh tf `nbe bft fbiy m

baw wmy tf qumbtntmta tganr emtm mbe axprass

nt `fr ftgars tf vnaw, out jfkpiataiy baw

mvabuas wntg wgnjg tgay jmb raprasabt tganr

wfrd.

Zujg ns tga jmsa nb tgns mrtnjia,

ms tga mutgfr wnii saad tf

`fiifw mb mvabua kfst

hafhrmpgars wfuieb„t avab

jfbsnear nb m spmtnmi mbmiysns

mbe stmtnstnjs stuey4 oy hnvnbh

mb nb eaptg iffd nbtf

kmrdatnbh. Kmrdatnbh, wgnia

saaknbhiy kfra tnae tfousnbass, gms oajfka mb

assabtnmi jrux f` tga HNZ `naie,

ms nt ns assabtnmi `fr onh

ousnbassas tf usa tga

tajgbfifhy nb frear tf `nbe

wgnjg justfkars tf jmtar tf,

mbe wgara.

Xntg tgmt oanbh smne, tga

quastnfb tga mutgfr msdae

wms m raimtnvaiy

strmnhgt`frwmre fba< wgara wfuie m pfstmi

kmrdatnbh jmkpmnhb mnkae mt spajn`njmiiy

jimss-7 onh rnh ernvars oa kfst prueabt mbe

a``njnabt6 Kfra pmrtnjuimriy, wgmt mram

futsnea f` Jgmriftta Kftfr Zpaaewmy (wgara

tga avabt ns ifjmtae) gms tga gnhgast

jfbjabtrmtnfb f` meerassas rahnstarae tf

trujd ernvars6 Nb tga bmka f` a``njnabjy, tga

mutgfr spajn`njmiiy sfuhgt tf mbmiyza tgfsa

fbiy rahnstarae nb m =33-knia rmenus mrfubetga trmjd (wgnjg ns ifjmtae nb Jfbjfre, BJ),

ms tgasa wfuie oa tga kfst indaiy tf vnsnt tga

avabt eua tf tnka jfbstrmnbts mbe kfbay.

Mofut tga MutgfrLmjfo Xmtarkmb ns m

sabnfr mt Uaxms Ztmta

Qbnvarsnty wntg m kmlfr

nb Hafhrmpgy, m knbfr

nb Nbtarbmtnfbmi

Ztuenas, mbe wfrdnbh

tfwmres jartn`njmtnfb nbHNZ. Lmjfo gms trmvaiae

tf kuitnpia jfubtrnas nb

tga wfrie, mbe kfst f`

tga jfbtnhufus Q.Z., mii

f` wgnjg gms

`fstarae m

ifva `fr mii

tgnbhs

hafhrmpgy.

Ga gfpas tf hmnb raiavmbt wfrd nb

mb BHF, fr tga Ztmta Eapmrtkabt

upfb hrmeumtnfb bft fbiy tf utninza

tga sdniis ga„s iamrbae nb HNZ, out tf

smtns`y gns urha tf trmvai mbeensjfvar baw juituras.

Uga ]uastnfb

Fba f` tga kmby trujds tf oa

luehae mt tga ’oamuty‛ jfbtast im

yamr nb Ufkmg, XN. (Sgftf

jfurtasy f` Sfpuimr Kajgmbnjs)



pmtnmi Mbmiysns f` Kmrdatnbh @fjus `fr Zgaii _ftaiim ’Zupar_nhs‛ Avabt

:=

Uga Zgaii _ftaiim® Zupar_nhs avabt ns m

yamriy avabt spfbsfrae oy tga Zgaii FniJfkpmby wgnjg saads tf bft fbiy jaiaormtaonh rnh trujd ernvars, out misf tf miifw tgaktf jfkpata nb m trujd ’oamuty jfbtast‛ `frprnzas, ms waii ms `fr tga ablfykabt f` tgahabarmi puoinj wgf jfkas tf spajtmta tgaavabt. Ugara mra m vmrnaty f en``arabtavabts nb wgnjg jfbtastmbts jmb jfkpata nb,rubbnbh fb `fr :-5 emys nb jfbhruabja wntg`raa jfbjarts, vabefr offtgs, pmrmeas, mbeavab `nrawfrds.

@fr ?3=5, tga avabt wms jgfsab tf oa gaienb amriy Kmy nb Jfbjfre, Bfrtg Jmrfinbm (ntjgmbhas ifjmtnfbs amjg yamr) mt tga ravaraeJgmriftta Kftfr Zpaaewmy, nb jfbhruabjawntg tga BMZJM_ avabt oanbh gaie mt tgasmka tnka. Znbja tga mutgfr f` tgns prflajt„s`mtgar rubs tga abtnra avabt, mbe snbja tgamutgfr gms wfrdae nb tga avabt `fr tga pmst5 yamrs mifbhsnea gnk, nt saakae fbiyifhnjmi tf jfbbajt tga prflajt mbe avabt

tfhatgar bft fbiy tf gmva m prflajt wntgmjtumi raiavmbja, out misf tf pftabtnmiiymiifw Zgaii tf jfbsnear nb rami tnka wgabsabenbh fut mb mjtumi kmrdatnbh jmkpmnhb.Xgnia Zupar_nhs ermws jfkpatntfrs mbespajtmtfrs `rfk mii mjrfss tga bmtnfb, mbeavab Jmbmem, m hffe pfrtnfb f` tgapmrtnjnpmbts mra `rfk tga habarmi rahnfb f`tga avabt, mbe avab kfra sf, `rfk tga stmtawgnjg nt ns ifjmtae nb, kmdnbh tga tmrhatnbh f`Bfrtg Jmrfinbnmb trujd ernvars tgmt kujgkfra assabtnmi.

Oy usnbh spmtnmi mbmiysns nb kmrdatnbh tarks

fba mees m wgfia baw enkabsnfb tf tga

stuey f` HNZ. Nb tga mbmiyzmtnfb f` kmrdatnb

eakfhrmpgnjs tgrfuhg HNZ, jfkpmbnas jmb

smva tgfusmbes f` efiimrs tgmt wfuie

ftgarwnsa oa spabt fb nb-a``njnabt kmrdatnb

strmtahnas. Oaifw, tga mutgfr wnii niiustrmta

tga staps wntg wgnjg tf hiamb tga kfst

prmjtnjmi mram tf `fjus m jmkpmnhb fb.

Emtm ZfurjasBfrtg Jmrfinbm Jabtar `fr Hafhrmpgnj Nb`frkmtnfb mbe Mbmiysns, ?33?. \np Jfea Umouimtnfbs.

gttp<//emtm.bjfbakmp.jfk/hafpfrtmi/jmtmifh/samrjg/rasfurja/eatmnis.pmha6uune;%8O=A0A=:87-@J0?-57A7-70?:->O@@J>538MJ5%8E,

mjjassae Mprni =3, ?3=5.

NGZ Mutfkftnva (ernvab oy Sfid) . Jimss-7 _ahnstrmbts nb =33 Knias f` Jgmriftta Kftfr Zpaaewmy. gttps<//www.pfid.jfk/, mjjassae Mprni

>, ?3=5.

Omjdhrfube

http://data.nconemap.com/geoportal/catalog/search/resource/details.page?uuid=%7B1E6E1378-FC62-48E8-8623-9BFFC9407AC4%7D





pmtnmi Mbmiysns f` Kmrdatnbh @fjus `fr Zgaii _ftaiim ’Zupar_nhs‛ Avabt

:?

Qtninznbh tga `fiifwnbh staps<

=. Xa mee emtm `fr znp-jfea

omsakmps `fr Bfrtg Jmrfinbm,

jramta m imyar tgmt abjfkpmssas

\NS jfeas wntgnb tga =33-knia

rmbha f` Jgmriftta Kftfr

Zpaaewmy (JKZ), mbe mee nb tga

rahnstrmbt emtm `rfk Axjai tf

MrjKmp.

?. Xa lfnb tga Axjai emtm tf tga znp-

jfea imyar sf wa kmy mbmiyza

jfbjabtrmtnfb.

:. Xa sat tga pfnbt `fr JKZ vnm tgaaent ùbjtnfb nb znp jfea ?73?8

(wgara nt„s ifjmtae) nb frear tf ef m

ou`àr mbmiysns f` up tf 81 knias.

5. Xa pift tga pfnbts nb tga aent

ùbjtnfb nb mrams wntg mt iamst :33

trujd rahnstrmbts (saa kmp mofva)

mbe par`frk m bamrast banhgofr

tast nb frear tf absura tgmt tga

enstrnoutnfb f` ernvars ns bft

rmbefkiy ensparsae, absurnbh tgmt

m kmrdatnbh jmkpmnhb wnii oa

sujjassùi.

1. Xa tgab par`frk m Hatns-Fre H*

tast nb frear tf eatarknba axmjtiy

wgara tga gnhgast jfbjabtrmtnfb

trujd ernvars mra ifjmtae.

0. Omsae fb tgns, n` mii tga tasts mra

jfbjurrnbh, wa nbàrabja tga mram

wgnjg gms tga hramtast

jfbjabtrmtnfb mbe ns nb tga

nbjiusnfb rmenn.

Xntg mii f` tgasa tasts rmb tfhatgar, wa jmb

absura tgmt wa bft fbiy jgffsa tga mram wn

tga gnhgast mvarmha bukoar f` rahnstrmbts,

out misf wntg tga gnhgast eabsnty. Nt sgfuie

bftae tgmt sfka pfiyhfbs mra akpty eua tf

m imjd f` emtm mbe/fr rahnstrmbts nb tga \NS-

jfea.

Katgfes

Kmp Zgfwnbh _ahnstarae \np Jfeas nb =33-Knia \fba Xgnjg Jfbtmnb mt Iamst :33 Jimss-7 _ahnstarae Ernvars



Zpmtnmi Mbmiysns f` Kmrdatnbh @fjus `fr Zgaii _ftaiim ’Zupar_nhs‛ Avabt

::

Omsae fb tga ou`àr mbmiysns, tga mutgfr

nkkaenmtaiy hiambae tgmt tga gnhgast

mvarmha bukoar f` jimss-7 trujd ernvars wms

tga gnhgast wntgnb tga ?1-knia rmenus f`

Jgmriftta Kftfr Zpaaewmy. Gfwavar, tgnsmifba efas bft bajassmrniy nbenjmta tga oast

rmbha `fr tga kmrdatnbh jmkpmnhb, ms nt jmb

oa axpajtae tgmt tga skmiiar tga rmenus, tga

gnhgar tga jfbjabtrmtnfb/mvarmha. Ms yfu hf

fut nbtf imrhar rmenn, nt jmb fbiy oa axpajtae

tgmt tga bukoar wnii eajramsa. Ms sujg, wgnia

m hffe stmrtnbh pfnbt `fr tga mbmiysns sgfws

tgmt tga imttar twf tasts mra stnii bajassmry.

Baxt, wntg tga rasuits f` tga bamrast banhgofr

tast, tga z-sjfra wms `fube tf oa ?.5>, wgnjg

kambt tgmt tga znp-jfeas wntg fvar :33

rahnstrmbts wara `mnriy avabiy ensparsae, mbe

ms sujg, tga mutgfr jfuie smàiy smy tgmt mkmrdatnbh jmkpmnhb wfuie oa kfra a``njnabt

tgmb nt wfuie oa n` tga pfnbts wara rmbefkiy

ensparsae nb tga =33-knia zfba (tgfuhg bft

ms a`àjtnva n` tgay wara jiustarae).

Xntg tga dbfwiaeha tgmt tga pfnbts wara

`mnriy avabiy ensparsae, tga mutgfr tgab

sfuhgt tf ensjfvar wgnjg pfnbts wara, mt tga

iamst, jifsast tf amjg ftgar nb tga zfba.

Ugrfuhg tga Hatns-Fre H* (ftgarwnsa

dbfwb ms Gft Zpft mbmiysns), fba jmb vnaw

tgmt tga imrhast

jiustar f` jimss-7

trujd ernvars

rahnstarae nb Bfrtg

Jmrfinbm inas nb tga

bfrtgamst pfrtnfb

f` tga =33 knia

zfba (omsae fb tga

imrhast mkfubt f`

znp jfeas wntg m

Hn\ Zjfra ubear

tga stmbemre

eavnmtnfb f` ?.17).

Xntg mii tgns

mbmiysns, tga mutgfr

jmka tf tga

jfbjiusnfb tgmt `fr

m kmrdatnbh

strmtahy mnkae mt

jimss-7 trujd

ernvars nb tga

habarmi =33 knia

mram mrfube

Jgmriftta Kftfr

Zpaaewmy, tga

oast zfba f` mttmjd

(sf tf spamd) wfuie oa nb tga bfrtgamst

pfrtnfb f` tgns zfba. Xgnia nt jmb oa hrmbtae

tgmt trujd ernvars ef trmvai f`tab mbe mra bft

bajassmrniy mt gfka tf oaba`nt `rfk tga

strmtahy, tga kara `mjt tgmt sf kmby gmva

rahnstarae meerassas nb tgns mram, jfkpmraetf tga rast, hnvas mevabt tf tga oaina` tgmt tga

`mkninas f` tga ernvars jmb stnii oa a`àjtae oy

tga jmkpmnhb. Xfre-f`-kfutg ns m pfwarùi

tffi, mbe n` fba `mkniy hfas, tgab kuitnpia

ftgars jmb oa nbìuabjae nb tga

prfjass. Xgnia m kmninbh

jmkpmnhb nb tga ?1-knia rmenus

wfuie saak kfra a`àjtnva fb

tga sur`mja eua tf tga ou`àr

mbmiysns, tga mutgfr fbja mhmnb

hfas tf tga jfbjapt f`

a``njnabjy mbe mevnsas tgmt nb

mb mram tgmt skmii, m kfra vnrmi

jmkpmnhb (sujg ms pfstars,oniiofmres, atj.) wfuie oa kfra

suntae, wgnia tga jiustar nb tga

bfrtg-amst oa tga trua tmrhat f`

m kmninbh jmkpmnhb.


Hnvab tga z-sjfra f` ?.5>, tgarans m iass tgmb 1% indaingffe tgmt

tgns ensparsae pmttarb jfuie oatga rasuit f rmbefk jgmbja.

Gftspft Mbmiysns f` Jimss-7 _ahnstarae

Ernvar nb =33-Knia \fba



:5

UAW Z ZU UA

HAFH_ SGNJ

ZS_NBH?3=5

Nb tga Harkmb prfvnbja f` Zjgiaswnh-Gfistanb, nb tga Hfttfr` jmstia nb tga `frkar jmpntmi jnty f`

Zjgiaswnh, tgara ns m rajramtnfb f` mb =7tg jabtury hifoa. Uga Hifoa Gfusa ( Hifousgmus ) snts nb tga

`nrst tarrmjae hmreab nb bfrtgarb Aurfpa, mbe tga hifoa iffds fut fvar tga hmreab mbe tfwmres tga

Omitnj Zam.

Uga hifoa ns imrha ‚ imrha abfuhg tf jinko nbsnea wgara fba jmb vnaw tga jaiastnmi spgara f` stmrs mbe

jfbstaiimtnfbs ms tga hifoa turbs. Nt„s m kmhbn`njabt wfrd f` mrt mbe tajgbfifhy, mbe nt raprasabts tga

juiknbmtnfb f` tga wfrie„s hafhrmpgnjmi dbfwiaeha nb tga =7tg jabtury.

Ufemy, nb tga ?=st

jabtury, hafhrmpgars gmva axpmbeae fur jrm`t tf akpify tfemy„s kfearb amrtg-turbnbh tajgbfifhnas ‚ smtaiintas, HSZ, HNZ, mbe tga Nbtarbat. Xgatgar nt„s `nbenbh tga neami pimja tf

inva fr prftajtnbh gmontmt `fr wniein`a, hafhrmpgars jfbtnbua tf wfrd tf sfiva tfemy„s prassnbh wfrie

prfoiaks. Xa„va oaab piamsae tf ornbh yfu tga wfrd f` tga baxt habarmtnfb f` hafhrmpgars ‚ tgfsa

wgfsa jrm`ts wnii jfbtnbua tf axpmbe fur dbfwiaeha f` tga wfrie mbe fur pimja nb nt.

Uga rajramtae Hifoa nb Zjgiaswnh. FSSFZNUA< Uyjgf Ormga„s kfeai hifoa. (Zfurja< Xndnkaenm Jfkkfbs)

Texas State Geographic Spring 2014

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Transcript of Texas State Geographic Spring 2014