Chapter 20, part of 21

Essay1. Are viruses alive and deserving of the status of organisms or are they justbiologically active chemicals? Defend a position on this based on what you know about whatviruses are and how they work.

F/BMATCHINGa. virusesb. bacteriac. prionsd. viroidse. protists

2. influenza

3. mad cow disease

4. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

5. AIDS

6. potato spindle tuber disease

7. measles

8. amoebic dysentery

9. common cold

10. strep throat

11. malaria

12. identified by mainly shape and chemical stains

13. eukaryotic

14. includes the ancestors of the plant kingdom M/C15. Analysis of an animal's DNA indicates that part of one chromosome does not belongto the animal. It is foreign DNA, not similar to any of the animal's normal genes. Wheredid it most likely come from?

a. mycorrhizal infectionb. bacterial infectionc. arachaea infectiond. virus infectione. fungus infection

16. Cervical cancer in humans produces cancerous cells with a bit of extra DNA attachedto their chromosomes. What is a likely original source of this extra DNA?

a. A virus causes this type of cancer. The DNA is from the virus.b. A point mutation on the chromosome.c. DNA replication prior to cell division causing chromosomes to change from

one chromatid chromosomes to two chromatid chromosomes.d. The body's immune response in fighting the cancer.e. Injury to the cervix during childbirth.

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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17. Which of these organisms produces no membranes and has no ribosomes or cytoplasm?a. Virusesb. Bacteriac. Cyanobacteriad. Thermoacidophilese. Plants

18. A virus basically consists of...a. RNA or DNA and a membraneb. RNA or DNA and a protein coatc. proteins and cell membraned. RNA or DNA and enzymese. enzymes and a protein coat

19. These "organisms" are so simple they consist of nothing but a protein coat thatsurrounds genetic material:

a. Bacteriab. Prionsc. Virusesd. Protistse. Archebacteria

20. Short strands of RNA that invade the nuclei of plant cells and direct the synthesisof new copies of themselves are:

a. Bacteriab. Prionsc. Virusesd. Viroidse. Fungi

21. Which virus attacks nerve cells?a. Rabiesb. Influenzac. Herpesd. HIVe. Leukemia

22. Viroids are different than viruses in that they...a. contain RNAb. contain DNAc. have a plasma membraned. lack a protein coate. attack plants

23. Prions are...a. improperly-folded proteinsb. viral protein coatsc. transport proteinsd. viroidse. sexually-transmitted bacteria

24. Prions are remarkable because...a. they cause diseaseb. they can be inheritedc. they are extremely smalld. they reproduce without genetic materiale. they are non-functional proteins

25. An organism that lacks most structures common in other organisms and must always

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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grow and reproduce as an intracellular parasite is a(n):a. Prokaryoteb. Fungusc. Virusd. Protozoane. Alga

26. Which of these is not a cell?

a. Slime moldb. Euglenoidc. Virusd. Ciliatee. Sporzoan

27. If antibiotics seem effective against a human illness, then this illness isprobably caused by a(n):

a. virusb. prionc. protistd. bacteriume. autoimmune disease

28. Some chemoautotrophic archaea use CO2 and H2S (instead of CO2 and H2O) as an energyand carbon source to make new carbohydrates. What is a likely metabolic waste product ofthese bacteria?

a. sulfur dioxideb. ethanolc. acetic acidd. carbon monoxidee. oxygen gas

F/BThe following questions refer to cells seen under an optical microscopea. Protistab. Virusc. Bacteriad. Archaeae. Two of these are possible

29. Cells occur singly, have a nucleus and other organelles including chloroplasts.These cells move with flagella.

30. Cells occur singly and have no evidence of a nucleus.

31. DNA analysis of these very small cells indicates that they have very few genes incommon with the kingdoms Plantae and Anamalia.

32. DNA analysis of these very small cells indicates that they have some genes that areunique and some that are similar to those of the kingdoms Plantae and Anamalia. 33. Cells occur singly, have a nucleus and other organelles but do not havechloroplasts or flagella. Even so the cells seem to move by a kind of oozing or flowing ofthe cytoplasm.

34. These single cells constantly change their shape. They appear to surround andengulf organic matter into food vacuole.

35. This organism does not appear to be cellular. It consists of a mixture of proteinand RNA and can cause an immune response in humans.

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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M/C36. Researchers have found some pathenogenic species of bacteria that have developedresistance to antibodies. What can be done to slow the spread of this problem?

a. Reduce the antibiotics routinely included in animal feedb. Avoid antibiotic treatment to patients that do not need themc. Cause extinction of the viruses which cause disease by using antibiotics

every time a person is sickd. a and be. All of the above

37. Which of these would NOT be found in a moneran?a. DNAb. Ribosomec. Enzymesd. Vesiclese. Mitochondria

38. Bacteria can be classified in a general way by their forms. These three groups are:a. Coccus, bacillus, spiralb. Coccus, helix, spiralc. Bacillus, spiral, helixd. Spiral, cyanobacteria, helixe. Coccus, helix, round

39. The bacterial cell wall contains...a. celluloseb. chitinc. peptidoglycand. pectine. starch

40. Why is a capsule advantageous to a bacterium?

a. provides structural supportb. allows the bacterium to attach to surfacesc. protects it from dessiccationd. allows bacterium to "hide" from host's immune systeme. provides means of locomotion

41. Bacterial infections cause which of these diseases?a. Pneumoniab. Syphilisc. Gonorrhead. Strep throate. All of these

42. Some diseases caused by bacteria are:a. Botulismb. AIDSc. Pneumoniad. a and ce. All of the above

43. Anaerobic bacteria can obtain energy by glycolysis and fermentation when __________is not available.

a. nitrogenb. oxygenc. lightd. glucosee. NADH

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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44. What are some ways that Archaea differ from other bacteria?a. Different cell membrane lipidsb. Cell wall compositionc. Ribosomal RNA structured. a and be. All of the above

45. Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of:a. Bacteriab. Plantsc. Fungid. Virusese. All of these

46. A rod-shaped bacterium is called a:

a. Coccusb. Prionc. Parameciumd. Phagee. Bacillus

47. What is taxis?a. Growth in a certain directionb. Gravitational pullc. Movement with respect to some stimulusd. Asexual reproductione. A period of rest

48. Which bacterial feature would allow a bacterium to infect a host even after a longperiod of dessiccation?

a. protein coatb. pilic. capsuled. slime layere. endospore

49. Pili are used for:a. reproductionb. movementc. attachmentd. b and ce. all

50. The "plague" which killed 100 million people during the 14th century was caused by:a. Ratsb. Fleasc. Bacteriad. Virusese. Fish

51. Most of the primary productivity of the Earth is based on photosynthesis, but somebacteria that are primary producers can perform __________ and derive energy from inorganicmolecules and oxygen.

a. chemosynthesisb. autosynthesisc. DNA synthesisd. neo-synthesise. glycolysis

52. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are mostly associated with:

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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a. All flowering plantsb. Fernsc. Legumesd. Grassese. Conifers

53. Which of the following plants contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria?a. cornb. soybeansc. tomatoesd. potatoese. oranges

54. Bacteria capable of causing disease are called:a. Methanogensb. Pathogensc. Halophilesd. Thermoacidophilese. Mutagens

55. What important role do bacteria play in ecosystems?a. fissionb. predatorsc. heterotrophsd. decomposerse. all

56. Why are oil spills sprayed with bacterial cultures?a. to kill the bacteriab. to make the oil easier to wash awayc. to eat the oild. to prevent the oil from sticking to wildlifee. to detoxify the oil

57. In which of these situations would you find bacteria?a. intestinal tractb. polar ice capsc. deep sea ventsd. mud puddlee. all of these

58. Lyme disease, which can be cured with antibiotics in its early stages, is caused by__________ which are transmitted to humans by ticks.

a. prionsb. virusesc. bacteriad. euglenae. lice

59. Which of these is NOT caused by bacteria?a. strep throatb. tetanusc. botulismd. Lyme diseasee. rabies

60. Cyanobacteria area. chemosyntheticb. photosyntheticc. heterotrophic

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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d. eukayotice. unpigmented

61. Fossilized __________ organisms have been discovered in rocks that are 3.5 billionyears old. These fossils look very much like the living forms found today.

a. eukaryoticb. reptilianc. fungald. protozoane. prokaryotic

62. Antibiotics adversely affect:a. virusesb. bacteriac. prionsd. protistae. all of these

63. This type of algae is an important source of carrageenan, which is used to thickenpaints, cosmetics and ice cream.

a. Rhodophytab. Phaeophytac. Chlorophytad. Anthophytae. Chrysophyta

64. If you eat California rolls wrapped in seaweed, you are eating:

a. phodophytab. phaeophytac. chorophytad. blue-green algaee. fungi

65. Which of the following groups is eukaryotic?a. Virusesb. Bacteriac. Prionsd. Cyanobacteriae. Protists

66. Free-floating, photosynthetic, microscopic members of Kingdom Protista are:a. Phytoplanktonb. Cyanobacteriac. Salmonellad. Sarcodinese. Amebas

67. These photosynthetic, mostly marine protists were named for their commoncharacteristic: the presence of two flagella.

a. Dinoflagellatesb. Euglenophytac. Chrysophtad. Fungie. Flagellaphyta

68. Phytoplankton are...a. unicellular algaeb. photosynthetic protistsc. aquatic green plantsd. a and b

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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e. all of these

69. Which group is responsible for 70% of the photosynthesis on Earth?a. blue-green bacteriab. phytoplanktonc. fernsd. coniferse. flowering plants

70. The group of phytoplankton that lives in the tissues of corals and some clams are:

a. diatomsb. planktonc. Euglenad. zooxanthellaee. blue-green bacteria

71. When a "red tide" occurs, huge numbers of these microscopic organisms are filteredout of coastal waters by oysters and clams. This sometimes causes the shellfish to becometoxic to people that eat them. What type of organisms make up the "red tide"?

a. Phyrrophytab. Euglenophytac. Chyrsophytad. Plasmodiume. Glochidia

72. Which group would be gritty if you had a handful?a. dinoflagellatesb. diatomsc. Euglenad. blue-green algaee. zooplankton

73. Which group is the foundation of most marine food webs?a. Euglenophytab. Blue-green algaec. Diatomsd. Rotiferse. Zooplankton

74. Which group of freshwater protists is often photosynthetic, although they sometimesdevelop without chloroplasts and are heterotrophic?

a. Pyrrophytab. Euglenophytac. Chrysophytad. Myxomycotae. Sarcodinia

75. Which unicellular algae form "glassy" shells consisting of top and bottom halvesthat fit together like pill boxes?

a. Euglenophytab. Pyrrophytac. Radiolariad. Myxomycotae. Diatoms

76. A tropical coral reef can only survive in clear, well-lit waters because __________live within the tissues of the coral and contribute to its nutrition.

a. dinoflagellatesb. euglenophyta

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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c. myxomycotad. lichense. didinium

77. Marine algae are important producers since they are responsible for __________ ofthe photosynthesis on Earth.

a. 30%b. 50%c. 70%d. 90%e. 99%

78. Which of the following is the parasite sporozoan that causes malaria if it infectsa human host? The sporozoan will develop in the liver and then infect red blood cells.

a. Pyrrophytab. Salmonellac. Plasmodiumd. Giardiae. Streptococcus

79. The white cliffs of Dover, England were formed over millions of years byaccumulation of calcium carbonate shells from __________.

a. sarcodinesb. euglenophytac. halophilesd. methanogense. ciliophora

80. Amoebic dysentery is caused by a parasitic form of __________ common in warmclimates.

a. pyrrophytab. ciliatec. halophiled. zooflagellatee. sarcodine

Essay81. What is antibiotic resistance and what steps can be taken to prevent this fromhappening? M/C82. One symbiotic form of protist lives within termites and allows the host to digestcellulose. These protists always have at least one flagellum. These organisms are in whichgroup?

a. Archaebacteriab. Sarcodinec. Thermoacidaphilesd. Zooflagellatee. Ciliophora

83. Both Trypanosoms and Giardia are parasitic protists in this group:a. Sarcodinesb. Prionsc. Zooflagellated. Chyrsophytae. Euglenaphyta

84. Which group is most similar to diatoms in its external covering?a. sporozoansb. heliozoa

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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c. zooflagellatesd. euglenaphytae. radiolarian

85. The most complex group of protists is the __________.a. ciliatesb. sarcodinesc. dinoflagellatesd. sporozoanse. zooflagellates

86. A parasitic zooflagellate which may be present in clear mountain water presents a majorhealth problem to backpackers and hikers if they drink the water. This organism causessevere diarrhea, nausea, cramps, and vomiting. The organism responsible for this is:

a. Salmonellab. Streptococcusc. Giardiad. Plasmodiume. Beaver

87. The active feeding form of these organisms is a thin, multinucleate plasmodium. Whatorganism is it?

a. Myxomycota, plasmodial slime moldb. Acrasiomycota, cellular slime moldc. Chemosynthetic bacteriad. Streptococcus pheumoniae. Amoeba

88. Euglena's eyespots allows it to:a. spot potential predatorsb. see images in black and white onlyc. photosynthesized. orient toward lighte. none of these; the eyespots are not functional

89. Which protozoan group consists of entirely parasitic forms?a. Sporozoansb. Sarcodinesc. Pyrrophytad. Cellular slime moldse. Zooflagella

90. Plasmodial slime molds are described as acellular because they...a. have no cell membrane surrounding their nucleib. have many nucleic. lack DNAd. reproduce asexuallye. are heterotrophic

91. A pseudoplasmodium is...a. an acellular slime moldb. an aggregation of myceliac. a group of cellular slime mold cellsd. an extension of the slime mold that engulfs preye. a disease-causing protist

92. "Protozoa" literally means:a. first life formsb. first cellsc. first animals

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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d. first heterotrophse. first predators

93. Beavers are major carriers of Giardia, a __________.

a. sarcodineb. euglenophytec. dinoflagellated. sporozoane. zooflagellate

F/BMatchinga. Diatomb. Slime moldc. Amoebad. Malarial parasitee. Paramecium

94. photosynthetic

95. ciliate

96. fungus-like protist

97. makes pseudopodia

98. life cycle involves mosquitoes

M/C99. A photosynthetic protists with no cell wall and moves via a flagelum is:

a. Euglenab. Plasmodiumc. Amoebad. Diatome. Syphilis

F/BMATCHING

a. Virusb. Viroidc. Bacteriad. Protistae. Slime molds

100. Phytoplankton are these.

101. Causes AIDS.

102. The explosive growth of these cause "red tide."

103. Short strands of RNA that can cause plant disease.

104. Form a multinucleate cell called a plasmodium.

(c) 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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Essay1. They can exactly duplicate themselves and this may give them the status of "alive."They are not cellular, cannot reproduce themselves without the help of a true cell, andsometimes become part of the chromosomes of the host cell, in effect becoming part of thehost cell. These are reasons why viruses should not be considered alive. F/B2. a3. c4. c5. a6. d7. b8. e9. a10. b11. e12. b13. e14. e M/C15. d16. a17. a18. b19. c20. d21. a22. d23. a24. d25. c26. c27. d 28. a F/B29. a30. e31. c32. d33. a34. a35. b M/C36. d37. e38. a39. c40. d41. e42. d43. b44. e45. a

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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46. e47. c48. e49. e50. c51. a52. c53. b54. b55. d56. c57. e58. c59. e60. b61. e62. b63. a64. b65. e66. a67. a68. d69. b70. d71. a72. b73. c74. b 75. e76. a77. c78. c79. a80. e Essay81. No answer in TestBank M/C82. d83. c84. e85. a86. c87. a88. d89. a90. a91. c92. c93. e F/B94. a95. e96. b97. c98. d M/C99. a F/B

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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100. d101. a102. d103. b104. e

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm

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Your Results for "Self Test" Print this page

Site Title: Biology: Life on Earth 7E

Book's Title: Biology: Life on Earth

Book's Author: Audesirk

Location on Site: Home > The Diversity of Viruses, Prokaryotes, a> Self Test

Date/TimeSubmitted:

February 8, 2009 at 6:21 PM (EST)

Summary of Results

79% Correct of 38 questions:50 correct: 79%

13 incorrect: 21%

6 questions contain multiple pairs, scored for a total of 31questions. More information about scoring.

1. A particle between 0.05 and 0.2 microns containing genetic material enclosed in a protein coat iscalled a __________.

Your Answer: virus

The protective coat of a virus is often specific for the host that is infected. That means that virusesthat infect birds or reptiles may not easily infect mammals.

2. Identify the category of each cell type seen in the image below.

Label Your Answer

2.1 eukaryotic cell (plant) C.

2.2 viruses E.

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1 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM

2.3 prokaryotic cell (spherical) D.

2.4 eukaryotic cell (animal) A.

2.5 prokaryotic cell (rod-like) B.

3. Viruses are not cellular and are often considered to be nonliving. Which of the followingcharacteristics supports this conclusion?

Your Answer: All these choices support this conclusion.

Correct.

4. A __________ is a kind of virus that can infect bacteria.

Your Answer: bacteriophage

It appears that viruses are able to infect just about any kind of host. Bacteria are not immune.

5. Which of these is a viral disease?

Your Answer: herpes

Correct.

6. What are viruses, viroids, and prions?

Your Answer: all of the above

Correct.

7. What are viruses that attack bacteria called?

Your Answer: bacteriophages

Correct.

8. Identify the structures indicated on the following image of a virus particle.

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2 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM

Label Your Answer

8.1 protein coat A.

8.2 envelope B.

8.3 core proteins D.

8.4 genetic material C.

9. Choose the correct stage descriptor for each step in HIV's invasion into the cell pictured below.

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Label YourAnswer

9.1 Viral DNA enters host nucleus. B.

9.2 Virus is attached to receptor on host plasma membrane. A.

9.3 New virus particles are assembled and exocytosed. E.

9.4 Viral DNA is transcribed by the host mechanisms. C.

9.5 Viral mRNA is translated into new viral proteins by the hostmechanisms.

D.

10. __________ is the substance that differentiates a bacterial cell from an archaeal cell.

Your Answer: peptidoglycan

Presence of peptidoglycan indicates that a cell culture has bacteria, but knowing which kind ofbacteria is often very difficult.

11. Classification of prokaryotes may use many kinds of traits. Which of these are NOT used inprokaryotic classification?

Your Answer: nutrient sourcesCorrect Answer: type of nucleic acid

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Incorrect. Nutrient sources are used in prokaryote classification.

12. Which of the following traits allows some bacteria to survive extreme conditions for millions ofyears?

Your Answer: endospore formation

Correct.

13. Hospitals must sterilize surgical instruments at very high temperatures and pressure because somebacteria can survive harsh conditions by making ________.

Your Answer: endospores

Correct.

14. The technique that helps to classify bacteria based on their cell-wall construction is __________.

Your Answer: (blank)

15. What type of bacteria are photosynthetic?

Your Answer: prokaryotic methanogensCorrect Answer: Both the second and third answers above are correct.

Incorrect. These prokaryotic organisms convert carbon dioxide to methane.

16. Which of the following enable plants to obtain a usable form of nitrogen?

Your Answer: bacteria

Correct. Plants are unable to pull nitrogen directly out of the atmosphere, so they depend uponthese bacteria to combine nitrogen with hydrogen into ammonia for plants to use.

17. Which of these is a bacterial disease?

Your Answer: genital wartsCorrect Answer: tetanus

Incorrect. This is a viral condition.

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18. The simple form of cell division by which prokaryotic cells reproduce is called __________.

Your Answer: mitosisCorrect Answer: binary fission

Incorrect. Prokaryotes do not reproduce this way, because mitosis requires chromosomes and anorganized nucleus.

19. Which of the following is a producer in its ecosystem because of the photosynthesis it performs?

Your Answer: sporozoansCorrect Answer: cyanobacteria

Incorrect. All sporozoans are parasitic and don't perform photosynthesis.

20. Which of the following is associated with cyanobacteria?

Your Answer: cell walls with celluloseCorrect Answer: plasma membrane

Incorrect. Cellulose is characteristic of the cell walls of plants.

21. Choose the correct description for each stage in the slime mold life cycle shown below.

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6 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM

Label YourAnswer

CorrectAnswer

Comments

21.1 Pseudoplasmodium forms fruitingbodies, which release spores.

C. D. Spores are released fromfruiting bodies.

21.2 Pseudoplasmodium migratestoward light.

D. C. Pseudoplasmodia willmigrate toward light andform fruiting bodies.

21.3 Single amoeba-like cells emergefrom spores, crawl, and feed.

A. A. Correct!

21.4 When food becomes scarce, cellsaggregate into a sluglike masscalled a pseudoplasmodium.

B. B. Correct!

22. Trypanosoma is a unicellular, eukaryotic blood parasite that causes African sleeping sickness. Intowhich of the following groups is it classified?

Your Answer: Protista

Correct.

23. Which protists are entirely parasitic and have no means of locomotion?

Your Answer: zooflagellatesCorrect Answer: sporozoans

Incorrect. The zooflagellates move by means of flagella.

24. Identify the structures indicated below.

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7 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM

Label Your Answer

24.1 nucleolus C.

24.2 flagellum B.

24.3 eyespot A.

24.4 nucleus D.

24.5 contractile vacuole F.

24.6 chloroplast E.

25. What phytoplankton group can reproduce so prodigiously that they can cause "red tides," killinglarge numbers of fish because the gills are clogged?

Your Answer: dinoflagellates

Correct. Named for their whiplike flagellae, these phytoplankton are an important part of theocean's food chain, but some forms can overproduce under certain conditions.

26. Which protists use flagella for locomotion?

Your Answer: both euglenoids and zooflagellates

Correct.

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27. Correctly identify the structures indicated on this image.

Label Your Answer

27.1 anal pore E.

27.2 contractile vacuole F.

27.3 macronucleus A.

27.4 micronucleus B.

27.5 oral groove C.

27.6 cilia G.

27.7 food vacuole D.

28. Which of these is a component of phytoplankton and supports aquatic food chains via itsphotosynthesis?

Your Answer: diatoms

Correct.

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29. Which of the following shares a common ancestor with plants and is most like the earliest plants?

Your Answer: green algae

Correct.

30. Which of the following correctly describes the organism that causes equine protozoanmyeloencephalitis?

Your Answer: cell wall with peptidoglycanCorrect Answer: heterotrophic

Incorrect. Peptidoglycan is characteristic of bacteria.

31. Which of the following is an important recycler of nutrients (decomposer) in its ecosystem?

Your Answer: slime molds

Correct.

32. The tests below are performed on an unidentified organism, and the results are as noted. Howshould you classify the organism?

Chemical A glows when it binds to a plasma membrane. Results = glowing.Chemical B turns blue in the presence of chloroplasts. Results = blue color develops.Chemical C fizzes when it binds to a nuclear membrane. Results = fizzing.Chemical D produces a bad odor when the organism is multicellular. Results = no bad odor.

Your Answer: red algaeCorrect Answer: diatoms

Incorrect. The red algae are multicellular and would cause a bad odor with chemical D.

33. Which of the following is true?

Your Answer: all of the above

34. Which structure is used to transfer genetic material between bacteria?

Your Answer: pilus

35. Most pathogenic bacteria cause disease by

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10 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM

Your Answer: producing toxins that disrupt normal functions

36. Cyanobacteria

Your Answer: can live without oxygenCorrect Answer: have chlorophyll

37. Which organisms are sometimes called the "pastures of the sea"?

Your Answer: diatoms

38. Which of the following pairs of organism and disease is incorrect?

Your Answer: archaean: gonorrhea

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Your Results for "Self Test" Print this page

Site Title: Biology: Life on Earth 7E

Book's Title: Biology: Life on Earth

Book's Author: Audesirk

Location on Site: Home > The Diversity of Fungi > Self Test

Date/TimeSubmitted:

February 8, 2009 at 6:46 PM (EST)

Summary of Results

65% Correct of 40 questions:34 correct: 65%

18 incorrect: 35%

4 questions contain multiple pairs, scored for a total of 16questions. More information about scoring.

1. Which of these characteristics are typical of the fungi?

Your Answer: Both the second and third answers are correct.

Correct.

2. Which of the following is characteristic of, or associated with, fungi?

Your Answer: extracellular digestion

Correct.

3. The tests below have been performed on a cell from an unidentified organism. Based on the resultsthat follow, how would you classify this organism?

Tests:Chemical A turns green when a nucleus is present.Chemical B bubbles when chloroplasts are present.Chemical C pops when chitin is present.

Results:Chemical A turns green.Chemical B doesn't bubble.Chemical C pops.

Your Answer: fungus

Correct.

4. What is the tangled mass of branched filaments that typically forms the fungal body?

Your Answer: hyphaeCorrect Answer: mycelia

Incorrect. Hyphae are the threadlike filaments that make up the mass.

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5. Label the structures seen on this cross section through fungal hyphae.

Label Your Answer

5.1 septum C.

5.2 haploid nucleus D.

5.3 cell wall B.

5.4 cytoplasm A.

6. Which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a sudden change in temperature?

Your Answer: asexual reproductionCorrect Answer: sexual reproduction

Incorrect. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the originalfungus. The species will be less diverse genetically and less likely to survive environmentalchanges.

7. What distinguishes fungal reproduction from that of plants and animals?

Your Answer: There is no embryo produced when fungi reproduce.

Correct.

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8. __________ allow the fungus to reproduce and are usually released to be carried on the wind.

Your Answer: spores

Spores can be distributed far and wide in the air, on the skins of animals, or through the digestivetracts of species that eat fungus.

9. A haploid asexual spore is formed by a haploid mycelium via ________.

Your Answer: meiosisCorrect Answer: mitosis

Incorrect. Diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells.

10. Which of the following is associated with the mostly aquatic chytrids?

Your Answer: flagellated sporesCorrect Answer: All of these are associated with the chytrids.

Incorrect. Flagellated spores enable the spores to move in the water, but there may be anotherchoice that is correct too.

11. Soft fruit rot and black bread mold belong to which division of Fungi?

Your Answer: Zygomycota

Correct.

12. A zygospore undergoes _________ to produce haploid spores.

Your Answer: meiosis

Correct. The zygospore is diploid so meiosis must occur if haploid spores are produced by it.

13. Label the stages in the life cycle of a typical zygomycetes.

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Label YourAnswer

CorrectAnswer

Comments

13.1 diploid zygospore D. C. Germinate means "to grow."

13.2 germinating zygospore C. D. The diploid zygospore is the result ofthe fusion of two haploid matingstrains.

13.3 spores A. A. Correct!

13.4 opposite mating strainsmeet, and nuclei fuse

B. B. Correct!

14. Which group of fungi are known as the sac fungi because of the shape of the spore-containingdiploid reproductive structures?

Your Answer: Ascomycetes

Correct. The asci that form after the fusion of mating types resembles a saclike case that containsthe spores.

15. Yeasts, truffles, and Dutch elm disease belong to which division of Fungi?

Your Answer: BasidiomycotaCorrect Answer: Ascomycota

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Incorrect. The Basidiomycota are the club fungi.

16. The clublike structure producing the spores of typical mushrooms is called __________.

Your Answer: basidium

Correct.

17. Basidiomycetes are also known as __________.

Your Answer: club fungi

They are called club fungi because they produce club-shaped reproductive structures.

18. Label the stages in the life cycle of a typical basidiomycete.

Label YourAnswer

CorrectAnswer

Comments

18.1 germinating mating strains A. B. Haploid basidiospores areeither a + or a – strain.

18.2 gills bear reproductivebasidia

E. E. Correct!

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18.3 mushroom develops fromaggregated hyphae

D. D. Correct!

18.4 mating strains B. A. Germinate means "to grow."

18.5 compatible hyphae fuse andgrow into mycelium

C. C. Correct!

19. Which of the following is associated with the group of fungi known as the deuteromycetes?

Your Answer: zygosporesCorrect Answer: asexual reproduction

Incorrect. The production of zygospores is associated with zygomycetes.

20. Which of the partners in the symbiotic relationship known as a lichen gains food (sugars) from theother partner?

Your Answer: algaCorrect Answer: fungus

Incorrect. Algae are photosynthetic and make their own sugars.

21. A __________ is a symbiotic interaction between a fungus and a cyanobacterium.

Your Answer: lichen

Lichens benefit both the bacterium and the fungus mutually.

22. Lichen is a symbiotic organism. Label the structures associated with this partnership.

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Label Your Answer

22.1 algal layer A.

22.2 attachment structure C.

22.3 fungal hyphae B.

23. A test reveals that a lichen contains a prokaryotic symbiont. What kind of organism is thisprokaryotic symbiont?

Your Answer: plantCorrect Answer: cyanobacterium

Incorrect. Plants are partners with fungi known as mycorrhizae and they are eukaryotic.

24. The sugar-producing symbiont in a mycorrhiza is a(n) _________.

Your Answer: plant

Correct.

25. What beneficial agricultural role is played by fungi?

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Your Answer: Fungal pathogens are used as fungal pesticides to protect numerous crop speciesfrom various insect species.

Correct. Crops being protected in this manner include citrus groves.

26. Which of the following is/are (an) example(s) of the economic significance of the Fungi?

Your Answer: animal disease agentsCorrect Answer: All of these are economically significant.

Incorrect. Although this is economically significant, it is not the complete answer. Choose the bestanswer.

27. Which of the following is a fungal disease?

Your Answer: athlete's foot

Correct.

28. Which of these economic problems or diseases is NOT caused by a fungus?

Your Answer: Mad Cow disease

Correct. This is caused by a prion.

29. In what ways do some fungi directly affect human health?

Your Answer: all of the above

Correct.

30. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic compounds that can be produced by molds of the genus __________.

Your Answer: kkkCorrect Answer: Aspergillus

31. If yeasts are responsible for the alcohol in wine and beer, why don't we get a little tipsy fromeating bread?

Your Answer: Baking the bread evaporates the alcohol produced by the fermenting yeasts.

Correct.

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32. Beer is produced through the use of a fungus called __________.

Your Answer: ascomycetesCorrect Answer: yeast

33. Arthrobotrys species capture __________ for a source of protein.

Your Answer: kkCorrect Answer: nematodes

34. Which of the following is the most important role fungi have in their ecosystems?

Your Answer: recyclers of nutrients like carbon and nitrogen from dead animal and plant bodies

Correct.

35. There are no fungi that are

Your Answer: predatorsCorrect Answer: photosynthetic

36. With what plant organ do mycorrhizae interact?

Your Answer: roots

37. What term refers to the mass of threads that forms the body of most fungi?

Your Answer: hyphaeCorrect Answer: mycelium

38. Which of the following pairs is incorrect?

Your Answer: black bread mold: sac fungus

39. Which of the following statements is true both of fungi and of animals?

Your Answer: Both are heterotrophic.

40. Which of the following structures would you expect to find in the corn smut fungus?

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Your Answer: basidiospores

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Chapter 21, part

M/C1. Fungi usually obtain food how?

a. by digesting it externally and then absorbing itb. by photosynthesisc. by absorbing it and then digesting it within fungal cellsd. by chemosynthesise. by producing antibiotics that internally destroy bacteria

2. Fungal cell walls are different from plant cell walls in that...a. fungi have cellulose, plants have chitinb. fungi have glycogen, plants have cellulosec. fungi have glycoprotein, plants have starchd. fungi have chitin, plants have cellulosee. fungi have cellulose, plants have pectin

3. True fungi are characterized by:a. Cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually have filamentous bodiesb. Cell walls, photosynthesis, and usually have filamentous bodiesc. No cell walls, feeding by absorption, chemosynthesisd. No cell walls, parasitic, heterotrophice. Cell walls, chemosynthetic, heterotrophic

4. The body of a fungus is generally composed of:a. Celluloseb. Vascular tissuec. Mychorrizaed. Molde. Hyphae

5. Which of the following is a common polysaccharide found in fungi and in arthropods?a. Celluloseb. Glycogenc. Glucosed. Fructosee. Chitin

6. The conspicuous structures on the surface of a dead tree that indicate a fungus isgrowing inside are for:

a. Pollinationb. Reproductionc. Feedingd. Defensee. Show only

7. Both bacteria and fungi have cells walls and have similar difficulties ingestingfood, so they:

a. Secrete enzymes and then ingest the smaller moleculesb. Form food vacuolesc. Only eat dead stuff with very small moleculesd. Only eat small organisms which they can engulf (phagocytosis)e. Photosynthesize internally

8. Some fungi, as well as other organisms, are saprobes. They feed on:a. Lichensb. Living organismsc. Dead organismsd. Tree sap

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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e. Blood

9. The dominant generation in the fungal life cycle is usually:a. Diploidb. Haploidc. A sporophyted. Polyploide. A glochidium

10. A more or less circular ring of mushrooms simultaneously appear in your yard,apparently overnight. The circle is several yards in diameter. The most likely explanationfor this circle of mushrooms is:

a. Mushroom spores were dropped by a circling bird, thus explaining thecircular shape of the group of mushrooms.

b. The mushroom plants in the center of the circle have been eaten byherbivores.

c. The mushrooms are all part of the same plant, with mycelia radiating outfrom the location of a germinated spore.

d. One mushroom in the circle reproduced sexually to make all the othermushrooms in the circle.

e. A circle is nature's most perfect shape for asexual reproductionstructures.

EssayYour text talks about massive fungus organisms. One of the most massive organisms in theworld may be a basidiomycete occupying 1500 acres in Washington state.

11. How can scientists attempt to verify that this is one in fact huge organism?

M/C12. Single celled fungi are:

a. autotrophicb. prokaryoticc. made of hyphae to form a myceliumd. triploide. yeast

Essay13. What is one way that the age of a fungus can be determined?

M/C14. Lichens are:

a. algaeb. archaeac. fungid. symbiotic association of algae and archaeae. symbiotic association of algae and fungi

15. Mycorrhizae are:a. symbiotic association between animals and fungib. symbiotic association between fungi and plant stemsc. symbiotic association between algae and fungid. symbiotic association between algae and plant rootse. symbiotic association between plant roots and a fungus

16. Approximately how many species of fungi have been named to date?a. 100 thousandb. 100 millionc. 100 billion

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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d. 100 trillione. 10 thousand

17. Swimming flagellated spores are found in which fungus groups?a. zygomycetesb. chrytridsc. basidiomycetesd. ascomycetese. all of these

18. The worldwide die-off of frogs has been traced to infection by what type of fungus?

a. basidiomycetesb. ascomycetesc. zygomycetesd. imperfect fungie. chytrids

19. As revealed by fossils, the most ancient group of fungi is probably the:a. ascomycetesb. basidiomycetesc. chytridomycetesd. zygomycetese. imperfect fungi

20. Sexual reproduction in the fungal life cycle includes which of the followingsequences?

a. Haploid zygote that divides by meiosis to from haploid sporesb. Diploid zygote that divides by meiosis to form haploid spores that produce

haploid mycelia through mitosisc. Haploid gametes divide by meiosis to produce a diploid zygote that grows by

mitosis to produce diploid myceliad. Free swimming gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows by mitosise. Diploid spores divide by meiosis to form haploid gametes which join to form

mycelia

21. The majority of fungal biomass is located:a. in fruiting bodiesb. in sporesc. above groundd. in rootse. underground

22. Most fungal nuclei are:a. haploidb. chitinc. diploidd. zygosporese. meiotic

23. Corn smut, chestnut blight, and Dutch-elm disease are all:

a. Examples of parasitismb. Caused by lichensc. Fungal diseasesd. a and be. a and c

24. Which of these statements about fungi are true?a. Fungi are important in the production of bread, wine, and cheese.b. Ascomyctes and unicellular green algae may form symbiotic relationships.c. Most of the fungal life cycle is in the haploid form.

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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d. a and b.e. a, b and c.

25. Most antibiotics for human use are obtained from:a. bacteriab. archaeac. fungid. plantse. chemical factories

T/F26. The decline of forest mushroom growth in Europe is probably due to overhunting ofedible mushrooms.

27. Poisonous mushrooms are easily identified in the field.

28. Mushrooms are a convenient source of marijuana.

F/BMATCHINGa. Psilocybeb. Rhizopusc. Clavicepsd. Phloboluse. Amanita

29. Very poisonous, commonly known as the death cap.

30. Hallucinogenic mushrooms are included in this genus.

31. The source of ergot, a vasoconstrictor drug.

32. Commonly known as "bread mold" although this is not the only fungus that grows onbread. M/C33. Some fungi are predators (not parasites) on what kind of animal?

a. humansb. wheatc. chestnut and elm treesd. nematodes (roundworms)e. spiders

34. An end product of yeast fermentation is:a. carbon dioxideb. carbon monoxidec. sugard. oxygen gase. more than one of these

35. The holes in bread are filled with what?a. airb. alcoholc. yeastd. oxygen gase. carbon dioxide

36. In bread making, what happens to the alcohol produced as the result of yeastfermentation?

a. It is respired into carbon dioxide and water by the yeast

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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b. It evaporatesc. It is contained in the holes of the breadd. It is consumed by the human who eats the breade. It is converted to sugar by the yeast

37. Wood rot is most commonly due to:a. fungib. slime moldsc. bacteriad. archaeae. termites

38. Which of these human diseases is not caused by a fungus?a. Typhoidb. Ringwormc. Athlete's footd. Vaginal yeast infectione. Histoplasmosis

39. An example of a parasitic fungal disease is:

a. Herpesb. Malariac. Trichinosisd. Athelete's foote. Sleeping Sickness

40. The importance of fungi to ecosystems is mostly as aa. parasiteb. herbivorec. omnivored. producere. decomposer

41. Which of the following is not a phylum within Kingdom Fungi?a. Zygomycotab. Basidiomycotac. Ascomycotad. Zooflagellatee. Deuteromycota

42. The name "sac fungi" is appropriate for the Ascomycetes because:a. They produce seeds in sac-like structuresb. They grow well in closed bagsc. The body of the fungus is a sac-like shaped. It is best to carry them in a sacke. They produce spores in sac-like structures

43. Ascomycetes and unicellular green algae living in close relationship with eachother form a:

a. Mycorrhizal associationb. Lichenc. Rhizopusd. Myxomycotae. Green plant

44. Some of the first organisms to colonize barren habitats are:a. Fungib. Plantsc. Mushroomsd. Lichens

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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e. Small mammals 45. A very common mutualistic, symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots ofa plant is:

a. Lichenb. Nitrogen-fixingc. Ascomyceted. Saprophytee. Mycorrhizal

46. Often the first to colonize bare rock or lava flows are...a. algaeb. fungic. lichensd. fernse. bryophytes

47. Which common type of fungus is known for its ability to produce diploid zygospores?a. Deuteromycotab. Ascomycotac. Oomycotad. Zygomycotae. Diplomycota

48. Mycorrhizae are closely associated with which parts of vascular plants?a. Rootsb. Stemsc. Leavesd. Flowerse. All of the above

49. Mychorrhizae are...a. root parasitesb. nitrogen fixersc. root-dwelling mutualistsd. photosynthetic nodulese. bread molds

50. Claviceps purpurea is an organism from phylum __________. It infects rye plants andproduces toxins (including LSD) that can produce convulsions, hallucinations, and death ifconsumed by a person.

a. ascomycotab. oomycotac. basidiomycotad. deuteromycotae. zygomycota

51. Mycorrhiazae associations are:

a. Very unusualb. Common; at least 80% of the species of plants form these associationsc. Common only to species like grassesd. Absolutely necessary for survivale. Common only in nutrient-rich environments

52. Mushrooms form specialized reproductive structures called:a. Ascib. Toadstoolsc. Myceliad. Flagellated zoosporese. Basidia

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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53. How are Zygospores produced?a. meiosis of hyphaeb. mitosis of hyphaec. union of egg and spermd. meiosis of megasporee. union of 2 haploid hyphae

54. The fungal group distinguished by a simple life cycle without sexual reproductionis:

a. Ascomycotab. Basidiomycotac. Zygomycotad. Deuteromycotae. Oomycota

55. Ascomycetes can damage cotton garments because they produce __________.a. disease-causing spreesb. smutsc. cellulase enzymesd. as ascuse. fruiting bodies

56. The ascus functions in __________.a. sexual reproductionb. digestionc. vegetative growthd. asexual reproductione. photosynthesis

57. Yeasts are __________.

a. bacteriab. protistsc. unicellular fungid. phytoplanktone. algae

58. A fairy ring is...a. a ring of mushroomsb. a ring of basidiomycota sporesc. a cluster of basidiomycota myceliad. a circle of basidiae. a ring of gills on the underside of a mushroom

F/BMATCHINGa. Zygote fungib. Sac fungic. Club fungid. Imperfect fungie. More than one of these is correct

59. Ascus

60. Common bread mold

61. Penicillin is made from a member of this group

62. Gives flavor to Roguefort and Camembert cheeses

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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63. Puffball

64. Mushroom

65. Most of the fungus plant in this group is a mycelium

66. Morel

67. Basidium

68. Zygosphore

69. Rhizpous

70. Infects rye plants and produces LSD and the drug ergot

71. Alcoholic fermentation involves fungi from this group MATCHINGa. lichenb. mycorrhizac. myceliumd. hyphae. basidium

72. Contains sexual haploid spores.

73. A string-like group of fungal cells.

74. The plant body of a fungus.

75. Symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant root.

76. Symbiotic association between a fungus and a green alga.

(c) 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

M/C1. a2. d3. a4. e5. e6. b7. a8. c9. b10. c Essay11. Analyze DNA from the fungus in various parts of the range. If the DNA is identicalthen there may be only one organism. M/C

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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12. e Essay13. Measure the diameter of the fairy ring over a period of a few years and determinethe annual increase in diameter. Divide this number into the total diameter to estimate theage of the ring in years. M/C14. e15. e16. a17. b18. e19. c20. b21. e22. a23. e24. e25. c T/F26. False27. False28. False F/B29. e30. a31. c32. b M/C33. d34. a35. e36. b37. a38. a39. d40. e41. d42. e43. b44. d45. e46. c47. d48. a49. c50. a51. b52. e53. e54. d55. c56. a57. c58. a F/B59. a60. a61. d

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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62. d63. c64. c65. e66. b67. c68. a69. a70. b71. b72. e73. d74. c75. b76. a

--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm

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M/C1. Members of Kingdom Plantae are:

a. Photosyntheticb. Eukaryoticc. Multicellulard. a and ce. All of these

2. With respect to plant reproduction, there has been an evolutionary trend toward...a. increased pollen productionb. smaller flowersc. larger fruitsd. sporophyte dominancee. greater seed production

3. A diploid plant is a(n) __________.a. eggb. spermc. spored. gametophytee. sporophyte

4. The gametophyte produces __________ by __________.a. spores; mitosisb. gametes; mitosisc. spores; meiosisd. gametophytes; mitosise. sporophytes; meiosis

5. The first cell after fertilization is the:a. Sporeb. Sporophytec. Embryod. Seede. Zygote

6. Spores develop into __________.a. Haploid gametophytesb. Diploid gametophytesc. Haploid sporophytesd. Haploid gametese. Diploid sporophytes

7. Where do spores come from?

a. gametesb. gametophytesc. sporophytesd. zygotese. other spores

F/BMATCHINGa. Sporophyteb. Gametophytec. Zygoted. Sporee. Gamete

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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8. A fertilized egg

9. Diploid, multicellular

10. Haploid, multicellular

11. Plants make this by meiosis

12. Haploid, single cell, the product of mitosis

13. Diploid, single cell

14. Dominant generation of Bryophytes

15. Dominant generation of vascular plants

M/C16. Which evidence supports the concept of green algae as ancestral to the PlantKingdom?

a. DNA studiesb. Similar kinds of chlorophyll in both groupsc. Similar kinds of cell wall chemicals in both groupsd. Similar kinds of reserve food in both groupse. All of these are correct

F/BMATCHINGa. Seedless vascular plantb. Gymnospermc. Angiospermd. Bryophytee. None of these

17. Cycads 18. Horse tails (scouring rush)

19. Tulip

20. Moss

21. Green algae

M/C22. Green algae are assumed to be ancestors of plants because

a. the fossil ancestors have been discoveredb. green algae make chitin and laminarinc. green algae make cellulose and starchd. green algae are almost exclusively marinee. lignin is known to occur in some green algae

23. You examine a 1 inch tall plant you collect in the woods. This plant was part of aseveral square feet mass of similar small plants. It is very flexible and does not easilystand upright by itself. Upon examining the tiny flat leaf-like structures of this plantyou see no veins. There is no evidence of seeds, but at the end of a little stalk on theend of the plant there is some sort of spore bearing structure. To which of these groupsdoes this plant likely belong?

a. angiospermb. gymnospermc. fern

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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d. algaee. bryophyte

24. Land plants are believed to have evolved from __________.a. green algaeb. fungic. lichensd. bacteriae. Euglena

25. Terrestrial plants are believed to have evolved from:a. Bryophytesb. Green algaec. Red algaed. Brown algaee. Blue-green bacteria

26. Which of the following does not support the theory that terrestrial plants have analgal ancestor?

a. The same type of chlorophyll is present in bothb. Both have starch energy storage moleculesc. Both have the same accessory pigmentsd. Vascular tissues are found in both groupse. Both are autotrophic

27. The common name for members of Division Chlorophyta is:a. Green algaeb. Flowering plantsc. Brown algaed. Red algaee. Green plants

28. Which of the following is NOT good evidence that land plants arose from greenalgae?

a. both photosynthesizeb. both use the same kind of chlorophyllc. green algae live in fresh water environmentsd. both contain similar accessory pigmentse. green algae live in many temporary habitats

29. Which of the following is true for most members of Division Chlorphyta?a. Produce free swimming gametes.b. Some have life cycles dominated by haploid forms.c. Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular species are all in this division.d. a and b.e. All of the above.

30. Which of these are reasons why biologists believe some type of ancestral greenalgae may have evolved into the first terrestrial plants?

a. They are all adapted to highly variable environments (can withstandextremes of temperature and moisture) and are adapted to use freshwater.

b. They have the same types of photosynthetic pigments.c. Plants from both groups have complex structure like roots and leaves.d. a and b.e. All of the above.

31. When walking in a forest you find a plant with what appear to be unfertilized seedson little scales exposed to the air. Yellow dust-like particles are on the surface of theunfertilized seeds. To what group does this plant belong?

a. angiosperms

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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b. gymnospermsc. bryophytesd. seedless vascular plantse. algae

32. When walking in a tropical forest you come upon a 6 meter tall plant that shows noevidence of seed production. In which of these groups does the plant most likely belong?

a. gymnospermsb. angiospermsc. bryophytesd. fernse. algae

33. A fossil plant is found that appears to have several seeds all completely enclosedin a single outer covering. This plant probably belongs to what group?

a. gymnospermsb. angiospermsc. bryophytesd. fernse. algae

34. What is/are advantages to producing broad leaves compared to narrow needle-likeleaves?

a. increased water lossb. increases gas exchangec. increases surface area for light captured. both a and be. a, b, and c

35. Which of the following weather conditions would you expect to have the greatestNEGATIVE IMPACT on sexual reproduction of ferns and mosses?

a. excessively wet and raining conditionsb. above average temperatures for several daysc. excessively dry period for several daysd. moderate temperatures and rainfalle. the shade of a forest

36. Which of the following weather conditions would you expect to have the greatestPOSITIVE IMPACT on sexual reproduction of ferns and mosses?

a. excessively wet and raining conditionsb. above average temperature for several daysc. excessively dry period for several daysd. below average temperatures for a few dayse. the shade of a forest

Essay37. In some areas of the world where there are large numbers of pines, in the springeverything is covered with a yellow dust that turns out upon examination to be pine pollen.Why must conifers produce so much pollen and why do we not see as much pollen produced by afield of flowers?

38. In addition to aiding in seed dispersal, what are other possible functions offruits that give advantages to plants that make fruits as compared to seed plants that donot make fruits?

M/C39. Which evolutionary plant innovation eliminated the need for sperm to swim throughwater in order to fertilize an egg, resulting in plants being truly adapted forreproduction on land?

a. rhizoids

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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b. fruitc. rootsd. independent gametophytee. pollen

40. If you were hiking and wanted to show off your understanding of the differencesbetween gymnosperms and angiosperms, what characteristics could you see with your naked eyethat would help you impress your friends?

a. flowers or conesb. presence or lack of vascular tissuesc. presence or lack of seedsd. presence or lack of tree sized stemse. size of the male gametophyte

41. Leaves are covered on the outside with this to reduce water loss.a. cuticleb. stomatac. petioled. endosperme. root hairs

42. Vessel tubes are rigid because they include this chemical in their cell walls:a. DNAb. ligninc. ribosed. nitrogene. starch

43. Bryophytesa. lack eggs and spermb. lack vascular tissuec. lack seedsd. lack gametese. two of these are correct

44. Gymnospermsa. lack flowersb. lack seedsc. lack eggs and spermd. lack leavese. two of these are correct

45. Fernsa. lack vascular tissueb. have an alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte generationsc. lack eggs and spermd. make seedse. two of these are correct

Essay46. Describe the adaptations plants underwent in the transition from water to land.

M/C47. When making the move from water to land, plants made modifications in all of thefollowing except...

a. cell wall compositionb. conducting tissuesc. cell surface coveringsd. mode of reproduction

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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e. method of gas exchange 48. Pollen and seeds evolves in response to...

a. an increase in pollinatorsb. flower evolutionc. moist environmentsd. seed predatorse. dry land environments

49. In flowering plants, what is the relationship of the sporophyte generation to thegametophyte generation?

a. Sporophyte is dominant, but begins development attached to gametophyteb. Gametophyte is dominant, and sporophyte is retained on gametophytec. Sporophyte is dominant, and gametophyte is microscopicd. Members of this division do not produce sporophytese. Members of this division do not produce gametophytes

50. An oak tree is a __________.a. gametophyteb. zygotec. sporophyted. sporee. all of these

51. The evolutionary trend from the ancestral algae to the more recently evolved seedplants shows:

a. Decreased size of the gametophyteb. Increased prominence of the sporophyte generationc. Decreased duration of the gametophyte generationd. a and be. All of the above

52. Which of these is an advantage to a plant that moved onto land?a. increased CO2 availabilityb. dry environmentc. less supportd. increased heate. decreased water availability

53. Which was not an advantage of the terrestrial environment to the first plants?

a. Carbon dioxide concentration was higher in air than water.b. Minerals and other nutrients were more abundant in the soil than in water.c. More energy for photosynthesis was available.d. There were more pollinators on land.e. All of these were benefits.

54. Which group of land plants is most restricted to moist environments?a. Vascular plantsb. Tracheophytesc. Bryophytesd. Anthophytae. Angiosperms

Essay55. Explain how bryophytes are an intermediate between aquatic and terrestrial plants.

M/C56. Bryophytes:

a. Are mosses and liverwortsb. Lack true roots and leaves

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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c. Have poorly developed conducting tissuesd. a and be. All of the above

57. Bryophytes have simple structures, called __________, that anchor the plant andabsorb water.

a. Rootsb. Mycorrhizaec. Rhizomesd. Tracheophytese. Rhizoids

58. Archegonia and antheridia are:a. Water conducting tissues found in Bryophytesb. Reproductive structures found in Bryophytesc. Reproductive structures found in flowering plantsd. Spores produced by flowering plantse. Vascular tissues in ferns

59. Archegonia are __________.

a. floatation bladdersb. reproductive structuresc. conducting tissuesd. flowerse. root symbionts

60. Which of the following are important reproductive adaptations that allow plants toinhabit terrestrial environments?

a. Leaves and stemsb. Seeds and pollenc. Roots and leavesd. Gametophytes and sporophytese. Flowers and leaves

61. How do seeds improve the chances of survival of a young plant?a. Seeds attract pollinators.b. Seed coats prevent desiccation.c. Seeds retain food reserve for embryo.d. a and b.e. a, b, and c.

62. What is the benefit of having a tall stem?a. ease of water movementb. more nutrients availablec. greater supportd. easier reproductione. less competition for light

63. Which of the following types of plants produce seeds?a. Horsetailsb. Fernsc. Ginkgod. Pinese. c and d

64. Which of the following groups of plants was the first to produce seeds?a. Angiospermsb. Bryophytesc. Gymnospermsd. Lycophytes

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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e. Chlorophytes 65. Which of the following are Gymnosperms?

a. Cycads, ginkgoes, and fernsb. Cycads, conifers, and fernsc. Ginkgoes, conifers, and horsetailsd. Conifers, ginkgoes, and fernse. Cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers

66. Which division has been reduced to one remaining species?a. conifersb. cycadsc. ginkgosd. bryophytese. liverworts

67. What group dominated the Carboniferous period and is now burned as coal?a. angiospermsb. conifersc. cycadsd. seedless vascular plantse. algae

68. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of conifers to cold, dry habitats?a. production of "anti-freeze" resinb. year-round photosynthesisc. reduced leaf sized. thick cuticlee. copious pollen production

69. Pines are primarily __________ pollinated.a. beeb. windc. mothd. watere. beetle

70. What is one major difference between ferns and the other seedless vascular plants?a. reproductive cycleb. dominant stage of lifec. leaf shaped. flower structuree. vascular system

71. Which group does not depend on water for reproduction?

a. fernsb. byophytesc. algaed. club mossese. flowering plants

72. Which group of plants has the greatest diversity (i.e., the most species) livingtoday?

a. Chlorophytesb. Bryophytesc. Gymnospermsd. Angiospermse. Ferns

73. What is the main function of flower petals?

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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a. produce gametesb. photosynthesizec. provide supportd. attract pollinatorse. discourage herbivores

74. All of the following contributed substantially to the success of angiospermsexcept:

a. pollinatorsb. broad leavesc. vascular systemd. flowerse. fruits

75. What single feature is probably most responsible for the success of angiosperms?a. Seedsb. Fruitc. Broad leavesd. Flowerse. Tap roots

76. In angiosperms, the male gametophyte is ___________.a. pollenb. the antherc. a flowerd. sperme. a seed

Essay77. Explain the evolutionary relevance of the seed. M/C78. A fruit is:

a. a seedb. a mature ovaryc. a mature ovuled. the female gametophytee. a plant embryo

79. Fruit production requires precious resources; what important benefit do theyconfer?

a. feed the embryob. keep the seed moistc. means of dispersal of seedsd. attract seed eatere. prevent herbivory

80. What is/are the disadvantages to production of broad leaves?a. increased water lossb. increases gas exchangec. increased surface area for light captured. a and be. a and c

F/BMATCHINGa. Angiospermb. Gymnospermc. Fernd. Bryophyte

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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e. Two of the above

81. Need free standing water for fertilization to occur.

82. No vascular tissue

83. Male gametophyte is pollen

84. Male and female cones

85. Non-flowering seed plants

86. An apple tree

87. Monocots and Dicots

88. Cycads and Conifers M/C89. Most gymnosperms are pollinated by:

a. insectsb. birdsc. small mammalsd. winde. their own eggs

90. The anti cancer drug Taxol is extracted from which type of plant?a. bryophyteb. fernc. seedd. horse taile. more than one of these is correct

(c) 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

M/C1. e2. d3. e4. b5. e6. a7. c F/B8. c9. a10. b11. d12. e13. c14. b15. a M/C16. e

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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F/B17. b18. a19. c20. d21. e M/C22. c23. e24. a25. b26. d27. a28. a29. e30. d31. b32. d33. b34. d35. c36. a Essay37. Pines are wind pollinated and must produce large excesses of pollen. Field flowersare insect pollinated and therefore don't have to produce so much pollen.38. Fruits provide an extra layer of protection to the seeds. Also it is logical tohypothesize that fleshy fruits provide nourishment to their seeds, although mostexperiments do not support this hypothesis. M/C39. e40. a41. a42. b43. e44. a45. b Essay46. No answer in TestBank M/C47. a48. e49. c50. c51. e52. a53. d54. c Essay55. No answer in TestBank M/C56. e57. e58. b 59. b60. b61. e62. e63. e

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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64. c65. e66. c67. d68. e69. b70. c71. e72. d73. d74. c75. d76. a Essay77. No answer in TestBank M/C78. b79. c80. a F/B81. e82. d83. e84. b85. b86. a87. a88. b M/C89. d90. c

--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm

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Your Results for "Self Test" Print this page

Site Title: Biology: Life on Earth 7E

Book's Title: Biology: Life on Earth

Book's Author: Audesirk

Location on Site: Home > The Diversity of Plants > Self Test

Date/TimeSubmitted:

February 8, 2009 at 10:09 PM (EST)

Summary of Results

71% Correct of 40 questions:45 correct: 71%

18 incorrect: 29%

6 questions contain multiple pairs, scored for a total of 29questions. More information about scoring.

1. Which of the following supports the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algal ancestors?

Your Answer: Plants and green algae both use the same type of chlorophyll and accessorypigments during photosynthesis.

Correct.

2. Early plant evolution most likely occurred in freshwater habitats because _________.

Your Answer: all of the above

Correct.

3. __________ algae presumably gave rise to land plants.

Your Answer: green

There are many similarities between modern green algae and ancestral land plants.

4. Sporophytes produce haploid spores via _________.

Your Answer: mitosisCorrect Answer: meiosis

Incorrect. The sporophytes are diploid, so mitosis would yield diploid spores, not the haploid thatare produced.

5. When haploid spores divide by mitosis, multicellular haploid plants called __________ form.

Your Answer: gametophyteCorrect Answer: gametophytes

6. In the diploid generation, the plant body is known as the __________.

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1 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM

Your Answer: sporophyte

This generation produces spores.

7. Which plant generation is responsible for the production of haploid gametes?

Your Answer: gametophyte

Correct. The gametophyte generation produces haploid gametes that then fuse to form a diploidorganism.

8. All plants produce _________.

Your Answer: seedsCorrect Answer: spores

Incorrect. Only gymnosperms and angiosperms produce seeds.

9. Plants show an alternation of generation between sporophytes and gametophytes. Label thesegenerations correctly on the diagram below.

Label YourAnswer

CorrectAnswer

Comments

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2 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM

9.1 gametophyte A. B. Sporophytes produce spores and are diploid.

9.2 sporophyte B. A. Gametophytes produce gametes and arehaploid.

10. The presence or production of ________ distinguishes plants from their nearest relatives, the greenalgae.

Your Answer: multicellular, dependent embryos

Correct.

11. Based on the characteristics of plants, which of the following "jobs" in an ecosystem is performedby plants?

Your Answer: producer

Correct. Plants make glucose via photosynthesis and pass on that energy when they are consumedby another organism. Plants provide an entrance for energy into an ecosystem.

12. The rigors of the terrestrial environment led to many adaptations among terrestrial plants. Whichof these is NOT a necessary adaptation to dry land?

Your Answer: separate gametophyte stage

Correct. The separate gametophyte stage, already present in the algae, was not required forbecoming terrestrial. Actually, it is more of a hazard than a benefit to terrestrial plants.

13. What structural adaptation of land plants functions to deliver water and minerals from the roots tothe rest of the plant?

Your Answer: conducting vessels

Correct. Hollow like long straws, these are a different type of conducting vessel, transportingsugars produced during photosynthesis to the rest of the plant.

14. Photosynthesis stops during very hot and dry weather because _________.

Your Answer: the stomata close, which cuts off the plant's supply of carbon dioxide needed toperform photosynthesis

Correct.

15. Which of the following is NOT an example of the sporophyte stage of the alternation ofgenerations?

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3 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM

Your Answer: moss

Correct. The nonvascular plant's dominant stage of the alternation of generations is thegametophyte, so when you see moss, you're observing an organism composed of haploid cells!

16. What is the reproductive structure of bryophytes and of seedless vascular plants that encloses eggsand protects them from drying out?

Your Answer: antheridiumCorrect Answer: archegonium

Incorrect. The antheridium protects the sperm.

17. The relatively small size of the bryophytes is probably due to __________.

Your Answer: the dependence on water for reproductionCorrect Answer: the absence of vascular tissue

Incorrect. The bryophytes' dependence on water for reproduction is likely to limit their choice ofhabitat, but not their size.

18. Bryophytes have __________, which are similar to roots.

Your Answer: rhizoids

Bryophytes don’t have true roots, leaves, or stems. That means bryophytes require a moistenvironment to reproduce.

19. Label the indicated structures on this diagram of the life cycle of a typical moss.

Your Results for "Self Test" http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/grader

4 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM

Label Your Answer

19.1 spores D.

19.2 archegonium B.

19.3 sperm A.

19.4 antheridium C.

20. Even though they are vascular plants, and thus moderately advanced terrestrially, the ferns havenot solved all of the problems of terrestrial life. How is this so?

Your Answer: They lack advanced vascular tissue.Correct Answer: Their zygotes remain unprotected from desiccation.

Incorrect. Advanced vascular tissue relates to woody stems but does not prevent completeterrestrial adaptation.

21. The silica deposits in the outer layer of cells in Equisetum gave it its nickname: __________.

Your Answer: horsetailsCorrect Answer: scouring rushes

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22. Complete this diagram of the life cycle of a typical fern.

Label Your Answer

22.1 gametophyte C.

22.2 haploid spores B.

22.3 archegonium D.

22.4 antheridium E.

22.5 masses of sporangia A.

22.6 sporophyte F.

23. Seed plants produce male gametophytes known as _________.

Your Answer: seedCorrect Answer: pollen

Incorrect. The seed is a structure that protects and feeds the embryo.

24. Which of the following is best adapted to a dry habitat?

Your Answer: crabgrass

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6 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM

Correct. Crabgrass is an angiosperm, so it does not need water for moving its sperm to an egg.You may also remember that crabgrass performs the C4 cycle during photosynthesis, which issuited to dry and hot conditions, hence a yard full of crabgrass in the heat of the summer.

25. Why has the evolution of reproductive adaptations, the development of pollen and seeds, provenso successful for the gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Your Answer: Both the second and third answers are correct.

Correct. Eliminating the requirement that sperm swim to the egg through water and that dispersalof seeds occurs through water permitted an unparalleled evolutionary advantage previouslyunknown among land plants.

26. Which of the following protects the plant embryo?

Your Answer: seed

Correct.

27. Label the structures indicated on these two seed types.

Label Your Answer

27.1 stored food B.

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7 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM

27.2 seed coat A.

27.3 embryo C.

28. The sperm of conifers _________.

Your Answer: is carried in a pollen grain that has tiny wings

Correct.

29. Label the indicated portions of the life cycle of a typical conifer.

Label Your Answer

29.1 mature sporophyte F.

29.2 ovule A.

29.3 embryo D.

29.4 female gametophyte G.

29.5 seed E.

29.6 pollen B.

29.7 fertilization C.

Your Results for "Self Test" http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/grader

8 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM

30. The adaptations that attract potential pollinators are __________.

Your Answer: pollenCorrect Answer: flowers

31. Which of the major adaptations does your textbook suggest is most vulnerable to herbivore attack,especially by insects?

Your Answer: fruitsCorrect Answer: broad leaves

Incorrect. While fruits are certainly vulnerable to herbivores, they are transiently presentcompared to leaves. When fruits are eaten, seed dispersal follows.

32. Successful (with regards to land dwelling) and accurate delivery of the sperm to the egg occurswhen land dwelling plants produce _________.

Your Answer: attractive, sweet-smelling flowers

Correct. Attractive and sweet-smelling flowers will entice a pollinator to visit, and pollentransported by a pollinator is more likely to find its way to an egg than pollen that is windblown.

33. Flowering plants such as roses and geraniums belong to which group of plant?

Your Answer: angiosperms

Correct.

34. Label the indicated portions of the life cycle of a typical flowering plant.

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Label YourAnswer

CorrectAnswer

Comments

34.1 spore-formingcell

C. C. Correct!

34.2 anther A. B. The stigma is the center of the flower thatserves as a "docking" site for pollen.

34.3 stigma B. A. The anther carries the pollen.

34.4 pollen D. D. Correct!

34.5 spore E. E. Correct!

34.6 pollen tube F. F. Correct!

34.7 femalegametophyte

G. G. Correct!

35. Which of the following organisms bear fruit?

Your Answer: maple trees

36. In which of the following plants is the gametophyte the dominant generation?

Your Answer: sunflowersCorrect Answer: mosses

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10 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM

37. What is the function of a fruit?

Your Answer: It provides food for the developing embryo.Correct Answer: It helps ensure seed dispersal from the parent plant.

38. What is the function of lignin?

Your Answer: It provides support for the plant.

39. Which of the following plants produces sperm that swim to the egg?

Your Answer: none of the aboveCorrect Answer: rattlesnake fern

40. Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations?

Your Answer: sporophyte—haploid gametes—gametophyte— diploid sporesCorrect Answer: sporophyte—haploid spores—gametophyte—haploid gametes

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QUESTIONS

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: The white cliffs of Dover, England were formed over millions of years byaccumulation of calcium carbonate shells from ________?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-76 <C> zooflagellates <C> euglenoids <C> foraminiferans <C> cyanobacteria <C> ciliates

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: Which group has silica shells similar to those of diatoms?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-77 <C> sporozoans/apicomplexans <C> dinoflagellates <C> zooflagellates <C> euglenoids <C> radiolarians

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is considered to be most closely related to theplants?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-78 <C> brown algae <C> slime molds <C> euglenoids <C> green algae <C> diatoms

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: You've just discovered a previously unidentified organism and will now befamous! After testing it with the list of chemicals below, you find out it glows, doesn'tturn blue, and doesn't fizz. How will you classify this organism? Glowing = the presenceof a nuclear envelope. Blue = the presence of chloroplasts. Fizzing = the presence offlagella. How will you classify this organism?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-79 <C> bacterium <C> slime mold <C> diatom <C> virus <C> zooflagellate

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is TRUE?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-80 <C> Viruses are a kingdom of the Bacteria domain. <C> Amoebas use cilia to move around. <C> Zooflagellates are autotrophic and move by means of flagella. <C> All bacteria are pathogens (disease causing). <C> Prokaryotic organisms are classified as Bacteria or Archaea.

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is FALSE?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-81 <C> Viruses are classified in the domain Archaea. <C> Amoebas move by means of pseudopods. <C> Zooflagellates are heterotrophic and move by means of flagella. <C> Antibiotics should not be taken to prevent or treat the flu. <C> The DNA of the organisms classified as Archaea is not contained in a nucleus

____________________________________________________________________________________

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: Which of the following human jobs BEST illustrates the importance of somefungi's ability to liberate nutrients from dead or discarded tissues?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-59 <C> gardener <C> bread baker <C> brewmeister <C> undertaker <C> truffle hunter

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: Which of these statements about fungi are TRUE?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-60 <C> Fungi are important in the production of bread, wine, and cheese. <C> Ascomycetes and unicellular green algae may form symbiotic relationships. <C> Most of the fungal life cycle is in the haploid form. <C> A and B <C> A, B, and C

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: Some fungi are predators (not parasites) on what kind of organism?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-61 <C> humans <C> wheat <C> chestnut and elm trees <C> nematodes (roundworms) <C> spiders

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: The decline of forest mushroom growth in Europe is probably due tooverhunting of edible mushrooms. True or False?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-62 <C> TRUE<C> FALSE

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: Poisonous mushrooms are easily identified in the field. True or False?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-63 <C> TRUE<C> FALSE

____________________________________________________________________________________

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following is least like you? <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-69 <C> fern <C> tomato plant <C> maple tree <C> moss <C> pine tree

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: The ________ of a fern gametophyte imply that it can be found living inthe soil independent of a fern sporophyte. <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-70 <C> roots <C> pollen <C> swimming sperm <C> archegonia <C> rhizoids

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following must produce copious amounts of pollen to ensuresuccessful pollination? <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-71 <C> tulip <C> stinking corpse lily <C> magnolia tree <C> pine tree <C> gardenia

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: Your friend has asked you to make a fruit salad with the following: apumpkin, cucumber, tomato, broccoli, and kiwi. Which of them will you leave out becauseit's not a fruit? <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-72 <C> pumpkin <C> cucumber <C> tomato <C> broccoli <C> kiwi

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following depends on a method of seed dispersal other theconsumption of its fruits? <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-73 <C> apple <C> oak <C> maple <C> pine <C> moss

ANSWERS

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: The white cliffs of Dover, England were formed over millions of years byaccumulation of calcium carbonate shells from ________?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-76 <C> zooflagellates <C> euglenoids <C+> foraminiferans <C> cyanobacteria <C> ciliates

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: Which group has silica shells similar to those of diatoms?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-77 <C> sporozoans/apicomplexans <C> dinoflagellates <C> zooflagellates <C> euglenoids <C+> radiolarians

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is considered to be most closely related to theplants?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-78 <C> brown algae <C> slime molds <C> euglenoids <C+> green algae <C> diatoms

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: You've just discovered a previously unidentified organism and will now befamous! After testing it with the list of chemicals below, you find out it glows, doesn'tturn blue, and doesn't fizz. How will you classify this organism? Glowing = the presenceof a nuclear envelope. Blue = the presence of chloroplasts. Fizzing = the presence offlagella. How will you classify this organism?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-79 <C> bacterium <C+> slime mold <C> diatom <C> virus <C> zooflagellate

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is TRUE?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-80 <C> Viruses are a kingdom of the Bacteria domain. <C> Amoebas use cilia to move around. <C> Zooflagellates are autotrophic and move by means of flagella. <C> All bacteria are pathogens (disease causing). <C+> Prokaryotic organisms are classified as Bacteria or Archaea.

<#>CH 19 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is FALSE?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-81 <C+> Viruses are classified in the domain Archaea. <C> Amoebas move by means of pseudopods. <C> Zooflagellates are heterotrophic and move by means of flagella. <C> Antibiotics should not be taken to prevent or treat the flu. <C> The DNA of the organisms classified as Archaea is not contained in a nucleus

____________________________________________________________________________________

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: Which of the following human jobs BEST illustrates the importance of somefungi's ability to liberate nutrients from dead or discarded tissues?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-59 <C> gardener <C> bread baker <C> brewmeister <C+> undertaker <C> truffle hunter

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: Which of these statements about fungi are TRUE?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-60 <C> Fungi are important in the production of bread, wine, and cheese. <C> Ascomycetes and unicellular green algae may form symbiotic relationships. <C> Most of the fungal life cycle is in the haploid form. <C> A and B <C+> A, B, and C

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: Some fungi are predators (not parasites) on what kind of organism?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-61 <C> humans <C> wheat <C> chestnut and elm trees <C+> nematodes (roundworms) <C> spiders

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: The decline of forest mushroom growth in Europe is probably due tooverhunting of edible mushrooms. True or False?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-62 <C> TRUE<C+> FALSE

<#>CH 20 <T>MC<S>N <Q>CHAPTER 20: Poisonous mushrooms are easily identified in the field. True or False?<D>Audesirk testbank CH 20-63 <C> TRUE<C+> FALSE

____________________________________________________________________________________

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following is least like you? <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-69 <C> fern <C> tomato plant <C> maple tree <C+> moss <C> pine tree

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: The ________ of a fern gametophyte imply that it can be found living inthe soil independent of a fern sporophyte. <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-70 <C> roots <C> pollen <C> swimming sperm <C> archegonia <C+> rhizoids

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following must produce copious amounts of pollen to ensuresuccessful pollination? <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-71 <C> tulip <C> stinking corpse lily <C> magnolia tree <C+> pine tree <C> gardenia

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: Your friend has asked you to make a fruit salad with the following: apumpkin, cucumber, tomato, broccoli, and kiwi. Which of them will you leave out becauseit's not a fruit? <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-72 <C> pumpkin <C> cucumber <C> tomato <C+> broccoli <C> kiwi

<#>CH 21 <T>MC<S>N <Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following depends on a method of seed dispersal other theconsumption of its fruits? <D>Audesirk testbank CH 21-73 <C> apple <C> oak <C+> maple <C> pine <C> moss

Chapter 19:The Diversity of Viruses, Prokaryotes, and Protists

VirusesCharacteristics of a virus:• No cell membrane, no cytoplasm, no

ribosomes – not a living thing • can only reproduce inside a host cell• very small size (0.05-0.2 micrometers)

2 major components constitute a virus:• single or double-stranded DNA or RNA• protein coat (may be surrounded by an

envelope)

Relative Sizes of Microorganisms

Additional Viral Characteristics

• Viruses:– Cannot grow or reproduce on their own– Lack complex cellular organization– Have a specialized protein coat – Viral genetic material “hijacks” host cell to

produce new viral components– Viral components assemble rapidly into new

viruses and burst from host cell– Come in a variety of sizes and shapes

Viruses Are Host-Specific

• Each viral type specialized to attack specific host cell

• Bacteria are infected by bacteriophageviruses

• Bacteriophages are actually a virus that specifically attacks bacterial cells

Treating Diseases With Viruses• Bacteriophages can treat bacterial diseases

– Rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance makes standard drugs less effective

– Bacteriophages specifically target host bacteria

– Bacteriophages are harmless to human body cells

Bacteriophages

Bacterial cell

Viruses of Multicellular Organisms Are Specific

• Cold viruses attack membranes of respiratory tract

• Measles viruses infect the skin (chicken pox)

• Rabies viruses attack nerve cells

Viruses of Multicellular Organisms Are Specific

• Some viruses linked to cancer (leukemia-blood, liver cancer, cervical cancer)

• Herpes virus attacks mucous membranes of mouth and lips (causing cold sores)– Other herpes virus type causes genital

sores• HIV virus attacks specific white blood cell

type, causing AIDS

HIV virus

Viral Infections Are Difficult to Treat

• Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses• Antiviral drugs may also kill hosts• Viruses “hide” within cells, are hard to detect• Viruses have high mutation rates (changes

DNA or RNA)– Mutations can create resistance to antiviral

drugs– Resistant viruses spread and multiply,

rending drug ineffective

Viruses as Biological Weapons

• Difficulty in treating viral infections makes viruses devastating weapons

• Limited smallpox stocks saved to develop future vaccine against unknown stocks

• Ebola hemorrhagic fever kills 90% of victims (no treatment or vaccine known) symptoms – bleed to death from inside out

Viroids

• Viroids are infectious particles with only short RNA strands (no protein coat)

• Able to enter host cell nucleus and direct new viroid synthesis

• A number of crop diseases are caused by viroids– cucumber disease, avocado sunblotch

Prions

• The Discovery of Kuru– Fatal degenerative disease discovered

in New Guinea tribe (Fore) in 1950– Kuru causes loss of coordination,

dementia, death– Kuru in the Fore tribe was transmitted

by ritual cannibalism of the dead

Kuru Is Similar to Other Diseases

• Other diseases like Kuru include:– Creutzfeldt-Jacob (CJD) disease in

humans– Scrapie in sheep– Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

(BSE or “Mad Cow Disease”) in cattle

• These diseases create holes in brain tissue

Where Did Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Come From?

• Evolutionary remnants of life’s early history?– Self-replicating mechanisms similar to

proposed pre-DNA world

• Degenerate descendants of parasitic cells?– Ancient parasites may have become

dependent on hosts biochemical machinery

Organisms of the Prokaryotic Domains

• Similarities Between Bacteria and Archaea– Both are prokaryotic– Both contain single-celled organism– Both have small sized organisms (0.2-10um)

• Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea– Structural and biochemical features

• Differences in cell walls, plasma membrane composition, ribosomes, and RNA polymerases

Classifying Prokaryotes Is Difficult

• Prokaryotes are structurally simple • No easily observed anatomical or developmental

differences• Features used in prokaryotic classification:

– Shape (most common way)– Locomotion (movement– Nutrient requirements (oxygen)– Colony appearance (cells clumped together)– Gram staining characteristics (pink and purple)– DNA sequences (differences)

Prokaryotic Shapes and Structure

• 3 Common Shapes– Spherical (cocci)– Rodlike (bacilli)– Corkscrew-shape (spirilli)

Spherical (cocci)

Rodlike (bacilli)

Corkscrew-shape (spirilli)

Prokaryotic Shapes and Structure

• Means of Locomotion (move around)– Flagella (tail)

• Found singly, in pairs, at different locations

• See the wheel and axle arrangement of prokaryotic flagellum

Bacterial Films: Biofilms

• Polysaccharide (sugar) or protein cell walls of some bacteria are sticky

• Embedded biofilm bacteria are protected from disinfectants and antibiotics

• Aggregates (communities) of slim secreting bacteria are called biofilms– Dental plaque is a biofilm – can cause tooth

decay, bad breath– See biofilm under attack by a toothbrush

in following slide…

biofilm under attack by a toothbrush

Bacterial Endospores

• Endospores form inside some bacteria under extreme environmental conditions

• Endospores are thickly-wrapped particles of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a few enzymes

• Endospores are resistant to extremes– Survival in boiling water– Stable and long-lived (>250 million years)– Ideal bio-terror agent (ex: anthrax spores)

Prokaryotes Reproduce By Binary Fission

• Asexual cell division produces identical copies or clones

• Binary fission can occur every 20 minutes• Rapid reproductive rate allows for rapid

evolution– Mutations in DNA replication are rapidly

spread– Binary fission and an E. coli cell in next

slide…

Binary fission of an E. coli cell

Exchange of Genetic Material

• Conjugation allows for DNA transfer between donor and recipient

• Sex pilus connects donor to recipient cell forming a cytoplasmic bridge

• Conjugation can occur between different species (may create new species)

• Small circular DNA molecules (plasmids) carry genes from donor to recipient

Conjugation between two bacteria

Sex pilus

Habitat Specialization of Prokaryotes

• Each species is specialized for certain environmental conditions

• Prokaryotes occupy a wide range of habitats– High pressure environments (1.7 miles

underground)– Cold environments (Antarctic sea ice)– High salt environments (Dead Sea)– Acidic or alkaline environments (coal mine

drainage – bleak appearance)– Hot environments (deep-sea vents, hot springs)

Prokaryotes Exhibit Diverse Metabolisms

• Anaerobic Metabolism

– Some bacteria live without oxygen (and are poisoned by it)

– Some bacteria can switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Prokaryotes Exhibit Diverse Metabolisms

Where bacteria get their energy:• Familiar organic compounds

– Sugars, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins• Compounds poisonous to humans

– Petroleum - bacteria’s food source• Inorganic molecules – don’t have carbon

– Hydrogen, sulfur, ammonia• Some bacteria get energy from sunlight - autotrophs

– Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis– Sulfur bacteria use H2S instead of water in photosynthesis

Prokaryotes Perform Functions Important to Other Organisms

• Leaf-eating animals depend on bacteria to break down cellulose (ex: rabbits, cattle)

• Many human foods are produced by bacteria action (ex: yogurt and cheese)

• Bacteria in our intestines produce vitamins (ex: vitamins K and B12)

Prokaryotes Capture Nitrogen Needed By Plants

• Nitrogen is unavailable to plants as a gas • Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric

N2 (gas) to water-soluble NH4+ (ammonium) in the soil…then plant can use it

• Nitrogen fixers live in specialized root nodules– Found in alfalfa, soybeans, lupines, clover– Figure 19-14 shows nitrogen-fixing

bacteria in root nodules..

nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules

Prokaryotes Are Nature’s Recyclers

• Many prokaryotes obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules

• Nearly all human-made substances (save plastic) are biodegradable by some bacteria

• Oil-eating bacteria were used in clean up of Exxon Valdez oil-spill disaster

• Bacteria break down organisms and free nutrient for reuse by new life

Some Bacteria Pose aThreat to Human Health

• Disease-producing bacteria are pathogenic• Some anaerobic bacteria produce

dangerous poisons:– Clostridium tetani causes tetanus

• Enters body through puncture wound• Produces paralyzing poison

– Clostridium botulinum causes botulism• Reproduces in under-sterilized canned food• Botulism toxin is very potent

Humans Have Battled Bacterial Diseases Throughout History

• Bubonic Plague (Black Death) – Caused by Yersinia pestis, spread by rat fleas– Killed 100 million people in the 1300s

• Lyme Disease (emerged in 1975)– Carries by deer ticks which bite humans– Flu-like symptoms can lead to arthritis and nervous system

problems• Other historical bacterial disease disappear/reoccur

– Tuberculosis (once thought to be eliminated from the U.S.)– Gonorrhea and syphilis (sexually transmitted)– Cholera (water-transmitted in contaminated drinking water)

Most Bacteria Are Harmless

• The majority of bacteria are harmless

• Bacterial communities can be beneficial– Create environment hostile to pathogenic

infection in vaginal tract– Produce vitamin K in our intestines

What Are Protists?

• Mostly single-celled eukaryotes• Mostly microscopic in size• Use diverse modes of reproduction

– Asexual reproduction by mitosis– Sexual reproduction - meiosis

• Use diverse modes of nutrition– Photosynthesis (ex: algae)– Predatory (ex: protozoans)– Parasitic (ex: protozoans)

Protist Systematics Are in Transition

• Genetic comparison reveals evolutionary history of organisms

• Genetic instead of physical features now separate protist species into different lineages

• Some physically dissimilar species are now place in a common lineage

The Chromists

• Have fine, hair-like projections of flagella • Mostly single-celled but some multicellular• Some are photosynthetic species• Major chromist group

– Water molds– Diatoms– Brown algae

Chromists: Water Molds

• aka oomycetes• Long filaments aggregated into cottony tufts• Many are soil and water-based decomposers• Profound economic impacts caused by water

molds– Late blight attacks potato plants (caused Irish

potato famine in 1845)– One species causes downy mildew (nearly

destroyed French wine industry in 1870s)

downy mildew

Chromists: Diatoms• Found in both fresh and salt water• Photosynthetic • Produce shells of silica that fit together • Diatomaceous earth is deposits of diatom shells

(mined and used as an abrasive) - toothpaste• Part of floating phytoplankton community

– Important in absorbing CO2 and producing 02

– Phytoplankton perform 70% of all photosynthesis• Diatoms are important as food in marine food webs

– Herbivorous organisms “graze” on these “pastures of the sea”

Diatoms

Chromists: Brown Algae

• Form multicellular aggregates (seaweeds)• Superficially similar but not closely related to

plants, more related to fungus• Contain brownish-yellow and green

(chlorophyll) pigments• Nearly all marine

– Found along rocky shores of temperate oceans– Include giant kelp with gas-filled floats

• Giant kelp forests provide food and shelter for sea animals

seaweeds

Giant kelp forests

The Alveolate Protists

• Single-celled protists with small cavities beneath cell surface (alveoli)

• Comprise a distinct lineage• Nutritional modes include photosynthetic,

parasitic, and predatory activity• Major alveolate groups

– Dinoflagellates– Apicomplexans– Ciliates

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates

• Mostly photosynthetic • 2 whip-like flagella; 1 encircles the cell; the

other projects behind it• Most species live in salt water• Some species bioluminescent - glow• Certain specialized dinoflagellates live

within coral, clam, and other protistan hosts• Nutrient-rich water causes population

explosion called “red tides”

“red tides”

Alveolates: Apicomplexans

• Aka sporozoans• All members are parasitic• Forms infectious spores• Spores transmitted between hosts by

food, water, or insect bites• Complex life cycle (ex: Plasmodium-

malarial parasite)

Alveolates: Ciliates

• Inhabits both fresh and salt water• Highly complex unicellular organization

– Specialized organelles– Cilia that propel cells through water quickly

• Examples of ciliate complexity– Paramecium (contractile vacuoles, nervous

system)– Didinium (predator of other microbes)

The Slime Molds

• Distinctly unique lineage among protists• 2-phase life cycle

– Mobile feeding stage – brings nutrients in– Stationary, reproductive stage forming a fruiting

body• 2 main types

– Acellular – lack true cells– Cellular

Slime Molds

The Euglenoids

• Single-celled, fresh-water protists• Best know examples is Euglena

– Moves by whipping single flagellum• Some euglenoids photosynthetic, others

absorb/engulf food• All euglenoids lack a rigid outer covering

which allows for wriggling movement• Photoreceptor (eyespot) found in some

euglenoids – senses levels of light

Euglena

The Red Algae

• Multicellular, photosynthetic seaweeds• Pigments combined with chlorophyll produce

bright red to black appearances• Found exclusively in marine environments• Very common in deep, clear tropical waters• Diversity of forms and uses

– Carrageenan (stabilizing agent) = ice-cream– Agar (substrate for bacteria in petri dishes)

The Zooflagellate Protists

• All species have one or more flagella– Used for propulsion, sensing, food gathering

• Many are free-living in soil and water • Some species live in a symbiotic

mutualism inside another organism– Some species digest cellulose in termite guts– Trypanosomes live within tsetse flies and

cause African sleeping sickness in fly-bitten mammals

Trypanosomes

RBC

Zooflagellate Protists: Giardia

• Giardia: a parasitic zooflagellate– Acquired by hikers who drink from infected

streams– Resulting intestinal infection causes severe

symptoms• Diarrhea and nausea• Vomiting, cramps, and dehydration

– Giardial infections can be successfully treated with drugs

Giardia in the human small intestine

Various Protists Move by Means of Pseudopods

• Amoebas – Found in freshwater lakes and ponds– Predators that stalk and engulf prey– One species causes amoebic dysentery

• Heliozoans “sun animals”– Found in freshwater– Floats or attaches the plants or rocks– Have stiff, needle-like pseudopods supported

by microtubules

Pseudopods of amoebas

Heliozoans have needle-like pseudopods

Various Protists Move by Means of Pseudopods

• Foraminiferans and radiolarians/ radiozoans– Produce elaborate, perforated shells

• Foraminiferans have calcium carbonate shells

• Radiolarians have silica shells– Pseudopods extend outwards through holes

Foraminiferans

Radiolarians

The Green Algae

• All species photosynthetic • Both multicellular and unicellular species• Found in both freshwater and marine

environments• Some form long filamentous chains of cells

such as Spyrogyra (on next slide)

Spyrogyra green algae

The Green Algae

• Green algae are closely related to plants • The earliest plants may have been similar

to todays’ multi-cellular green algae• Some form colonies of clustered cells• Most microscopic forms but Ulva (sea

lettuce) is a multicellular leaf-sized green algal seaweed

THESE ARE SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT

PICTURES TAKEN FROM THE NOTES ON CH 19, CH

20, AND CH 21for EXAM #1 BIOL 1002

Spring 2009Use the web site below for review questions:

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_audesirk_bloe_7/1,8753,1139971,.html

Chapter 19:The Diversity of Viruses, Prokaryotes, and Protists

Relative Sizes of Microorganisms

Rank each of these in terms of size relative

to eachother

What are these?

Treating Diseases With Viruses• Bacteriophages can treat bacterial diseases

– Rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance makes standard drugs less effective

– Bacteriophages specifically target host bacteria

– Bacteriophages are harmless to human body cells

Bacteriophages

Bacterial cell

What are these specifically? What is a “ghost”? Where is

the DNA in this picture?

HIV virus

Unique type of virus:Lyse: cell pops open

Spherical (cocci)

Shape???Common nameScientific name

Rodlike (bacilli)

Shape???Common nameScientific name

Corkscrew-shape (spirilli)

Shape???Common nameScientific name

Where might you find this thing? What is

the name of this specifically? What

are the green, brown, and white structures?

Why is an endosporeimportant? When would this form?

What is the orange dot composed of? What is the yellow

stuff?

Binary fission of an E. coli cell

What is the mode of bacterial

reproduction?

Conjugation between two bacteria

Sex pilusSexual form of

bacterial reproduction

Diatoms

Common name of these organisms

Common name of these organisms.

What do these cause?

How do they kill other organisms?

Trypanosomes

RBCWhat disease is

associated with these organisms?

Giardia in the human small intestine

Pseudopods of amoebasWhat is the structure

labeled called?

Heliozoans have needle-like pseudopods

More psuedopods, but very different from the amoebas

Foraminiferans

Common name? Shell is made of what?

Radiolarians

Common name? Shell is made of what?

Spyrogyra green algaeChloroplasts have a

unique “curly” appearance

Chapter 20:The Diversity of Fungi

hyphae

What is the name of these structures?

cell wall

septum

cytoplasm

pore

two haploidnuclei

Label each part of the hyphae shown here

Fungal Spores

Responsible for loss of species?

Sporangia (asexual)

What is the name of these structures

specifically? Mode of reproduction?

Zygospore (sexual)

What is the name of these structures

specifically? Mode of reproduction?

Morels

Common name? What group do they belong to? (sac fungi or Ascomycetes/Ascomycota)

Fairy Ring

Common name?

The Imperfect Fungi

roundworm

part of a hypha that formed a noose-like ring around the worm

Label each part? What are they called the Imperfect fungi?

algal layer

fungal hyphae

attachmentstructure

Layered structure of a

lichen

Label each part of the lichen

Crustose lichens (“crusty”) Scientific/Common name of the shape?

Foliose lichens (“leafy”)

Scientific/Common name of the shape?

Fruticose lichens (“bushy”)

Scientific/Common name of the shape?

MycorrhizaeWhere find these? How do they work?

Who benefits?

Fungi Cause Human Diseases

What causes this?

Ergots

Salem Witch Trials

What do ergots have in terms of historical

importance?

Chapter 21:The Diversity of Plants

Bryophytes Tracheophytes

seed plants

Liverworts

Ancestral green alga

Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Figure 21-1, p. 406

Evolutionary tree of plants

Arrange the pictures for each branch of

this tree. Also place the words where they

belong.

zygote

GREEN ALGA BRYOPHYTE FERN GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM

Size vs. Age of PlantsArrange the

pictures for each branch of this

tree. Also place the words where

they belong.

sporophyte(2n)

2n embryo

FERTILIZATION

2n zygote

haploid

diploid

sperm

eggn

n

gametophyte(n)

Diploid

Haploid

MEIOSIS

2nspore mother cell

n n n nspores

Basically, what does alternation of

generations mean?

Name of these structures?

What do they do?

thallus (leaflike part)close-up of

gemmae (spores)

Liverworts

gemmae cupLabel the structures

Club Moss releasing spores

Horsetails

What is the common name of these? (horsetails or

scouring rush). What is another “odd” feature of these

plants?

Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns

• Largest and most diverse group of seedless vascular plants

• Have well developed, broad leaves• Leaves emerge from coiled “fiddleheads”

What is the name of the structure shown

here?

Ferns: Reproduction

• Sporophyte produces haploid spores within sporangia

• Sperm swim to egg

What is the name of the structure shown

here?

embryo

Pine seed(gymnosperm)

seedcoat

storedfood

embryo

Bean seed(angiosperm)

seedcoat

storedfood

Label the parts in these seeds

MALE CONE

FEMALE CONE

Which cone is male and which one is

female?

pine pollen grains

The “gas bladders” that are ‘odd’. How do these bladders

help?

Fan-shaped leaves

Sex of this plant? Odor? Why the odor?

stamen (male)

carpel (female)

petal

sepal

ovule in an ovary

Label the parts of this “idealized” flower.

Chapter 20:The Diversity of Fungi

1. Fungi obtain their nutrients from other organisms

2. Fungi propagate by spores3. Most fungi can reproduce both

sexually and Asexually

Key Features of Fungi

Body Structure

• Most fungi are multi-cellular • Cells are surrounded by cell walls

composed of chitin, a nitrogen- containing polysaccharide

• Body of almost all fungi is a mycelium, an interwoven mass of thread like filaments called hyphae (singular, hypha)

• Figure 20-1 pg 388 illustrates the filam

hyphae

Hyphae

• Hyphae of most species are divided into many cells by partitions called septa(singular, septum); each cell possesses one of more nuclei– Pores in the septa allow cytoplasm to steam

from one cell to the next• Hyphae of some fungi lack septa, consisting

of single elongated cells with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

• The nuclei of most species are haploid

cell wall

septum

cytoplasm

pore

two haploidnuclei

Nutrition and Fungal Lifestyles

• All are heterotrophic (secret enzymes outside their bodies and absorb the digested nutrients)

• Have diverse lifestyles– Fungal decomposers (saprobes) feed on dead

organic material and wastes– Fungal parasites absorb nutrients from cells of

living hosts and may cause disease– Some symbiotic fungi live in mutually beneficial

relationships with other organisms– Fungal predators consume living organisms

Fungi Reproduce by Means of Spores

• Spores are haploid reproductive cells capable of developing into an adult fungus– usually produced in large numbers– Dispersed by animals or air currents

• Most fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually

• Both asexual and sexual reproductions involve the production of spores within bodies

Spores being dispersed after a drop of water hits the fungus

Asexual Reproduction

• Typically occurs under stable conditions• Can occur either by:

– Fragmentations of the mycelium– Asexual spore formation

• Spores germinate and develop into a new mycelium by mitosis

• Result in the rapid production genetically identical clones

Sexual Reproduction• Typically occurs under conditions of

environmental change or stress– Two different hyphae fuse so that the nuclei share

a common cell– The different haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid

zygote– Zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid sexual

spores– Spores germinate and develop into a new

mycelium by mitosis• Results in the productions of genetically

diverse fungal bodies

Classification of Fungi

• Fungi have been assigned to four phyla based upon the way they produce sexual spores – Chytridiomycota (chytrids)– Zygomycota (zygote fungi)– Ascomycota (sac fungi)– Basidiomycota (club fungi)*Species that cannot be readily classified are

placed in a group known as the deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi)

Table 20-1, p. 390 An overview of fungal phyla…

Classification of Fungi

zygomycetes sac fungi club fungi

chytridsmicrosporidians

amoeboid ancestors

FUNGI

The Chytrids

• The Chytids– Most are aquatic, reproduce asexually & sexually– Form flagellated spores that require water for

dispersal• Most are saprobes, but some species are

parasites of pants and animals– Batrachochytrium is a frog pathogen believed to

be a major case of worldwide die-off of frogs• Primitive chytrids are believed to have given

rise to the other groups of modern fungi

Fungal Spores

Responsible for loss of species?

fungus Allomyces

The Zygote Fungi• Most live in soil or on decaying plant or

animal material• Reproduce both sexually and asexualy

– Sexual spores are thick-walled zygospores• During asexual reproduction

– Haploid spores are produced via mitosis in black spore cases called sporangia

– Spores disperse and germinate to form new haploid hyphae

• Rhizopus, black bread mold, good example

The Zygote Fungi

• During sexual reproduction hypae of different mating types come into contact and fuse– Two hyphae of different mating types come into

contact and fuse– Nuclei to form a diploid zygospore, a tough,

resistant structure that can remain dormant for long periods of time until condition are favorable

– Meiosis occurs as the zygospore germinates– Resulting spores disperse and geminate to form

new haploid hyphae that can enter either the sexual or asexual cycle

Sporangia (asexual)

Zygospore (sexual)

hypha, (–) mating type(haploid)

hypha, (+) mating type (haploid)

sporangia

spores(haploid)

sporangia

Meiosis occurs as zygospore germinates.

zygospore(diploid)

Nuclei in commoncell fuse.

haploid

diploid

sporangia

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

spores(haploid)

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

The Sac Fungi• Live in SW, FQ, and terrestrial habitats• Reproduce both asexually and sexually

– Sexual spores form in a saclike asci• During asexual reproduction:

– Haploid spores are produced at tips of specialized hyphae

– Spores germinate to form new haploid hyphae• During sexual reproduction:

– Two hyphae of different mation types come into contact and fuse, resulting in the formation of a fruiting body

The Sac Fungi

• Better known examples included:– Most of the food- spoiling molds– Morels and truffles (edible delicacies)– Penicillum, the mold that produces

penicillin (the fist antibiotic)– Yeasts (single-celled fungi)

Morels

The Club Fungi

• Live in SW, FW and terrestial habitats

• Usually reproduce sexually– Sexual spores form in club-shaped basidia

• Zygote divides by meiosis producing four basidiospores (haploid sexual spores)

• Basidiospores disperse and germinate to form new haploid hyphae that enter the sexual cycle (asexual reproduction is rare)

The Club Fungi

• Better known examples include:– Mushrooms (some are edible, others are

poisous)– Puffballs– Shelf fungi (decomposers of wood) – Stinkhorns– Rusts and smuts (plant parasites)– Yeats– “Birds nests fungi”

“Birds Nest Fungi”

Fairy Rings

• A fairy ring is a circular pattern of mushroom growth

• Fairy rings form at the leading edge of an expanding underground fungal mycelium– The wider the diameter of the ring, the older

the mycelium– Some fairy rings are estimated to be 700

years old

Fairy Ring

The Imperfect Fungi

• The imperfect fungi contain species that cannot be placed into one of the four fungal phyla (sexual reproductive structures have not been observed)– All lack a sexual stage– Most are believed to belong to one of the four

main phyla

The Imperfect Fungi

roundworm

part of a hypha that formed a noose-like ring around the worm

Some Fungi Form Symbiotic Relationships

• A symbiosis is a close interaction between organisms of different species over an extended period of time

• The fungal member of a symbiotic relationship may be harmful (a parasite of plants or anumals) or beneficial (lichens and mycrrhizae)

Lichens

• Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and an algae or cyanobacteria – Fungus provides photosynthetic partner with shelter and

protection– Photosynthetic partner provides fungus with food

• Grow on a wide variety of materials(soils, trees, rocks, fences, roofs, and walls)

• Able to survive environmental extremes• Used as indicators of pollution levels • 3 shapes(crustose, foliose fruiticose)

algal layer

fungal hyphae

attachmentstructure

Layered structure of a

lichen

Crustose lichens (“crusty”)

Foliose lichens (“leafy”)

Fruticose lichens (“bushy”)

Mycorrhizae

• Mycorrhizae(singular, mycorrhiza) are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots– Fungus provides plant with water, minerals,

and organic nutrients it absorbs from the soil– Plant provides fungus with food(sugar)

• 80% of plants with roots mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae

Fungi Attack Plants That Are Important to People

• Fungal parasites cause the majority of plant diseases– Ascomycete parasites cause Dutch elm

disease and Chestnut blight– Rusts and smuts are basidiomycete parasites

that cause considerable damage to grain crops• Fungi can destroy plant material hat has

been harvested for human use– Cause wooden structures to rot– Damage to cotton and wool fabrics

Rusts and smuts

Fungi Attack Plants That Are Important to People

• Some fungi benefit agriculture – Used to control insect pest such as rice weevils,

caterpillars, aphids, and grasshoppers

Fungi Cause Human Diseases

• Athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm are caused by fungi that attack the skin

• Valley fever and histoplasmosis are caused by fungi that attack the lungs– Infection occurs when victim inhales spores

• Most caginal infections are caused by the yeast Candida albicans

Fungi Cause Human Diseases

Fungi Produce Toxins

• Molds of the genus Asoergillus produce aflatoxins, highly toxic, carcinogenic compounds– Infect foods such as peanuts

• Claviceps pupurea (an ascomycete) produces several toxins– Infects rye plants and causes ergot disease– Symptoms of ergot poisoning include

vasoconstriction of blood vessels, vomiting, conclusive twitching, hallucinations, and death

Ergots

Salem Witch Trials

Fungi Produce Antibiotics

• Cyclosporin– Used to suppress the

immune response during organ transplants

• Penicillin– First antibiotic to be

discovered– Used to combat bacterial

diseases

Fungi Contribute to Gastronomy

• Some fungi are consumed directly– Mushrooms (a basidiomycete)– Morels (an ascomycete)– Truffles (an ascomycete)

Fungi Contribute to Gastronomy

• Certain molds give flavor to some of the world’s most famous cheeses (Roquefort, Gorgonzola…)

• Yeasts are used to produce wine, beer, and bread• Wine: Yeats ferment fruit sugars; ethyl alcohol is

retained, while CO2 is released• Beer: Yeast ferment sugars in germinating grains

(i.e. barley); ethyl alcohol and CO2 are retained• Bread: Yeast ferment sugar that has been added to

dough; ethyl alcohol and CO2 escape during baking

Fungi Play a Crucial Ecological Role

• Like bacteria, most fungi are decomposers of organic material

• Fungal decomposers help recycle nutrients by degrading wastes and dead organsims

• Without decomposers, and wasteorganic debris would accumulate and nutrients would be unavailable for use by new generations of organisms

Chapter 21:The Diversity of Plants

The Plant Evolutionary Tree

• Certain anatomical features represent milestones in the evolution of plants– Appearance of vascular tissue and lignin– Appearance of pollen and seeds– Appearance of flowers and fruits

Bryophytes Tracheophytes

seed plants

Liverworts

Ancestral green alga

Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Figure 21-1, p. 406

Evolutionary tree of plants

zygote

GREEN ALGA BRYOPHYTE FERN GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM

Size vs. Age of Plants

The Evolutionary Origin of Plants

• Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that green algae gave rise to plants– DNA comparisons show green algae are

plants’ closest living relatives– Both use the same type of chlorophyll and

pigments in photosynthesis– Both store food as starch– Both have cell walls made of cellulose

Characteristics of Plants

• Multicellularity• Ability to photosynthesize (most)• Exhibit alternation of generations (a

multicelullar diploid generation alternates with a multicellular haploid generation)

Alternation of Generations

– Diploid (2N) sporophyte plant produces haploid (N) spores through meiosis

– Spores divide by mitosis and develop into haploid gametophyte plants

– Haploid gametophyte plant produces haploid gametes through mitosis

– Gametes fuse to form diploid zygotes, which divide by mitosis and develop into diploid sporophytes

sporophyte(2n)

2n embryo

FERTILIZATION

2n zygote

haploid

diploid

sperm

eggn

n

gametophyte(n)

Diploid

Haploid

MEIOSIS

2nspore mother cell

n n n nspores

Characteristics of Plants

• Have multicellular, dependent embryos– Zygotes develop into multicellular embryos– Embryos are retained within and receive

nutrients from the gametophyte parent• Most have adaptations that allow them to

live on land

Terrestrial Adaptations

• Roots or rootlike structures– Anchor plant– Absorb water and nutrients from soil

• Waxy cuticle covers leaves and stems– Reduces evaporative H2O loss

• Stomata (singular, stoma)– Allow gas exchange when open– Reduce evaporative H2O loss when closed

Terrestrial Adaptations

• Conducting vessels– Transport H2O and nutrients throughout plant

• Lignin– Stiffening agent found in cell walls; supports

plant body• Pollen

– A reduced male gametophyte that allows wind (instead of water) to carry sperm to eggs

Terrestrial Adaptations

• Seeds– Nourish, protect, and help disperse

developing embryos• Flowers

– Attract pollinators • Fruits

– Attract animals to disperse seeds

Major Groups of Plants

• Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)– Lack well-developed structures for

conducting water and nutrients• Tracheophytes (vascular) plants

– Have a complex vascular system

The Bryophytes

• Lack true roots, stems, or leaves• Have rhizoids, rootlike anchoring

structures• Limited body size b/c no vascular tissue• Most are restricted to moist habitats

– Motile sperm must swim to egg• Include liverworts and mosses

Liverworts

Mosses

thallus (leaflike part)close-up of

gemmae (spores)

Liverworts

gemmae cup

The Bryophytes: Reproduction

• Gametes develop within protected structures on gametophyte– Archegonia produces eggs– Antheridia produce sperm

• Water is required for reproduction• Sperm “swim” to egg• Without water, reproduction ceases

The Vascular Plants

• Have roots, stems, and leaves• Have vessels impregnated with the

stiffening agent lignin• Sporophyte generation is dominant• Include two groups

– seedless vascular plants– seed plants

The Seedless Vascular Plants

• Gametes develop within archegonia and antheridia

• Motile sperm swim to egg• Formed the first forests

– Gave rise to present-day coal deposits• Include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns

Seedless Vascular Plants: Club Mosses

• Present-day club mosses are only a few inches tall

• Leaves are small and scalelike• Lycopodium (ground pine) grows on

temperate forest floors

Club Moss releasing spores

Seedless Vascular Plants: Horsetails

• Present-day horsetails (Equisetum) rarely exceed a meter in height

• Leaves reduced to scales on branches• Outer layer of cells contain silica (glass)

– Abrasive texture led early European settlers to call them “scouring rushes”

Horsetails

Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns

• Largest and most diverse group of seedless vascular plants

• Have well developed, broad leaves• Leaves emerge from coiled “fiddleheads”

Ferns: Reproduction

• Sporophyte produces haploid spores within sporangia

• Sperm swim to egg

The Seed Plants

• Produce pollen and seeds– Pollen grains contain sperm-producing cells

• Dispersed by wind or pollinators• Eliminate need for sperm to swim to egg

– Seeds consist of:• Embryo• Seed coat (protects embryo)• Food supply (nourishes emerging plant)• May remain dormant for days, months, or years• Dispersed by wind, water, animals

embryo

Pine seed(gymnosperm)

seedcoat

storedfood

embryo

Bean seed(angiosperm)

seedcoat

storedfood

Seed Plants: Gymnosperms

• Non-flowering seed plants• First fully terrestrial plants to evolve• Includes conifers, ginkgos, and cycads

Gymnosperms: Conifers

• Include pines, firs, spruce, hemlocks, and cypresses

• Most abundant in cold latitudes and at high elevations

• Adapted to dry, cold conditions:– Retain green leaves throughout the year

(evergreen)– Thin, needle-like leaves covered with

waterproofing material (reduces evaporation)– Produces an “antifreeze” in sap

Conifer Seeds Develop in Cones

• Trees produce both male and female cones– Male cones are relatively small

• Produce pollen• Pollen dispersed by wind

– Female have woody scales (“pinecones”)• Produce seeds a base of each scale

MALE CONE

FEMALE CONE

pine pollen grains

Gymnosperms: Ginkgos

• Represented by a single species, Ginkgo biloba

• Trees are either male or female– Female trees bear foul-smelling, fleshy seeds– Male trees extensively plants in U.S. cities

(resistant to pollution)• Ginkgo extract supposedly improves

memory

Fan-shaped leaves

Gymnosperms: Cycads

• Probably evolve from ferns• Most abundant in tropical or subtropical

climates• Are either male or female• Grow slowly and live for a long time

– One Australian specimen estimated to be 5000 years old

Sago Palm

Seed Plants: Angiosperms

• Seed plants that produce flowers and fruits

• Most diverse and widespread of all plants• Have broad range in size

– Smallest is duckweed (3 mm in diameter)– Largest is eucalyptus tree (100 meters in

height)

Seed Plants: Angiosperms

• Three major adaptations have contributed to dominance of angiosperms:– Flowers– Fruits– Broad leaves

Flowers

• Flowers have reproductive male and reproductive female structures on them

• Believed to have evolved from gymnosperm ancestors– Animals: eat protein-rich pollen– Plants: using animals as pollinators

• Most flowers are showy and attract pollinators• Some flowers are inconspicuous and rely

on wind for pollination

stamen (male)

carpel (female)

petal

sepal

ovule in an ovary

Life Cycle of an Angiosperm

• Flower development– Male (pollen) develop inside anthers– Female (ovule) develops inside the ovary

• Pollination occurs when pollen grain lands on the stigma of the flower

• Fertilization occurs when growing pollen tube releases sperm into the ovule

• Fertilized ovule develops into a seed

Fruits Encourage Seed Dispersal

• Fruits are mature ovaries that contain developing seeds

• Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds– Fleshy fruits entice animals to eat them

(seeds pass through digestive tract unharmed)

– Burrs cling to animal fur– Winged fruits are carried through the air

Broad Leaves

• Collect more sunlight for photosynthesis than narrow leaves of gymnosperms

• Photosynthetic advantage is offset b/c broad, tender leaves are more appealing to herbivores than tough, waxy needles of conifers– Angiosperm defenses include:

• Physical defenses (thorns, spines, resins)• Chemical defenses (make plant tissue

poisonous or distasteful)