Test 3 Fc List

8/8/2019 Test 3 Fc List

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Question Answer Hint

________ is the study of heredity. Genetics

Definition of Viruses Obligate intracellular Parasite

Proteobacteria

most gram-negative chemoheterotrophic bacteria.

largest taxonomic group of bacteria. phylogeny

based upon rRNA similarities. subgroups designated

by Greek letters.

This organism contains a single,

covalently closed circular molecule of

DNA?

Prokaryotes

What are viruses? obligatory intracellular parasites

Alpha Proteobacteria

includes most proteobacteria capable of growth

with low nutrient levels. some have

prosthecae(bud-like protusions). some

agriculturally important(nitrogen fixation). some

plant and human pathogens.

Characteristics of Viruses

Unable to exist independently from host cells. Can

direct life processes of host cells. Contain a sngle

type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protion

coat, sometimes enclosed by an envelope

composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

The genetic information in a cell is called

the ___________.genome

This organism has several pieces of DNA

(complexed w/histones)in the cells

nucleus

Eukaryotes

What are the different components of

viruses?

contain DNA OR RNA, protein coat, some have an

envelope surrounding the coat, some have spikes,

MUST infect only specif types of cells in one host,

the host range is determined by specific host

attachments and cellular factors


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A cell's genome is organized into

______________.chromosomes

Do viruses contain DNA, RNA, or both? DNA or RNA (one or the other)

Rickettsia

gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria or coccobacilli.

obligate intracellular parasites. transmitted to

humans by bites of insects and ticks. infections

damage permeability of blood capillaries resulting

in a spotted rash.

This organisms genes are frequently split

into noncoding regions and coding

regions

Eukaryotes

What does obligate mean? Absolutely must

A cell's genetic information is organized

into ________________.chromosomes

Coding Regions are called? Exons

Rickettsia prowazekiiorganism that causes the disease epidemic

typhus(human body lice).

Size of Viruses

Smallest infectious agents must have electron

microscopes to see. From 20nm to 450 nm in

diameter

What is the host range of viruses? The range of the cells a particular virus will attack

A cell's ________ is organized into

chromosomes.genome

Components of a virus particleA Cellular contains only the parts needed to invade

and control a host cell.

Non Coding Regions are called? Introns

Rickettsia rickettsiiorganism that causes the disease Rocky Mountain

Spotted Fever. transmitted by ticks.


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What is the host range of a virus

dependent on?

specific host attachment sites and other cellular

factors

2 main components of a virus particle Central Core and External Covering

________ are structures containing DNA

that physically carry hereditary

information.

Chromosomes

A group of related genes that are

attached to one another are called?Operons

Do all viruses have a protein coat? Yes

Ehrlichia

gram-negative rickettsialike bacteria. obligate

intracellular parasites. live within white blood cells.

transmitted by ticks to humans. causes ehrilichiosis,

a sometimes fatal disease.

_________ carry genes. Chromosomes

Bartonellagram-negative baccilus. human pathogen.

Bartonella henselae causes cat-scratch disease.

Central core contains? Nucleic acid and preformed enzymes.

Do all viruses have an envelope

surrounding the protein coat?no, some do some don't

What does DNA mean? Deoxyribonucleic acid

Brucella

small nonmotile gram-negative coccobacilli.

obligate parasites of mammals. can survive

phagocytosis, an important element of body's

defense against bacteria. Brucellosis is disease that

is caused.

Characteristics of the Nucleic acid in a

virus?

has DNA or RNA not both. genome (genes of

organism) size is very small.

Chromosomes carry ________. genes


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Do all viruses have spikes? no, some do some don't

What does RNA mean? Ribonuicleic acid

Beta Proteobacteria

some overlap with alpha-proteobacteria. can use

hydrogen gas, ammonia, and methane for nutrient

production. some are pathogenic.

Fill in the blanks with these two words in

the proper order: chromosomes, genes.

________ carry _________.

chromosomes carry genes

What are the minmum genes contained

in the Nucleic acid in a virus?

Capsid synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, regulation

of host processes (home invasion gene) and virus

packaging

What are viral species?a group of viruses sharing the same genetic

information and ecological niche

_______ are segments of DNA Genes

Bordetella

nonmotile, aerobic, gram-negative rod. serious

pathogen. Bordetella pertussis is the cause of

pertussis, or whooping cough.

Do all Viruses contain preformed

enzymes?No

What are plaques?bacteriophages form plaques on a lawn of bacteria

(congregates of cell death)

What kinds of bonds from between the

two strands of DNA?Hydrogen bonds

_______ are segments of DNA that code

for functional proteins.Genes

How are viruses identified?cytopathic effects, serological effects, and by the

nucleic acid tests

How many base pairs are formed in2


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DNA?

Neisseria

aerobic, gram-negative cocci. usually inhibits the

mucous membranes of mammals. pathogenis

species include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the

causative agent of gonorrhea and Neisseria

meningitidis, the causative agent of meningoccal

meningitis.

What are some examples of preformed

enzymes that may exsist in viruses?polymerases, replicases and reverse transcriptase

_________ are repeating units that

compose the macromolecule of DNA.nucleotides

Gamma Proteobacterialargest subgroup and most diverse of

proteobacteria.

How many bonds stablize the base pair

Adenine-Thynine?2

What are serological effects?

A way to identify viruses. To see if the body is

making an antibody for the specific virus. Includes

neutralization tests, viral hemagglutinzation and

the western Blot.

What is the external covering of a virus

called?Capsid

Francisella

small gram-negative rod. human pathogen.

transmitted by wild animals and anthropods.

Francisella tularensis causes the disease tularemia.

How many bonds stablize the base pair

Cytosine-guanine?3

What are lytic viruses?lysis= cell deaht. Viruses that kill the host cell by

causing lysis.

What are nucleotides? repeating units that compose DNA


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What is the Capsid?

Protein "shell" that surrounds and protects nucleic

acid. Helps introduce nucleic acid into host.

Stimulates immune system.

Pseudomonas

aerobic, gram-negative rod. motile by polar flagella.

common in soil and other natural environments.

resistant to many antibiotics. opportunistic

pathogen. causes food spoilage. Pseudomonas

aeruginosa produces blue-green pigment.

What are the different stages of lytic

cycles?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation

and release

What is a "nucleocapsid"? Capsid and Nucleic acid equals "nucleocapsid"

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

Each nucleotide consists of : - a nitrogenous base

(adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine) -

deoxyribose ( a pentose sugar) - phosphate group

When we say the two strands are exact

oposite we are saying they are?Complementary

Describe the attachment stage of a lytic

cycle.The phage attaches by tail fibers to the host cell.

Moraxellastrictly aerobic coccobacilli. human pathogen.

Moraxella lacunata is implicated in conjunctivitis.

Strands that run in opposite direction

are said to be?Antiparallel

The ________ is an organism's genetic

makeup, the information that codes for

all the particular characteristics of the

organism.

genotype

What are subunits of Capsids called?Capsomers they self assemble to form helical or

icosahedral structures

Describe the penetration stage of the

lytic cycle.

The phage lysozyme opens the cell wall; tail sheath

contracts to force tail core and DNA into the cell.


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Legionella

aerobic, gram-negative rod. human pathogen.

common in streams and can grow in water-supply

lines. Legionella pneumophila causes the disease

legionellosis, a bacterial pneumonia.

The _________ refers to the actual,

expressed properties of an organismphenotype

What are the purines? Adenine and Guanine

What is the virus envelope?

External layer in some viruses. Derived from host

cell membrane when viruses are released.

Glycoprotein "spikes" on outside of envelope play a

role in attachment of viruses to host cells.

Coxiella

obligate intracellular parasites. cattle ticks harbor

the organism making it commonly transmitted by

aerosols or contaminated milk. Coxiella burnetti

causes Q fever(a bacterial pneumonia)

Describe the biosynthesis stage of the

lytic cycle.Production of phage DNA and proteins

Fill in the blanks with these two words in

the correct order: genotype, phenotype.

_________ is the manifestation of

__________.

phenotype is the manifestation of genotype.

Two requirements for viral

multiplication

requires a host cell and viruses must be able to

appropriate the synthetic and genetic machinery of

host

What are the Pyrimidines? Thynine and cytosine

An organism's ________ is its collection

of genes. genotype

Describe the maturation stage of the

lytic cycle.Assembly of phage particles.

Steps in Viral MultiplicationAdsorption, Penetration, Replication, Assembly and


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Maturation and Release

Vibrio

facultative anaerobic, gram-negative rods that are

often curved. human pathogen. transmitted mostly

by raw or undercooked shellfish. Vibrio cholerae

causes cholera, characterized by profuse, watery

diarrhea. Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes less

severe gastroenteritis.

When each new strand of DNA consists

of one old and one new strand we say

this is?

Semiconservative replication

An organism's ________ is its entire

DNAgenotype

Describe the release stage of the lytic

cycle.Phage lysozyme breaks the cell wall.

Escherichia facultative anaerobic, gram-negative rod.

What is a Bacteriophage? Viruses that infect Bacteria

An organism's _______ is its collection

of proteins.phenotype

Origin of replication for DNA occurs

most often at which bond? Why?

the A-T bond as it is only connected by 2 Hydrogen

bonds so it is weaker than C-G

What are lysogenic phages?phage DNA is incorporated into the host DNA. any

time the cell divides, the phage divides to.

What are the 2 multiplication cycles in

Bacteriophages?Lytic Cycle and Lysogeny

How do lytic and lysogenic phagesdiffer?

lysogenic can become lytic. lytic cannot becomelysogenic. lysogenic eventually becomes lytic.

The DNA within a cell exists as long

strands of _______ tiwsted together in

pairs to form a double-helix.

nucleotides


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This is the alternating sugar and

phosphate molecules held together by

convalent bonds

DNA backbone

What is the Lytic cycle?

Replication of viral nucleic acids and proteins

causes cell to be packed with virus. Causes lysis and

death of host cell

The DNA within a cell exists as long

strands of nucleotides twisted together

in pairs to form a ________.

double-helix

The phosphate spans from 3' carbon of

one sugar to 5' carbon of next, you

count clockwise from Oxygen

DNA Backbone

What are the sequence of events in the

lytic cycle?

Bacteriophage tail fibers bind to receptors on

bacteria. Viral nucleic acid is injected through

bacterial wall and membrane. Viral nucleic acid

redirects genetic and metabolic activities of cell.

Viral subunits spontaneously assemble. Host cell

lyses liberating virions.

What is generalized transduction?

transferring DNA from bacteria/host to the virus

cell. It is a RANDOM piece of DNA....accidentally

some virus DNA gets incorporated into the host.

Each strand of DNA is made up of what?

string of alternating sugar and phosphate groups,

with a nitrogenous base attached to each sugar in

the backbone.

What is specific transduction?

taking a specific portion of DNA from the host cell.

It is a special part of the DNA that is transferred

from the host to the virus cell.

What is the main difference in Lytic cycle

and Lysogeny?

"temperate" bacteriophages undergo adsorption

and penetration but are not replicated or released.

Host cell is not lysed

When it is comprised of 2

complementary and antiparallel strands

Double Helix


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we say it is a ?

Lysogeny is equal to? Latency

What are the steps in an animal viral

cycle?

attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis,

maturation, release by budding OR rupture

What is the sugar phosphate backbone?

a string of alternating sugar and phosphate groups,

with a nitrogenous base attached to each sugar of

the backbone.

When each strand of the orginal

molecule serves a template for the

synthesis of a complementary copy

DNA Replication

Adenine always pairs with _________. thymine

Examples ofLysogenic phages are? Herpes Viruses, cold sores shingles

How are lytic cycles different from

animal viral cycles?

animal viral cycles have an "uncoating" step and the

penetration step is different; in animals the entire

virus goes in not just the genetic information.

How do animal viruses enter the cells? via pinocytosis or fusion

Other characteristics of lysogeny are.

Viral DNA is inserted into bacterial chromosome.Prophage is retained by bacterial cell and is copied

during cell division. progeny also carry temperate

phage. Viral genome is not expressed. Prophage in

lysogenic cell can be excised from host

chromosome and initiate lytic cycle.

Thymine always pairs with ________. adenine

A complete, fully developed viral particle

composed of nucleic acid surrounded bya coat is known as?

Virion

Guanine always pairs with _________. cytosine

How do enveloped animal viruses bud? steals membrane from the host


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Bacteria have how many Origins of

Replications?one

Cytosine always pairs with ________. guanine

Explain the attachment step of the

animal viral cycleviruses attach to the cell membrane

Eukaryotic cells have how many ORI?

why?Multiple ORI to speed up replication

explain the penetration step of an

animal's viral cycleentire virus goes in via endocytosis or fusion

What are the purines? adenine and guanine

explain the uncoating step of an animal's

viral cycleThe DNA or RNA of host is cut

What are the pyrimidines? cytosine and thymine

What is the initial primer for DNA

Polymerase III to start catalyzing?RNA

explain the biosynthesis step of an

animal's viral cycleproduction of nucleic acid and proteins

The base pairings of nucleotides are

________.complementary

The two strands at the replication fork

are called the?leading strand and lagging strand

explain the maturation step of an

animal's viral cyclenucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble

The two strands of DNA are _________. complementary

explain the release step of an animal's

viral cycle

release is by budding if enveloped, if not then

ruptures


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This strand runs 5' phosphate to 3'

hydroxyl and DNA synthesis occurs

continously

Leading strand

This strand runs 3' to 5' and synthesis

occurs discontinously Lagging strand

What are transformed cells?

activated oncogenes transform normal cells into

cancerous cells. These transformed cells have

increased growth, loss of contact inhibition.

What are oncogenic viruses?The genetic material of oncogenic viruses becomes

integrated into host cells.

What are the fragments called that

Lagging strand synthesis uses they are 5'

to 3'

Okazaki fragments

What is the difference between

oncogenic viruses and transformed

cells?

Oncogenic viruses may cause the occurence of

transformed cells. Oncogenic viruses are thus

named because the genetic material of cancer

causing viruses becomes integrated into host cells.

These host cells are transformed cells.

What are latent viral infectoins?

When a virus remains asymptomatic in the host cell

for long periods of time.

What are persistent viral infectoins?disease processes occur over a long period of time;

generally it is fatal.

What are the difference between latent

and persistent viral infections?

in latent viral infections, the host cell remains

asymtomatic for long periods of time. In persistent

viral infections, the symptoms show up slowly over

the course of a long period of time.

What are prions?

They change the normal protein! Prions are

proteins that can infect! They are inherited and

transmissile by ingenstion, transplant and surgical

instruments.

True or false: Viruses are the smallestFalse: prions are smaller than viruses!


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material that can kill you.

How are prions transmitted?inherited, ingested, on non-sterile

transplant/surgical instruments

Transcription is what? DNA to RNA

What is PrPc?An example of a normal cellular prion protein

located on a cell's surface.

What is PrPsc?A scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells, forms

plaques.

How do plant viruses enter? through wounds or via insects

What are viroids?normally found in plants, not animals. Small pieces

of RNA that are infectious.

What term best describes the

statement: "Small pieces of RNA that are

infectious."

viroids

Genes coding for related enzymes

frequently occur together in a clusterOperon

in mRNA 3 bases together is a codon

One codon specifies 1 amino acid

The start codon is AUG Methionine

The 3 stop codons or nonsense codons

are?UAA, UAG, UGA

UAA, UAG, UGA can be remembered by U Are Awful, U Are Gross, U Go Away

Most amino acids are signaled by several

alternative codons a situation referred

to as the

Degeneracy of the code

3 bases in DNA are defined as a Triplett


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3 bases in mRNA are defined as a Codons

3 bases in tRNA are defined as a Anti codons

RNA synthesis = Transcription

When biosynthetic enzymes are not

produced if their product is present in

the medium

Enzyme Repression

In Enzyme repression _____ is usually

the final product of an anabolic pathwayeffector("co-Repressor")

Enzyme is synthesized only when its

substrate is presentEnzyme Induction

Organism does not waste energy

synthesizing unneeded enzymesEnzyme Repression

Organism does not synthesize enzymes

until they are neededEnzyme Induction

Induction and repression act at the level

ofTranscription

These enzymes are not subject toinduction or repression and synthesize

continuously in the growing cell

Constitutive enzymes

These are key cellular enzymes required

for growth under all nutritional

conditions

constitutive enzymes

This is a heritable change in the

nucleotide sequence of DNAMutation

Two classes of mutations Frame shift and point mutations

3 types of point mutations Silent, Missense, Nonsense

DNA is synthesized in the _______5'-------->3'


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direction.

RNA synthesis continues until RNA

polymerase reaches a site on the DNA

called the _________.

terminator

What is the terminator?a site on the DNA that "signals" RNA polymerase to

stop synthesizing RNA

______ are the regions of DNA that are

expressedexons

_______ are the regions of DNA that do

not encode protein.introns

What are constitutive genes?

their products are not regulated; their products are

constantly produced at a fixed rate. Usually these

genes are effectively turned on all the time, so they

code for enzymes that the cell needs in fairly large

amounts.

What is repression?the regulatory mechanism that inhibits gene

expression and decreases the synthesis of enzymes

What term is best described by the

following: " The regulatory mechanism

that inhibits gene expression and

decreases the synthesis of enzymes is

called _______. "

repression

Repression is mediated by regulatory

proteins called ________.repressors

What do repressors do?they block the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate

transcription from the repressed genes

What is the process that turns on the

transcription of a gene/genes?induction

What is induction?the process that turns on the transcription of a

gene/genes


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A substance that acts to induce

transcription of a gene is called an

________

inducer

what is an inducer?

a substance that acts to induce transcription of a

gene

Enzymes synthesized in the presence of

induces are ___________.inducible enzymes

the combination of an operator,

promeoter, and the structural genes

they control is known as _______

an operon

What is an operon?

the combination of an operator, promotor, and the

structural genes they control.

How are inducible operons and

repressible operons different?

In inducible operons, the structural genes are

transcribed when they are turned on, or induced. In

repressible operons, the structural genes are

transcribed UNTIL they are turned off, or repressed.

An example of an inducible operon is the

_______ operon.lac

An example of a repressible operon is

the _________ operon.tryptophan

Inhibition of the metabolism of

alternative carbon sources by glucose is

termed ___________.

catobolite repression

catobolite repression is also known as

the ___________.glucose effect

__________ is also known as the glucose

effect.catobolite repression

How does catabolite repression work?keeps making C-amp until turned off by realizing

that the body has enough glucose.


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What is a bse mutation?a single base at one point in the DNA sequence is

replaced with a different base.

What is a missense mutation?

If a base situation results in an amino acid

substitution in the synthesized protein, it is referred

to as a missense mutation

What term is best described: " a base

situation results in an amino acid

substitution in the synthesized protein "

missense mutation

What term is best described: " a base

substitution resulting in a stop

(nonsense) codon "

nonsense mutation

What is a nonsense mutation?

When a base substitution results in a stop

(nonsense) codon, preventing the synthesis of a

completely functional protein.

What is a frameshift mutation?When one or a few of the nucleotide pairs are

deleted or inserted in the DNA

What term is best described: " When

one or a few of the nucleotide pairs are

deleted or inserted in the DNA"

frameshift mutation

Spontaneous mutations are what?when mistakes occur during DNA replication in the

absence of an apparent mutation-causing agents.

What term is best described: " when

mistakes occur during DNA replication in

the absence of an apparent mutation-

causing agent "

spontaneous mutation

What are mutagens?

agents in the environment, such as certain

chemicals and radiation, that directly or indirectly

bring about mutation

What term is best described: " agents in

the environment, such as certain

chemicals and radiation, that directly or

mutagens


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indirectly bring about mutation "

How do chemical mutagens work?

convert the base adenine (A) to form in such a way

that it no longer pairs with thymine (T), but with

cytosine (C).

How do ionizing radiation cause

mutations?

causes the formation of ions and free radicals that

react with DNA and can break the sugar-phosphate

backbone or cause base substitutions

UV radiation causes mutations how? by causing bonding between adjacent thymines

How are thymine dimers repaired?thymine dimers can be repaired by light-repair

enzymes

What do light-repair enzymes do? repair thymine dimers

________ involves detection of mutant

cells by rejection of the unmutated

parent cells

positive (direct) selection

In lameman's terms, what does this

mean: " involves detection of mutant

cells by rejection of the unmutated

parent cells "

you want the mutants!

What term is best described: " this

process selects a cell that connot

perform a certain function "

negative (indirect) selection

Positive selection is ________. direct

Negative selection is _______. indirect

Another term for direct selection is

__________.positive selection

another term for indirect selection is

____________.negative selection

What is replica plating technique usednegative selection


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for?

_________ is a relatively inexpensive

and rapid test for identifying possible

chemical carcinogens.

Ames test

What does the Ames test identify? posisble chemical carcinogens

What does the Ames test assume?

that a mutant cell can revert to a normal cell in the

presence of a mutagen, and that many mutagens

are carcinogenic

In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in

the _________cytoplasm

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the

________nucleus

" ATGCTATTG " is an example of a code

for DNA or RNA? How can you tell?DNA: presence of thymines

" AUGCUAUUG " is an example of a code

for DNA or RNA? How can you tell?RNA: presence of uracil

In DNA, adenine pairs with __________. thymine

In RNA, adenine pairs with __________. uracil

an MRNA is read in what direction? 5'------->3'

There are _____ codons. 64

In prokaryotes, __________ can begin

before transcription is complete.translation

In _________, translation can beginbefore transcription is complete

prokaryotes

Genes for the enzymes in glycolosis are

examples of what type of enzymes?constitutive enzymes


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The start codon codes for the amino acid

_________.methionine

Another word for the stop codon is a

________ codon.nonsense

What is a gene?a segment of DNA that describes the instructions

for creating a polypeptide chain

What is best described by the following

statement: " a segment of DNA that

describes the instructions for creating a

polypeptide chain"

gene

A gene is _________ to form mRNA. transcribed

An mRNA molecule is _________ to

form a protein.translated

Protein synthesis can be divided into

three steps. What are they?

1. transcription 2. pre-mRNA processing 3.

translation

Where does transcription occur? in the nucleus

Where does pre mRNA processing

occur?in the nucleus

Where is mRNA formed? in the nucleus

Where does translation occur? in the cytosol / free floating ribosome

Where is protein officially synthesized? in the ribosome in cytosol

What is the definition of transcription? the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template

Transcription is the synthesis of _______from ________.

mRNA ; DNA template

Transcription occurs in three stages.

What are they?1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination


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Transcription factors bind to the

_________, a sequence specifying the

start of the gene.

promoter region of DNA

What are transcription factors?

they bind to the promoter and signal the RNA

polymerase to bind to DNA to initiate transcription.

Transcription factors bind to the

promoter region of DNA, a sequence

specifying the _________ of the gene.

start site

Transcription factors signal the binding

of _________ near the start site.RNA polymerase

___________ binds to the promoter,

pries the two DNA strands, and initiates

mRNA synthesis at the start point on the

template strand.

RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase initiates mRNA

synthesis at the start point on the

_______ strand.

template

The mRNA formed will have the same

sequence as the ________ strand of

DNA. (except thymines will be replaced

with uracils)

coding

The mRNA formed will have a sequence

complementary to that of the _______

strand of DNA.

template

RNA polymerase enzyme does what?

oversees the synthesis of mRNA by unwinding the

DNA template and moving along the DNA to add

nucleotides to the mRNA that complement the DNA

template strand

RNA polymerase _______ the DNA

template.unwinds

RNA polymerase moves along DNA and

adds _________ to the mRNA that

nucleotides


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complement the DNA template strand.

As the RNA polymerase moves along the

template strand, elongating the mRNA

transcript one base at a time it ______

the DNA double helix before it and

rewinds the double helix behind it.

unwinds

At any given moment, 16-18 pairs of

DNA are unwound and the most recently

made RNA is still bound to DNA. This

small region is called the _________.

DNA-RNA hybrid.

RNA polymerase reaches the gene's

___________ on the DNA, and releases

pre-mRNA.

termination signal

mRNA synthesis ends when?

When RNA polymerase reaches the termination

signal. RNA polymerase and the completed mRNA

transcript are released

What occurs during pre-mRNA

processing?1. RNA splicing 2. Cap and tail are added to mRNA

What does it mean to say that RNA is"spliced?"

- introns (intervening sequences) are removed by

spliceosomes - exons (expressed sequences are

brought together to form mRNA)

What are introns?

intervening sequences that are removed from the

final mRNA product during pre- mRNA processing

by spliceosomes

What are exons?expressed sequences that are joined together

during pre-mRNA processing.

Where are introns sliced out of the RNA

product?in the nucleus

mRNA is transported out of the ______

into the cytoplasm right before

translation.

nucleus


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mRNA is transported out of the nucleus

into the ________ for translation.cytosol

What is translation?the synthesis of a polypeptide from an mRNA

template.

What process is best described as: " the

synthesis of a polypeptide from an

mRNA template "

translation

What three types of RNA are involved in

translation?mRNA, tRNA and rRNA


statement: " carries instructions for

building a polypeptide, from gene in

DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm "

mRNA

What is best described by teh following

statement: " a structural component of

ribosomes that, along with tRNA, helps

translate message from mRNA"

rRNA


statement: " Bind to amino acids and

pairs with bases of codons of mRNA at

ribosome to begin process of protein

synthesis"

tRNA

During translation, sets of three

nucleotides called ______ specify each

amino acid.

codons

What are codons?sets of three nucleotides that specify a particular

amino acid

What do mRNA's do in protein

synthesis?

carry instructions for building a polypeptide from

gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm

What do rRNA's do in protein synthesis? serve as structural components of ribosomes


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What do tRNA's do in protein synthesis?

bind to amino acids and pair with bases of codons

of mRNA at ribosome to begin process of protein

synthesis.

tRNA's bind to ________ and pair with

bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome to

begin process of protein synthesis.

amino acids

tRNA's bind to amino acids and pair with

bases of _______ of mRNA at _______

to begin process of protein synthesis.

codons ; ribosome

a tRNA molecule carrying the

complementary anticodon and the

corresponding amino acid binds to the

______ during translation

codon


complementary _________ and the

corresponding amino acid bind to the

codon during translation.

anticodon



corresponding ________ bind to the


amino acid

mRNA attaches to the ______ during

translation.ribosome

a _______ molecule carrying the




tRNA




codon during _________.

translation

_______ attaches to the ribosomemRNA


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during translation.

The first codon enters the " _____ " site

of the ribosome.A

the first ______ enters the " A " site of

the ribosomecodon

The first codon enters the "A" site of the

________.ribosome

the ribosome moves along the ______

strand during translation.mRNA

Codons move from the "A" site to the

"_____" site to the "E" site while being

read by the ribosome during translation.

P

Codons move from the "A" site to the

"P" site to the _____ site while being

read by the ribosome during translation.

E

After leaving the "E" site, the tRNA is

released back into the cytoplasm where

a new _______ will be attached to it.

amino acid

When the ribosome reaches the stop

codon on the mRNA, what happens?the polypeptide is released

What has to happen for the polypeptide

to be released during translation?the ribosome has to reach the stop codon.

Test 3 Fc List

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