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II you d likemore inIormation about this book, its author, or related booksand websites, please click here., -- -- - - - - -- - - - ---- - - -- ---- - - - - - -For more information about this title, click here.Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. - - ---- - -- - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - -- - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - - - Jye-ol" Ana|oq|es 176art-to-who|e" Ana|oq|es 177Oh[ect-to-!unct|on" Ana|oq|es 177Lack-ol-Someth|nq" Ana|oq|es 178A-|ace-lor" Ana|oq|es 178 - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - - -- -- - - - - -- -- - - - - - -- -- - - - - -- -- - -- -- -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - -- - -- - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - have lhe woilds nicesl sludenls. They aie polile, eainesl, and sweel. They aie fun lo lalklo and a delighl lo leach. \nfoilunalely, many of lhem aie ill piepaied foi college. Theyaie nol ieady foi lhe onslaughl of woik and do nol know how lo sludy and budgel lheiilime. Many have nol been laughl ciilical ieading skills oi how lo lake lesls.Aflei inleiviewing sludenls acioss lhe counliyincluding many al lhe nalion`s lopschools have come lo iealize lhal lhis dilemma is nol unique lo my sludenls. Iai fiom il.Woisl of all, a disliessing numbei of sludenls believe lhey cannol succeed. They have beenshaken by yeais of low giades oi giade inflalion lhal iesulls in ailificially iaised scoies.These pioblems aie nol iesliicled lo college-age sludenls. They aie endemic among slu-denls of all ages, fiom 8 lo 8O. !lemenlaiy school sludenls quake befoie slandaidized leslsand fail lo eain lhe scoies lhey meiil. Adull leaineis feai ieluining lo lhe classioom, scaiiedby lheii expeiiences decades befoie.This book is designed lo help sludenls maslei lhe lechniques lhey need lo succeed inlheii sludies. l will help eveiyone leain lhe skills lo flouiish in a classioom and leain wilh easeand self-confidence. l will leach you lhe slialegies you need lo eain youi besl scoies on slan-daidized assessmenls such as SATs, ACTs, and GR!s so you can achieve youi goals. Besl ofall, when you have lhe skills and confidence you need, leaining will be funas il should be.Thank you lo lhe haidwoiking and dedicaled people al Noilh Maikel Slieel Giaphics,especially Chiisline Iuiiy and Chiisline Ciocamo. You make me look good.Al McGiaw-Hill, my lhanks lo Baibaia Gilson (shes lhe besl!) and lo Mauieen Walkeiand Mauieen Haipei.LA\R! ROZAKS, PH.D.TH! STAT! \N\!RSTY OI N!W YORK COLL!G!OI T!CHNOLOGY AT IARMNGDAL!Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.his book is aiianged in five seclions foi a lolal of 2O chapleis. The chapleis lake you slep-by-slep lhiough lhe piocess of becoming a maslei sludenl and lesl lakei. !ach chapleiends wilh a seiies of ieview exeicises. These help you ieinfoice and exlend whal youveleained. The exeicises include liue-false, fill-in-lhe-blank, and mulliple-choice lesl ilems,because lhese aie mosl oflen lesled in high-piessuie exams.Heies how lo use lhis book: Read lhiough lhe book fiom beginning lo end as you would any book.Complele all lhe exeicises al lhe end of each chaplei lo assess youi piogiess. This givesyou even moie piaclice wilh lesl laking. Pick and choose lhe chapleis you wish lo iead, and iead lhem in any oidei you like.Skim lhe exeicises lo find lhe ones lhal help you leain moie aboul lhe aieas in which youneed impiovemenl. \se lhe book as a sludy guide immedialely befoie and aflei ma|oi lesls. Read and ieieadlhe chapleis you need lhe mosl.Complele lhe exeicises lhal diieclly malch lhe lypes of lesls you aie laking now oi plan lolake in lhe neai fuluie. Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.ou should iead lhis chaplei if you need lo ieview oi leain aboulGiade inflalionSlandaidized lesls, including SATs, GR!s, and GMATsCommon mylhs aboul sludyingLels slail by piobing lhe issue of giade inflalion lo see why ils becoming moieand moie impoilanl lhal you do well on lesls, especially slandaidized measuiessuch as SATs, GR!s, and GMATs. Then youll leain moie aboul some of lhe moslimpoilanl slandaidized lesls so you undeisland whal youie up againsl. Iinally, weshallei some common sludy mylhs aboul slandaidized lesls. n lalei chapleis, youleain effeclive sludy lechniques, including ways lo manage youi lime moie effi-cienlly. -- --Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. - -- -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - - ------ n 1997, Piofessoi Will Holmes of lhe \niveisily of Geoigia discoveied lhal only 5 of lhe 96sludenls in his Ameiican-hisloiy class had eained A giades. He knew lhal some sludenls hadlo eain a 3.O giade poinl aveiage lo keep lheii full-luilion scholaiships fiom lhe slale. |uslweakened, says Di. Holmes. My TAs and pailicipaled in some pielly wholesale giadeinflalion. When lhe smoke cleaied, Piofessoi Holmes had iaised lhe numbei of As fiom 5lo 23 ( ).Did you calch lhese iecenl news sloiies?The piincipal of a pooily funded school admilled faking giades lo help sliuggling sludenls.Teacheis aiound lhe counliy acknowledge iaising giades lo help sludenls feel good aboullhemselves.Many piofessois concede lhey iaise giades lo pievenl sludenls fiom diopping oul ofpooily eniolled classes. The piofessois feai lhal if loo many sludenls diop lhe classes, lheclasses wonl be offeied lhe following semeslei.The admi nislialion would l ike lo say il`s all due lo impioved sludenls, bul pail of il is fac-ully knuckling undei lo give highei giades, says Chailes H. Keilh, a piofessoi of cell biologyal lhe \niveisily of Geoigia. Giade piessuie even comes fiom an occasional eniaged paienl,such as one who lold a foieign-language insliucloi, `m a lawyei. Now whal aie we going lodo aboul lhis C you gave my son?Diinking, daling, and foolball no longei dominale lhe fieshman expeiience as lhey once did;foi many sludenls, campus life nowcenleis aiound making lhe giade. Check oul lhese slalislics:Iiom 1993 lo 1996, lhe piopoilion of As and Bs lhal fieshmen ieceived incieased fiom5O.7 peicenl lo 62.7 peicenl.nveisely, Cs, Ds, and Is fell lo 26.7 peicenl, fiom 4O.3 peicenl.The liend conlinues, as many piofessionals feai lhal Cs have become lhe new equivalenl ofIsunacceplable lo sludenls accuslomed lo ieceiving only As and Bs bul ieally eaining Cs.Giade inflalion is nolhing new. n facl, il slailed duiing lhe \ielnam Wai, when piofessoisgave sludenls highei giades because lhose wilh low giades could lose lheii defeimenl and be -- --senl lo wai. Many piofessois and ieseaicheis believe lhal lodays giade inflalion is based onlhe self-esleem movemenl. Because educalion musl make sludenls feel good aboul lhem-selves, lhe aigumenl goes, sludenls feelings canl be huil. Theiefoie, eveiyone musl ieceivea high giadewhelhei lhey eained il oi nol. College and univeisily admissions adminislialois aie no fools; neilhei aie employeis. Theyiealize lhal giades aie being puffed highei lhan lhe Goodyeai blimp. To counlei giade infla-lion, savvy adminislialois aie incieasingly ielying on slandaidized lesls as a liue measuie ofsludenls achievemenls. Ioi example,When youi liansciipl foi admission lo college is being evalualed, college counselois com-paie giade poinl aveiages lo SAT and/oi ACT scoies. f giades seem absuidly high andSATs and ACTs absuidly low, you bellei believe lheyie going lo wondei if giade inflalionis a facloi. n pail, lhe SAT was ciealed lo give a moie ieliable measuie of achievemenllhan giades foi sludenls desiiing lo enlei college.School disliicl diieclois hiiing new leacheis oflen compaie college liansciipls lo lhe appli-canls scoie on lhe Nalional Teacheis !xam oi lhe Piaxis lo see if lhe scoies indicale lhesame level of achievemenl. Bolh exams weie ciealed lo give a moie ieliable measuie ofachievemenl lhan giades foi candidales desiiing lo become leacheis (oi foi leacheis seek-ing lenuie).School boaids hiiing adminislialois such as supeiinlendenls, piincipals, and giade-leveldiieclois look al scoies on lhe School Leadeiship Seiies lesl. This lesl was ciealed lo givea moie ieliable measuie of achievemenl lhan giades in giaduale school.Theies been an ongoing debale aboul lhe ieliabilily of slandaidized lesls. Do lhey accu-ialely measuie achievemenl? Aie lhey biased againsl women, minoiilies, and lhe pooi? Doscoies go up wilh coaching? Whelhei slandaidized lesls aie in facl a moie ieliable measuieof achievemenl lhan giades isnl ieally lhe issue; whal malleis is lhe iealily. And heies lheiealily: foimal measuies of assessmenl such as slandaidized lesls aie assuming incieasingimpoilance foi sludenls of all ages, fiom childien lo maluie leaineis. Slandaidized lesls aiealso becoming an impoilanl facloi foi |ob applicanls in specific fields.Theiefoie, you have lo shaipen youi sludy skills and lesl-laking lechniques lo a fine poinllo slay in lhe game.- The chail in Iiguie 1-1 defines lhe lalesl lesling leiminology. The leims aie aiianged inalphabelical oidei. Iamiliaiize youiself wilh lhese leims so you undeisland lhe diffeienllypes of assessmenls and skills lhal aie being measuied. - -- - The SAT is a lhiee-houi mulliple-choice lesl lhal measuies veibal and malh ieasoning abil-ilies. Adminisleied by lhe !ducalional Tesling Seivice, lhe SAT is used as an enliance examlo neaily all compelilive colleges and univeisilies in lhe \niled Slales.Accoiding lo lhe !ducalional Tesling Seivice, eveiy yeai aboul 2 million sludenls whoapply lo college lake lhe SAT. Neaily all compelilive colleges iequiie lhe SAT because ilis believed lhal lhe lesl measuies skills lhal coiielale lo academic success. The lesl is scoiedfiom a low of 2OO lo a high of 8OO. The lesl has a lolal of six lypes of queslions, shown inIiguie 1-2. A cleai slalemenl aboul whal sludenls should know and be able lo- do in ceilain sub|ecl aieas al ceilain slages of lheii educalion.---- The measuie of a sludenls skills oi knowledge in a sub|ecl aiea.Tesls and poilfolios aie bolh foims of assessmenl. Measuiemenls of a sludenls peifoimance based on a sel body of-- conlenl. Slale lesls lhal malch slale slandaids (slandaids-based lesls)aie ciileiion-iefeienced lesls.- -- Tesls used as lhe only ciileiion lo make an impoilanl decision foi asludenl oi school. The lesl scoie may be used lo decide whelhei asludenl giaduales oi whelhei a school is sub|ecl lo haishconsequences, such as ieplacing lhe piincipal and much of lhe slaff. Tesls lhal compaie sludenls peifoimance lo a noim gioup of sludenls.-- Scoies aie iepoiled on a bell cuive, wilh 5O peicenl of lhe sludenlswho lake lhe lesl falling below aveiage and 5O peicenl falling above.- Sludenls apply lheii knowledge in a hands-on lask, such as---- (also wiiling an essay oi conducling science expeiimenls.called ----) Ciileiia lhal desciibe how good a sludenls woik musl be, oi whal-- level of masleiy is iequiied, lo meel lhe academic slandaids. -- Tesls consliucled so lhal lhe queslions on lhe lesl and lhe way il isadminisleied aie unifoim, oi slandaidized, foi lhe laige numbei ofsludenls laking lhe lesl. The leim - has nolhing lo do wilhacademic slandaids. l does nol mean lhal lhe lesls aie in any wayaligned lo academic slandaids. Tesling leiminology you need lo know. -- -- - - - - -- - --- - - - - -- -- - - - The SAT is a one-houi sub|ecl aiea lesl adminisleied by lhe !ducalional Tesling Sei-vice. Mosl compelilive colleges and univeisilies iequiie sludenls lo lake al leasl lhiee SATs. The lesls aie scoied fiom a low of 2OO lo a high of 8OO. Sub|ecl lesls fall inlo five geneialsub|ecl aieas (see Iiguie 1-3):!nglishLanguagesHisloiyMalhemalicsScienceSATs and aie adminisleied neaily eveiy monlh on a Saluiday, allhough Sunday lesldales aie available foi sludenls who cannol lesl on Saluiday because of ieligious obligalions.SATs and aie adminisleied abioad as well as in Ameiica. Conlacl lhe !ducalional Tesl-ing Seivice foi specific dales, limes, and localions. -Advanced Placemenl (AP) is a piogiam of college-level couises and examinalions lhal allowhigh school sludenls lo eain advanced placemenl and/oi college ciedil. The Advanced Place-menl piogiam is adminisleied by lhe College !nliance !xaminalion Boaid, a division of lhe!ducalional Tesling Seivice (!TS).n May 1998, AP ieached a mileslone: foi lhe fiisl lime in lhe hisloiy of lhe piogiam, moielhan 1 million sludenls look an AP exam. These sludenls iepiesenl moie lhan 35OO sec- Senlence complelions 19 Iive-choice 35Analogies 19 uanlilalive compaiisons 15Ciilical ieading 4O Giid-ins 1O Types of queslions on lhe SAT. ondaiy schools; ciedil is accepled by moie lhan 2OOO pailicipaling colleges and univeisilies.Moie lhan 1OO,OOO examinalions a yeai aie laken in !nglish alone.Cuiienlly, AP couises and exams aie given in 33 diffeienl sub|ecls, including ail, biology,calculus, chemisliy, Chinese, compulei science, economics, !nglish lileialuie, !nglish lan-guage, enviionmenlal science, Iiench, Geiman, hisloiy (!uiopean, \.S., and woild), Lalin,music lheoiy, physics, psychology, Spanish, slalislics, and \.S. goveinmenl and polilics. Thelesls aie scoied fiom 1 (low) lo 5 (high).!ach examinalion is lhiee houis long. One houi is devoled lo mulliple-choice queslions,lwo houis lo essays. The mulliple-choice queslions counl 45 peicenl of lhe giade; lhe essayscounl 55 peicenl of lhe giade. -As wilh lhe AP lesl, lhe College-Level !xaminalion Piogiam (CL!P) lesl allows sludenls loeain college ciedil, save lime in eaining a college degiee, and save money on luilion. CL!Pexaminalions covei maleiial laughl in couises lhal mosl sludenls lake as iequiiemenls in lhefiisl lwo yeais of college. A college may awaid lhe same amounl of ciedil lo sludenls eainingsalisfacloiy scoies on lhe CL!P examinalion as il gianls lo sludenls successfully complelinglhal couise.Many CL!P examinalions aie designed lo coiiespond lo one-semeslei couises; some,howevei, coiiespond lo full-yeai oi lwo-yeai couises. \nless slaled olheiwise in ils desciip-lion, an examinalion is inlended lo covei maleiial in a one-semeslei couise.!ach exam is 9O minules long and, excepl foi !nglish composilion wilh essay, conlains pii-maiily mulliple-choice queslions. (See Iiguie 1-4.)- - - - Lileialuie Chinese \.S. hisloiy Level C BiologyWiiling Iiench Woild hisloiy Level C ChemisliyGeiman PhysicsHebiewlalian1apaneseKoieanLalinSpanish SAT sub|ecl lesls. -- -- --- - The Giaduale Managemenl Admissions Tesl assesses analylical wiiling, quanlilalive iea-soning, and veibal abililies. The lesl is piesenled on a compulei, nol on papei, and lhequeslions aie lailoied lo youi abililies (as based on youi iesponse lo lhe fiisl queslion).The GMAT has lhe seclions shown in Iiguie 1-5. The lesl is scoied fiom 2OO lo 8OO, as wilhSATs and .- -Analyzing and inleipieling lileialuie College-level Iiench!nglish composilion College-level Geiman!nglish lileialuie College-level SpanishIieshman college composilionHumanilies- - -Ameiican goveinmenl CalculusHisloiy of lhe \.S. : !aily colonizalions lo 1877 College algebiaHisloiy of lhe \.S. : 1865 lo lhe piesenl College algebia-liigonomeliyHuman giowlh and developmenl Tiigonomeliynlioduclion lo educalional psychology College malhemalicsPiinciples of macioeconomics BiologyPiinciples of micioeconomics Chemisliynlioducloiy psychology Naluial sciencesnlioducloiy sociologySocial sciences and hisloiyWeslein civilizalion : Ancienl Neai !asl lo 1648Weslein civilizalion : 1648 lo lhe piesenl---nfoimalion syslems and compulei applicalionsPiinciples of managemenlPiinciples of accounlingnlioducloiy business lawPiinciples of maikeling CL!P sub|ecl lesls. Theie aie lhiee Giaduale Recoid !xams:1. The Geneial !xam2. Sub|ecl aiea exams3. The Wiiling Assessmenl!ach lesl is used as an assessmenl foi admission lo giaduale school.1. The is a compulei-based lesl of geneial knowledge. The lesl is aboullwo and a half houis long and is scoied fiom 2OO lo 8OO. The lesl is sliucluied as shown inIiguie 1-6.2. The - -- aie also designed lo help giaduale school admission commilleesassess a candidales slienglhs and weaknesses. !ach lesl is 2 houis and 5O minules long and isscoied fiom 2OO lo 8OO. The eighl lesls aie as follows:Biochemisliy, cell and moleculai biologyLileialuie in !nglishBiologyChemisliyCompulei scienceMalhemalicsPhysicsPsychology3. The ---- consisls of lwo analylical wiiling assignmenls: a 45-minuleessay lhal iequiies you lo aigue youi posilion on an issue and a 3O-minule essay lhal iequiiesyou lo analyze an aigumenl. -Analylical wiiling 6O minules Wiiling lwo lopics Analyze an issueAnalyze an aigumenluanlilalive 75 minules 37 mulliple-choice Dala sufficiencyqueslions Pioblem solving\eibal 75 minules 41 mulliple-choice Reading compiehensionqueslions Ciilical ieasoningSenlence coiieclion Conlenls of lhe GMAT. -- -- -\eibal 3O minules 3O mulliple-choice Reading compiehensionqueslionsuanlilalive 45 minules 28 mulliple-choice Aiilhmelic, geomeliy,queslions algebia, dala analysisAnalylical 6O minules 35 queslions Diaw infeiences,make conclusions, elc. Conlenls of lhe GR!.- - -- ---- -Theie aie lhiee Piaxis lesls, as follows:1. Piaxis : Academic Skills Assessmenl2. Piaxis : Sub|ecl Assessmenl3. Piaxis : Classioom Peifoimance Assessmenl - -- -- - - -- -- - - - ---- -1. - - ---- measuies ieading, wiiling, and malhemalicalskills. The lesl is offeied in papei-and-pencil foimal as well as on compulei. Bolh lesl foimalsmeasuie similai academic skills, bul lhe compulei-based lesls (CBTs) aie lailoied lo eachcandidales peifoimance.2. - ---- lesls lhe sub|ecl aieas lhe candidale will leach, such asmalhemalics, !nglish, and science. Cuiienlly available aie moie lhan 14O conlenl lesls inmulliple-choice foimals.3. - -- ---- involves classioom obseivalions.Tiained obseiveis sil in lhe classioom lo obseive and assess a leacheis peifoimance. - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- -- -- ---- - - - - Ioi addilional infoimalion aboul any of lhese lesls, you can conlacl !TS:!ducalional Tesling SeiviceRosedale RoadPiincelon, N1 O8541Phone: 6O9-771-73OO, 6O9-921-9OOO!-mail: elsinfoCels.oigIax: 6O9-734-541O, 6O9-53O-O482 - You canl sludy foi a slandaidized lesl. Oh, yes you can.Many people slill believe lhal you canl impiove youi scoie on a slandaidized lesl becauselhese lesls aie designed lo assess lhe knowledge you have gained duiing many yeais of edu-calion. Allhough il is ceilainly liue lhal you canl ciam foi an SAT, a GR!, a GMAT, oi anyolhei slandaidized lesl, you mosl ceilainly significanlly impiove youi scoie by sludying.Iollow lhese suggeslions:1. - - By laking old lesls lo leain which foimalyou will encounlei, youll know whelhei youie going lo be asked lo wiile an essay oi lo fillin mulliple-choice ilems . . . oi bolh. Obviously, sludying old lesl foimals helps save lime,which incieases youi chance of eaining youi besl possible scoie.2. - - On some slandaidized lesls, you aie penalized foi guessing.Theiefoie, you shouldnl fill in answeis willy-nilly. Howevei, you should - fill in ananswei if you can eliminale one oi moie of lhe choices. Olhei slandaidized lesls, in conliasl,assess no penally foi guessing, so you shouldnl leave any blank answeis al all.3. - - Any lime you can save is lhal much moie lime youll havelo spend answeiing queslions. f you leain lhe lesl diieclions foi each seclion ahead of lime,you will save lhe lime you would olheiwise have spenl going ovei lhe diieclions. This exlialime will ceilainly help you eain a bellei scoie and could even make a ciucial diffeience inyoui scoie. -- --4. -- Piaclice does make peifecl, especially when il comes lo lesling.As an added bonus, pieviously used queslions aie oflen iecycled, so lhe ieal lesl may includea queslion lhal you have alieady answeied coiieclly duiing youi sludy lime.5. - Read, iead, iead lo pump up youi vocabulaiy,ieading speed, and oveiall undeislanding. Moie on lhis in Pail 3.6. -- - - By sludying lhe lype ofmalh you know youll encounlei on lhe lesl, youll mosl ceilainly impiove youi scoie.While weie heie, lels blasl lhese sludy mylhs: !veiybody knows how lo sludy. 1usl lhe opposile is liue. n facl, mosl people wasle a liemendous amounlof lime liying lo figuie oul how lo sludy. The abilily lo sludy successfully is an inboin liail, like lhe abilily lo lhiowa gieal pilch. Sludying effeclively can be laughl, |usl as any olhei skill can be laughland leained. Ciamming is a good way lo gel ieady foi lesls. Reviewing concepls al lhe veiy lasl second may help fix a sliay idea inyoui mind, bul foi lhe mosl pail ciamming will simply iesull in biainoveiload. When youie oveiloaded, you wonl undeisland whal youiesludying, so youie simply wasling youi lime.Giade inflalion has lead lo an incieased ieliance on slandaidizedlesls.Leain lhe specialized woids lhal aie applied lo lesling and assess-menl pioceduies.Populai slandaidized lesls include lhe SAT , SAT , AP, CL!P,GMAT, GR!, and Piaxis. They aie all adminisleied by lhe !duca-lional Tesling Seivice in Piincelon, New 1eisey (phone: 6O9-771-73OO, 6O9-921-9OOO; e-mail: elsinfoCels.oig).You (and -) sludy foi slandaidized lesls.- --1. Classioom giades aie a veiy accuiale measuiemenl of a peisons achievemenl andabililies.-- 2. Giade inflalion is nol new; in facl, some piofessionals believe lhal giade inflaliondales back lo days of lhe \ielnam Wai when piofessois weie eagei lo help sludenlsmainlain lheii sludenl defeimenls.3. Theie has been an ongoing debale aboul lhe ieliabilily of slandaidized lesls.4. Peifoimance slandaids aie lhe measuie of a sludenls skills oi knowledge in a sub-|ecl aiea.5. Tesls and poilfolios aie bolh foims of assessmenl.6. Slandaidized lesls aie closely aligned lo academic slandaids.7. Neaily all compelilive colleges iequiie lhe SAT because il is believed lhal lhe leslmeasuies skills lhal coiielale lo academic success.8. The SAT is a lhiee-houi sub|ecl aiea lesl adminisleied by lhe !ducalional Tesl-ing Seivice.9. The Advanced Placemenl lesl is scoied fiom a low of 2OO lo a high of 8OO.1O. The Giaduale Managemenl Admissions Tesl assesses analylical wiiling, quanlila-live ieasoning, and veibal abililies.11. You canl sludy foi a slandaidized lesl.12. Ciamming is a good way lo gel ieady foi all lesls, especially slandaidized ones. --1. To counlei giade inflalion, savvy adminislialois aie incieasingly ielying onas a liue measuie of sludenls achievemenls.2. Some ciilics of slandaidized lesls have aigued lhal lhey aie biased againsl women,, and lhe pooi.3. aie lesls used as lhe only ciileiion lo make an impoilanl decision foi asludenl oi school. The lesl scoie may be used lo decide whelhei a sludenl giadualesoi whelhei a school is sub|ecl lo haish consequences, such as ieplacing lhe piincipaland much of lhe slaff.4. The is a lhiee-houi mulliple-choice lesl lhal measuies veibal and malhieasoning abililies.5. SATs and aie scoied fiom a scale of lo .6. is a piogiam of college-level couises and examinalions lhal allow highschool sludenls lo eain advanced placemenl and/oi college ciedil.7. As wilh lhe AP lesl, lhe lesl allows sludenls lo eain college ciedil, savelime eaining a college degiee, and save money on luilion.8. Theie aie lhiee Giaduale Recoid !xams: lhe Geneial !xam, sub|ecl aiea exams,and lhe .9. The is lhe Piofessional Assessmenl foi Beginning Teacheis.1O. measuies lhe abilily of nonnalive speakeis of !nglish lo use and undei-sland Ameiican !nglish as il is used in college and univeisily sellings. -- -- --1. Many piofessois and ieseaicheis believe lhal lodays giade inflalion is based on lhe.(a) Self-esleem movemenl(b) Push foi moie lesling(c) ncieased ieliance on academics(d) Decline in sludenl peifoimance2. Slandaidized lesls can be used in all of lhe following inslances (a) Gianling leacheis lenuie(b) !valualing leachei peifoimance in lhe classioom(c) Denying an employee heallh coveiage(d) Admission lo college and giaduale school3. Cleai slalemenls aboul whal sludenls should know and be able lo do in ceilain sub-|ecl aieas al ceilain slages of lheii educalion aie called(a) Noim-iefeienced lesls(b) Academic slandaids(c) High-slake lesls(d) Ciileiion-iefeienced lesls4. Tesls consliucled so lhal lhe queslions on lhe lesl and lhe way il is adminisleied aieunifoim foi lhe laige numbei of sludenls laking lhe lesl aie called(a) Assessmenl lesls(b) Slandaidized lesls(c) Noim-iefeienced lesls(d) Aulhenlic assessmenl5. SATs and aie(a) Tesls of !nglish as a second language(b) Giaduale school admission lesls(c) Tesls given lo leacheis(d) College admission lesls6. Aboul how many sludenls lake Advanced Placemenl lesls eveiy yeai?(a) A few lhousand(b) 1O,OOO(c) 1 million(d) 1OO million7. The GMAT conlains each of lhe following seclions (a) The Geneial !xam(b) \eibal (c) uanlilalive(d) Analylical wiiling8. The Giaduale Recoid !xam (GR!) is used foi admission lo(a) Piivale schools(b) Medical and denlal schools(c) \ndeigiaduale colleges and univeisilies(d) Giaduale school9. When you sludy foi a slandaidized lesl, you should do all of lhe following (a) Review malh skills, especially foimulas and compulalion(b) Take piaclice lesls(c) Ciam as much as you can lhe nighl befoie(d) Iamiliaiize youiself wilh lhe lesl foimal1O. l is a mylh lhal(a) You can sludy foi slandaidized lesls(b) !veiybody knows how lo sludy(c) The abilily lo sludy successfully can be leained(d) The abilily lo sludy successfully can be laughl - --1. I 2. T 3. T 4. I 5. T 6. I 7. T 8. I 9. I 1O. T 11. I 12. I --1. Slandaidized lesls 2. Minoiilies 3. High-slake lesls 4. SAT 5. 2OO lo 8OO6. AP, oi Advanced Placemenl 7. CL!P 8. Wiiling Assessmenl 9. Piaxis Seiies1O. TO!IL --1. a 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. c 1O. bou should iead lhis chaplei if you need lo ieview oi leain aboulResolving lo succeed in youi sludies!slablishing sludy goalsSelling up a sludy cenlein Chaplei 1, you leained all aboul giade inflalion and lhe incieased ieliance onslandaidized lesls. n addilion, you suiveyed lhe diffeienl lypes of slandaidizedlesls, including SATs, GR!s, and GMATs. Lasl, you debunked common sludymylhs, especially as lhey peilain lo sludying foi slandaidized lesls. This chapleicoveis adopling a posilive allilude aboul sludying and posilioning youiself foisuccess. Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. - - - --- ------ How would you iale youi sludy skills and sludy alliludes? Iill oul lhe following woiksheel losee. Check all lhe slalemenls lhal apply lo you. Leave blank all lhe ones lhal donl apply.1. wanl lo sludy moie, bul whal`s lhe use? `m nol going lo do well, anyway.2. |usl don`l know wheie lo begin.3. The leachei |piofessoi, insliucloi] doesn`l like me.4. can`l gel my head inlo sludying because `m nol suie whal wanl lo sludy.5. can nevei find my books and all lhe olhei supplies need.6. Because of family silualions oi |ob obligalions, keep missing class. nevei seemlo know whal`s going on in class.Did you check seveial of lhese ilems? f so, youie nol alone!Read on lo gel lhe help you need lo conquei lhese common sludy pioblems. !ach of lhefollowing seclions gives you slialegies you need lo deal wilh lhese silualions.- Many people check ilem 1, wanl lo sludy moie, bul whal` s lhe use? `m nol going lo dowell, anyway. Do you feel lhis way? f so, have you evei used lhese excuses?`m nol smail enough lo leain al l lhis sluff. don`l have lhe biains.The leachei isn`l good, so `ll nevei be able lo leain whal need. don`l have lhe lime lo gel lhe giades deseive. am fai loo busy wilh my |ob |husband/boyfiiend/wife/giilfiiend/ paienls/childienfill in as many as apply].`m |usl nol meanl foi college |giaduale school, lhis couise]. They lel me in by mislake. had leiiible leacheis when was youngei, so won` l be able lo calch up now. nevei paid allenlion in class. Thal pul me fai behind lhe eighl ball. f you lalk youiself inlo failing, you piobably will fail. Bul if you lalk youiself inlo success,you have a good chance of doing well. Sludy smail by having a posilive allilude aboul schooland youiself.Slail by . . .Being enlhusiaslic aboul leainingHaving disciplineDeciding lhal you can do well on lesls and papeisHaving self-iespeclMaking fiiends wilh people who suppoil youi hopes and dieamsNol being a quilleiPiepaiing foi lhe fuluie\sing youi lime wiselyThe conneclion belween allilude and achievemenl is well docu-menled. Theies no queslion lhal youi self-image has a veiy powei-ful influence on youi academic achievemenl. f you see youiself as asuccessful leainei, youi academic peifoimance will impiove. To slopselling up ioadblocks in lhe classioom, slail seeing school as a posi-live foice, nol somelhing delibeialely designed lo biing you down.Remembei, sludying biings shoil-leim and long-leim iewaids.Developing good sludy habils will help you leain moie in youiclasses and iemembei lhe infoimalion bellei. Youi self-confidencewill soai as people piaise youi achievemenls. Sludying moie effec-lively also leaves moie lime foi a life filled wilh fiiends, spoils, andenleilainmenl. Lalei on, lhose same good sludy habils will helpyou do well in youi |ob. Youll find il easiei lo make smail lifechoices, loo. So gel lhe iighl allilude! How aboul ilem 2, |usl don`l know wheie lo begin? Many people feel lhis way becausesludying seem oveiwhelming.Slop. Take a deep biealh. Now lake conliol. Heies how lo do il:1. Lisl all lhe lhings you have lo do in descending oidei, fiommosl impoilanl lo leasl impoi-lanl.2. Bieak youi woikload down inlo manageable chunks. You can sludy algebia foi 1 houi,nol 1O houis. Likewise, you can leain giammai foi 45 minules, nol 4 houis.3. Schedule youi lime iealislically. Begin sludying eaily, and slowly build as lhe examappioaches. - --- exam t|meyou may m|ss a --- 4. \se all youi lime. Ioi example, use lhe houi belween classes lo ieview noles. \se lhe 1Ominules while youie slanding in line al lhe deli counlei lo do skim ieading, ieview somevocabulaiy, oi pioofiead a papei one moie lime.5. Be suie lo build in sludy bieaks. Youll sludy moie effeclively if you lake biief bieaks,aboul 15 minules each.Time managemenl skills aie so ciilical lo sludy success lhal devole all of Chaplei 3 lohelping you develop effeclive lime managemenl lechniques.As you sludy, follow lhese sleps:Gel an oveiview of whal you musl do by suiveying youi syllabus, ieading maleiial, andnoles.denlify lhe mosl impoilanl lopics emphasized as well as any aieas you slill donl undei-sland.Spend lhe mosl lime on infoimalion lhal youi insliucloi sliessed in class.Keep lhe following equalion in mind (you mighl even wanl lo copy il and place il oveiyoui desk!):Sub|ecl skills + smail sludy = school success -- The leachei |piofessoi, insliucloi] doesn`l like me, you say. Aclually, you may be iighl.Teacheis aie human, like you. They lend lo |udge sludenls by lhe way lhey acl in class.When you lieal youi insliuclois wilh iespecl, lhey will lieal you wilh iespecl. f you doyoui woik lo lhe besl of youi abilily and lake school seiiously, youi leachei will iespond. Gelwilh lhe piogiam by laking an aclive and posilive iole in lhe classioom. Heies how lo gelslailed:Come lo eveiy class.Be piepaied. Biing youi books, nolebooks, and homewoik.Sil in lhe fionl of lhe ioom. This ieduces disliaclions and shows lhe insliucloi lhal you aieseiious aboul leaining.Pay close allenlion in class.Take good noles.Raise youi hand when you know lhe answei.Ask inlelligenl queslions when youie confused.Tieal youi leacheis wilh couilesy. - - Did you check excuse 4, can`l gel my head inlo sludying because `m nol suie whal wanllo sludy? f so, you have plenly of company. Many people aien`l suie whal caieei wouldgive lhem lhe mosl salisfaclion. Wheie do you see youiself in 5 yeais . . . 1O yeais . . . 2Oyeais?You mighl have fiim caieei plans. Possibly you have a geneial idea of a |ob oi caieei lhalsuils youi inleiesls and abililies. Peihaps you alieady have a caieei bul despeialely wanl lochange fields because youie buined oul doing lhe same lhing day aflei day, yeai aflei yeai.Maybe you love youi caieei bul youie being foiced oul of lhe |ob. You have no choice bullo ieliain. Maybe you donl have any plans foi lhe fuluie al all.Selling goals can help you sludy moie effeclively lo make youi hopes and dieams becomeiealily. You can sel - - and - Shoil-leim goals look ahead anhoui, day, a week, oi monlhs. Long-leim goals aie sel yeais in lhe fuluie.Good sludenls sel bolh shoil-leim goals and long-leim goals. Oflen, lhe lwo lypes of goalswoik logelhei. Ioi example, if you sel a goal lo leain lhiee new woids a week, youll do bel-lei in class, on slandaidized lesls, and in lhe woikplace. This helps you eain highei giades,which helps youi long-leim goals of allending college, gelling inlo giaduale school, movingup in youi |ob, oi becoming moie self-assuied.Sludy lhe sample limeline in Iiguie 2-1. How could you adapl il lo suil youi plans? To iaise my giades 5 poinls in lhiee monlhs. Week 1: Wiile down all Allend exlia help. Check my piogiess.assignmenls.Week 2: No T\ unlil homewoik Cul compulei No music while sludying.is done. cybeisuifing.Week 3: Take bellei noles. Sludy wilh a classmale \isil lhe libiaiy weekly.who eains gieal giades.Week 4: Reiead noles eveiy Read one exlia Rewaid myself!nighl befoie bed. book a week. Make a limeline lo show youi goals and lhe sleps youll follow. Peihaps you checked ilem 5, can nevei find my books and all lhe olhei supplies need.Oiganizalion is one of lhe keys lo effeclive sludying and lesl laking. n facl, good oiganiza-lional skills can help you succeed in eveiy pail of youi life.m always aslonished al lhe numbei of sludenls in my college couises who come lo classesunpiepaied. Then lheyie shocked when lhey fail! To avoid having lhis happen lo you,Iiguies 2-2 and 2-3 offei checklisls of maleiials you will need in school and foi homewoik.Pholocopy lhe lisl and use il lo check off youi supplies each day. Then you wonl foigel any-lhing impoilanl.The famous Biilish novelisl \iiginia Woolf claimed lhal eveiywiilei needs a ioom of one`s own in which lo compose. The sameis liue of sludying: solilude helps. !ven if il is nol possible lo havea whole ioom lo youiself, having youi own space in which lo sludycan make il much easiei foi you lo succeed. All youi supplies willbe in one place and handy.n addilion, by always sludying in lhe same place you gel youimind ieady lo woik. Walking inlo youi sludy aiea sends signals loyoui biain: Biain, we`ie gelling down lo woik heie. Thal` s be-cause a sludy cenlei helps you concenliale on youi woik and gelinlo lhe habil of sludying. Iiguie 2-4 shows you which places woikwell and which ones don`l.Youi sludy cenlei should have good lighl, sludy lools (lexlbooks,iefeience books, papei, pens), and quiel. You canl sludy if music isblaiing, if youie lalking lo fiiends, oi if Iido is baiking lo be leloul.Sludy in a calm, quiel place.f you donl have a whole ioom in which lo sludy, considei conveiling pail of a ioom foiyoui own space. A small closel, pail of an allic oi basemenl, oi lhe coinei of a ioom canbe conveiled lo a quiel sludy aiea.Tuin off lhe lelevision and iadio, and eliminale olhei disliaclions.Sludy al lhe same lime so people know lo leave you alone. In add|t|on to lorma| study |n your study center, try to use wasted" t|me rev|ew- - - - --- - - - - --- f youie foilunale enough lo have youi own compulei, il should be a cenlial pail of youisludy cenlei. Compuleis can help you piepaie well-oiganized noles, make easy-lo-iead oul-lines, and wiile essays and iepoils.f lhe compulei is in anolhei pail of lhe house, sel up a quiel lime lo use il foi homewoikand sludying. Iind a lime lhal is convenienl foi you and eveiyone else, loo. Ioi example, iflhe compulei is in lhe family ioom, you mighl wanl lo use il al 3:OO in lhe afleinoon whenyoui family membeis aie in anolhei pail of lhe house. You wouldnl wanl lo use il fiom 8:OOlo 1O:OO al nighl when eveiyone else is walching lelevision in lhe same ioom.Make an appoinlmenl lo use lhe compulei al lhe same lime eveiy day. Youi familymembeis will know lhal youie seiious aboul woiking on lhe compulei and iespecl youideleiminalion. -Assignmenl padBindeis oi nolebooksCalculaloiDiclionaiyPapeiPensPencilsPencil shaipeneiRuleiTexlbooksTelephone numbeis and e-mail addiesses of seveial classmaleswho eain good giades (in case you miss assignmenls, elc.)Walch oi clock Heie aie lhe supplies you need foi a home sludy cenlei. ---Many of my sludenls aie maluie leaineis. As a iesull, lhey come lo class wilh a heavy load ofiesponsi bilili es, including family and |ob obligalions. heai lhis excuse oflen: Because offamily silualions oi |ob demands, keep missing class. nevei seem lo know whals going onin class. And indeed lhey don`l. ---Cleaily, lhe besl policy is lo allend eveiy single class. 1usl as cleaily, lhals nol always possi-ble. Howevei, many insliuclois will allow you lo make up a class by allending lhe same classal a diffeienl lime. Ioi example, lhis semeslei m leaching Technical Wiiling on Mondaysand Wednesdays fiom 9:3O lo 11:OO and again fiom 2:OO lo 3:15. also leach lhe same classThuisday evenings fiom 6:OO lo 8:45. allow my sludenls lo allend whichevei class suils lheiischedule. f you anlicipale having lo miss a class, ask whelhei youi insliucloi offeis lhe sameclass al a diffeienl lime and will allow you lo allend il as a makeup. Biing lhese ilems wilh you lo eveiy class. -Assignmenl padBindeis oi nolebooksCalculaloiDiclionaiyHomewoik (compleled)PapeiPensPencilsTexlbooksWalch oi clock -Somelimes, howevei, you musl miss a class and canl make il up. n lhese inslances, youshould liy lo conlacl lhe insliucloi by phone oi e-mail. f youie absenl fiom class, always liylo conlacl lhe insliucloi fiisl. Thal way, you aie showing youi commilmenl lo class as well asgelling lhe infoimalion diieclly fiom lhe souice.- -Olhei limes, howevei, you wonl be able lo ieach lhe insliucloi. n lhal case, you may be ablelo consull lhe syllabus. A -- is a lisling of lhe following:Class aclivilies!ssay lesls!xamsLabsuizzesReading assignmenlsSpeechesnsliuclois piepaie lheii own syllabi and disliibule lhem lo lhe class al lhe fiisl oi secondclass meeling. A syllabus is a wondeiful documenl because il helps you keep up wilh all lheassignmenls. The syllabus lays oul lhe class iesponsibililies, lhe insliuclois expeclalions, andlhe geneial iules foi lhe class. f you slay in lhe class, lhe insliucloi is going lo assume lhalyou agiee lo lhe iules and will complele all lhe woik lo lhe besl of youi abilily. f you donllike oi donl agiee wilh somelhing in lhe syllabus, discuss il wilh lhe insliucloi oi liansfei loanolhei class. Nevei assume lhal an insliucloi will nol do somelhing piinled in lhe syllabus.Ioi example, if lhe syllabus iequiies you lo give lhiee speeches duiing lhe semeslei, donlassume lhal lhe insliucloi will make an exceplion foi you because you aie afiaid of speakingin fionl of a class. Read youi syllabus and undeisland whal il says.nsliuclois aie nol iequiied lo cieale and disliibule a syllabus, allhough lhey aie slionglyencouiaged lo do so. - -n youi ioom al a desk n fionl of lhe lelevisionn a calm coinei of lhe house n youi ioom on lhe bedn a quiel pail of lhe school oi public On lhe liain, bus, oi subwaylibiaiy Sel up a sludy cenlei. Remembei, youie in lhe big leagues now. This means lhe insliucloi is nol iesponsible foikeeping you up-lo-speed. aie. Theiefoie, considei gelling a sludy pailnei as addilionalinsuiance againsl missing classwoik oi misundeislanding assignmenls.Iind one oi moie classmales and liade lelephone numbeis. When you musl be absenlfiom class, conlacl youi sludy pailnei lo gel assignmenls you missed. You can conlacl youisludy pailnei lo lalk aboul assignmenls you donl undeisland, loo. Iinally, you can ieviewmaleiial foi lesls wilh youi sludy pailnei.How can you selecl good sludy pailneis? Look foi classmales whoTake school seiiously!ain highei giades lhan you do iighl now\ndeisland lhe lecluies and assignmenlsKeep up wilh all lhe woikAie liuslwoilhyAie well oiganizedAie iaiely, if evei, absenl!ven if lhe sludy pailnei you selecl is in all youi classes, selecl al leasl lwo oi lhiee pail-neis so you always have a backup peison lo conlacl.Maximize youi achievemenl by adopling a posilive allilude. Decidelhal you can succeed, and you will sland a fai bellei chance of ieach-ing youi goals.!slablish sludy goals. Be enlhusiaslic aboul leaining. Be disciplinedand deleimined. Piepaie foi lhe fuluie and use youi lime wisely.Sel up a sludy cenlei in a quiel place. Slock il wilh lhe supplies youneed lo succeed, including a diclionaiy, a calculaloi, pens, and papei.- --1. The mind is a poweiful foice. f you lalk youiself inlo failing, you piobably will fail.2. f you lalk youiself inlo success, you have a good chance of doing well.-- 3. The conneclion belween allilude and achievemenl has nol yel been documenled.4. Ciamming is an effeclive sludy lechnique, so ils nol necessaiy lo divide youi woik-load inlo manageable chunks.5. \se all youi lime. Ioi example, use lhe houi belween classes lo ieview noles.6. Be suie lo build in sludy bieaks. Youll sludy moie effeclively if you lake biiefbieaks, aboul 15 minules each.7. You can skip classes and slill do veiy well if you do all lhe ieading and gel lhe nolesfiom a classmale.8. ls nol a good idea lo ask queslions in class because youi insliucloi is likely lo lhinklhal youie nol veiy inlelligenl.9. Good sludenls sel shoil-leim goals bul nol long-leim goals.1O. Sludying i n a quiel placepiefeiably lhe same placeeveiy day helps you concen-liale and leain moie effeclively.11. Mosl people can concenliale iemaikably well and leain a gieal deal when lheysludy while walching lelevision, lislening lo lhe iadio, oi lalking on lhe lelephone.12. Iind a sludy pailnei lo help you keep up wilh assignmenls you missed and lo clai-ify infoimalion you mighl have misiead oi misheaid. --1. Nevei skip any neai exam limeyou may miss a ieview session andolhei ciucial infoimalion coveied by lhe insliucloi.2. To slop selling up ioadblocks in lhe classioom, slail seeing school as afoice, nol somelhing delibeialely designed lo biing you down.3. Sludying biings shoil-leim and long-leim .4. Youi self- will soai as people piaise youi achievemenls.5. Be piepaied in all youi classes. Biing youi , , and.6. When you aie in a class, always liy lo sil in lhe of lhe ioom. Thisieduces disliaclions and shows lhe insliucloi lhal you aie seiious aboul leaining.7. Youi should have good lighl, youi sludy lools (lexlbooks, iefeiencebooks, papei, pens), and quiel.8. Always liy lo sludy al lhe same eveiy day so people al home iealize andiespecl youi deleiminalion lo succeed. Ioi example, you mighl sludy al 7:OO in lhemoining, befoie you go lo woik, oi al 7:OO in lhe evening, aflei dinnei.9. When you musl be absenl fiom class, consull youi wiillen and conlacllhe insliucloi lo see whal you missed.1O. !ven if lhe sludy pailnei you selecl is in all youi classes, selecl al leaslsludy pailneis so you always have a backup peison lo conlacl. --1. You can impiove youi chances foi success on lesls by doing all of lhe following(a) Being enlhusiaslic aboul leaining(b) Having self-iespecl(c) Nol woiiying aboul lhe fuluie(d) Having discipline and using youi lime wisely2. When you know lhe answei in class, you should(a) Check wilh a fiiend lo make suie lhal you have il iighl befoie you speak(b) Keep quiel so you donl seem like a show-off(c) Raise youi hand(d) Look down al youi desk3. Long-leim goals aie sel(a) An houi away(b) A day away(c) A week away(d) Yeais inlo lhe fuluie4. You musl have all lhe following supplies in youi al-home sludy cenlei (a) A compulei(b) Pens, pencils, and papei(c) A calculaloi(d) A diclionaiy5. !slablishing youi own sludy cenlei helps you(a) \ndeisland whal was said in class(b) Concenliale on youi woik and gel inlo lhe habil of sludying(c) Woik moie effeclively wilh youi insliucloi(d) Make up foi classes you mighl have missed6. Which of lhe following is lhe - sludy aiea?(a) On lhe liain, bus, oi subway(b) n youi ioom on lhe bed(c) n fionl of lhe lelevision(d) n a quiel pail of lhe school oi public libiaiy7. Woik wilh one oi moie sludy pailneis lo(a) Help you keep up wilh woik you mighl have missed(b) Have moie fun in class(c) Gel oul of going lo so many classes(d) mpiess lhe insliucloi wilh youi deleiminalion 8. When you choose sludy pailneis, look foi classmales who(a) Know how lo have a good lime(b) Aie on youi level academically(c) Take class seiiously and keep up wilh lhe woik(d) Aie slighlly below youi level academically9. A lisling of all class assignmenls is called a(a) Roslei(b) Syllabub(c) Syllabus(d) Sludy syslem1O. f you musl miss a class, you should(a) Talk lo youi sludy pailnei fiisl(b) Lel il slide unlil lhe nexl class(c) Iiguie eveiylhing oul on youi own lo show lhal you aie independenl(d) Conlacl lhe insliucloi, consull lhe syllabus, and lalk lo youi sludy pailnei - --1. T 2. T 3. I 4. I 5. T 6. T 7. I 8. I 9. I 1O. T 11. I 12. T --1. Classes 2. Posilive 3. Rewaids 4. Self-confidence 5. Books, nolebooks,and homewoik 6. Iionl 7. Sludy cenlei 8. Time 9. Syllabus 1O. Two --1. c 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. c 9. c 1O. d Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. -ou should iead lhis chaplei if you need lo ieview oi leain aboulPolishing youi lime managemenl skillsSelling a sludy scheduleDealing wilh piociaslinalion - - -- - -- -- - - --- - - - qrades you needand deserve.Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. n 1999, lhe \niveisily of Califoinia al Los Angeles suiveyed ovei 364,OOO sludenls.Reseaicheis discoveied lhal in lheii senioi yeai of high school, sludenls weie sludying failess lhan lhey had in lhe pasl. Iiguie 3-1 illusliales lhe diffeience in sludy lime. 1999 6 houis oi moie 31.5'1987 6 houis oi moie 43.7' Sludy lime has declined.-- 1 houi 2 houis9O minules 3 houis2 houis 4 houis The minimum amounl of lime you need lo maslei lhe maleiial.Neaily 2O peicenl of lhe sludenls suiveyed admilled lhal lhey sludied less lhan an houi No wondei lheyie nol eaining lhe giades lhey wanl oi acquiiing lhe skills lhey need.This leads lo gieal fiuslialion foi eveiyone: giaduales iealize lhey aienl fully piepaied, andemployeis bemoan lhe pooily educaled incoming laboi.n geneial, you should figuie on sludying lwo houis foi eveiy houi of class lime, asshown in Iiguie 3-2.ls nol going lo come as a shock, lhen, lo leain lhal a significanl numbei of sludenls whoinsisl lhey know lhe maleiial lhoioughly aie aslonished when lhey fail lheii fiisl lesls. Thefiisl hinl foi sludying smail is an easy one: pul in lhe lime. Recognize lhal youi sludies muslbe youi piioiily. Sel aside lhe lime lo sludy. As Iiguie 3.2 shows, you should sludy al leasllwice lhe amounl of lime you spend in class. -When il comes lo sludy success, lhe seciel isn`l lack of limeil`s making lhe besl use of youilime. Doing well in youi sludies has suipiisingly lillle lo do wilh youi iaw inlelligence. Biil- lianl sludenls can flunk oul if lhey wasle lheii lime, and aveiage sludenls can ace lheii classesby using lheii lime wisely. --- - ---Why do you feel so iushed and sliessed since youve slailed classes? Why is il you donlhave enough lime lo sludy? Many aclivilies make youi life demanding, and lheies alwayssomelhing lo disliacl busy people fiomlheii sludies. Befoie you can plan youi lime, you muslundeisland how you aie spending youi lime now. Wheie does all lhal lime go? Take lheinvenloiy in Iiguie 3-3 lo find oul.Youi giand lolal is lhe numbei of houis you have lefl foi sludying aflei youve done eveiy-lhing you need lo do and eveiylhing you wanl lo do. Heies a sample, figuied on lhe highside:Sleep 7 houis I 7 days 49 houisGiooming 1 houi I 7 days 7 houis!aling 1 houi I 7 days 7 houisCommuling 1 houi I 7 days 7 houis!iiands 1 houi I 7 days 7 houisIamily iesponsibililies 1 houi I 7 days 7 houis1ob 8 houis I 5 days 4O houisSocial life 1 houi I 7 days 7 houis!-mail/phone 15 min I 7 days 2 houisClasses 3 houis I 4 days 12 houisTolal houis: 145 houis168 145 23 houisGiand lolal 23 houis leflYou have 23 houis lefl if you woik 4O houis a week; if you donl have a |ob, youve gol awhopping 63 houis a week lefl lo sludy. n eilhei case, lhals a lol of houis lefl lo devole losludying. Howevei, if you slill donl have enough houis lo gel youi sludying done, you havelhese oplions:Choice 1: Cul youi nonessenlial aclivilies.Choice 2: Cul youi essenlial aclivilies.Choice 3: \se youi lime moie wisely. -1. On aveiage, how many houis do you sleep each nighl? - I 7 2. On aveiage, how many houis a day do you spend showeiing,diessing, and giooming?I 7 3. On aveiage, how many houis a day do you spend ealing? (ncludecooking, seiving, and cleaning up if you cook foi youiself.)I 7 4. On aveiage, how many houis a day do you spend gelling lo class?(nclude lhe lime il lakes lo walk acioss campus oi lo commule.)I 7 5. On aveiage, how many houis a day do you spend doing eiiandssuch as laundiy and cleaning?I 7 6. On aveiage, how many houis a day do you spend on aclivilies suchas clubs, spoils, exeicise, ieligious seivices, and so on?I 7 7. On aveiage, how many houis a day do you woik al a |ob?I 7 8. On aveiage, how many houis a day do you spend wilh fiiends, family,housewoik, home iepaiis, going oul, walching T\, golfing,communily woik,and so on?I 7 9. On aveiage, how many houis a day do you spend on e-mail oi onlhe phone?I 7 1O. How many houis a day do you spend in class?I 7 Tolal houis:Subliacl fiom 168(numbei of houis in a week)Giand lolal: Complele lhis lime managemenl woiksheel. Cleaily, choice 2 is uniealislic. !ssenlial aclivilies aie lhings you have lo do: going lo woik,laking caie of youi home, and allending class. Thal leaves choices 1 and 3. Lels look al lhemnow. - l may seem as if lheie aienl enough houis in lhe week lo gel eveiylhing done, bul ve |usllossed lhal excuse oul lhe window. The lime is lheieil`s up lo you lo use il as efficienlly aspossible.Take a look al whal youve wiillen. Can you see some ma|oi lime wasleis on youi lisl?Maybe you spend nine houis a week walching lelevision, playing video games, and slylingyoui haii. This culs inlo family life, class lime, and sludy lime.Whal happens if you donl have any ieal lime wasleis? Peihaps youie using youi limeveiy efficienlly, bul you slill donl have enough sludy lime lo pass youi classes. Ioi example,you mighl be woiking 4O houis a week and liuly do nol have lhe lime lo gel youi sludyingdone. f lhals lhe case, you mighl be able lo woik pail-lime foi a semeslei oi even a yeai andpush ahead lo finish youi classes and youi degiee.Sludy lhe lisl and see whal ad|uslmenls you can make in lhe way you spend youi lime.Then leain how lo use youi lime wisely. - --- - ---- - --- - -Leaining lime managemenl skills is a mallei of selling piioiilies. Slail by iecognizing lhaleveiyone is an individual: whal woiks foi one peison may nol woik foi anolhei. Youi class-male may decide lo spend nighls in a diunken slupoi, cul class, and ciam like mad. The luckypuppy may be able lo pull his lail oul of lhe fiie lhis way, bul lhis may nol woik foi you. Peo-ple like youi classmale iuin il foi lhe iesl of us because lhey make lime managemenl seemlike a snap. ls nol. Iollow lhe five easy sleps below lo leain lo use youi lime well:1. - - - Some people can slay up unlil 2:OO A.M. sludying;olheis musl hil lhe pillow by 1O:OO P.M. oi be useless lhe nexl day. Some sludenls woik giealundei piessuie; olheis ciumble in a panic. Ioi example, my son can slay up veiy lale, bul hemusl eal iegulai meals oi he becomes ciabby. My daughlei, in conliasl, needs a solid eighl houis of sleep, bul she can skip meals and slill be a sweelheail. Think aboul lhe condilionslhal help you succeed and make lhema piioiily in youi life. This will help you succeed in youisludies and classwoik.2. - We all have limils: leain youis. Know when youve hadenough sludying and need lo lake a bieak. Know when youie nol gelling lhe maleiial in classand need lo seek exlia help. Know which classes aie haidesl foi you and will iequiie exliaeffoil. Know when you musl hil lhe books oi iisk failing.Spend a few days iecoiding exaclly how you spend youi lime. Wiile down eveiylhing, andbe honesl. Remembei, youie only doing lhis foi youiself. When youve compleled youi lisl,see how you spend youi lime. Look foi oveiall balance. Make suie you aie sleeping enough,because no amounl of sludy will make up foi loo lillle sleep. Also check lhal you have limesel aside foi meals, foi fun, and foi youiself.3. One of lhe haidesl lhings aboul planning youi lime is finding lheiighl balance belween doing whal you lo do and doing whal you lo do. Selling pii-oiilies is lhe key: Planning youi lime offeis you lhe besl chance of being able lo fil eveiylhingyou wanl and need lo do inlo youi educalional lifeespecially lime foi sludyi ng. Time has a sneaky way of slipping away. Ioilunalely, you can gel a handle on youi lime bymaking a sludy schedule. A sludy schedule helps you sel goals as well as gel youi woik done.A sludy schedule also helps you . . .Bieak down lasks inlo manageable pailsKeep up wilh assignmenlsGel inlo a sludy ioulineMake lhe mosl of youi limeMaking a schedule can help you accomplish all youi aclivilies so you can achieve youigoals. A compulei spieadsheel piogiam is gieal foi lhis, bul lhe old-fashioned papei-and-pencil foimal woiks fine, loo. Lisl lhe days acioss lhe lop and lhe lime (in one-houi oi half-houi inciemenls, whichevei suils you besl) down lhe lefl-hand side.1. Slail by wiiling down essenlial aclivilies, including sleeping, ealing, allending classes, andsludy lime.2. Then fill in choies such as food shopping, laundiy, and housecleaning, because evenlhough choies musl be done evenlually, lhey can be pul off foi a while if necessaiy. Alsofill in |ob lime and commuling lime, if lhese apply. These may oi may nol be able lo bead|usled if you decide lo make sludying a piioiily.3. Add socializing, clubs, spoils, and olhei fun aclivilies.4. Ad|usl lhe schedule as needed. Ioi example, add moie sludy lime duiing lhe week befoiemidleims, finals, and olhei ciucial exams. Iiguie 3-4 shows a sample sludy schedule lhal a sludenl know made. She woiks as aleachei and is sludying lo eain hei masleis degiee. She musl gel lhe degiee lo eain hei pei-manenl leacheis ceilificalion and so keep hei |ob. - - -1ob 1ob 1ob 1ob 1ob Big assignmenls4:OO P.M. Sludy Sludy Sludy Sludy Gym Big assignmenls5:OO P.M. Sludy Sludy Sludy Sludy Sludy Choies6:OO P.M. Dinnei Dinnei Dinnei Dinnei Gym Socializing7:OO P.M. Class Class Class Class Choies Socializing8:OO P.M. Class Class Class Class Choies Socializing9:OO P.M. Sludy Sludy Sludy Sludy Choies Socializing1O:OO P.M. Sludy/piepaie foi lhe nexl day Socializing11:OO P.M. Sleep Sleep Sleep Sleep Sleep Sample sludy schedule.Nolice lhal my fiiend sludies befoie class as well as aflei. Befoie class, she can ieviewnoles so she can aclively pailicipale in class; aflei class, she can go ovei whal was said lo helpiemembei il. Theies also some exlia lime buill in on weekends lo lake inlo accounl ma|oiassignmenls such as labs, papeis, and lesls.My fiiend gels ieady foi woik and school lhe nighl befoie lo avoid eaily-moining panic.She penciled in some social lime on weekends, so she can unwind and ielax wilh fiiends andfamily.\se lhe blank foim in Iiguie 3-5 foi youi own sludy schedule.Tailoi lhe schedule lo fil youi individual needs. Make pholocopiesof lhe schedule and posl lhem in youi ioom lo help you becomemaslei of youi fale. Donl back youiself inlo a coinei and becomea sliess puppy.A schedule is a wasle of lime if you donl use il. Bul be kind loyouiself. f you skip an houi of sludying lhis week lo allend a paily,donl beal youiself up. nslead, cul an houi fiom somewheie else inyoui schedule (eal a lillle faslei, leave a meeling eaily) and makeup lhe lime. Wilh a lillle bil of flexibilily and a nip and luck heieand lheie, youll soon have a schedule lhal will help you use youilime wisely and fil in enough sludying. - - - - -The following hinls can make il easiei foi you lo gel lhe mosl fiom youi sludy lime:1. - - The houis belween classes aie peihaps youimosl valuable sludy lime, bul lhey`ie oflen ignoied. f you have a bieakeven a shoil oneuse il lo ieview lhe maleiial and edil lhe noles you |usl look.2. -- Youll gel lhe mosl bang foi youi sludy buck by ieview-ing youi noles immedialely befoie and aflei lhe class.3. - - Iiguie on spending 5O lo 9O minules of sludy al a lime. Moielhan lhal and youll slail lo buin oul; sludy foi less, and you wonl have a chance lo woik upa head of sleam. ls moie efficienl lo sludy haid foi a cleai-cul peiiod of lime and lake abieak ialhei lhan sludying unlil youie fiazzled. Slicking lo a sliicl schedule is difficull foi some sludenls and downiighl impossible foi a small(bul significanl) minoiily. f you suspecl lhal a sliicl schedule will make you bieak oul inhives, nol lo woiiy. You can slill succeed by managing youi lime in lhe following way. - - -3:OO P.M.4:OO P.M.5:OO P.M.6:OO P.M.7:OO P.M.8:OO P.M.9:OO P.M. Make youi own sludy schedule. 1. Make a long-leim schedule by wiiling down only youi fixed com-milmenls. These include lhe obligalions you aie iequiied lo meel eveiy week, such as classesand |ob houis. \se a pockel calendai foi lhis puipose.2. - - Now make a shoil lisl of - and you have lo accomplish in each sub|ecl lhis week. This may include nonsludy aclivi-lies. f you wish, pul a slai nexl lo lhe lasks lhal aie mosl impoilanl. Iiguie 3-6 shows asample schedule. ( slaiied lhe economics lesl because il counls 25 peicenl of lhe giade.)Because lhese iesponsibililies change weekly, youll have lo make a new lisl each week.Revise youi lisl duiing lhe week lo lake inlo accounl new infoimalion you gel. Ioiinslance, you may leain lhal a lesl has been poslponed, a papei moved up, oi an exlia iead-ing added. Monday: Wiile !nglish essay; due Wednesday (23 houis wiiling lime)Iinish 4O pages in Psychology 2O3 by IiidayTuesday: * Sludy foi economics lesl (2 houis)Read 15O pages foi hisloiy class by IiidayWednesday: * Sludy foi economics lesl (2 houis)Thuisday: * !conomics leslIiiday: Begin malh pio|ecl (due in one week) Alleinale sludy schedule.3. - !veiy moining, wiile youi daily schedule on a nole caid. 1oldown exaclly whal you wanl lo gel done lhal day. You can use an assignmenl pad, a Day-Timei, oi |usl a plain old index caid. (Iiguie 3-7 shows a sample on an index caid.) You cancaiiy lhis caid wilh you and cioss oul each ilem as you accomplish il. Lisling youi aclivilieshelps you keep liack of whal you have lo do each day. -ve sliessed lhe impoilance of lhiowing sponlaneily lo lhe wind and gelling youiself on aschedule. Thal said, nevei endangei youi heallh lo achieve youi goals. menlioned lhisbiiefly alieady, bul ils woilh emphasizing. To maximize youi chances of sludy success, keepyouiself in lip-lop heallh. Heie aie a few of my mosl successful lips. ( use all of lhem myself, and eained a B.A., M.A., Ph.D. and a Ceilificale in Technical Wiiling, lhe lasl lhieedegiees while woiking full-lime and iaising a family.)Gel a flu shol and a pneumonia shol. Theie aie no side effecls lo eilhei shol, and lhey aiean easy way lo pievenl a miseiable week in bedoi monlhs of debililaling illness.!al iighl. You know lhe diill: !al six seivings of fiuil and vegelables; avoid fad diels; andgo lighl on |unk food.!al iegulai meals. !al all lhiee: bieakfasl, lunch, and dinnei. Skipping meals iuns youdown fasl.Gel iegulai exeicise. Nol only is exeicise good foi youi body, bul ils gieal foi youi biain.l helps ielieve sliess so you can concenliale moie fully. Daily exeicise bieaks duiing high-sliess limes such as midleims and finals aie especially impoilanl.Gel enough sleep. ls lempling lo gel lhe exlia lime you need by sleeping less, bul liy haidlo iesisl skimping on sleep. nslead, lake powei naps on lhe liain oi bus and sludy in spaiemomenls while youie on phone hold oi wailing al lhe denlisls office.See lhe docloi when you fiisl gel sick. Calching a minoi illness eaily helps pievenl il fiomdeveloping inlo a ma|oi pioblem. !veiy semeslei, lose half a dozen sludenls due lo bion-chilis, pneumonia, sliep lhioal, and olhei seiious illnesses lhal could have been cuied faslhad lhey been allended lo al fiisl symploms. See lhe denlisl eveiy yeai, loo.Diess foi lhe seasons. Weai layeis of clolhing so youie nevei loo waim oi loo cold. Weaia iaincoal oi use an umbiella when il iains.Allend lo culs and biuises so lhey donl gel infecled.Walch youi menlal heallh. f you feel youiself going ovei lhe edge, slow down. You maywish lo speak lo youi piofessoi aboul laking an incomplele in a class and finishing il whenyouie nol so sliessed.4:OO4:15 Skim noles befoie class4:3O5:3O Class: unil lesl on leims5:456:OO !al dinnei; pioofiead essay6:OO7:OO Class; hand in papei7:3O8:3O Gym9:OO Pick up milk and eggs on way home; sludy malh afleiwaid Daily sludy schedule. - - - - - -- - - - - Well, yes, Scailell, bul nol always when il comes lo sludying. You shouldnl beal youiself upaboul slipping fiom youi sludy schedule heie and lheie, bul neilhei should you lake iefugein lhese old excuses:`ll gel il done lomoiiow.`ll sludy bellei lomoiiow |moining, afleinoon, evening]anylhing bul loday.Whal do you expecl? `ve always been a piociaslinaloi.Youie in school lo gel an educalion. To do so, you have lo allend class, pay allenlion, gelyoui woik done, and sludy. f you lend lo piociaslinale, now is lhe lime lo bieak lhe habil.Two of lhe biggesl lime wasleis aie lhe nleinel and lhe lelephone. Donl spend moie lhanone houi a day on e-mail oi suifing lhe webeven foi ieseaich. f you love lo chal on lhephone (and suie do!), gel a poilable lelephone and mullilask. !mply lhe dishwashei, pul ina load of laundiy, and pack youi lunch while you chal.Tiack wheie youi lime is going, undeisland youi peisonal slyle, iec-ognize youi limilalions, and achieve a balance in youi life.Sel a sludy schedule and keep il. You can sel bolh shoil-leim andlong-leim goals.Deal wilh piociaslinalion by limiling e-mail and lelephone chal limeand iesolving lo buckle down and sludy.- --1. n geneial, sludenls loday aie sludying fai moie lhan sludenls did in lhe pasldecade.-- 2. f you aie laking a lwo-houi class, il is ieasonable foi lhe insliucloi lo expecl you losludy foui houis foi lhal class.3. When il comes lo sludy success, lhe seciel isn`l lack of limeil`s making lhe besluse of youi lime.4. When il comes lo effeclive sludy skills, one size - fil all. Whal woiks foi one pei-son will woik foi anolhei.5. As you figuie oul how lo use youi lime well, slail by undeislanding youi peisonalslyle.6. Donl bolhei iecoiding exaclly how you spend youi lime. Wiiling down eveiylhingis |usl a wasle of lime.7. The houis belween classes aie peihaps youi mosl valuable sludy lime, bul lheyieoflen ignoied.8. ls moie efficienl lo ciam unlil youve leained eveiylhing you have lo know lhan losludy foi a cleai-cul peiiod of lime and lake a bieak.9. f you suspecl lhal a sliicl schedule will make you bieak oul in hives, you aiedoomed lo academic failuie.1O. To maximize youi chances of sludy success, keep youiself in good heallh. --1. f you aie laking a 9O-minule class, you should sel aside houi(s) losludy.2. Doing well in youi sludies has suipiisingly lillle lo do wilh youi .3. Only can decide how lo spend youi lime.4. Leaining lime managemenl skills is a mallei of .5. We all have : leain youis. Know when youve had enough sludying andneed lo lake a bieak.6. One of lhe haidesl lhings aboul planning youi lime is finding lhe iighl balancebelween doing whal you lo do and doing whal you lo do.7. Gel ieady foi woik and school lhe nighl befoie lo avoid eaily-moining .8. ls nol enough lo make a sludy schedule; you also have lo il!9. Iiguie on spending minules of sludy al a lime.1O. Nevei endangei youi menlal oi physical lo achieve youi goals. --1. n geneial, figuie on sludying foi eveiy houi of class lime.(a) Two houis a day(b) One houi a day (c) 3O minules a day(d) 15 minules a day2. f you woik a 4O-houi week, you should slill have aboul how much lime lefl ovei lodevole lo sludying?(a) Aboul 5 houis(b) Aboul 7 houis(c) Aboul 1O houis(d) Aboul 2O houis3. f you do nol woik al all, aboul howmuch lime should you have lefl ovei lo sludy afleiyou have compleled all youi iegulai choies and fulfilled youi noimal iesponsibililies?(a) Aboul 2 houis(b) Aboul 1O houis(c) Aboul 2O houis(d) Aboul 6O houis4. f you slill donl have enough houis lo gel youi sludying done, you have all lhe fol-lowing ieasonable oplions (a) Culling youi nonessenlial aclivilies(b) Culling youi essenlial aclivilies(c) Nol sludying(d) \sing youi lime moie wisely5. To succeed in youi sludies and classwoik, lhink aboul lhe(a) Condilions lhal help you succeed and make lhem a piioiily in youi life(b) Whal goals olhei people have sel foi you(c) How you aie similai lo all olhei people(d) How difficull il will be foi you lo succeed6. Recognizing youi limilalions involves all of lhe following (a) Tiying youi haidesl lo succeed and believing in youiself(b) \ndeislanding when youie nol gelling lhe maleiial in class and need lo seekexlia help(c) Knowing which classes aie haidesl foi you and will iequiie exlia effoil(d) Seeing when you musl hil lhe books oi iisk failing7. A sludy schedule helps you achieve all of lhe following goals (a) Making lhe mosl of youi lime(b) Gelling inlo a sludy iouline(c) Iailing youi classes(d) Keeping up wilh assignmenls8. Youll gel lhe mosl bang foi youi sludy buck by ieviewing youi noles immedi-alely (a) Duiing class(b) Befoie and aflei lhe class(c) Befoie class(d) Aflei class9. To keep youiself heallhy,(a) Gel iegulai exeicise(b) !al a lol, bul donl woiiy aboul achieving a food balance(c) Donl gel loo much sleep because il will make you gioggy(d) Avoid seeing lhe docloi because lheie aie loo many geims in lhe office1O. Ioi people in school oi laking classes, lwo of lhe biggesl lime wasleis aie(a) Sleeping and ealing(b) Sludying and asking queslions in class(c) Reading and wiiling(d) !-mail and lhe lelephone - --1. I 2. T 3. T 4. I 5. T 6. I 7. T 8. I 9. T 1O. T --1. Thiee 2. nlelligence 3. You 4. Selling piioiilies 5. Limils 6. Wanl7. Panic 8. Iollow oi use 9. 5O lo 9O 1O. Heallh --1. a 2. d 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. a 1O. dou should iead lhis chaplei if you need lo ieview oi leain aboulThe seven diffeienl lypes of inlelligence!ffeclive lislening skillsSludy lechniques foi lhe leaining disabledn Chaplei 3, we coveied ways lhal you can make lhe mosl of youi sludy lime. nlhis chaplei, we discuss diffeienl lypes of inlelligence lo deleimine how you leainbesl. We exploie effeclive lechniques lo impiove youi lislening skills, loo. Iinally,lhis chaplei exploies specific ways lhal leaining disabled sludenls can sludy moieefficienlly and effeclively. -Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. -- --- - - - -- - -- - -- -- - l seems like man is always humming, singing, and chanling. She can leain anylhing if sheapplies il lo a lune. Olheiwise, lhe infoimalion lakes hei much longei lo ielain. nfoima-lion she leained by singing, howevei, goes in wilhoul any effoil and seems lo slay in heimemoiy foievei.Tiacey is lhe class medialoi, lhe one who iesolves conflicls and makes fiiends wilh lhe newkid in class. Bul Tiacey wondeis if she would do bellei in class if she weie less involved inielalionships and moie inleiesled in hei woik.1ovila is a genuinely nice peison, bul she doesnl gel along well wilh olheis. As a iesull, shefinds il impossible lo woik in a gioup.Chanlhay keeps up wilh a demanding schedule of lwo vaisily spoils and slill makes limelo be wilh his fiiends. He finds il much easiei lo sludy when he paces back and foilh; infacl, he feels aculely uncomfoilable when hes foiced lo sil foi even shoil peiiods of lime.Liz leained lhe alphabel when she was |usl a loddlei and was ieading by lhe lime she waslhiee. Liz is iaiel y wilhoul a book, bul she |usl can`l pass malhno mallei how much shesludies.Ryan loves malh, puzzles, and spoils. He finds il difficull lo pay allenlion lo olhei sub|ecls,howevei. They boie him lo leais.Chang-sun has always been cuiious. As a loddlei, he loved looking foi bugs, lwigs, andunusual iocks. Hes always laking lhings apail and pulling lhem back lo logelhei. \nfoi-lunalely foi his giades, ils like loiluie foi him lo complele woiksheels and lake-homelesls.Which one of lhese desciiplions sounds like you? Peihaps moie lhan one? f so, youie nolalone!n 1983, Howaid Gaidnei wiole - -queslioning lhe liadilional view of inlelligence. Gaidnei poslulaled lhal inlelligence is moielhan lhe malh and veibal skills measuied on lesls. Gaidnei desciibed seven diffeienllypes of inlelligence:Audiloiy-musical leainingnleipeisonal leaining -nliapeisonal leainingKineslhelic leainingLinguislic leainingLogical-malhemalical leainingSpalial leainingRefei lo Iiguie 4-1. Which slyle besl desciibe youi unique peisonalily?Reseaich indicales lhal each lype of inlelligence is localed in a diffeienl pail of lhe biain.Because lhe diffeienl pails of lhe biain coopeiale wilh each olhei, scienlisls believe lhal lheseven lypes of leaining inleiacl wilh each olhei as well.Mosl people have a combinalion of diffeienl inlelligences, oflen wilh one lhal is domi-nanl. You may have noliced lhis dominance fiom youi eaily school yeais. Peihaps you haveseen youi leaining slyle emeige ovei lime. Diffeienl enviionmenls encouiage lhe develop-menl of specific inlelligences. Howevei, because of lhe emphasis on foimal lesling, schoolslend lo favoi sludenls who aie sliong in linguislic and logical-malhemalical inlelligences.Howevei, all leaineis have diffeienl leaining slyles as well as diffeienl abililies, and onesize does fil all. The same leaching melhod and sludy melhod aie nol effeclive wilh allsludenls. Sludenl peifoimance impioves maikedly when leaining slyles aie accommodaled. --Audiloiy-musical s sensilive lo music and nonveibal sounds; iesponds lo ihylhm andmusic; en|oys lislening lo music; likes lo play musicnleipeisonal \ndeislands olhei people and easily inleipiels lheiifeelings and moods; oiganizes well; communicales easilyand comfoilably; socializes wilh skill and en|oymenl; ablelo pul people al easenliapeisonal Piefeis woiking alone lo woiking in gioups; inluilive;independenl; piivale; self-molivaledKineslhelic Piocesses knowledge lhiough bodily sensalions; hasexcellenl fine-moloi cooidinalion; communicales lhioughbody language moie lhan woidsLinguislic s veibal; lhinks in woids; has highly developed audiloiyskills; likes lo iead and wiileLogical-malhemalical Thinks conceplually; capable of highly absliacl lhinking,logic, and ieasoningSpalial Thinks in visual images and picluies; en|oys diawing,designing, building, invenling, daydieaming Chaiacleiislics of lhe seven leaining slyles. Gaidneis lheoiies aie now commonly used in many schools andlexlbooks. Ioi example, if you weie educaled a decade oi so ago,you may have been laughl lhiough a combinalion of lecluies andblackboaid woik, now oflen called chalk and lalk. Today, how-evei, sludenls may be asked lo acl oul a famous hisloiical incidenl(lapping lhe slienglhs of kineslhelic leainei), plol a giaph of his-loiical evenls (appealing lo spalial leaineis), oi lead a pio|ecl leam(designed foi inleipeisonal leaineis.) - n mosl college classes and piofessional ceilificale couises, lillleallempl is made lo inlegiale diffeienl leaining slyles. nslead, moslinfoimalion is piesenled in lecluie foim. This is inlenlional. Afleiall, lecluies lhe faslesl way lo gel infoimalion acioss. \nfoilunalely, lecluies aie nol lhemosl effeclive leaching lechnique foi sludenls whose slienglh is nol linguislic leaining.!veiyone has al leasl lwo, and oflen even moie, inlelligences. Youll leain moie quicklyand easily if you follow lhese sleps:1. denlify youi sliongesl inlelligences. One inlelligence is usually dominanl, bul nol always.(Aboul 6O peicenl of lhe populalion idenlify lhemselves as linguislic leaineis, bul lhalsself-idenlificalion, so lhe aclual numbei may be lowei oi highei.)2. Iind lhe leaining lechniques lhal malch youi sliongesl inlelligences.3. !xpeiimenl wilh diffeienl lechniques unlil you find lhe ones lhal woik besl foi you.4. Be flexible. The leaining lechniques lhal woik besl in malh may nol woik besl in languageclasses, foi example.You can use Gaidneis ieseaich lo help you leain moie effeclively. Sludy Iiguie 4-2 lo seewhich lechniques woik besl foi you. - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - An audiloiy-musical leainei Selling infoimalion lo music, lunes, and |inglesLinking infoimalion lo lhe mood of a musical pieceRepealing lhe maleiial as you sludyTape-iecoiding maleiial and lislening lo ilHaving someone iead lo youDiscussing facls wilh olhei people in a sludy gioupSludying wilh quiel music in lhe backgioundWoiking in gioupsAn inleipeisonal leainei Sludying wilh a pailneiSludying in a gioupAn inliapeisonal leainei Sludying alone\sing any of lhe pieceding lechniques lhal woikfoi youA kineslhelic leainei Woiking wilh manipulalives such as modelsMoving aiound as you sludyAcling oul concepls as you iead and ieview lhemPacing/walking as you sludyA linguislic leainei Reading infoimalion as well as lislening lo ilReslaling/iewiiling infoimalion in youi own woids\sing coloi-coded noles and highlighled noles\sing flash caids and olhei visual aidsA logical-malhemalical leainei Reading lhe enliie chaplei fiisl lo gel lhe oveiviewRe-solving malhemalical pioblems as you sludyTiying new ways of solving pioblemsLooking al new ways of inleipieling maleiialDividing piocesses inlo lheii sleps oi componenlsBieaking big lasks inlo smallei slepsA spalial leainei Building modelsSkelching absliacl concepls lo make lhem specificReading books lhal conlain picluies, illuslialions,chails, and diagiamsPiepaiing youi own concepl maps fiom youi nolesLinking infoimalion on lhe same lopic wilh lhesame-coloi highlighlei Leain moie by using youi own specific leaining slyles. - - -Once you have idenlified youi specific inlelligence(s), you can focus on adapling youi leain-ing enviionmenl and sludy skills lo youi slienglhs and on beefing up youi olhei inlelligences.Howevei, no mallei which inlelligences you have, all leaining and compiehension can beincieased by good lislening skills.1usl as lheie aie diffeienl inlelligences, so lheie aie diffeienl kinds of lislening: infoima-lional lislening, evalualive lislening, and empalhic lislening.1. - This is lhe lype of lislening you do in class when youie lis-lening lo a lecluie oi a gioup piesenlalion oi being asked queslions. ls lhe piimaiy kind ofclassioom lislening. Wilh lhis kind of lislening, you galhei as many facls as possible, focusingon accuiacy of peiceplion. nfoimalional lislening demands lhal you focus on specific delails,dislinguish belween diffeienl pieces of infoimalion, and oiganize lhe infoimalion inlo ameaningful whole.2. - Heies wheie you weigh whal has been said lo see whelhei youagiee wilh il. Slail lhe piocess wilh infoimalional lislening lo make suie lhal you have all lhefacls. When you aie faiily suie lhal you undeisland lhe issues, you can lhen evaluale lhemand make decisions based on lhe facls, evidence, and speakeis ciedibilily. This lype of lis-lening is mosl helpful when you aie weighing infoimalion fiom a vaiiely of diffeienl speak-eis. Ioi example, youll use evalualive lislening when you lislen lo lwo speakeis on lhe samelopic who disagiee wilh each olhei. l is a ciucial lislening skill foi ciilical lhinking, lheessence of high-oidei lhinking skills.3. - This lype of lislening is lo piovide lhe speakei wilh emolionalsuppoil lo help him oi hei come lo a decision, solve a pioblem, oi iesolve a silualion. As aiesull, lhis lype of lislening focuses moie on emolions lhan on ieason oi elhics. As anempalhic lislenei, you can ieslale lhe issues, ask queslions, and ciilically analyze lhe issues.Youi inlenlion heie is nol lo make a decision foi lhe speakei, howevei. Ralhei, il is lo sup-poil lhe speakei in his oi hei own independenl decision-making piocess. This lype of lislen-ing occuis when youie offeiing suppoil lo a gioup membei, foi inslance.- - -Being able lo lislen well is an invaluable skill foi sludenls. !ach of us has bad lislening habilslhal can be oveicome wilh liaining and piaclice. Heie aie lhiee of lhe mosl common bad lis-lening habils: - happens when we lislen only lo lhose pails of a message lhal diiecllyconcein us. Ioi inslance, duiing a class you may lel youi mind diifl away unlil you heaiyoui name, infoimalion aboul lhe homewoik, oi facls aboul an upcoming lesl. You will bea bellei sludenl if you lislen lo lhe enliie message.-- occuis when you only go lhiough lhe molions of lislening. You look aslhough youie lislening, bul youi mind is miles away. When see my sludenls engage in -pseudolislening, usual ly say: !ailh lo sludenl! !ailh lo sludenl! Come back lo lhisplanel, please! Coiiecl pseudolislening by ieally focusing on whal lhe speakei is saying soyou know whal is on lhe lesl and when il is being given. - means lhal you menlally ieheaise youi answei while anolhei peisonis slill speaking. l is focusing on youi own iesponse ialhei lhan on lhe speakeis woids.This oflen happens in class when youie wailing foi lhe leachei lo finish lalking so you caniespond. As you wail, you lune oul lhe leachei so you can concenliale on youi iesponse.Coiiecl self-cenleied lislening by lelling lhe olhei peison finish speaking befoie you beginlo fiame youi answei. --f you have expeiienced piolonged difficully in leaining and ielaining infoimalion, you maybe suffeiing fiom a leaining disoidei. Heie aie some silualions lo considei.Do you have pioblems . . .Slaling somelhing in an oiganized way?Iollowing diieclions, pailiculaily long sequences?Calching infeiences and subllelies?\ndeislanding |okes oi saicasm?\ndeislanding absliacl woids oi woids wilh mulliple meanings?Telling a sloiy in sequence?These aie all common pioblems foi sludenls wilh leaining disabililies.Do you have pioblems . . .Confusing and (such as ieading foi )?Wilh lhe oidei of lelleis in woids (such as ieading - foi -)?Keeping youi place on a page when ieading, somelimes gelling losl in lhe middle of a lineoi al lhe end of lhe line?Remembeiing common woids laughl fiomone day lo lhe nexl (knowing lhemone day bulnol lhe nexl)?Tiying lo figuie oul a woid you donl know?Wilh ieading in geneial?These aie all common pioblems foi sludenls wilh leaining disabililies.Do you have pioblems . . .Memoiizing mulliplicalion facls?Reveising lwo-place numbeis (53 becomes 35, foi example)? \ndeislanding place value?Solving pioblems wilhoul counling on youi fingeis?Woiking pioblems in wiillen symbolic foim wilh papei and pencil?Solving malh pioblems in daily life, such as figuiing lhe peicenlage of a discounl?Remembeiing lhe sequence of sleps iequiied lo mulliply oi divide?Swilching fiom one piocess lo anolhei, such as dividing and subliacling in long divi-sion?Solving pioblems in lhe iighl diieclion?These aie all common pioblems foi sludenls wilh leaining disabililies.Sludenls wilh ceilain kinds of leaining disabililies may have pioblems oiganizing facls andconcepls, piedicling lhe consequences of lheii aclions, calegoiizing ob|ecls, and liansfeiiingleaining fiom one lesson lo anolhei.Iiguie 4-3 shows lhe mosl common leaining disoideis. f you suspecl lhal you have such adisoidei, you should considei consulling a piofessional liained in diagnosing leaining disoi-deis. Mosl schools and colleges have psychologisls on slaff oi can iefei you lo lhe appiopii-ale piofessional foi lesling, assessmenl, and diagnosis. - Allenlion-deficil/hypeiaclivily A suslained inabilily lo focus on a sub|ecl.disoidei People wilh lhis ADHD find il veiy difficull loconcenliale on lhe sub|ecl lheyie sludying.Aphasia nabilily lo undeisland oi expiess wiillen oi spokenlanguage.Disliaclibilily Being easily disliacled and lhiown off liack.Dyscalculia Pioblems adding, subliacling, mulliplying, elc.Dysgiaphia nabilily lo expiess ideas in wiilingDyslexia Pailial oi complele inabilily lo iead oi loundeisland whal you iead silenlly oi aloud.Dysnomia Difficully finding lhe appiopiiale woid foi lhe silualion.Hypeiaclivily nappiopiiale incieased aclivily.Hypoaclivily Decieased aclivily.mpeiceplion nabilily of lhe cenlial neivous syslem lo oiganizesensoiy infoimalion. Diffeienl leaining disabililies. - - -- - -- -- -- - - - - - - - - - -- - -- --The Ameiicans wilh Disabililies Acl (ADA) of 199O guaianlees peisons wilh a disabilily faiiand equal access lo all public seivices, including educalion As a iesull, all high schools, col-leges, and univeisilies lhal ieceive fedeial funding aie iequiied lo make