Test #2 Material Phylum: Arthropoda. Phylum: Arthropoda (Crustaceans, Spiders, and Insects General...
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Transcript of Test #2 Material Phylum: Arthropoda. Phylum: Arthropoda (Crustaceans, Spiders, and Insects General...
Phylum: Arthropoda (Crustaceans, Spiders, and Insects
General Characteristics Exoskeleton is segmented and has jointed
appendages
Exoskeleton internal skeleton made of chitin and protein can be thick and hard, or paper thin and flexible for protection and the attachment of muscles impermeable to water and strong
Molting must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow another one leaves the animal temporarily vulnerable to other animals
Arthropoda Sense and smell
has eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae (touch and smell)
Open Circulatory System fluid inside is called
hemolymph (blood is the term to describe fluid in a closed circulatory system)
hemolymph is pumped by the heart into small arteries then into sinuses
the fluid re-enters the heart through pores
Class Arachnida (scorpions, spiders, and ticks)
Nearly all ticks are blood sucking parasites
Mites live on a wide variety of hosts including other arthropods
Have a cephalothorax with six pairs of appendages Chelicerae
fangs with poison (used to attack prey and chew)
Pedipalps 4 pairs of walking
appendages
Spiders
Gas exchange (breathing) is done by using a book lung. Stacked plates that
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the hemolymph and air
Silk webs are strung to catch prey (produced by abdominal glands called spinnerets) Webs are different
according to the species, and are always perfect on the first try.
Webs are also used for escaping predators and to wrap the eggs.
alimentary canal (yellow) blood vascular system (red) breathing system (orange) nervous system (blue) excretion system (green) reproduction system (white) set of silk glands (white at the
rear)
Feeding
As a spider chews, it spills digestive juice onto the torn tissue, then sucks up the liquid meal. –Yummy.
Other Classes
Class Diplopoda Millipedes Wormlike with legs (2 pairs per segment) Not 1000 legs Eat decaying leaves and plant matter
Class Chilopoda Centipedes Carnivores Head has antennae 3 pairs of appendages (not legs) Jaw-like mandible 2 legs per segment Have poison claws that paralyze prey and help with defense
Class: Insecta
Outnumber all other forms of life combined
Live in every terrestrial habitat and in fresh & salt water
26 orders of insectsEntemology- study of insectsThe earliest insect fossil is from 400mya
Insecta Body Structure
Many have 1 or 2 pairs of wings that are an extension of the body (not appendages)
Birds and bats have modified legs and arms for wings
Dragonflies are thought to be the first to fly
Bees, butterflies, and wasps have wings that are hooked together and move as a pair
Beetles use the top half of their wings for protection on the ground and the bottom half to fly
Internal Insect Anatomy
Body has 3 regions
1. Head-1 pair of antennae and one pair of compound eyes
2. Thorax- 3 pairs of walking legs
3. Abdomen-abdominal region
Physiology
Open circulatory system (hemolymph) Breathe through a tracheal system
Branched, chitin lined tubes that carry oxygen directly to the cells
Opens to the outside through
Spiracles-pores that open and close to regulate air flow and limit water loss
Nervous system has a pair of ventral nerve cords that meet in the head at the cerebral ganglion (brain)
Growing happens in two separate ways
Incomplete Metamorphosis Young resemble adults but
are smaller Series of molting occurs until
it is an adult Grasshoppers
Complete Metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis Maggots, grubs, and
caterpillars Larval stages
Larva -> Pupa -> Adult Usually reproduce sexually
Crustaceans (Lobsters, shrimp, crab, and crayfish)
Have 2 pair of antennae3 or more pairs of mouth partsA lost appendage can be regenerated
Phylum: Chordata
Two existing classes Chondrichthyes
Cartilagenous fish 14 orders 50 families 810 species
Ostiechthyes Bony fishes 46 orders 437 families 23,500 species
•Sharks, skates, rays
•Cartilaginous – they have relatively flexible endoskeletons made of cartilage instead of bone
•Started with real bones, evolved to cartilage
•Jawed and paired fins•Respiration by 5-7 gill slits on both sides of their pharynx•No swim bladder or lung
Class: Chondrichthyes
•Very dense and sinks if it stops swimming
•This helps with breathing; water constantly passing over gills
•Rest on sea floor pump water through body with jaw muscles
•Eggs are fertilized internally•Male has claspers on pelvic fins that transfer sperm to female
•Oviparous – lay eggs that hatch outside mother’s body
•Ovoviviparous – eggs hatch in uterus and the babies come out after. Nourishment from eggs
•Viviparous – young develop in uterus and then are born. Nourishment comes from mom
•Reproductive, excretory, and digestive systems all empty into a chamber called a cloaca, then it is emptied through a single vent
Reproduction
•Largest sharks are (plankton) filter feeders•Most are carnivores
•Swallow prey whole or use powerful jaws and sharp teeth to tear prey into chunks
•Teeth probably evolved from scales
•Continually shed and replace teeth
•Tough leathery skin is covered with toothlike, dermal placoid scales arranged to reduce the turbulence of water flowing along the body surface•Short digestive tract
Sharks
•Eyes are lidless•Behind each eye is a spiracle – remnant of the first gill slit•Sharp vision, but can’t see colors
•Nostrils open into dead end cups (smell not breathing)
•Can detect electrical fields caused by muscle contractions of other animals
•Ampullae of Lorenzini – electroreceptors located on the sharks head
Senses
•Lateral line – runs along side, detects changes in water (minor vibes)
•No eardrums – whole body receives sound waves through water
•Detect prey from a kilometer or more away with their large olfactory organs
•Skates and Rays
•Are mainly bottom dwellers•Flattened teeth suitable for crushing hard shelled prey
•Enlarged fins that extend onto the side of the head•Manta Ray – largest species
•Venom gland in the tail of stingrays probably helps to deter predators
•Some rays have electric organs in the tail or fins that can stun prey with as much as 200 volts of electricity
•Their eyes and spiracles (openings for taking in water) are located on top of the head, allowing them to take in water for gill ventilation while being partially buried in sand•Skates normally have prominent dorsal fins while those of rays are absent or reduced in rays
•Chimaeras
•Sometimes called a ratfish
•Feed mostly on mollusks
•Venom gland in front of the dorsal fin
•Diverged from sharks
Class Osteichthyes
•Bony fish
•Marine and fresh water habitat
•Size ranges from 1cm to 6m long
•Make up all but 4% of fish species
•Bony fish have passed through several stages making the following changes:
1. A completely ossified internal skeleton with a stronger cranium
2. The transformation of the air-breathing lungs into a buoyancy-compensating device called a swim bladder.
3. The transformation of the asymmetrical heterocercal tail (seen in sharks and some primitive bony fishes) into the symmetrical and more efficient homocercal tail
4. The development of thin cycloid scales and ctenoid scales from the thicker ganoid scales
5. The loss of spiracles, development of stout spines in the fins and more efficient jaws
•Outside
•Skin is covered by flat, bony scales
•Glands in skin secrete a mucus (slimy) to reduce drag while swimming
•Lateral line – detects changes in water
•Respiration•Draw water over 4 or 5 pairs of gills
•Gills are protected by operculum
•Water to mouth to pharynx to gills by movement of the operculum
•Helps fish breath when stationary
•Swimming
•Swim Bladder – air sac that helps control the buoyancy of fish
•Gasses go back and fourth between the blood and swim bladder
•Helps fish conserve energy by staying still
•Flexible fins for maneuvering and propulsion
•Fastest fish can swim in short bursts up to 80mph•Reproduction
•Most are oviparous – lay eggs and fertilized externally
•Scales
•Cycloid
•Thin and overlapping permitting more flexibility•Grow as the fish grows, and in some species, show annual growth rings
•Found in the primitive bowfin and many teleosts
•Ctenoid
•Ctenoid scales are essentially cycloid scales with teeth at their posterior edges
•It is thought that these teeth help to reduce hydrodynamic drag during swimming•Found in many teleosts
•Ganoid
•Thick and non-overlapping
•Composed of bone overlaid with an enamel-like substance called ganoin
•This type of scale is also seen in the lobed-finned coelacanth
•3 Lineages of Bony Fishes
1. Ray-Finned Fishes
•Most familiar to us
•Fins are supported by long rays or spines
•Light flexible scales that don’t hamper motion•Example: Teleosts – salmon, tuna, rockfish, catfish, perch, moray eels, flying fish, scorpionfish and bass, trout, herring
2. Lobe-Finned Fishes
•7 species
•Paired fins that incorporate fleshy extensions from the body
•May have used lobes to waddle onto land
•Have not evolved much