Texas Ranger Division

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TxDPS, Texas Ranger DivisionTexas

Patch of the TxDPS, Texas Ranger Division.

Logo of the TxDPS, Texas Ranger Division.

Agency overview

Formed October 17, 1835

Preceding agency Texas State Police

Legal personality Governmental: Government

agency

Jurisdictional structure

Operations

jurisdiction*

U.S. state of Texas, USA

Map of TxDPS, Texas Ranger Division's jurisdiction.

Size 268,820 square miles

(696,240 km2)

Texas Ranger DivisionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Texas Rangers (disambiguation).

The Texas Ranger Division, commonly called theTexas Rangers, is a law enforcement agency withstatewide jurisdiction in Texas, and is based in Austin,Texas. Over the years, the Texas Rangers haveinvestigated crimes ranging from murder to politicalcorruption, acted as riot police and as detectives,protected the Governor of Texas, tracked downfugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force at theservice of both the Republic (183645) and the stateof Texas.

The Texas Rangers were unofficially created byStephen F. Austin in a call-to-arms written in 1823and were first headed by Captain Morris. Ten yearslater, on August 10, 1835 Daniel Parker introduced aresolution to the Permanent Council creating a body

of rangers to protect the border.[3] The unit wasdissolved by the federal authorities during thepostCivil War Reconstruction Era, but was quicklyreformed upon the reinstitution of home government.Since 1935, the organization has been a division ofthe Texas Department of Public Safety; it fulfills therole of Texas's state bureau of investigation. As of2009, there were 144 commissioned members of the

Ranger force.[4]

The Rangers are the oldest state law enforcementbody in the United States. The Rangers have takenpart in many of the most important events of Texashistory, and were involved in some of the best-knowncriminal cases in the history of the Old West, such asthose of gunfighter John Wesley Hardin, bank robberSam Bass, and outlaws Bonnie and Clyde. Scores ofbooks have been written about the Rangers, fromwell-researched works of nonfiction to pulp novelsand other such fiction, making the Rangers significantparticipants in the mythology of the Wild West. TheLone Ranger, for perhaps the best-known example ofTexas Ranger-derived fiction, draws his primary aliasboth from having once been a Texas Ranger himselfand from being the only surviving member of a posse



Population 24,326,974 (2008 est.)[1]

General natureLaw enforcement

Civilian police

Operational structure

Headquarters Austin, Texas

Texas Rangers 150[2]

Support Employees 66[2]

Agency executive Kirby Dendy, Chief

Parent agency Texas Department of Public

Safety

Companys 8

Website

Official Texas Rangers website

(http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/texas_rangers/)

Footnotes

* Divisional agency: Division of the country, over which the agency

has usual operational jurisdiction.

of six Texas Rangers whose other five members(including his own older brother, a Texas Rangerscaptain) were killed in a massacre at Bryant's Gap.

During their long history, a distinct Ranger traditionhas evolved; their cultural significance to Texians andlater Texans is such that they are legally protected

against disbandment.[5] There is a museum dedicatedto the Texas Rangers in Waco, Texas.

Contents

1 History

2 Old West image

2.1 "One Riot, One Ranger"

3 High-profile cases

3.1 Sam Bass

3.2 John Wesley Hardin

3.3 Bonnie and Clyde

4 Duties

5 Organization

6 Badges and uniforms

7 Hall of Fame and Museum

8 Fallen officers

9 See also

10 Notes

11 References

12 External links

History

Main article: History of the Texas Ranger Division

The rangers were founded in 1823, when Stephen F. Austin, father of Texas, employed ten men to act as rangersto protect 600 to 700 newly settled families who arrived in Texas following the Mexican War of Independence.While there is some discussion as to when Austin actually employed men as "rangers", Texas Ranger lore dates the

year of their organization to this event.[6] The Texas Rangers were formally constituted in 1835 and, in November,Robert McAlpin Williamson was chosen to be the first Major of the Texas Rangers. Within two years the Rangerscomprised more than 300 men.



An early depiction of a group of

Texas Rangers, c. 1845

Following the Texas Revolution and the creation of the Republic of Texas, newly elected president Mirabeau B.Lamar raised a force of 56 Rangers to fight the Cherokee and the Comanche, partly in retaliation for the support

they had given the Mexicans at the Cordova Rebellion against the Republic.[7] Ten rangers were killed in the Battle

of Stone Houses in 1837.[8] The size of the Ranger force was increased from 56 to 150 men by Sam Houston,President of the Republic, in 1841.

The Rangers continued to participate in skirmishes with Indians through1846, when the annexation of Texas within the United States and theMexicanAmerican War in 1846 saw several companies of Rangersmustered into federal service. They played important roles at variousbattles, acting as guides and participating in guerrilla warfare, soonestablishing a fearsome reputation among both Mexicans and Americans.At the Battle of Monterrey in September 1846, famous Texas Rangerssuch as John Coffee "Jack" Hays, Ben McCulloch, Bigfoot Wallace, andSamuel Hamilton Walker played important roles in the battle, to includeadvising General William Jenkins Worth on the tactics required to fightinside a Mexican city. Richard Addison Gillespie, a famed Texas Ranger,died at Monterrey, and General Worth renamed a hill "Mount Gillespie"

after him.[9] Colonel Hayes organized a second regiment of TexasRangers, including Rip Ford, which fought with General Winfield Scott in

his Mexico City Campaign.[10]:60

John Jackson Tumlinson Sr., the first alcalde of the Colorado district, is considered by many Texas Ranger

historians to be the first Texas Ranger killed in the line of duty.[11] Following the end of the war in 1848, theRangers were largely disbanded, but the election of Hardin Richard Runnels as governor in 1857 meant $70,000

was allocated to fund the Rangers under John Salmon "Rip" Ford,[10]:223 a veteran of the Mexican war. The now100-strong Rangers participated in campaigns against the Comanche and other tribes, whose raids against thesettlers and their properties had become common. Ford and his Rangers fought the Comanche in the Battle of Little

Robe Creek in 1858 and then Juan Cortina in the Battle of Rio Grande City the following year.[10]:236,275

The success of a series of campaigns in the 1860s marked a turning point in Rangers' history. The U.S. Army couldprovide only limited and thinly stretched protection in the enormous territory of Texas. In contrast, the Rangers'effectiveness when dealing with these threats convinced both the people of the state and the political leaders that awell-funded and organized local Ranger force was essential. Such a force could use the deep familiarity with theterritory and the proximity with the theater of operations as major advantages in its favor. This option was not

pursued in the light of the emerging national political problems, and the Rangers were again dissolved.[12]

Many Rangers enlisted to fight for the Confederacy following the secession of Texas from the United States in 1861during the American Civil War. In 1870, during the Reconstruction, the Rangers were briefly replaced by a Union-

controlled version called the Texas State Police, disbanded only three years later in 1873.[13] The state election of

1873 saw newly elected Governor Richard Coke and the state legislature recommission the Rangers.[14][15] Duringthese times, many of the Rangers' myths were born, such as their success in capturing or killing notorious criminalsand desperados (including bank robber Sam Bass and gunfighter John Wesley Hardin), their involvement in theMason County War, the Horrell-Higgins Feud, and their decisive role in the defeat of the Comanche, Kiowa andApache peoples. The Apache "dreaded the Texas Rangers...whose guns were always loaded and whose aim wasunerring; they slept in the saddle and ate while they rode, or done without...when they took up our trail they



Capt. Monroe Fox and two other

Rangers on horseback with their

lariats around the bodies of dead

Mexican bandits, after the Las Norias

Bandit Raid October 8, 1915

followed it determinedly and doggedly day and night."[16] Also during these years, the Rangers suffered the onlydefeat in their history when they surrendered at the Salinero Revolt in 1877. Despite the fame of their deeds, theconduct of the Rangers during this period was questionable. In particular, Leander H. McNelly and his men usedruthless methods that often rivaled the brutality of their opponents, such as taking part in summary executions and

confessions induced by torture and intimidation.[17]

The Rangers next saw serious action during the Mexican Revolution thatbegan in 1910 against President Porfirio Daz. The breakdown of lawand order on the Mexican side of the border, coupled with the lack offederal military forces, meant the Rangers were once again called upon torestore and maintain law and order, by any necessary means. However,the situation necessitated the appointment of hundreds of new specialRangers by the state, which neglected to carefully screen aspiringmembers. The Rangers were responsible for several incidents, ending inthe 1918 massacre of the male population (15 Mexican men and boysranging in age from 16 to 72 years) of the tiny community of Porvenir,Texas on the Mexican border in western Presidio County. Before thedecade was over, thousands of lives were lost, Texans and Mexicansalike. In January 1919, an investigation by the Texas Legislature foundthat from 300 to 5,000 people, mostly of Hispanic descent, had beenkilled by Rangers from 1910 to 1919, and that members of the Rangers

had been involved in many acts of brutality and injustice.[18] The Rangerswere reformed by a resolution of the Legislature in 1919, which saw the special Ranger groups disbanded and acomplaints system instituted.

The Great Depression forced both the federal and state governments to cut down on personnel and funding of theirorganizations, and the number of commissioned officers was reduced to 45, and the only means of transportationafforded to Rangers were free railroad passes, or using their personal horses. The agency was again damaged aftersupporting Governor Ross Sterling in his re-election campaignbut after his opponent Miriam Amanda "Ma"Ferguson won, she proceeded to discharge all serving Rangers in 1933.

The ensuing disorganization of law enforcement in the state caused the Legislature to engage a firm of consultants toreorganize the state security agencies. The consultants recommended merging the Rangers with the Texas HighwayPatrol under a new agency called the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS). This change took place in 1935,with an initial budget of $450,000. With minor rearrangements over the years, the 1935 reforms have ruled theTexas Rangers' organization until present day. Hiring new members, which had been largely a political decision, wasachieved through a series of examinations and merit evaluations. Promotion relied on seniority and performance inthe line of duty. Today, the historical importance and symbolism of the Texas Rangers is such that they are

protected by statute from being disbanded.[19]

Old West image

From its earliest days, the Rangers were surrounded with the mystique of the Old West. Although popular culture'simage of the Rangers is typically one of rough living, tough talk and a quick draw, Ranger Captain John "Rip" Forddescribed the men who served him thus:



Texas Rangers gathered at El Paso

to stop the illegal Maher

Fitzsimmons fight, 1896. At the

front row from the left are Adj.

General W Mabry, and Capts. J

Hughes, J Brooks, Bill McDonald

(author of the famous phrase) and

J Rogers.

A large proportion ... were unmarried. A few of them drank intoxicating liquors. Still, it was acompany of sober and brave men. They knew their duty and they did it. While in a town they made nobraggadocio demonstration. They did not gallop through the streets, shoot, and yell. They had a

specie of moral discipline which developed moral courage. They did right because it was right.[20]

As it happened with many Old West myths like Billy the Kid or Wyatt Earp, the Rangers' legendary aura was inpart a result of the work of sensationalistic writers and the contemporary press, who glorified and embellished theirdeeds in an idealized manner. While some Rangers could be considered criminals wearing badges by a modern

observer, many documented tales of bravery and selflessness are also intertwined in the group's history.[21]

Despite the age of the agency, and the many contributions they have made to law enforcement over their entirehistory, Texas Rangers developed most of their reputation during the days of the Old West. Of the 79 Rangerskilled in the line of duty, thirty were killed during the Old West period of 1858 through 1901. Also during thisperiod, two of their three most high-profile captures or killings took place, the capture of John Wesley Hardin and

the killing of Sam Bass, in addition to the capture of Texas gunman Billy Thompson and others.[22]

American historian Andrew Graybill has argued that the Texas Rangers resemble the Royal Canadian MountedPolice in many ways. He argues that each organization protected the established order by confining and removingIndians, by tightly controlling the mixed blood peoples (the African Americans in Texas, and the Mtis in Canada),assisted the large-scale ranchers against the small-scale ranchers and farmers who fenced the land, and broke the

power of labor unions that tried to organize the workers of industrial corporations.[23]

"One Riot, One Ranger"

One of the most enduring phrases associated with the Rangers today is OneRiot, One Ranger. It is somewhat apocryphal in that there was neveractually a riot; rather, the phrase was coined by Ranger Captain William"Bill" McDonald, who was sent to Dallas in 1896 to prevent the illegalheavyweight prize fight between Pete Maher and Bob Fitzsimmons that hadbeen organized by Dan Stuart, and patronized by the eccentric "Hanging

Judge" Roy Bean.[24] According to the story, McDonald's train was met bythe mayor, who asked the single Ranger where the other lawmen were.McDonald is said to have replied: "Hell! Ain't I enough? There's only one

prize-fight!"[citation needed]

Although some measure of truth lies within the tale, it is largely an idealizedaccount written by author Bigelow Paine and loosely based on McDonald'sstatements, published in Paine's classic book Captain Bill McDonald:Texas Ranger in 1909. In truth, the fight had been so heavily publicized thatnearly every Ranger was at hand, including all the captains and theirsuperior, Adjutant General Woodford H Mabry. Many of them were not

really sure whether to stop the fight or to attend it; and in fact, other famous lawmen, such as Bat Masterson, werealso present for the occasion. The orders from the governor were clear, however, and the bout was stopped. Stuartthen tried to reorganize it in El Paso and later in Langtry, but the Rangers followed and thwarted his attempts.



Bank robber Sam Bass

Finally, the fight took place on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande near Langtry.[25] The motto appears on thepedestal of the large bronze statue of a Texas Ranger in the Love Field airport, contributed in 1961 by Mr. and

Mrs. Earle Wyatt.[citation needed]

High-profile cases

The Texas Rangers have assisted in many high-profile cases throughout the years. Most of them had a short-livedrepercussion, while others have received wide coverage by the press and writers alike. However, there are somecases that are deeply entrenched in the Rangers' lore, such as those of outlaw John Wesley Hardin, bank robberSam Bass, and Bonnie and Clyde.

Sam Bass

Main article: Sam Bass (outlaw)

In 1878, Sam Bass and his gang, who had perpetrated a series of bank andstagecoach robberies beginning in 1877, held up two stagecoaches and fourtrains within 25 miles (40 km) of Dallas. The gang quickly found themselves theobject of pursuit across North Texas by a special company of Texas Rangersheaded by Captain Junius "June" Peak. Bass was able to elude the Rangers untila member of his party, Jim Murphy, turned informer, cut a deal to save himself,and led the law to the gang. As Bass's band rode south, Murphy wrote toMajor John B. Jones, commander of the Frontier Battalion of Texas Rangers.

Jones set up an ambush at Round Rock, where the Bass gang had planned torob the Williamson County Bank. On July 19, 1878, Bass and his gang scoutedthe area before the actual robbery. They bought some tobacco at a store, andwere noticed by Williamson County Sheriff Caige Grimes, who approached thegroup and was shot and killed. A heavy gunfight ensued between the outlaws and the Rangers and local lawmen. Adeputy named Moore was mortally wounded, as was Bass. The gang quickly mounted their horses and tried toescape while continuing to fire, and as they galloped away, Bass was shot again in the back by Ranger GeorgeHerold. Bass was later found lying helpless in a pasture north of town by the authorities. They took him intocustody; he died from his wounds the next day.

John Wesley Hardin

Main article: John Wesley Hardin

One of Texas' deadliest outlaws, John Wesley Hardin, was reputed to be the meanest man alive, an accolade hesupposedly earned by killing a man for snoring. He committed his first murder at age 15, and admitted to killingmore than 40 men over 27 years. In May 1874, Hardin killed Charles Webb, the deputy sheriff of Brown Countyand a former Texas Ranger. John Barclay Armstrong, a Texas Ranger known as "McNelly's Bulldog" since heserved with the Special Force as a sergeant and Captain Leander McNelly's right hand, received permission toarrest the outlaw. He pursued Hardin across Alabama and into Florida, and caught up with him in Pensacola.



John Wesley Hardin

John Barclay Armstrong

After Armstrong, Colt pistol in hand, boarded a train that Hardin and four companions were on, the outlawshouted, "Texas, by God!" and drew his own pistol. When it was over, one of his gang members was killed, and histhree surviving friends were staring at Armstrongs pistol. Hardin had been knocked unconscious. Armstrong's hathad been pierced by a bullet, but he was uninjured. Hardin was tried for murder, convicted, and sentenced to 25years in prison. Seventeen years later, Hardin was pardoned by Governor Jim Hogg and released from prison onMarch 16, 1894. He moved to El Paso, where he began practicing law. On August 19, 1896, he was murdered

during a poker game at the Acme Saloon over a personal disagreement.[26]

Bonnie and Clyde

Main article: Bonnie and Clyde

Frank Hamer, the longtime Ranger captain, leftthe Rangers in 1932. In 1934, at the request ofCol. Lee Simmons, head of the Texas prisonsystem, Hamer was asked to use his skills totrack down Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow,whose Barrow gang had engineered asuccessful breakout of associates imprisoned atthe Eastham Prison Farm in Houston County.Prisoner and Barrow friend Joe Palmer hadkilled a guard while escaping, and the Barrowgang was responsible for many murders,robberies, and car thefts in Texas alone. Nine

law enforcement officers had already died in confrontations with the gang.

After tracking the Barrow gang across nine states, Hamer, in conjunction with officials in Louisiana, learned Bonnieand Clyde had visited a home in Bienville Parish on May 21, 1934, and that Clyde had designated a rendezvouspoint in the vicinity with gang member Henry Methvin, in case they were later separated. Methvin, allegedlycooperating with law enforcement, made sure he was separated from them that evening in Shreveport, and theposse set up an ambush along the route to the rendezvous at Highway 154, between Gibsland and Sailes. Led byformer Rangers Hamer and B. M. "Manny" Gault, the posse included Sheriff Henderson Jordan and DeputyPrentiss Oakley of Bienville Parish, Louisiana, and Dallas County Deputies Bob Alcorn and Ted Hinton. They werein place by 9:00 that night, waiting all through the next day, but with no sign of Bonnie and Clyde.

Around 9:00 a.m. on May 23, the posse, concealed in the bushes and almost ready to concede defeat, heardClyde's stolen Ford V-8 approaching. When he stopped to speak with Henry Methvin's father (planted there withhis truck that morning to distract Clyde and force him into the lane closest to the posse), the lawmen opened fire,killing Bonnie and Clyde while shooting a combined total of approximately 130 rounds. The United States

Congress awarded Hamer a special citation for trapping and killing the outlaws.[citation needed]

Duties

The duties of the Texas Ranger Division consist of conducting criminal and special investigations; apprehendingwanted felons; suppressing major disturbances; the protection of life and property; and rendering assistance to locallaw enforcement in suppressing crime and violence. The Texas Ranger Division is also responsible for the gatheringand dissemination of criminal intelligence pertaining to all facets of organized crime. The Texas Ranger Division joins



with all other enforcement agencies in the suppression of the same; under orders of the Director, suppress allcriminal activity in any given area, when it is apparent that the local officials are unwilling or unable to maintain lawand order; also upon the request or order of a judge of a court of record, Texas Rangers may serve as officers ofthe court and assist in the maintenance of decorum, the protection of life, and the preservation of property duringany judicial proceeding; and provide protection for elected officials at public functions and at any other time orplace when directed. The Texas Rangers, with the approval of the Director, may conduct investigations of any

alleged misconduct on the part of other Department of Public Safety personnel.[27]

Organization

The Texas Rangers' internal organization still maintains the basic outlines that were set in 1935. The agency isdivided into seven companies: six District Companies lettered from "A" to "F", and Headquarters Company "H".The number of personnel is set by the Texas Legislature; as of 2010, the Texas Rangers number 144 commissioned

officers, one forensic artist, one fiscal analyst and 24 civilian support personnel.[28] The Legislature has also made aprovision for the appointment of 300 Special Rangers for use in emergency situations. The statewide headquartersof the Texas Rangers is located in Austin at the Texas DPS headquarters. Since September 1, 2012, the Chief of

the Texas Rangers has been Assistant Director Kirby Dendy.[29]

The District Companies' headquarters are distributed in six geographical locations:[30]

Houston is the headquarters for Company A, commanded by Major Freeman Martin.

Garland is the headquarters for Company B, commanded by Major Dewayne Dockery.

Lubbock is the headquarters for Company C, commanded by Major Tony Bennie.

Weslaco is the headquarters for Company D, commanded by Major Shawn Palmer.

El Paso is the headquarters for Company E, commanded by Major Brooks Long.

Waco is the headquarters for Company F, commanded by Major Frank Malinak.

Division Headquarters:

Austin is the home of Headquarters, commanded by Kirby Dendy, Chief.

Badges and uniforms

Modern-day Rangers (as well as their predecessors) do not have a prescribed uniform, per se, although the Stateof Texas does provide guidelines as to appropriate Ranger attire, including a requirement that Rangers wearclothing that is western in nature. Historically, according to pictorial evidence, Rangers wore whatever clothes theycould afford or muster, which were usually worn out from heavy use. While Rangers still pay for their clothingtoday, they receive an initial stipend to offset some of the costs of boots, gunbelts and hats.

To carry out their horseback missions, Rangers adapted tack and personal gear to fit their needs. Until thebeginning of the 20th century, the greatest influence was from the vaqueros (Mexican cowboys). Saddles, spurs,ropes and vests used by the Rangers were all fashioned after those of the vaqueros. Most Rangers also preferredto wear broader-brimmed sombreros as opposed to cowboy hats, and they favored square-cut, knee-high boots



The modern-day badge of a Texas

Ranger is compared to the obverse

and reverse of a 1948 cinco pesos

coin from which it is made.

with a high heel and pointed toes, in a more Spanish style. Both groups carried their guns the same way, with theholsters positioned high around their hips instead of low on the thigh. This placement made it easier to draw and

shoot while riding a horse.[31]

The wearing of badges became more common in the late 1800s. Historians have put forth several reasons for thelack of the regular use of a badge; among them, some Rangers felt a shiny badge was a tempting target. Otherhistorians have speculated there was no real need to show a badge to a hostile Indian or outlaw. Additionally, froma historical viewpoint, a Ranger's pay was so scanty that the money required for such fancy accoutrements wasrarely available. Nevertheless, some Rangers did wear badges, and the first of these appeared around 1875. Theywere locally made and varied considerably from one to another, but they invariably represented a star cut from aMexican silver coin (usually a five-pesos coin). The design is reminiscent of Texas's Lone Star flag.

Although present-day Rangers wear the familiar "star in a wheel" badge,it was adopted officially only recently. The current design of the Rangers'badge was incorporated in 1962, when Ranger Hardy L. Purvis and hismother donated enough Mexican five-pesos coins to the DPS to providebadges for all 62 Rangers who were working at that time as

commissioned officers.[32]

Hall of Fame and Museum

Main article: Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum

The Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum opened in Waco in 1968.

Fallen officers

Since the establishment of the Texas Department of Public Safety TexasRangers Division, 108 Rangers have died in the line of duty. The following list also contains officers from the Texas

Rangers, which was merged into the Texas Department of Public Safety.[33][34]

The causes of death are as follows:



Causes of death Number of deaths

Assault 24

Automobile accident 2

Duty related illness 7

Drowned 2

Gunfire 66

Gunfire (accidental) 3

Stabbed 1

Struck by train 2

Struck by vehicle 1

See also

List of law enforcement agencies in Texas

Notes

1. ^ "2008 Population Estimates" (http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html) (xls). US Census.

Retrieved 2008-12-23.

2. ^a b " Texas Department of Public Safety - Texas Rangers" (http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/texasrangersl). Retrieved

2012-04-28.

3. ^ http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/TexasRangers/HistoricalDevelopment.htm

4. ^ http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6612379.html

5. ^ Under Texas Government Code Sec. 411.024, "The division relating to the Texas Rangers may not be abolished."

See http://www.texasranger.org/today/statutes.htm

6. ^ Cox, Mike, The Texas Rangers.

7. ^ Webb, Walter Prescott, The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense.

8. ^ odmp.org (http://www.odmp.org/officer/18578-private-lewis-f-scheuster)

9. ^ The Texas Rangers at Monterrey (http://www.battleofmonterrey.com/famoustexans.html).

BattleofMonterrey.com.

10. ^a b c Ford, J.S., 1963, Rip Ford's Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0292770340

11. ^ Transactions, Texas Lodge of Research, Captain Peter F. Tumlinson: Texian Ranger and Mason. Doyle, Brett

Laird XXXIX (20042005) 8391.

12. ^ Wilkins, Frederick, Defending the Borders: The Texas Rangers, 18481861.

13. ^ Webb, Walter Prescott, The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Justice, University of Texas Press, 1965,

second edition, pp. 219-229.

14. ^ Utley, Robert M., Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers, Berkley Books, 2003, p. 144.



References

Barrow, Blanche Caldwell & John Neal Phillips (Ed.). My Life With Bonnie & Clyde, University of

Oklahoma Press (2004). ISBN 0-8061-3625-1.

Cox, Mike. Texas Ranger Tales: Stories That Need Telling, Republic of Texas, (1998). ISBN 1-55622-

537-7

15. ^ Gillett, J.B., Six Years with the Texas Rangers, 1875-1881, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921

16. ^ Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Indians, 1870-1879, Von Beockmann-Jones Company, pp. 115-116

17. ^ Parsons, Chuck & Hall Little, Marianne E., Captain L. H. McNelly, Texas Ranger: The Life and Times of a

Fighting Man.

18. ^ Harris, Charles H. III & Sadler, Louis R., ibid.

19. ^ "The division relating to the Texas Rangers may not be abolished" . Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 147, Sec. 1,

September 1, 1987.

20. ^ Ford, John Salmon, op. cit.

21. ^ Wilkins, Frederick, The Legend Begins: The Texas Rangers, 18231845.

22. ^ "Texas Ranger Hall of Fame" (http://www.texasranger.org/ReCenter/killedlist.htm). Texasranger.org. Retrieved

2009-03-06.

23. ^ Andrew R. Graybill, Policing the Great Plains: Rangers, Mounties, and the North American Frontier, 1875-

1910 (University of Nebraska Press, 2007) excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/Policing-Great-

Plains-Mounties-1875-1910/dp/0803260024/)

24. ^ Miletich, Leo N. Dan Stuart's Fistic Carnival (College Station: Texas A&M, 1994), pp. 14758.

25. ^ Robinson, Charles, op. cit.

26. ^ John Wesley Hardin (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fha63) from the Handbook of Texas

Online. Retrieved October 12, 2005.

27. ^ "Texas Department of Public Safety - Texas Ranger Duties"

(http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/texas_rangers/jobduties.htm). Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2009-03-

06.

28. ^ "Texas Department of Public Safety - Texas Rangers Personnel"

(http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/texas_rangers/personnel.htm). Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2010-08-

31.

29. ^ "Kirby Dendy named Chief of the Texas Rangers"

(http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/public_information/pr081612a.htm). Retrieved 2012-08-19.

30. ^ http://www.texasranger.org/today/rangerstoday.htm

31. ^ Circelli, Jerry, op. cit.

32. ^ "The Texas Ranger Costume" (http://www.curtrich.com/gs.txrangcost1.html). Retrieved 2005-09-15.

33. ^ http://odmp.org/agency/3825-texas-department-of-public-safety---texas-rangers-texas

34. ^ http://odmp.org/agency/4777-texas-rangers-texas



Dishman, Christopher. "A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico," University of Oklahoma

Press (2010. 978-0806141404

Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. By Gregg Cantrell. (New Haven and London: Yale University

Press, (1999). ISBN 978-0-300-09093-2.

Ford, John Salmon. Rip Ford's Texas, University of Texas Press (1987). ISBN 0-292-77034-0.

Harris, Charles H. III & Sadler, Louis R., The Texas Rangers And The Mexican Revolution: The

Bloodiest Decade. 19101920, University of New Mexico Press (2004). ISBN 0-8263-3483-0.

Johnson, Benmamin Herber. Revolution in Texas: How a Forgotten Rebellion and Its Bloody

Suppression Turned Mexicans into Americans, Yale University Press (2003). ISBN 0-300-09425-6

Knight, James R. & Davis, Jonathan. Bonnie and Clyde: A Twenty-First-Century Update, Eakin Press

(2003). ISBN 1-57168-794-7

Miller, Rick. Texas Ranger John B. Jones and the Frontier Battalion, 1874-1881 (University of North

Texas Press; 2012) 401 pages; a history of the battalion that focuses on Jones

Parsons, Chuck & Marianne E. Hall Little. Captain L. H. McNelly, Texas Ranger: The Life and Times of

a Fighting Man, State House Press (2000). ISBN 1-880510-73-1.

Robinson, Charles. The Men Who Wear the Star: The Story of the Texas Rangers, Modern Library,

(2001). ISBN 0-375-75748-1

Webb, Walter Prescott. The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense, University of Texas Press

(1989). ISBN 0-292-78110-5

Wilkins, Frederick. Defending the Borders: The Texas Rangers, 18481861, State House Press, (2001).

ISBN 1-880510-41-3

Wilkins, Frederick. The Law Comes to Texas: The Texas Rangers 18701901, State House Press,

(1999). ISBN 1-880510-61-8.

Wilkins, Frederick. The Legend Begins: The Texas Rangers, 18231845, State House Press, (1996).

ISBN 1-880510-41-3

External links

Official Texas Rangers website (Texas Department of Public Safety)

(http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/texas_rangers/)

Official Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum (http://www.texasranger.org/)

Rangers and Sovereignty (http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5833), Published 1914, hosted

by the Portal to Texas History (http://texashistory.unt.edu/)

Texas Rangers (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/met04) from the Handbook of Texas

Online

In the Ranging Tradition: Texas Rangers in Worldwide Popular Culture

(http://www.texasranger.org/ReCenter/popular.htm).



Excerpt detailing Ranger misconduct during the Mexican-American War.

(http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/conquest3.html)

Lone Stars and Gunsmoke (http://texashistory.unt.edu/young/educators/rangers/index.shtml) a Primary

Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by The Portal to Texas History (http://texashistory.unt.edu/)

The Adventures of Big-Foot Wallace, the Texas Ranger and Hunter

(http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5831), Published 1870, hosted by the Portal to Texas

History (http://texashistory.unt.edu/)

Full text digital copy of Captain Bill McDonald, Texas ranger: a story of frontier reform

(http://collections.lib.ttu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?

CISOROOT=/htc&CISOPTR=2&CISOBOX=1&REC=2) by Paine, Albert Bigelow, 18611937

Texas Rangers at Monterrey - Battle of Monterrey.com

(http://www.battleofmonterrey.com/famoustexans.html)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Ranger_Division&oldid=607256532"

Categories: Law enforcement agencies of Texas 1823 establishments Organizations based in Austin, Texas

Texas Department of Public Safety Texas Ranger Division Ranger organizations of the United States

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Texas Ranger Division

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