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Testing and Evaluation of Energy Storage Devices

DOE Energy Storage Systems Research Program Annual Peer Review

This work was funded by the DOE Energy Storage Program

November 2-3, 2006Washington, DC

Presented by:Tom Hund,

Nancy Clark, David Johnson, and Wes BacaSandia National Laboratories

Albuquerque, NM(505) 844-8627

tdhund@sandia.gov*Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

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Introduction(Previous Work)

Sandia’s Power Sources Component Development Dept. provides unbiased energy storage testing support to the DOE Energy Storage Program.

Previous work has included supercap testing on ESMA, Maxwell, and Okamura Labs devices, and battery testing on EEI Bipolar NiMH, Cyclon VRLA, and C&D CPV vented deep-cycle lead-acid batteries.

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Introduction(FY-06 Work)

Develop test protocols for energy storage device development funded by the DOE Energy Storage Program

Test MeadWestvaco-NorthStar Battery carbon enhanced VRLA batteries

Test Electro Energy Bipolar NiMH Battery

Abuse test on symmetric carbon/carbon acetonitrile based electrolyte NessCap supercapacitors

Test SunGel VRLA battery used in the ILZRO Peru RAPS system

Supercap Abuse Testing

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Energy Storage Devices Under Test (FY-06)

•Electro Energy (Bipolar NiMH Battery)

•MeadWestvaco/NorthStar (Carbon Enhanced Negative Electrode

VRLA Battery)

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Energy Storage Devices Under Test (FY-06)

•Battery Energy (SunGel - VRLA Gel Battery

Used In The ILZRO Peru RAPS)

•NessCap(Symmetric Carbon/Carbon

Acetonitrile Based Electrolyte)

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Test Procedures

MeadWestvaco/NorthStar and Electro Energy NiMH Battery Ohmic Resistance Ragone Plot Utility Cycle Profile (ISOC)

NessCap Supercap Abuse Test (Over-voltage and Over-temperature) Analyze Vented Gases From Supercap

Battery Energy (SunGel/ILZRO Peru RAPS) Modified BCI Cycle-Life Test - Evaluate Intermediate State of

Charge (ISOC) Cycling

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MeadWestvaco/NorthStarOhmic Resistance

MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Carbon Enhanced VRLA BatteryOhmic Resistance

12.40

12.60

12.80

13.00

13.20

13.40

13.60

13.80

-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0

Amps

Volts

NSB40 / 0.004 Ohms

MWV2 / 0.003 Ohms

MWV1 / 0.0029 OhmsMWV0 / 0.0032 Ohms

1.9 ms Discharge Time

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MeadWestvaco/NorthStarRagone Plot

Ragone Plot For MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Battery

1

10

100

1000

10000

1 10 100 1000

Energy Density (Wh/l)

Pow

er D

ensi

ty (W

/l)

NSB40 MWV-StdMWVo MWV1 MWV2 Prius NiMH

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MeadWestvaco/NorthStarRagone Plot

Ragone Plot For MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Battery

1

10

100

1000

10000

1 10 100 1000

Energy Density (Wh/Kg)

Pow

er D

ensi

ty (W

/Kg)

NSB40MWV-Std.MWVo MWV1MWV2 Prius NiMH

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MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Utility Cycling

NSB40 Utility Cycle 1C 6M8/9/06

-1.50

-1.25

-1.00

-0.75

-0.50

-0.25

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

0:00:00 120:00:00 240:00:00 360:00:00 480:00:00 600:00:00

Time (h)

Volts

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

30.8 Ah 25.6 Ah

Ref Cell Pos (V)

Bat Temp (°C)

Ref Cell Neg (V)

Neg Electrode Spiking

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MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Utility Cycling

MWV1 Utility Cycle 1C 6M9/5/06

-1.50

-1.25

-1.00

-0.75

-0.50

-0.25

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

0:00:00 120:00:00 240:00:00 360:00:00 480:00:00 600:00:00

Time (h)

Volts

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

Overcharge Limited to 108%

23.3 Ah28.6 AhOver Temp 45C

Ref Cell Pos (V)

Ref Cell Neg (V)

Bat Temp (°C)

Brief Neg Spiking

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Electro Energy Bipolar NiMH

Ragone Plot

1

10

100

1000

10000

1 10 100 1000

Energy Density (Wh/l)

Pow

er D

ensi

ty (W

/l)

EEI 42V NiMHPrius 14.4V NiMHCyclon 12V VRLA

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NessCap SupercapSymmetric Carbon/Carbon Acetonitrile Electrolyte

Over-temperature Test With Ignition Source

(Click on image to view video)

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SunGel ISOC Cycle TestSunGel ISOC Cycle-Life Test

50% DOD, 26A, 46C

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Time (Days)

Volts

-175

-150

-125

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Ah

Final Cap 138

Initial Cap 137

89 Cycles

2.34 vpc

Amp-Hours

Cell Volts

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Summary

The DOE Energy Storage Program funded testing provides an unbiased resource for test information, which can be used at all levels in the decision making process.

Testing support provides MeadWestvaco/NorthStar and Electro Energy Bipolar NiMH Battery manufacturers with timely performance results for advanced carbon formulations and Bipolar NiMH design considerations.

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Summary

Supercap abuse testing has identified the effects of over-voltage and temperature and the hazardous gases vented from supercaps using acetonitrile. This work is critical for safe design of supercap systems used in utility applications.

Intermediate State of Charge (ISOC) cycling of the SunGel battery used in the ILZRO Peru RAPS system provides detailed charging requirements and performance measurements that can be transferred to the fielded system.

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Work to Do

Continue development of carbon enhanced negative electrode valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries

Publish supercap abuse test results at the 16th

International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Hybrid Energy Storage Devices

Continue testing Electro Energy bipolar NiMH batteries

Continue testing SunGel VRLA battery. Integrate test results with the ILZRO Peru RAPS system