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Transcript of Test 1 Govt Review
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CHAPTER 7
CONGRESS
Nancy Pelosi
Harry Reid
Article I of the Constitution
the Great Compromise [also known as the Connecticut
Compromise]
bicameral legislature
requirements for membership in the House and Senate
term of office for Senators and staggered election
how Senators were originally elected under Article I
Seventeenth Amendment
term of office for members of U.S. House of Representatives
how House members are elected and related expectations of the
Framers for the House
census
size of the House in 1790
expansion of the size of the House
House membership set by statute in 1929 [the Reapportionment
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Act of 1929]
average number of people in a House district in 2010
apportionment
redistricting
Congress's most important powers
powers constitutionally shared by both houses
bill
necessary and proper clause
Article I, Section 8
formal law-making power
role of president, bureaucracy and federal courts in law-making
powers of Congress (Table 7.1)
Key Differences Between the House of Representatives and the
Senate (Table 7.2):
constitutional differences
differences in operation
changes in the institution
impeachment
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role of the two houses in impeachment
Senates sole power to approve presidential appointments (advise
and consent power)
Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles
congressional demographics [how would you describe the typical
member (i.e., most members) of Congress?]
factors important to election to Congress
incumbency
success of incumbents in reelection
redistricting
most states require what kind of approval (in some form or
another) of redistricting plans?
gerrymandering
some Supreme Court decisions in recent years that deal with
redistricting
majority party in Congress
minority party in Congress
what party is in the majority in the current Congress in the House
of Representatives?
what party is in the majority in the current Congress in the
Senate?
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among first items on agenda of new Congress
what happens at start of new Congress in party caucus or
conference
a new Congress is seated every two years in January of odd
numbered years; what is number of the current Congress?
how many sessions in a given Congress?
hierarchical leadership structure
in what year did the 1st Congress begin?
loyalty to leader and party line votes
The Speaker of the House
[when and how Speaker electedthe Speaker is elected by a vote
of the full membership of the House at the start of a new Congress;
in actuality, the majority party in the House typically picks the
Speaker; the Democratic caucus selects a Speaker candidate at the
start of a new Congress, and the Republican conference selects
their Speaker candidate at the start of the new Congress; when the
full House votes for the Speaker of the new Congress, the
Democratic members vote as a block for their candidate for
Speaker, and the Republican members for as a block for their
candidate for Speaker; the candidate from whichever party has the
majority of members in the new Congress wins the speakershipposition]
current Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
duties of Speaker
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majority leader of the House (who? duties?)
minority leader of the House (who? duties?)
whips
[where the two parties sit in the House chamberlooking from the
well of the House (the area in front of the Speakers rostrum at the
front of the House chamber), Republicans sit to the left of the
center aisle and Democrats sit on the right side of the center aisle]
presiding officer of the Senate, status and duties
[the OConnor textbook is incorrect in stating that the official
chair of the Senate; that duty is constitutionally given to the
president of the Senate (the vice president of the United States for
further information, go to the U.S. Senate Web page at
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Pres
ident_Pro_Tempore.htm]
how president pro tempore elected and his duties
duty of presiding over Senate rotates
majority leader of the Senate and duties
majority leaders power compared to Speakers power
whips
majority leaders difficulty in controlling todays Senate
[committee system in Congressmost of the real legislative work
of Congress takes place in committees rather than on the floor of
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm -
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the House and Senate]
first and last place most bills usually go
when conference committees come into play
particular importance of committees in the House
four types of congressional committees
standing committees
joint committees
conference committees
select (or special) committees
the power of standing committees
discharge petition
power of standing committees
committee assignments in House and Senate
committee chairs
seniority
why members of Congress often request assignments to particular
committees
Appropriations and Budget Committees
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party majority and committee membership
three most important powers of Congress
from where legislative proposals can come
who can formally submit a bill for congressional consideration?
approximate number of bills introduced in 111th Congress
approximate number of bills introduced in 111th Congress that were
made into law
what Framers of the Constitution desired regarding Congress
roadblocks to bill passage
it easier defeat a bill or pass a bill?
what happens to a bill once introduced by sponsors and co-
sponsors?
role of subcommittee and committee
markup
floor debate
amendments to a bill
filibusters and cloture
what happens when the two chambers of Congress approve
different versions of the same bill?
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conference committee (a bill must pass both houses in the same
language to go to the president)
if bill passes
veto
pocket veto
budgetary function of Congress
Bureau of the Budget and Office of Management and Budget
Congressional Budget Act of 1974
federal fiscal year
reconciliation
when must Congress complete initial action on the budget
resolution?
government shut down
pork [also known as pork barrel spending]
earmarks
oversight function of Congress
key to Congresss performance of its oversight function
War Powers Act of 1973
limited effectiveness of War Powers Act
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congressional review
confirmation of presidential appointments
Senates special oversight function
[advise and consent powerof the Senate over treaties made by the
president, over presidential nominations of individuals to serve as
U.S. ambassadors, over presidential nominations to the federal
bench, over presidential appointments of key members of
executive branch]
confirmation of key members of executive branch and presidential
appointments to the federal courts
senatorial courtesy
impeachment process
Constitution vague about impeachment
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors
role of House and role of Senate in impeachment process
members of Congress as trustees
members of Congress as delegates
politico
congressional party unity
increase of party votes where majorities of the two parties took
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opposing sides
incentives for members to vote with their party
Tom DeLay
divided government
constituents
difficulty for members of Congress to determine how to vote in
conformity with people in the districts
how members of Congress gauge constituents positions
when do legislators act as trustee?
wedge issues
logrolling
special-interest caucuses
primary functions of most lobbyists
effect of high cost of campaigning on members of Congress
PACs
do members of Congress tend to vote for interests of lobbyists whohave contributed to their campaigns and why?
grassroots appeals
reliance by members of Congress on their staff
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duties of staff
committee staff
influence of staff on voting
Congressional Research Service (CRS)
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
how the Constitution envisioned the interaction among the three
branches of the federal government
actual relationship between Congress and the presidency,
especially since the 1930s
impeachment of Andrew Johnson
weakening of the presidency and preeminence of Congress
effect on relationship between Congress and presidency by strong
presidents beginning in the early 1900s
Congress and the presidency from FDR on
Congress cedes a major role in the legislative process
Congress and the presidency during administrations of George W.
Bush and Barack Obama
power of judicial review and its effect on the Supreme Courts
relationship with Congress
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ways in which Congress can exercise control over the federal
judiciary
setting jurisdiction of federal courts
CHAPTER 8
THE PRESIDENCY
one of the first things a president is asked upon taking office
power to persuade
distrust of a strong chief executive in early days of the country
executive branch and the Articles of Confederation
the Constitutional Convention and the executive branch
first president of the United State of American after adoption of the
U.S. Constitution
the Framers and the presidency
qualifications for the office of the president
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term limit under Article II of Constitution
number of terms as president to which Franklin D. Roosevelt was
elected
Twenty-Second Amendment
office of vice president and constitutional duties of vice
president
impeachment
only presidents to have been impeached
only president to resign
executive privilege
U.S. v. Nixon (1974)
"constitutional prerogatives"
first president to die in office
first president to be assassinated
Constitutional Line of Succession (Table 8.2)
Presidential Succession Act of 1947
Twenty-fifth Amendment
first person appointed vice president under Twenty-Fifth
Amendment (and under what circumstances)
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first person to become president having been appointed vice
president under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment
second person appointed vice-president under the Twenty-FifthAmendment
president can voluntarily relinquish power (example of George W.
Bush and Dick Cheney)
constitutional powers of the president under Article II
first sentence of Article II
presidential appointment of ambassadors, federal judges, executive
positions
presidential appointment power as significant policy-making
tool
Cabinet [note: contrary to what textbooks often say, the Cabinet no
longer serves as an advisory body to the president; the president
relies on staff members he has selected to serve as advisors and on
individuals he trustsin government and in private sectorfor
advice; he may rely on certain members of the Cabinet for advice,
but the principal function of the members of the Cabinet today is
to manage the key executive department they were appointed to
run]
rejection of presidential nominees
The State of the Union
power to convene Congress
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president's power to convene Congress not as important now;
why?
presidents power to make treaties with foreign governments
must be approved by Senate vote
"receive ambassadors"
historically, Senate ratified what percentage of treaties submitted
to it by the president?
Woodrow Wilson, Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations
George W. Bush and International Criminal Court (ICC)
executive agreement
veto power
congressional override
line-item veto
1996 bill giving president line-item veto
Clinton v. City of New York(1998)
Commander in Chief power
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Pentagon Papers
The War Powers Act of 1973
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opinion of presidents since Nixon on constitutionality of War
Powers Act
George W. Bush and request to Congress for use of force in 2001and 2002
last time the United States officially declared war under the Article
I, Sec. 8 power of Congress to declare war
presidential pardon
Gerald Ford pardon of Richard Nixon
limits on presidential powers
factors influencing a presidents use of his powers
George Washington and the first presidency
inherent powers
balance of power weighed heavily in favor of Congress through
much of U.S. history
Andrew Jackson as first president to act as a strong national
leader
Jacksonian democracy
Lincolns approach to the presidency
Lincolns legally questionable acts
growth of the modern presidency
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Congress as decision maker before instantaneous
communications
Congress closest to the people before electronic communications
effects to technological changes on public expectations
expansion of presidential powers
four terms of Franklin D. Roosevelt and growth of presidential
power
Great Depression
New Deal and expansion of executive branch
FDR personalized the presidency
FDRs use of radio [first president to make effective use of
broadcasting; could address millions of people simultaneously
which could not be done before; went over heads of Congress
directly to the American people to persuade them to demand their
congressional representatives support his (FDRs) programs; gave
the presidency an enormous tool in advancing its power]
modern presidency
historical reason presidents chose their vice presidents
John Nance Garner [once famously stated that the office of the
vice presidency aint worth a bucket of warm piss (textbooks
often change it to warm spit since the same textbooks are sold to
both high schools and junior high schools as well as adults in
college)]
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Dick Cheney
no provision for Cabinet in Constitution
what is the Cabinet?
the Cabinet by custom
role of the Cabinet as a body
[be sure to know the names of the current heads of some of the
major Cabinet offices, such as State, Treasury, Defense, Justice(the Attorney General), ; Internet search will be required]
change in the presidents' reliance on the Cabinet
The Executive Office of the President
National Security Council (NSC)
often more directly responsible to the president
personal assistants to the president
chief of staff
size and growth of presidents White House staff
importance of presidential leadership
leadership ability of great presidents
power to persuade
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Theodore Roosevelt and thebully pulpit [bully to TR meant
good and a pulpit is where the preacher, one person, speaks to
and leads an entire congregation, hence the term bully pulpit as
the presidency, the sole nationally elected leader, who is in a
unique position to speak to the American people and for theAmerican people]
development of communications technology
going public
Bill Clintons effective use of the media as candidate and
president
presidential approval ratings
value of high approval ratings to a president
crippling effect of low approval ratings on a president
highest level of approval at what point?
FDRs new model of law-making and policy-making
public looked to the president from FDR's presidency to 104th
Congress
firesidechats
Contract with America and presumed reassertion of congressionalpower
modern presidents and setting the legislative agenda
Lyndon B. Johnson on putting pressure on Congress
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importance of budget process for the president
primary responsibility for budget process until 1930
FDR and the Bureau of the Budget (1939)
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
executive order
use of executive orders during World War II and Korean War
Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. Sawyer(1952)
Harry Truman ended segregation in the military
"signing statements"
George W. Bushs executive orders
CHAPTER 9
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND THE
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FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
federal bureaucracy
fourth branch of government
the three governmental departments under the Articles of
Confederation
early development of the Cabinet under the first President of the
United States, George Washington
expansions of the federal executive branch and bureaucracy from
1816 to 1861
the Post Office
spoils system
patronage
expansions of the federal government as a result of the Civil
War
merit system
Pendleton Act
civil service system
independent regulatory commissions
Theodore Roosevelt and movement toward governmental
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regulation
rights of workers at the turn of the twentieth century
Woodrow Wilson and regulation
Sixteenth Amendment
economic boom leading up to economic decline in early twentieth
century
Great Depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt and economic regulation
change in beliefs of Americans regarding intervention by
government into the economy
effect of World War II on the U.S. economy and federal
government
post-war infusion of new monies into the economy and demands of
veterans for services
G. I. Bill
Lyndon B. Johnson and the expansion of the bureaucracy
ways in which the national government differs from private
business
impact of the different natures of government and of business on
the way the bureaucracy works
federal bureaucrats
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how most civilian federal government employees selected today
Bush administration outsourcing positions to private companies
four general types of agencies
Cabinet departments
responsibilities of Cabinet secretaries
clientele agencies
independent executive agencies
reasons for existence of independent agencies
examples of independent executive agencies
independent regulatory commissions
reasons for independent regulatory commissions
examples of independent regulatory commissions
government corporations
examples of government corporations
some reasons for creation of government corporations
Political Activities Act of 1939 (Hatch Act)
Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993
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regulation of public employees' political activities
congressional delegation of Article I, section 8, powers
implementation
iron triangles
An Iron Triangle (Figure 9.4)
policy-making
administrative discretion
rule-making
regulations
presidents delegation of control of power to bureaucracy
executive orders
Federal Register
role of Congress in checking the power of the bureaucracy
investigatory powers
Congress and the funding process of the bureaucracy
General Accounting Office, now the Government Accounting
Office
OMB
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CRS and CBO
CHAPTER 17
DOMESTIC POLICY
public policy
policy making as a process of sequential steps: problemrecognition, agenda setting, formation, adoption, budgeting,
implementation, and evaluation
early governmental activity in health care policy
Medicare
Medicaid
dramatic expanse of national governments role in health care
national health insurance proposed in 1930s
national health care plans proposals in 1960s and 1990s
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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
public health programs and the federal government
NIH
early governmental involvement in education policy
National Defense Education Act of 1957
Brown v.Board of Education (1954)
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and education
establishment of U.S. Department of Education
No Child Left Behind Act
national energy policy and the 1973 oil embargo
OPEC
establishment of Department of Energy
National Environmental Policy Act of 1970
EPA established by President Nixon
Clean Air Act of 1970--
global warming
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CHAPTER 18
ECONOMIC POLICY
laissez-faire
problems caused by growing industrialization of post-Civil War
economy
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
trusts
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
Progressive movement
Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906
Sixteenth Amendment and expansion of federal revenue
conservative administration of Pres. Herbert Hoover and
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economy
Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt and New Deal
interventionist state
financial reforms of the New Deal
Roosevelts banking holiday
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act)
unfair labor practices
industry regulations of the New Deal
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
supporters' and critics' arguments regarding government regulation
of industry
economic regulation
social regulation
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deregulation
perceived defects in economic regulatory programs in 1950s and
60s
claims of advocates of deregulation
example of airline industry
fiscal policy
Keynesian economics
the Kennedy Administration and Keynesian economics
conservative critics of budget deficits
dangers of increased globalization for fiscal policy, according to
some critics
gross domestic product (GDP)
purpose of national budge and its use as a fiscal tool
how federal government raises money (Fig. 18.3)
how federal government spends money (Fig. 18.3)
Budget and Accounting Act of 1921
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Congressional Budget Act of 1974
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
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budget deficit
inflation
monetary policy
Federal Reserve System Board of Governors
Benjamin Bernanke
election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and the Great
Depression
WPA
Social Security Act of 1935
income security programs
entitlement programs
non-means-based programs
means-tested programs
how Social Security began
Social Security is not a pension plan
Social Security Trust Fund
how Social Security unemployment insurance works
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
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Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
of 1996 (PRWORA)
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
Earned Income Tax Credit
initial purpose of food stamp program (1939-1943)
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
economic stability
recession
CHAPTER 19
FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICY
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foreign policy
defense policy
isolationism
warning in George Washingtons farewell address to the nation
Monroe Doctrine
manifest destiny
Roosevelt Corollary
dollar diplomacy
Spanish-American War
World War I [called, after the war before World War II, the war
to end all wars] and Woodrow Wilson
Wilsons role in the League of Nations
Senate rejects ratification of Treaty of Versailles
[United States along with other World War I allies, unsuccessfully
invaded Russia toward end of World War I, in part to crush the
nascent Communist revolution]
disarmament efforts after World War I
isolationist sentiment hardens in U.S. after World War I
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neutrality acts of the 1930s
lend-lease program
Germany invades Poland, September 1, 1939, initiating war withEngland and France (the start of the second world war)
December 7, 1941 and Pearl Harbor (the U.S. enters the war)
U.S. declaration of war against Japan [December 8, 1941]
victory in Europe against Germany
victory in the Pacific against Japan
Hiroshima, Nagasaki and birth of nuclear age
FDRs activist role in World War II
Winston Churchill
United Nations
the Cold War
containment
deterrent
MAD
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Bay of Pigs invasion
John F. Kennedy
Nikita Khrushchev
hot line
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Americas involvement in Vietnam
Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam War
Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War
South Vietnam falls to Communism
Richard Nixon's approach to the Soviet Union and China
dtente
normalization of relations with Communist China
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
human rights and Jimmy Carter
Iranian hostage crisis
Reagan Doctrine
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Iran-Contra Affair
American involvement in Afghanistan following invasion by
Soviet Union
U.S. support of mujahedeen [including a guerrilla named Osama
bin Laden]
end of Cold War
[Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev]
1990 Iraq invasion of Kuwait and response by George Bush
Operation Desert Storm
Bill Clinton and policy of expanding democracy and free markets
in the world
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
George W. Bush rejects intervention policies of former President
Clinton
G.W. Bush rejects Kyoto Protocol on global warming
G.W. Bush withdraws U.S. from Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
G.W. Bush refused to participate in International Criminal Court
September 11, 2001
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[bombing of World Trade Center by Muslim terrorists in 1993]
war on terrorism
war in Afghanistan
G.W. Bushs war in Iraq
foreign and military powers under the Constitution
Congresss constitutional foreign and military powers (see Art. I,
sec. 8)
power to declare war
Congress has declared war officially only five times; what wars?
how many times has the U.S. engaged in war making outside of
declared wars?
foreign and defense powers of executive branch
[president has power as commander-in-chief to make war]
Department of State
Department of Defense
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Department of Homeland Security
Director of National Security
Central Intelligence Agency
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congressional oversight of foreign and defense actions in executive
branch
Senate approval of treaties [advise and consent power of Senate]
executive agreements
Senate review and approval of presidents appointment of
ambassadors, as well as secretaries of state and defense [advise and
consent power of Senate]
Congress controls appropriations for foreign and defense activitiesin executive branch
War Powers Act
military-industrial complex
protectionism
free trade system
NAFTA
WTO
what countries are the U.S.s major trading partners (Fig. 19.2)
open borders immigration policy
restrictive quotas immigration policy
[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (I.C.E.), formerly
known as Immigration and Naturalization Service (I.N.S.); now
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part of Homeland Security Department]
terrorism
Palestine Liberation Organization (P.L.O.)
Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.)
features of current wave of terrorism
counterterrorism policy of U.S.
Al-Qaeda
jihad
Osama bin Laden
nuclear weaponry and North Korea
guns and butter theory