tesis maestría en Educación Ambiental. Ps. Jaime Botello Valle

7/31/2019 tesis maestra en Educacin Ambiental. Ps. Jaime Botello Valle

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WLEYGX_ENMN VGNM@@EOM LMOEDLMCWLENMN AGREOMCE

AMG_^XM GL GNWOMOEL; OMAVD GNWOMOEL MAHEGL^MC

^G_E_

Cds Ymcdxgs Mahegl~mcgs gl wl @xwvd ng Leds ng cm Odawlenmn WxhmlmVedlgxds ng Agreomce# H, O,

]WG VMXM DH^GLGX GC @XMND NG;AMG_^XD GL GNWOMOEL; OMAVD GNWOMOEL MAHEGL^MC

Vxgsgl~m;

Kds Kmeag Hd~gccd Ymccg

^w~dxm ng ~gses; Nxm, @wmnmcwvg ^exmnd Mxems

Agreomce# H, O, amud ng 86=8


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=

, ng adnd }wg lwgs~xd odavxdaesd odad gnwomndxgs ld sgm wlmodl}wes~m ng wl nm# wlm gs~moel m cm }wg ccg`mx# seld wlm idxam od~enemlm ngyemkmx,

Amxm Ldyd


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8

Lm~wxm

Omccmnm# swhceag# gsagxmcnelm#

ldo~wxlmc ye`m# ccg`ms od~enemlmagl~g

ixgsom# gsgloemc u aes~gxedsm

m ae sgx# odl ~w vcgle~wn mxhdxgsogl~g#segavxg yeym# vgxiwamnm#

ag swhuw`ms odl ~w vxgsgloem secgl~g

gl~xg amxgs u xds ngs~mom

vgxgllg u awc~eidxag ~w hgccg{m glydcygl~g

sgnwo~dxm# m~xmo~eym# lm~wxmcg{m heglmamnm

bdu# ng ae mcam sg`wxmagl~g#

nwcog omw~eym,Kmeag Hd~gccd

M ae imaecem# m aes `xmlngs amgs~xds# m aes }wgxends u ymcedsds mae`ds# m cdsleds }wg beoegxdl vdsehcg gs~g ~xmhmkd ng elygs~e`moel,


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?

L N E O GV`,

El~xdnwooel 2= WLM _DOEGNMN OMAHEML^G ,,

=6

=,= Ngsoxevoel ng cm vxdhcga~eom,, =6=,8 Mlceses odl~gr~wmc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =9=,? Vcml~gmaegl~d ngc vxdhcgam,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =0=,> Kws~eieomoel, =0=,7 Dhkg~eyd `glgxmc ng cm ~gses,, =2

=,7,= Dhkg~eyd vmx~eowcmx,, =2=,7,8 Dhkg~eyd gsvgoieod =5

=,9 Vxg`wl~ms ng elygs~e`moel,, =5=,0 Vdhcmoel ag~m,,, =5=,2 Gs~mnd ngc mx~g d gs~mnd ng cm owgs~el ?8

8 GC AE^D _WVGXEDXENMN BDAHXG YGX_W_ LM^WXMCG[M ?>8,= Ngieleoedlgs ng gnwomoel mahegl~mc "GM% ?78,8 Eavdx~mloem ng cm GM, ?58,? Dhkg~eyds ng cm GM, >=8,> Bes~dxem ng cm GM >?8,7 Cds ymcdxgs, >9

8,7,= Ngieleoel ng ymcdx,, >98,7,8 Omxmo~gxs~eoms ng cds ymcdxgs,, >98,7,? Ocmseieomoel ng cds ymcdxgs,, >08,7,> Cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs >58,7,7 Gc `xmie~e; mx~g wxhmld d ml~eymcdx gs~~eod,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7=8,7,9 Mvceomoel ng cds ymcdxgs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7>8,7,0 Ngsmxxdccd adxmc ngc led,, 79

8,9 Cm gnwomoel mahegl~mc u sws vxeloeveds mredc`eods,,,,,,,,, 728,0 Cm Hed~eom, 96

8,0,= Vmsds bmoem wlm ~eom Owc~wxmc,, 988,0,8 ^gdxms swhumogl~gs m cm Hed~eom, 98


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>

8,0,8,= Hedogl~xesad# ml~xdvdogl~xesad

u godogl~xesad 98

? GC NG_MXXDCCD BWAMLD U CM GM 92

?,= Ngsmxxdccd bwamld "NB% u GM 92

?,8 Ngsmxxdccd odawle~mxed u GM 07

?,? Vmx~eoevmoel odawle~mxem gl cm GM, 2=

?,> Gc gavdngxmaegl~d d idx~mcgoeaegl~d ng cms

odawlenmngs gl cm GM, 28

?,7 @gs~el odawle~mxem u hedneygxsenmn,, 27

?,9 @gs~el mahegl~mc,,, ,, 20

?,0 Mw~d`gs~el, 22

?,2 Gnwomoel bdces~m godcèom, 56

?,2,= Omxmo~gxs~eoms ng wlm gnwomoel bdces~m

godcèom,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5=

?,5 Odloegloem mahegl~mc,,,,,, 5?

?,=6 ^gdxm ngc el~gxmooedlesad seahceod "E_%,, 59

?,=6,= Mvceomoel ngc E_ =66

> MC^GXLMÊYM_ AG^DNDC@EOM_ VMXM ELYG_Ê@MX

CM XGMCENMN,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =68

>,= A~dnd ng elygs~e`moel,, ,, =6?

>,8 ôleoms ng xgodcgooel ng nm~ds, =67

7 CM VD^GLOEMCE[MOEL NG CM EL^GXYGLOEL;

GC VXD@XMAM NG GNWOMOEL MAHEGL^MC "VGM% =62

7,= Vxdhcgams }wg vxgsgl~m cm odawlenmnVedlgxds =62

7,8 Adngcd vgnm`èod bwamles~m!gres~gloemc ng Vmwcd Ixgexg,,,,, =62

7,? Ag~dndcd`m ng cm GM,,, ==6

7,> Gnwomoel ld idxamc gl cm GM, ==8

7,>,= Mooedlgs ng cm gnwomoel ld idxamc, ==>


6/240

7

7,7 Godvgnm`d`m ==7

7,7,= Vxeloeveds ng cm godvgnm`d`m ==9

7,9 Vcmlgmoel neno~eom ngc Vxd`xmam ng Gnwomoel

Mahegl~mc "VGM% ==0

7,9,= Vmsds vmxm nesgmx gc VGM,, ==07,9,8 Vcmlgmoel neno~eom,, ==2

9 GC OMAELD BMOEM CM G_VGXML[M; CD_ XG_WC^MND_ =>>

9,= Xgswc~mnds ielmcgs, =>>

9,=,= Amvm odlogv~wmc ng cms om~g`dxms,,,,, =>7

9,=,8 Om~g`dxms gagx`gl~gs,,,, =>7

9,=,8,= Imc~mx mc xgsvg~d mc mahegl~g,,, =>79,=,8,8 Ld odl~maelmoel ngc mahegl~g, =>0

9,=,8,? Owenmnd ngc agned mahegl~g , =>2

9,=,8,> Ld ~exmx hmswxm,,, , =76

9,=,8,7 @xmie~e# odl~maelmoel yeswmc,, =7=

9,8, Od~gkmaegl~d ngc vxeagx u sg`wlnd owgs~edlmxed odl gc VGM =7?

9,? Mooedlgs odavcgagl~mxems gigo~wmnms gl cm odawlenmn, =97

0 ODLOCW_EDLG_, =92

2 XGODAGLNMOEDLG_ =08

XGIGXGLOEM_ =0>

XGIGXGLOEM_ GCGO^XLEOM_ =02

XGYE_^M_ GCGO^XLEOM_, =56

_E^ED_ _GCGO^XLEOD_ NG CM DLW =58

Mlgrd = Idxam~d ng glowgs~m,, =5>

Mlgrd 8 Nemxed ng omavd,, =57


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9

Mlgrd ? ^xeml`wcmoel ~gxeom 8==Mlgrd > Ces~mnd ng om~g`dxms gagx`gl~gs, 8=7Mlgrd 7 Am~xe{ eligxgloemc u am~xe{ eligxgloemc odlogv~wmc, 88=Mlgrd 9 Odawleomoel odl gc RR Muwl~maegl~d ng Agreomce 8?9Mlgrd 0 Id~ds ngc owxsd 8?2


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0


9/240

2

EL^XDNWOOEL

Gres~g wl vg}wgd `xwvd gl ae hmxxed ng mcxgngndx ng =8 leds# odl gccds

smc`d m vcm~eomx# kw`mads# odxxgads# mlnmads gl cms heoeocg~ms vdx cms ~mxngs#

ag odagl~ml mc`wlms ygogs ng sws vxdhcgams gl imaecem# xgads ng obes~gs

}wg owgl~ml# ng cms nesoxgvmloems u odliceo~ds }wg ng xgvgl~g sg swogngl

gl~xg gccds# gl domsedlgs cgs mxxg`cd sws heoeocg~ms d cgs vxgs~d bgxxmaegl~ms

vmxm }wg gccds mvxglnml m mxxg`cmxcms vdx s aesads: gl d~xms# cgs ccma cm

m~gloel vdx gavcgmx vmcmhxms mc~esdlml~gs# ngsvws ng bmogxcd ld~mhm wl

oegx~d mcgkmaegl~d# ~xm~ ng gl~glngx }wg cm xm{l vdsehcg iwg vdx}wg ld cgs

m`xmn ae ccmamnm ng m~gloel, Iwe amgs~xd!vseocd`d ng mc`wlds# xm{l vdx

cm owmc ag ygl odl xgsvg~d u gs~eamoel# sws imaecems ag odldogl hegl# gs

odl gs~ds leds }wg ngsgd xgmce{mx ae ~gses ng gnwomoel mahegl~mc,

Neobm elygs~e`moel sg glamxom ngl~xd ngc glid}wg owmce~m~eyd odl gc adngcd

ngc ~evd elygs~e`moel!mooel# vdx agned ngc owmc sg vxeyecg`em cm dhsgxymoel g

el~gxmooel ngc elygs~e`mndx odl gc agned# vgxd ng e`wmc idxam sg gavcgm gc ~evd

ng gnwomoel ld idxamc# }wg gs m}wccm }wg sg gigo~m iwgxm ng cds ogl~xds

gsodcmxgs "Ldyd# =552%,

Odavmx~d odl ^gxxl "86=6% gc el~gxs vdx mlmce{mx oad cds leds idxaml u

adneieoml sws xgvxgsgl~moedlgs agl~mcgs u sdoemcgs xgsvgo~d ng sws ymcdxgsmahegl~mcgs# sws mo~e~wngs bmoem gc agned, Veglsd }wg gs~d bmhcm gl s ng wl

vxdogsd ng el~gxedxe{moel ng cds leds odl gc mahegl~g# odl cm sdoegnmn# }wg

xgomgxm gl wl ~dnd nelaeod# mxaleod# gl adagl~ds odliceo~eyd# mc

glixgl~mxsg cds leds m neygxsds gl~dxlds# odl yesedlgs neigxgl~gs ngc agned#

odl vds~wxms ~ml nesaecgs xgsvgo~d ng cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs,

Cm Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc "GM% nghg ng se~wmxsg gl wl odl~gr~d ng odl~elwm

~xmlsidxamoel sdoemc# }wg elocwum m cms mo~e~wngs# xgcmoedlgs sdoemcgs u ymcdxgsvxgswaehcgagl~g mahegl~mcgs vmxm# sg`l ae vwl~d ng yes~m# vdngx gkgxogx wlm

elicwgloem nexgo~m u vdse~eym gl lwgs~xd agned mahegl~g,

Cm ~gses gs~ neyenenm gl oelod omv~wcds, Gl gc vxeagx omv~wcd sg bmog gc

vcml~gmaegl~d ngc vxdhcgam# gl gc sg`wlnd u ~gxogx omv~wcd sg vxgsgl~m gc


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5

amxod ~gxeod }wg sws~gl~m gs~m elygs~e`moel# gl gc owmx~d omv~wcd sg

grvdlg cm ag~dndcd`m ng cm elygs~e`moel }wg sg gavcg# kwl~d odl cm

~oleom ng xgodcgooel ng nm~ds# gc omv~wcd }wel~d ygxsm sdhxg gc Vxd`xmam

ng Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc odl cds dhkg~eyds d ag~ms vmxm mcoml{mxsg# gc

omv~wcd sgr~d ndlng sg grvdlgl cds xgswc~mnds# gl gc omv~wcd sv~ead sgmvdx~ml cms odlocwsedlgs# ielmcagl~g# gl gc omv~wcd do~myd sg bmogl oegx~ms

xgodaglnmoedlgs,


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=6

= WLM _DOEGNMN OMAHEML^G

=,= Ngsoxevoel ng cm vxdhcga~eom;

Gl ae dvelel cm GM sg amleiegs~m vdx agned ng odlnwo~ms u ymcdxgs# um }wg

swvdlg wlm lwgym yesel ng cm yenm bwamlm# ngc gl~dxld# ~xm~mlnd ng ygx

se~wmoedlgs ld vgxoehenms ml~gs# gcmhdxmlnd wlm lwgym ~eom# lwgyds ymcdxgs}wg odlnw{oml m bhe~ds ng agkdxmaegl~d ngc mahegl~g, _wvdlg wlm

xgsvwgs~m xgsvdlsmhcg bmoem gc gl~dxld# }wg sg ygm ~xmnwoenm gl as

vcgle~wn# vmx~eoevmlnd mo~eymagl~g gl sw ngiglsm u gcgymx ms cm omcenmn ng

yenm ng ~dnds cds bmhe~ml~gs ng wlm oewnmn# xg`el# vms# ngc awlnd,

Ngsng bmog neg{ mds }wg bg yglend dhsgxymlnd oad gc odavdx~maegl~d

ng mc`wlds agreomcglsgs bm end omahemlnd gl idxam mcmxaml~g u lg`m~eym;

ld hmxxgl sws hml}wg~ms# le sw omccg# ~exml cm hmswxm gl owmc}wegx cw`mx# gcymlnmcesad gl cms odcdlems# gsowgcms u vmx}wgs bm mwagl~mnd# bmoeglnd }wg

cm oewnmn sg ygm as mhmlndlmnm# swoem# odl wl eloxgagl~d se`leieom~eyd gl

gc `xmie~e# ~exmngxd ocmlngs~eld ng ccml~ms vdx ~dnm cm oewnmn# amc~xm~d u

ngsowend ng cds gneieoeds vhceods# xdhd ng omhcgmnd gco~xeod ng cms gsowgcms

vdx cds ngcelowgl~gs# gceaelmoel ng cds gsvmoeds ygxngs ngl~xd ng cms omsms

vmxm odlygx~excds gl odobgxms# swalndsg m gccd wlm oxgoegl~g

odl~maelmoel,


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==

Gc ~gxxgld hmcnd ogxomld m cm odawlenmn Vedlgxds#

idod ng odl~maelmoel,


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=8

Gc `xmie~e# wld ng cds vxdhcgams ng cm odawlenmn

Cm odawlenmn ndlng sg xgmce{ cm elygs~e`moel sg ccmam Vedlgxds# }wg

gs~ wheomnm gl~xg cms omccgs ldyglm u dlogmym u cms myglenms Xd

Obmavd~l bms~m cm myglenm Xd Ado~g{wam _wx# ng cm ngcg`moel @dl{cg{

Dx~g`m# ng Agreomce# H, O,# odls~xwenm bmog 87 mds# odls~e~wenm gl gsg

~egavd vdx dhxgxds# `gl~g odl vdom gsodcmxenmn u odl odlnwo~ms swamagl~g

m`xgseyms# grvcdseyms# }wg gavcgml wl cgl`wmkg awu dhsogld#ngsel~gxgsmnds gl cm idxamoel adxmc ng sws bekds# mc`wlds vmnxgs ng imaecem

odl yeoeds ng mcodbdcesad u nxd`mneooel# ~xmnwoelndsg gs~d mc vmsmx cds

mds gl wl gl~dxld sdoemc odl kyglgs mneo~ds, Vcge~ds gl cms omccgs#

nxd`mxsg gl cm ym vhceom# `xe~ds ng cms amas vmxm odxxgx m cds mae`ds

mneo~ds ng sws bekds# iwgxdl u sdl gc vml ng omnm nm gl gs~m odawlenmn,


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=?

Odl~maelmoel yeswmc vdx gc `xmie~e, Amcm eam`gl u amc gkgavcd }wg sg nm m

cds leds,

Mc`wlds ng cds kyglgs sdl ylnmcds# um }wg cm vg}wgm wlenmn ngvdx~eym

}wg gres~g cg ngs~xd{mxdl odavcg~magl~g gc ogxod ng amccm oeocleom#

~wahmxdl hcd}wgs ng cm aesam# cms omlms~ms ng hmcdlogs~d sg cms xdhmxdl:cds mc~ds ng nesod }wg bmhm gl cms gs}welms# cds cg~xgxds ng cms omccgs# gc

~gcidld vhceod# ~dnd gccd cd }we~mxdl# cd xdavegxdl: cms hmxnms gs~l

`xmie~gmnms gl sw amudxm,

Gl neygxsms domsedlgs ~wyg }wg amlnmx vgnex muwnm vdceomom vmxm }wg

ng~wyegxml m wlds kyglgs lmxod~xmieoml~gs, Gc xdhd m cms omsms bmhe~moel


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=>

gs odal# gc msmc~d m cds ~glngkdlgs# gc xdhd# ngsaml~gcmaegl~d u }wgam

ng mw~ds vdx vmlneccms gl odliceo~d wlms odl d~xms# sdl ixgowgl~gs gl gs~m

odcdlem,

Gs~m odawlenmn odls~m ng mcxgngndx ng >66 imaecems# gres~eglnd mc`wlms

odl vxdhcgams ng neydxoed d sgvmxmoel ng cms vmxgkms,

Gres~g wl ~mccgx ng ~xmo~domaedlgs# ndlng xgodls~xwugl cms omkms ng gs~ds#

gc xwend }wg bmogl ccg`m m cms omsms }wg bmu mcxgngndx,

Bmu ~mahel wl kmxnl ng leds ccmamnd Ae`wgc Benmc`d# wlm gsowgcm

vxeamxem; _dx Kwmlm Els ng cm Oxw{# u gc Ogl~xd ng Gs~wneds Oegl~ieods u

^goldc`eods "OGOu^% / 07,

Ld ag vgxom~d se gres~gl oxggloems xgce`edsms mxxme`mnms# as hegl oxgd}wg sdl vgxsdlms elneigxgl~gs m gs~ms owgs~edlgs# vgxd ag ndu owgl~m }wg

bmu yese~ms sgamlmcgs m cm odawlenmn vdx vmx~g ng nes~el~ms odl`xg`moedlgs

oxes~emlms# ~xm~mlnd ng bmogx vxdsgce~esad,

Cds shmnds sg els~mcm wl ~eml`wes# ndlng cm amudxm ng gs~ms imaecems sg

swx~gl ng odaenm# xdvm ng sg`wlnm amld u d~xds w~glseceds ndas~eods# oxgd

}wg gsg gs gc vxeloevmc cw`mx ndlng ~dnm cm odawlenmn sg xglg# ml owmlnd

ld sg gs~mhcgogl xgcmoedlgs sdoemcgs ogxomlms# le odawleomoel gl~xg gccds#vdx cd }wg veglsd }wg sg ~xm~m ng wlm odawlenmn ngsel~g`xmnm sdoemcagl~g,

Mvmx~g ng cm wsml{m ng ex mc ~eml`wes cds shmnds cm odlnwo~m as vxgsgl~g

gl cds sgdxgs gs ~damx ogxyg{m odl sws ygoelds cds ielgs ng sgamlm,

Gl cm wlenmn ngvdx~eym# um agloedlmnm# gs wl se~ed ndlng cds kyglgs ng

=0 m 8= mds kwg`ml iw~hdc# mb aesad gs~ wlm {dlm ng kwg`ds grocwseym

vmxm leds, M wl cmnd ng gs~g gsvmoed gs~ wlm vg}wgm hehced~gom }wg sexyg

ng mvdud m cds gs~wneml~gs ngc ngxxgndx u ndlng sg eavmx~gl owxsds ngcEls~e~w~d Lmoedlmc ng Gnwomoel ng Mnwc~ds "ELGM%,

Vwgnd m~xgygxag m ngoex }wg cm yenm u gc kdc`dxed ng gsm odawlenmn cd nml

cds leds# sdhxg ~dnd gl ~egavd ng ygxmld# }wg gc oceam vgxae~g mcmx`mx cms

bdxms vmxm gs~mx gl cm omccg neyex~elndsg as ~egavd,


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=7

Cm owmnxm ndlng bmhe~d sg odls~xwu vds~gxedxagl~g m cm ng Vedlgxds# gl

gc md ng =55=# cm amudxm ng cms vgxsdlms xmads amgs~xds d

vxdigsedles~ms# ng ocmsg agnem# idxamlnd wl mahegl~g ocend# mae`mhcg#

~dnds cds 76 el~g`xml~gs eleoemcgs# }wg# mc vmsmx gc ~egavd u ~xms cms oxeses

godlaeoms ng cds mds 57 u vds~gxedxgs# beoegxdl }wg wlm hwglm vmx~gmhmlndlmxm cms omsms vdx ld vdngx vm`mxcms# cds ngcelowgl~gs gavg{mxdl m

xdhmxcgs cms ygl~mlms# vwgx~ms# omhcgmnd gco~xeod# bms~m ngkmxcms

odavcg~magl~g elbmhe~mhcgs# s~ms iwgxdl xgmn}wexenms vdx vgxsdlms odl

oxne~ds ngc Els~e~w~d ngc Idlnd Lmoedlmc ng cm Yeyeglnm vmxm cds ^xmhmkmndxgs

"ELIDLMYE^%# odl vdom gsodcmxenmn# dhxgxds gl sw amudxm# vdx cd }wg gs~g

mahegl~g omahe; lds mcgkmads wlds ng cds d~xds# bwhd as xems u

odliceo~ds gl~xg ygoelds: mo~wmcagl~g yeyeads odl gc gs~ecd magxeomld# omnm}wegl ccg`m m sw omsm# sg gloegxxm u ld smhg }w vmsm odl cds ngas

ygoelds, Ccg`mxdl e`wmcagl~g cds vxdhcgams ng mneooel m cms nxd`ms gl~xg

cds bekds ng gs~ds dhxgxds# oxgmlnd ml as vxdhcgams gl cm odlyeygloem

nemxem,

"Msvgo~d el~gxedx ng cms omsms mc xdhxsgcgs cds ~whds ng odhxg ngc m`wm#

vdx cds ngcelowgl~gs# gl sw amudxm nxd`mneo~ds%,


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=9

Omnm omsm ~glm wl gsvmoed bmhece~mnd vmxm kmxnl# cm odls~xwo~dxm xg`mc wl

xhdc uwom~god m omnm omsm# cm amudxm cds smo vmxm mavcemx sws odobgxms#

vdoms omsms ng gs~ms cd odlsgxyml# gl~xg gccms cm am,

Ae se~wmoel ngl~xd ng cm odawlenmn gs odldoenm# eliwlnd xgsvg~d u ag bg

bgobd xgsvg~mx m iwgx{m ng vmcmhxms# smhgl }wg sdu amgs~xd u vseocd`d#

}wg owend ng }wg ld bmum `xmie~e gl cms vmxgngs ng aes ygoelds# }wg ld bmum

hmswxm ~exmnm gl cms omccgs# }wg ag `ws~m gc secgloed ngsvws ng cms neg{ ng

cm ldobg# }wg ld ~dcgxd cm aseom mc~m u aglds ngsvws ng cms nds ng cm

amnxw`mnm# vwgs~d }wg cg bmhcd m cm vdceom vmxm }wg ygl`m m omccmxcds, Vdx

gsg cmnd ae owmnxm u gs~m odawlenmn gaveg{ml m odavxglngx vdod m vdod gc

sgl~end ngc xgsvg~d mc ngsomlsd ng cds ngas, Ld bm send lmnm sgloeccd

gs~mhcgogx ldxams ~oe~ms gl~xg ldsd~xds# vwgs~d }wg mc`wlms domsedlgs ldsccgy m odlixdl~moedlgs ygxhmcgs# vdx gc xwend u cm aseom gs~xengl~g,

Cms nxd`ms# ld s oad# vgxd vgxses~gl ngl~xd ng gs~m odawlenmn#

~mavdod s }wel cms nes~xehwug# vgxd engl~eieod hegl m cds kyglgs

nxd`mneo~ds: ae vxgdowvmoel oxgoegl~g gs }wg vwgnml sgxyex ng amc gkgavcd

m cds leds odl }weglgs bg yglend ~xmhmkmlnd,

Ogxom ng lwgs~xd hmxxed bmu wl cd~g hmcnd awu `xmlng }wg mhmxom

aml{mlm u agnem ndlng mc`wlms vgxsdlms ygx~ml sw hmswxm# mleamcgs

awgx~ds# gsodahxds u wlm `xml oml~enmn ng ccml~ms# sg`wend gxm vxgsm ngc

iwg`d# cds hdahgxds m aglwnd ~glml ~xmhmkd gl gs~g cw`mx, Ccmad cm

m~gloel owmlnd ygd }wg mc`l ygoeld gs~ }wgamlnd mc`d gl sw omsm# cg

ne`d }wg ydu m xgvdx~mxcd m cm vdceom mahegl~mc vmxm }wg cd awc~g# ygd vdod

omahed gl gs~g amc bhe~d: cd aesad swogng odl cm }wgam ng owg~gs gl

Lmyenmn u Md Lwgyd,

=,8 Mlceses odl~gr~wmc;Omnm nm }wg vmsm ygd gc eloxgagl~d ng odlnwo~ms ng ngsel~gxs bmoem cm

eavdx~mloem ngc owenmnd ngc agned mahegl~g gl cds vmnxgs ng imaecem# u gl

odlsgowgloem# sws bekds, Gl yese~ms }wg beog ixgowgl~gagl~g m cms imaecems ng

gs~ds leds odls~m~ }wg ld bmhm sw`gxgloems# le xnglgs vmxm }wg

cgyml~mxml cm hmswxm }wg ~exmhml gl cm omccg cds leds# lel`l sgmcmaegl~d m


18/240

=0

ld vgxkwneomx cms vxdvegnmngs ng cds ygoelds: vgxoehd wlm mvm~m gl gs~g

gl~dxld# omnm }wegl yeyeglnd gl gc nm m nm# sel wlm ag~m ocmxm gl cm yenm#

awobd aglds gl gc xgsvg~d bmoem cd }wg lds xdngm, Ae ~gadx gs }wg gsg

ngsel~gxs u mvm~m sg vmsgl odad wlm bgxgloem m cms se`wegl~gs

`glgxmoedlgs odl~xehwuglnd odl gccd mc ngsagkdxmaegl~d ng cm lm~wxmcg{m,Awu sgagkml~g gs gc vglsmaegl~d ng Omxeng u Agexm "866=%# }weglgs

sds~eglgl }wg ml~g cds vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs cms vgxsdlms ~daml nes~mloem#

sg glmkglml# vgxamlgogl elneigxgl~gs u odl wlm sglsmoel ng elomvmoenmn#

gl mc`wlds omsds# owmlnd cm vxdhcga~eom mahegl~mc gs `xmyg,

=,? Vcml~gmaegl~d ngc vxdhcgam

Cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs ld sdl xgcgyml~gs gl sws yenms# vgxd }w vmsmxm se

m ~xmys ng wlm el~gxygloel odawle~mxem sg ngads~xmxm }wg cds ymcdxgs

mahegl~mcgs s sdl eavdx~ml~gs g elbgxgl~gs m lwgs~xm swvgxyeygloem u agkdx

omcenmn ng yenm4 sg vdnxm omahemx gs~m odlogvoel bmhe~wmc gl cms

odawlenmngs u as gsvgoieomagl~g gl cm ng Vedlgxds4

Cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs sdl e`wmcagl~g se`leieom~eyds }wg cds godlaeods#

vdc~eods# owc~wxmcgs# sdoemcgs# imaecemxgs# }wg vdx swvwgs~d# gs~l

xgcmoedlmnds odl lwgs~xm yenm# scd gs lgogsmxed owc~eymxcds m leygc

odawle~mxed u `glgxmx amudx odloegloem gl~xg cds odawlgxds# gs~d bm

ccgymnd m vxg`wl~mxag;

Gs cm imc~m ng idxamoel gl ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs cm vxeloevmc omwsm ng cm

ng`xmnmoel mahegl~mc4

=,> Kws~eieomoel

Gs~g vxdugo~d ng muwnm odawle~mxem vxg~glne oxgmx bhe~ds ng xgsvg~d

mahegl~mc gl cds leds# cd owmc imydxgoe m cm odawlenmn# bmoelndcm asbmhe~mhcg# as `xm~m# gl ndlng cds ygoelds u sws leds vwnegxml nmxsg gc

~egavd ng xgsvexmx mexg vwxd u nesixw~mx ng cm mxadlm u g}wecehxed ng sws

gsvmoeds lm~wxmcgs# agkdxmlnd sw omcenmn ng yenm, _g ~xm~ ng gcgymx cm

odloegloem gl gs~g agned# glxe}wgoelndcm odl ymcdxgs vcglmagl~g


19/240

=2

mahegl~mces~ms }wg vxdveoemxdl cm xe}wg{m ng wlm grvgxegloem ye~mc as ccglm

ng sgl~end mc owenmx sw agned mahegl~g,

M sw yg{ iwg wl hwgl eleoed ng mo~e~wngs vdse~eyms }wg xgnwlnmxdl bms~m gl

wlm amudx el~g`xmoel imaecemx# sdoemc# odawle~mxem mc ygx }wg sws gsiwgx{ds

gl gc owenmnd u xgsvg~d ngc gl~dxld cgs vxdvdxoedlmxdl gsg xg`doekd }wg

hxelnm cm lm~wxmcg{m m }wegl cm owenm,

Odl gs~g vxdvse~d ~xmhmk m ~xmys ng wl vxd`xmam ng gnwomoel gl

ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs odl cds obe}we~elgs nwxml~g cms ymomoedlgs ng ygxmld ng

86== g elnexgo~magl~g odl cds vmnxgs ng imaecem# u ms dhsgxymx cds gigo~ds

ng bmhgx cmhdxmnd vdx gc agned mahegl~g odl gs~g gs~wned,

Vwgng sgx ~damnm gs~m elygs~e`moel odad wl gsiwgx{d vgnm``eod ngl~xd

ng cm gnwomoel ld idxamc owuds ielgs sgml vxgoesmagl~g# ld scd cm

~xmlsidxamoel ngc mahegl~g# seld wlm ~xmlsidxamoel sdoemc vxdiwlnm;

ZQ}wg sg amleiegs~g gl ymcdxgs# mo~e~wngs u xgcmoedlgs imydxmhcgs

bmoem gc gl~dxld iseod u sdoemcGccd eavceom ld scd cm elidxamoel

sdhxg cds vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# seld wl vxdogsd vgnm``eod

elldymndx odl wl limses eavdx~ml~g gl gc ngsmxxdccd bwamld u sdoemc#

odl gc iel ng eloenex gl cm idxamoel ng wlm owc~wxm mahegl~mc }wg

ad~eyg cm odls~xwooel ng wlm lwgym odloegloem ml~g cm yenm#

glomaelmnm m vdlngxmx gl~xg cds bwamlds wlm agkdx odlyeygloem odl

cm lm~wxmcg{m u cm hs}wgnm ng wl amudx heglgs~mx sdoemc gl gc awlnd

"^gxxl# 86=6;85%,

=,7 Dhkg~eyd `glgxmc ng cm ~gses;

Vxdadygx wlm GM mavcem# el~g`xmc# bdces~m# odl vxdogsds hmsmnds gl cm

nelaeom owc~wxmc odawle~mxem }wg eloenml gl ~xmlsidxamoedlgs ng cmxgvxgsgl~moel agl~mc# sdoemc ng cds leds# adneieomlnd sws vglsmaegl~ds#

mo~e~wngs u mooedlgs bmoem gc mahegl~g,

=,7,= Dhkg~eyd Vmx~eowcmx;

Cm gymcwmoel ngc Vxd`xmam ng Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc "VGM%,


20/240

=5

=,7,8 Dhkg~eyd gsvgoieod;

Gymcwmx gc eavmo~d ng cm idxamoel gl cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs gl gc

agkdxmaegl~d ng cm odawlenmn Vedlgxds,

=,9 Vxg`wl~ms ng elygs~e`moel

]w ymcdxgs sdl cds as se`leieom~eyds vmxm cm odlsgxymoel ngcmahegl~g4

Oad odl~xehwug cm GM mc ngsmxxdccd odawle~mxed u bwamld4 ]w ng cm xgmcenmn xgvxgsgl~ml cds leds m ~xmys ng sws

odlnwo~ms xgsvgo~d ng cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs4

Oad sg nm cm xgse`leieomoel ng cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs gl cdsleds4

=,0 Vdhcmoel ag~mMbdxm hegl# vmxm cm elygs~e`moel vxgsgl~g sg sgcgooedl wlm vdhcmoel

ag~m ng =8 leds; 0 leds u 7 lems# odl wl vxdagned ng gnmn ng =8 mds u

9 agsgs# > odxxgsvdlngl mc leygc ng vxeamxem u 2 mc leygc ng sgowlnmxem, Gc

imo~dx sgcgooedlmndx iwg cm ogxomlm ng ~dnds gccds ngl~xd ng cm odawlenmn

Vedlgxds# mhmxomlnd sdcmagl~g cms omccgs =6# == u Myglenms Xd

Odlswcmnd# Xd Ado~g{wam Ldx~g u Xd Ado~g{wam _wx,

_ws imaecems gs~l el~g`xmnms cm amudxm vdx gc vmv# cm ama u

bgxamlds# sel gahmx`d# bmu ? leds }wg vxdyeglgl ng neydxoeds u wld }wg

sw vmnxg imccgoe, Gl gc omsd ng cds leds odl vmnxgs neydxoemnds se`wgl gl

odl~mo~d odl sws vxd`gle~dxgs cds ielgs ng sgamlm# odl gs~d }wegxd vglsmx

}wg s gres~g hwgl owenmnd u vxgdowvmoel vdx gccds,

Ae el~gxmooel odl gs~ds leds u mndcgsogl~gs iwg vdx agned ng m}wccds

}wg xgoehegxdl m~gloel ~gxmvw~eom gl gc kmxnl ng leds Ae`wgc Benmc`d u

Ods~eccm# gc owmc sg wheom gl cm aesam odawlenmn, ^glm mcxgngndx ng 2 mds

ng odldogxcds u odlyeyex odl gccds vdx cms ~mxngs, _g cgs odagl~ mogxom ngc

vxdugo~d }wg bmhm vmxm ~xmhmkmx m imydx ngc AM gl gc ygxmld ng 86==#

moogneglnd cm amudxm ng gccds# e`wmcagl~g sg cgs be{d smhgx m sws vmnxgs

ng cm xgmce{moel ng gs~g vxd`xmam,

Cds xgswc~mnds glodl~xmnds ng cm vxeagxm mvceomoel ngc owgs~edlmxed sg

awgs~xml m odl~elwmoel;


21/240

86

Vxg`wl~m = ]w gs cm GM4

Vxd~gooel Hmswxm Ld s2 = ?

Ld s

87'

Vxd~gool

Vxg`wl~m = ]w

gs Gnwomoe l

m ahegl~mc 4

90'

Hm s wxm

2'

Gc 90' ng cms xgsvwgs~ms sdhxg GM sg xgcmoedl odl vxd~gooel ngc agned

mahegl~g# gc 2' cd msdoe odl cm hmswxm u gc 87' xgs~ml~g ld swvd cm

xgsvwgs~m

Vxg`wl~m 8 ]w gs ng`xmnmoel mahegl~mc4

Ng`xmnmoel Hmswxm Owenmx Ld s7 ? = ?

Ld s

87'

Ng`xmnm o,

>8'

Owe nm x

2'

Hmswxm

87'

M cm vxg`wl~m sdhxg cd }wg se`leieom ng`xmnmoel mahegl~mc gc >8' cd msdoe

odl gc ng~gxedxd ngc gl~dxld# wl 87' odl cm hmswxm# wl 2' odl gc owenmnd ngc

agned u wl 87' ld swvd cm xgsvwgs~m,


22/240

8=

Vxg`wl~m ? N ~xgs vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs ng ~w hmxxed,

Eloglneds Hmswxm M`xgsel Ld s? 9 8 =

M`xgs el

=0'

Lds

2'

Hmswxm

76'

Eloglne ds

Vxg`wl~m ? Ne

~xgs vxdhc gam s

mahe gl~m cgs ng

~w hmxxe d

87'

Gl cd xgigxgl~g m cm vxdhcga~eom mahegl~mc sgmcmxdl odad imo~dxgs cds

eloglneds gc 87'# gc 76' cm hmswxm# gc =0' c m`xgsel u gc 2' ld swvd }w

odl~gs~mx,

Vxg`wl~m > ]w gs wl ymcdx mahegl~mc4

Vxd~gooel Xgsvg~d Ld odl~gs~ Ld s

2 = = 8

Ld o dl~gs ~

2'

Ld s

=0'Vxd~gooe l

Vxg`wl~m > ]w

gs wl ym c dx

m ahe gl~m c 4

90'

Xgs vg~d

2'

Gl ~dxld m cd }wg gs wl ymcdx mahegl~mc# gc 90' ng cds leds odl~gs~ }wg sg

~xm~m ng cm vxd~gooel ngc mahegl~g# gc 2' odl~gs~ }wg gs ld odl~maelmx#

d~xd 2' cg ned gc se`leieomnd ng xgsvg~d u wl =0' ld swvd gc se`leieomnd,


23/240

88

Vxg`wl~m 7 Oad gs~mads migo~mlnd gc mahegl~g ng cm odawlenmn4

Hmswxm Odl~maelmoel ^exmx m`wm

5 8 =

Odl~m ae lm o,

=0'

^exm x m wm

2'

Hm swxm

Vxg`wl~m 7

Oad gs ~mads

migo~m lnd gc

mahe gl~g ng

lwgs ~xm

odawle nm n4

07'

Mogxom ng oad sg migo~m gc mahegl~g ng cm odawlenmn# gc 07' nekd }wg odl

cm hmswxm# gc =0' agneml~g cm odl~maelmoel u scd gc 2' xgsvdlne }wg

~exmlnd gc m`wm,

Vxg`wl~m 9 ]w gs wl ngsgobd ndas~eod4

Hmswxm Ld s

2 >

Ld s

]w gs wl

ngs gobd

ndas~eod4

??'

Hm swxm

Vxg`wl~m 9

90'

M gs~m vxg`wl~m gc 90' ng cds leds xgsvdlne }wg gs hmswxm ng cm omsm u

scd gc ??' ld swvd }w odl~gs~mx,


24/240

8?

Vxg`wl~m 0 ]w gs hmswxm dx`leom4

Vcs~eod Cd }wg sg vwnxg W~ece{mhcg Ld s

2 8 = =

W~ece{mhcg

2'

Ld s

2'

6'

Vwnxg

=0'

Vcs~eod

Vxg`wl~m 0 ]w

gs hmswxm

dx` leom4

90'

_dhxg cm hmswxm dx`leom gc 90' odl~gs~ }wg sdl vcs~eods# gc =0'

xgsvdlne }wg gs cd }wg sg vwnxg# gc 2' cd }wg gs xgw~ece{mhcg# gc d~xd 2' ld

swvd cm xgsvwgs~m,

Vxg`wl~m 2 ]w gs hmswxm eldx`leom4

Vmvgc# ixw~m Ld ng`xmnmhcg Ld xgw~ece{mhcg Ag~mc Ld s

> 8 8 8 8

Ag~m c

=0'

6'

Ld s

=0'

Ld xgw~e ce{,

=0'

Vm vgc # ixw~m

Vxg`wl~m 2 ]w

gs hm swxm

eldx` le om 4

?8'

Ld ng`xm ,

=0'

Ng cms xgsvwgs~ms m cm hmswxm eldx`leom# gc ?8' nekd }wg gs vmvgc u ixw~ms#

gc =0' cd }wg sg ng`xmnm# d~xd =0' cd }wg ld gs w~ece{mhcg lwgymagl~g# wl

=0' nekd }wg gxml cds ag~mcgs u gc =0' xgs~ml~g xgsvdlne }wg ld smhm,


25/240

8>

Vxg`wl~m 5 Oad migo~ml cds ngsgobds ndas~eods4

Amc dcdx Gligxagnmn Hmswxm Ld s

> > 8 8

Lds=0'

Am c dc dxVxg`wl~m 5

Oad m igo~ml

cds ngs gobds

ndas~e ods 4

??'

Hm swxm

=0'

Gligxa,

??'

Gl cd xgcm~eyd m cms odlsgowgloems ng cds ngsgobds ndas~eods gc ??'

agloedlmxdl cds amcds dcdxgs# d~xd ??' nekd }wg vxdydomhml

gligxagnmngs# wl =0' nekd }wg gxm cm hmswxm u gc xgs~d ngc =0' nekd

ngsodldogx cm xgsvwgs~m,

Vxg`wl~m =6 Odlsgowgloems ng cm mowawcmoel ng hmswxm

Gligxagnmn Amc msvgo~d Omvm ng D{dld

=6 = =

Am c m s vgo,Om vm d{dld

2'

2' Gligxagn,Vxg`wl~m =6

Odlsgowgloems

ng c m

mowawcm oe l ng

hm s wxm

2>'

M cm vxg`wl~m sdhxg cms odlsgowgloems }wg ~xmg m cm smcwn cm mowawcmoel ng

hmswxm# wl 2>' amleigs~ }wg cm gligxagnmn# wl "' }wg nm amc msvgo~d u

gc aesad vdxogl~mkg odagl~ }wg sg migo~mhm cm omvm ng d{dld,


26/240

87

Vxg`wl~m ==]w sdl cms ? X 4

Xgoeocmx# xgwsmx Xgoeocmx Ld s

7 ? >

Ld s

??'

Xgoeocmx

87'

Xgo,#xgw~,Vxg`wl~m ==

]w sdl cms ?

X

>8'

Gl owml~d mc se`leieomnd ng cms ? X # gc >8 ' odl~gs~ scd nds X hegl#

gc ??' xgsvdlne scd wlm# aegl~xms }wg gc 87' odl~gs~ ld s,

Vxg`wl~m =8 ]w gs ngidxgs~moel4

^wahmx xhdcgs Odxxgsvdlng Ld s7 ? >

Ld s

??'

Ldodx,87'

^wahmx mx,

Vxg`wl~m =8

]w gs

ngidxgs~m oe l4

>8'

Owmlnd sg cgs vxg`wl~ m cds leds cd }wg se`leieomhm ngidxgs~moel# gc >8'

odl~gs~; ~wahmx xhdcgs# gc ??' ned xgsvwgs~ms }wg ld odxxgsvdlnml u gc

87' ld swvd }w odl~gs~mx,


27/240

89

Vxg`wl~m =?]w gs xgidxgs~moel4

Vcml~mx xhdcgs Ld odxxgsvdlng Ld s0 8 ?

Ld s

87'

Vc ml~m x mx,

Vxg`wl~m =?

]w gs

xgidxgs~moel4

72'

Ld odx,

=0'

M cm vxg`wl~m sdhxg cd }wg se`leieomhm xgidxgs~moel gc 72' odl~gs~ }wg gxm

vcml~mx xhdcgs# gc =0' sw xgsvwgs~m ld odxxgsvdlne u gc 87' ld swvd ng cd

}wg sg ~xm~mhm,

Vxg`wl~m =>]w gs `xmie~e# }w grvxgsm4

Xmumx Amxom Nmd AM Ld s

5 = = =

Nm d AM

2'

Am xom

2'

Ld s

2'

Xm um x

Vxg`wl~m =>

]w gs `xm ie ~e #

}w grvxgsm4

09'

M cm vxg`wl~m sdhxg gc se`leieomnd ngc `xmiie~e# gc 09' xgsvdlne }wg gxm xmumx

omsms u vmxgngs# wl 2' nekd }wg gxm ngkmx amxom# d~xd 2' agloedl }wg gxm

nmmx mc agned u wl c~ead 2' ld swvd cm xgsvwgs~m,


28/240

80

Vxg`wl~m =7 ]w cg vwgng vmsmx mc }wg `xmie~gm4

Oxogc

=8

Oxogc=

=66'

Mogxom ng cd }wg vmsmxm mc led }wg `xmie~gm# ~dnds gs~wyegxdl ng mowgxnd

}wg sgxm ccgymnd m cm oxogc,

Vxg`wl~m =9 ]w gs vmxm ~e gc agned wxhmld4

On, Odls~xwex vcml~ms Idxam ng yenm On, U ^xmlsvdx~g Omavd Ld s

? = = = = 7

Ld s

>?'

Oewnmn

Vxg`wl~m =9

]w gs vmxm ~e

gc agne d wxhm

ld4

87'

On,# ~xmls,

2'

Odls,vcml,

2'

Omavd

2'

Idxam yey,

2'

Wl 87' agloedl }wg sg ~xm~mhm ng cm oewnmn# wl 2' }wg sg xgigxm m

odls~xwex vcml~ms# d~xd 2' }wg odlses~m gl wlm amlgxm ng yeyex# gc d~xd 2'

}wg gxm cd ~doml~g mc omavd# wl 2' }wg sg ~xm~mhm ng cm oewnmn u gc

~xmlsvdx~g u wl 87' ielmc xgsvdlne }wg ld smhm,


29/240

82

Vxg`wl~m =0 ]wel gs gc xgsvdlsmhcg ng ceavemx lwgs~xms omccgs4

Ldsd~xds Ygoelds Nwgd5 8 =

Ygoelds

=0'

Nwgd

2'

Ldsd~xds

Vxg`wl~m =0]wel gs gc xgs

vdlsm hc g ng c e

ave m x

lwgs~xm s om c c gs 4

07'

Owmlnd sg cgs vxg`wl~ gl }wel oxgml }wg xgomm cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn ngceavemx lwgs~xms omccgs# gc 07' ld nwn gl ngoex }wg m omnm wld ng gccds#

scd gc =0' nekd }wg m cds ygoelds u gc 2' }wg mc nwgd ng cm omsm,

Vxg`wl~m =2Oad migo~m m Agreomce }wg lwgs~xm odawlenmn gs~ swoem4

Ld ~wxesad _woed Gligxagnmn D~xds

8 > ? ?

D~xds

87'

Ld ~wxe sadVxg`wl~m =2

Oad migo~m m

Agre om c e }wg

lwgs ~xm

odawlenm n gs ~

swoe m4

=0'

Gligxagn,

87' _woe d

??'

M gs~m vxg`wl~m xgsvdlnegxdl ng cm se`wegl~g amlgxm; wl ??' nekd }wg sg yg

swoed# wl 87' }wg vxdydomhm gligxagnmngs# d~xd 87' }wg migo~mhm mc

omcgl~maegl~d `cdhmc# m cm omvm ng d{dld u d~xd as nekd }wg awobd#

ielmcagl~g wl =0' agloedl }wg ld bmu ~wxesad,


30/240

85

Vxg`wl~m =5 ]w mo~e~wn ~damx ml~g cds gsvmoeds lm~wxmcgs4

Owenmxcds Ceaved Mc`d sgxed Ld id`m~ms

2 8 = =

Mc dsgxed

2'

Ceaved

=0'

Ld id`m~ms2'

OwmxcdsVxg`wl~m =5

]w mo~e~wn

~damx ml~g cds

gsvmoeds

lm~wxmcgs4

90'

Wl 90' ng cds leds nekd }wg gxm lgogsmxed owenmxcds# aml~glgxcds ceaveds gc

=0'# }wg sg ~xm~m ng wl ~gam sgxed gc 2' u ld bmogx id`m~ms gc 2',

Vxg`wl~m 86 Oad migo~ml lwgs~xms mooedlgs m cm lm~wxmcg{m4

Odl~maelmoel Migo~m m cm lm~wxmcg{m D~xds

7 = 9

D~xds

76'

Odl~m ae l,

Vxg`wl~m 86

Oad m igo~m l

lwgs ~xm s

m oo e dlgs m c m

lm ~wxm c g{m 4

>8'

Migo,Lm ~,

2'

Cds leds odl~gs~mxdl wl >8' odl odl~maelmoel# wl 76' odl neygxsms

xgsvwgs~ms odad; amcds dcdxgs# ~exmlnd hmswxm u ld bmhxm xhdcgs#

ielmcagl~g wl 2' sgmc }wg migo~mads m cm lm~wxmcg{m,


31/240

?6

Vxg`wl~m 8= ]w mo~e~wn gs cm as lg`m~eym vmxm gc AM4

^exmx hmswxm ]wgamx xhdcgs Odl~maelmoel D~xds

7 8 8 ?

D~xds

87'

Odl~m ae l,

=0'

]wga, xh,

]w m o~e ~wn gs

c m a s lg`m ~e ym

vm xm gc AM4

=0'

^e xm x hm s ,

Vxg`wl~m 8=

]w m o~e ~wn gs

c m a s x e gs ds m

vm xm gc AM4

>='

_dhxg cm mo~e~wn as lg`m~eym odl~xm gc AM# gc >8' ng cds leds odl~gs~

}wg ~exmlnd hmswxm# gc =0' }wgamlnd xhdcgs# wl =0' odl~maelmlnd u

ielmcagl~g wl 87' }wg gl`cdhml neygxsms mo~e~wngs# odad ngsowenmx cd~gs

hmcnds# odl gc `xmie~e u agneml~g cm e`ldxmloem,

Vxg`wl~m 88 ]w vwgng vmsmx se ld owenmads gc m`wm4

_g momhmxm Adxexmads

== =

Adxexmads

2'_g momhm

Vxg`wl~m 88

]w vwgng

vmsmx se ld

owenmads gc

m`wm4

58'

Wl 58' amleigs~ }wg sg momhmxm u scd wl 2' agloedl }wg adxexmads,


32/240

?=

Vxg`wl~m 8? ]w vdngads bmogx vmxm agkdxmx lwgs~xd hmxxed4

Ceavemxcd Owenmxcd Ld `xmie~gmx Ld ~exmx hmswxm

2 8 = =

Ld `xmie~e2'

Owenmxcd

=0'

Ld hmswxm2' Ceavemxc d

Vxg`wl~m 8?

]w vdngads

bmogx vmxm

agkdxmx lwgs~xd

hmxxed4

90'

Gc 90' ng cds leds odl~gs~ }wg gs lgogsmxed ceavemxcd# gc =0' owenlndcd#

wl 2' ld bmoeglnd `xmie~e# gc c~ead 2'; ld ~exmlnd hmswxm,

Cds owgs~edlmxeds mxxdkmxdl }wg cm `xml amudxm ng cds leds gl~xgyes~mnds

vdsgml wl odlogv~d ym`d ng cd }wg se`leieom GM# ng~gxedxd ngc mahegl~g#

ymcdx mahegl~mc u xgodldoeglnd m cm hmswxm u sws odlsgowgloems lg`m~eyms

odad wld ng cds vxeloevmcgs vxdhcgams ng cm odawlenmn: ngsodldoml# gl

omahed# cm neigxgloem gl~xg hmswxm dx`leom u hmswxm eldx`leom: ~glml wlm

engm `glgxmc ngc se`leieomnd ng cms ? X# smhml mc`d ng cd }wg gxm

xgidxgs~moel u ngidxgs~moel# `xmie~e u sws xgvgxowsedlgs gl m}wc }wg cd

bmog# mwl}wg sdhxg gs~g vwl~d }wegxd mocmxmx }wg gres~g wlm `xml neigxgloem

gl~xg odldogx cms xg`cms ng odlyeygloem d xg`cmagl~ds sdoemcgs u gc xgsvg~d

m cms aesams# cd aesad swogng odl hmxxgx sws omccgs# smhgl }wg sg nghg ng

bmogx# vgxd ld cd bmogl, Xgodldoegxdl cm lgogsenmn ng owenmx cds gsvmoeds

lm~wxmcgs u oad sdl migo~mnds odl lwgs~xms mooedlgs lg`m~eyms# ng e`wmcidxam owmlnd sg cgs vxg`wl~ sdhxg gc owenmnd }wg nghgl ~glgx odl gc m`wm,

Vgxd gc vwl~d# as se`leieom~eyd m ~xmys ng ~dnm cm glowgs~m# iwg gc ng cm

hmswxm# cms `xieoms ms cd ngads~xmxdl,


33/240

?8

=,2 Gs~mnd ngc mx~g d gs~mnd ng cm owgs~el

M odl~elwmoel vxgsgl~d neygxsms elygs~e`moedlgs xgcm~eyms m lwgs~xd dhkg~d

ng gs~wned# }wg sg bml ccgymnd m omhd gl Areod u d~xds vmsgs; cm ng Oms~xd

"8665%; Gnwomx odl ~eom u ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs vmxm odlsgxymx cm

lm~wxmcg{m: Hmxxm{m "8668%; Cm idxamoel ng odlogv~ds mahegl~mcgs; gcvmvgc ng cds vmnxgs gl cm odawlenmn eln`glm ng _ml Kwml Vmxml`mxeow~exd#

Aeobdmol: gs~m aesam mw~dxm ~eglg d~xd gs~wned gl =552; Odlsgxymoel u

agned mahegl~g vmxm leds agldxgs ng 7 mds: gl Ixmloem# gc ng Bmelmxn u

Yxsobwwx "8667%; Adwygagl~s ng }wmx~egx g~ glyexdlagl~s wxhmels; cm vxesg

ng vdwydex ngs igaags nmls cg vmus nw _wn g~ ng cGs~: gl Gsvmm# cm ~gses

ng @mcyl "8662%; Gnwomoel mahegl~mc; eam`elmx gc hmxxed @mem: gl gsg

aesad vms sg xgmce{ cm elygs~e`moel ng; Hwx`ds u Hgxhgc "=550%; Vxdugo~dng gnwomoel mahegl~mc; dhsgxyd u agkdxd ae hmxxed: gl gs~g aesad vms sg

gigo~w gc ng Cg`wgxeom "=556%; Elygs~e`d ae gl~dxld, Cms gsowgcms

yemkgxms# elygs~e`moel xgmce{mnm gl cms Odawlenmngs Mw~ldams ng

Gsvmm# odlnwoenm vdx OEN "=558%# oe~mnd vdx Vmxnd "=557%# ndlng cds

omavds ng mvxglne{mkg sg se~ml gl gc cw`mx `gd`xieod omxmo~gxs~eod# ng

omavd d oewnmn# odad ~mccgxgs odl grvgxegloems lm~wxmcgs# sdoemcgs u ng

el~gxomahed owc~wxmc: cm dhsgxymoel# cm yeygloem vgxsdlmc# cm mw~dldam ng

cds leds iwgxdl cm hmsg ng gs~m grvgxegloem,

_el nwnm }wg nghgl gres~ex mc`wlms d~xms ~gses g elygs~e`moedlgs# ld sg

vxg~glng m`d~mx ~dnm cm elidxamoel mc xgsvgo~d# seld scd nmx wlm awgs~xm

ng cd as xgcgyml~g mogxom ng cm ~ga~eom ngc vxgsgl~g gs~wned,


34/240

??


35/240

?>

8 GC AE^D _WVGXEDXENMN BDAHXG YGX_W_ LM^WXMCG[M

~eom gl cm gnwomoel mahegl~mc# vmxm }w4

Cm GM nghg odloghexsg odad wlm mooel odl xgicgrel# mc aesad

~egavd }wg wlm vxmres sdoemc bwamles~m# }wg ld sg ngneom oda d leodngs~elm~mxed mc gl~dxld# seld mc bdahxg# mlmce{mlnd cm idxam gl }wg

s~g sg xgcmoedlm odl d~xds sgagkml~gs u odl sw agned mahegl~g:

nghg sgx nemco~eom# vmxm gl~glngx cms odl~xmneooedlgs gl cds

vcml~gmaegl~ds ~gxeods u cwobmx vmxm }wg cds mogxomaegl~ds

odlogv~wmcgs sgml el~gxnesoevcelmxeds# ndlng cms oegloems lm~wxmcgs#

iecdsieoms# sdoemcgs# ml~xdvdc`eoms# godc`eoms vwgnml mvdx~mx

odldoeaegl~ds ng sw bmogx oegl~ieod "Omxeng u Agexm# 866=%,

Nghg sgx ~eom# vwgs~d }wg wx`g }wg gres~ml ymcdxgs u ldxams }wg

xg`wcgl cms mooedlgs elneyenwmcgs# `xwvmcgs# els~e~woedlmcgs#

gavxgsmxemcgs# `whgxlmagl~mcgs vmxm }wg ~dnds gl odlkwl~d

owengads u vxd~gkmads gc hegl mahegl~mc }wg bgads bgxgnmnd ng

lwgs~xds ml~gvmsmnds# vmxm vdngxcd gl~xg`mx gl odlneoedlgs agkdxgs

}wg odad cd xgoeheads# gl cd vdsehcg,

_g xg}wegxg ng wlm GM gl ndlng cms vgxsdlms sgml omvmogs ngmlmce{mx# owgs~edlmx vxo~eoms mahegl~mcgs nmelms# odl cms }wg cds

godses~gams sg ngsg}wecehxgl# odad owmlnd mc }wgamx gc xms~xdkd sg

}wgam cm imwlm hglieom ngc cw`mx: sg lgogse~ml elneyenwds odl

mo~e~wngs vdse~eyms ng vxd~gooel m cds xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs# }wg ~gl`ml

cms mv~e~wngs elnesvglsmhcgs vmxm gl~glngx cds vxdhcgams ng lwgs~xds

gl~dxlds# odl gl~xglmaegl~d vmxm xgsdcygxcds u odl wl oegx~d omxesam

vmxm smhgxsg elocwex ngl~xd ng cms odawlenmngs ndlng gres~ml neobds

vxdhcgams,

Odlowgxnd odl Hmw~es~m "8669% }wegl vds~wcm }wg le cm xgydcwoel

elnws~xemc# le gc lgdcehgxmcesad odl sw odlswaesad oeg`d# le gc

xmoedlmcesad adngxld u vdsadngxld }wg ngsgmxdl eavdlgx gc eavgxed

ng cm xm{l u cm ygxnmn gavxeod!oegl~ieom u sw xgcm~eyesad adxmc# odl


36/240

?7

cm vxdocmamoel ng cm cehgx~mn m wc~xml{m# le cm `cdhmce{moel ng cm

godldam vxdvwgs~m# bml cd`xmnd xgsdcygx sm~esimo~dxemagl~g cds

vxdhcgams ngc awlnd u ngc mahegl~g,

M cd }wg vgxsdlmcagl~g mmnd cds odliceo~ds ngxeymnds ng sw

grvcd~moel u cds vxdhcgams ng cm oxgoegl~g vdhxg{m awlnemc m cm }wg

sg bml swamnd as vgxsdlms# vdx gc glomxgoeaegl~d }wg ~xmkd cm mc{m

`glgxmce{mnm ng vxgoeds vdx cm `cdhmce{moel# vxdvwgs~m vdx cms

`xmlngs lmoedlgs }weglgs ld bml vdnend nmx xgsvwgs~m mngowmnm m

cms lgogsenmngs ngc bdahxg u gc gl~dxld# gl omahed# s bml

odl~xehwend m bmogx gs~g c~ead as ix`ec# odad cd gs gc

mngc`m{maegl~d ng cm omvm ng d{dld# cm odl~maelmoel vdx `msgs

ygx~ends m cm m~asigxm# cd owmc bm elicwend gl gc ngsbegcd ng cdsoms}wg~gs vdcmxgs u vxdnwoend gc gigo~d elygxlmngxd# sg`l cm

_goxg~mxm ngc Agned Mahegl~g u Xgowxsds Lm~wxmcgs "_GAMXLM^%,

Xgowvgxmnd ng;

b~~v;$$ppp,sgamxlm~,`dh,ar$elidxamoedlmahegl~mc$ndowagl~s$slemx

l$vni$ugcagnedmahegl~g$ygxsedlT8662$9TomahedToceam~eodTd{dldTy6

2,vni

Cm nelaeom ng lwgs~xd awlnd vdx s aesam gs omaheml~g# odad cd

sdl gc sgx bwamld# cm icdxm# imwlm# odl oeocds ng lmoeaegl~d#

xgvxdnwooel u awgx~g: vgxoehd mc sgx bwamld elodavcg~d# elmomhmnd

}wg ~eglng omnm nm m xgmce{mxsg# m vgxigooedlmxsg# wl sgx gl

gres~gloem }wg hwsom cm amlgxm ng gs~mx# odlyeyex# cwobmlnd segavxg

vdx wlm swvgxyeygloem ngl~xd ng ~dnd gs~g amx ng odliceo~ds

mahegl~mcgs# u sel gahmx`d# gc bwamld odl~elm swixeglnd cms

odlsgowgloems ng sws vxdveds mo~ds exxmoedlmcgs bmoem cm lm~wxmcg{m,M odl~elwmoel nmxgads cms neigxgl~gs ngieleoedlgs }wg bm bmhend ng

GM,

8,= Ngieleoedlgs ng GM;
http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdf


37/240

?9

Neigxgl~gs ngieleoedlgs ng GM odagl{mxdl m w~ece{mxsg gl cm nomnm ng

cds 96s# ~xm~mlnd ng idxamx wlm ngieleoel dvgxmoedlmc# vxo~eom

odloxg~m# vgxd }wgn scd odad odl wl sgl~end mo~e~wnelmc u iecdsieod

"Bgss# =550%# vgxd odl ~dnd u gccd# ~xm~mx ng sel~g~e{mx wlm }wg

gl`cdhg as ~xaelds }wg mhdxngl cm ~ga~eom ng wlm amlgxm ocmxm uogx~gxm,

Gc ml~gxedx mw~dx dixgog d~xd mogxomaegl~d m ~xmys ng cms Mo~ms ng

cm Dx`mle{moel ng Gs~mnds Magxeomlds "DM% ndlng sg sgmcm }wg

cm GM mhmxom kweoeds ng ymcdx u bmhecenmngs vmxm xgicgredlmx# vglsmx

sdhxg cds vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# cds owmcgs elocwug l vxdhcgams

vdc~eods# ~oleods u iecdsieods# mwl}wg odl gs~g mogxomaegl~d scd

sg cd`xg wlm ngieleoel vmseym }wg ld nm m cm gsgloem ngc vxdhcgam#sg`l Bgss,

Cm Dx`mle{moel ng cms Lmoedlgs Wlenms gl sw vxd`xmam vmxm gc Agned

Mahegl~g "VLWAM% ngielg GM;

Gs wlm gnwomoel }wg vxgvmxm elneyenwds ng ~dnms cms gnmngs# ng

~dnds cds leygcgs# gl dx`mle{moel idxamc g elidxamc vmxm }wg ~dagl

odloegloem u sg el~gxgsgl vdx gc agned mahegl~g u sws vxdhcgams

msdoemnds u ~xmhmkgl m imydx ng cm sdcwoel ng vxdhcgams

mahegl~mcgs u cm vxgygloel ng cds lwgyds }wg mvmxg{oml

"Obm`dccl# 8669;=0%,

M ae vmxgogx# mc`wlms ngieleoedlgs dixgogl d~xms neaglsedlgs ngsng

cms owmcgs mlmce{ml gc vxdhcgam mahegl~mc# gl~xg s~ms sg

glowgl~xml cm ng Odcda u _wxxgnm "=52=%; Gs cm mo~e~wn d mooel

idxamndxm ngc bdahxg }wg sg iwlnmagl~m ng mowgxnd odl cm

xgmcenmn sdoemc# owc~wxmc u mahegl~mc gl `glgxmc "Obm`dccl#

8669#=0%,

Gl =50> cm Dx`mle{moel ng cms Lmoedlgs Wlenms vmxm cm Gnwomoel

cm Oegloem u cm Owc~wxm "WLG_OD% ngiele GM odad; Gc vxdogsd ng

xgodldogx ymcdxgs u mocmxmx odlogv~ds vmxm oxgmx mo~eyenmngs

lgogsmxems vmxm odavxglngx u mvxgoemx cm xgcmoel aw~wm gl~xg gc

bdahxg# sw owc~wxm u swmahegl~g# gl _lobg{ "8669;0%,


38/240

?0

_g glowgl~xm gl Omxxeccd "=552% d~xm ngieleoel nmnm gl =526 vdx cm

WLG_OD vmxmixmsgmnm vdx a; gs cm mx~eowcmoel ng nesoevcelms u

grvgxegloems gnwom~eyms }wg vdsehece~ml wlm vgxogvoel el~g`xmnm#

bdces~m ngc agned mahegl~g# vdsehece~mlnd wlm mooel xmoedlmc# odad

xgsvwgs~m m cms lgogsenmngs sdoemcgs,Gc odl`xgsd ng Adso# ogcghxmnd gl =520 ngiele GM

odad se`wg;

Cm gnwomoel mahegl~mc sg odloehg odad wl vxdogsd

vgxamlgl~g gl gc }wg cds elneyenwds u cm odcgo~eyenmn odhxml

odloegloem ng sw agned u mn}wegxgl cds odldoeaegl~ds# cds

ymcdxgs# cms odavg~gloems# cm grvgxegloem u cm ydcwl~mn

omvmogs ng bmogxlds mo~wmx elneyenwmc u odcgo~eymagl~g vmxmxgsdcygx cds vxdhcgams mo~wmcgs u iw~wxds ngc agned mahegl~g,

Gl Agclng{ _lobg{ "=555;=7%,

Amxm Ldyd "=529% nm wlm ngieleoel ng GM ng cm se`wegl~g amlgxm;

Gs gc vxdogsd }wg odlses~g gl mogxomx m cms vgxsdlms m wlm

odavxglsel `cdhmc ngc agned mahegl~g# vmxm mn}wexex

odldoeaegl~ds# gcwoenmx ymcdxgs u ngsmxxdccmx mo~e~wngs u

mv~e~wngs }wg cgs vgxae~ml mndv~mx wlm vdseoel ox~eom u

vmx~eoevm~eym xgsvgo~d m cms owgs~edlgs xgcmoedlmnms odl cm

odlsgxymoel u odxxgo~m w~ece{moelng cds xgowxsdsu cm omcenmn

ng yenm, Gl Obm`dccl "8669;=0%

Bmheglnd vxgsgl~mnd cms ngieleoedlgs }wg m ae vmxgogx iwgxdl as

xgvxgsgl~m~eyms sdhxg cd }wg gs GM# wlm mvdx~moel vgxsdlmc#

mvdumnm gl cds nes~el~ds mw~dxgs grvwgs~ds u cm dvelel ng Amx~lg{

"=555%# sgxm;

Wl vxdogsd m ~xmys ngc owmc sg ~da m wlm amudxodloegloem ngc mahegl~g# sg idxaml ymcdxgs#mo~e~wngs# odldoeaegl~ds u bmhecenmngs }wg bm mlodavxglngx cm odavcgkenmn ng cm vxdhcga~eom#vmx~eoevmlnd ng wlm amlgxm ngoenenm# xgsvdlsmhcg ugieom{# gl cm hs}wgnm ng sdcwoedlgs `glwelms bmoemwl omahed gs~xwo~wxmc sdoedgodlaeod# vdc~eod#gnwom~eyd u godowc~wxmc ng ~dnds cds vmsgs# }wg


39/240

?2

`glgxgl vmw~ms ng odlswa d owenmndsd g el~gce gl~g#odl nes~el~ds adngcds ng vxdnwooel# eahwends ng wlvxdiwlnd xgsvg~d bmoem ~dnd ~evd ng sgx yeyegl~g uwlm lwgym yesel ng cm yenm,

Odad sg dhsgxym# gl ~dnms gccms sg xgodldog wlm el~gxxgcmoel

bwamld!lm~wxmcg{m# odl ymcdxgs vgxsdlmcgs u mo~e~wngs elagxsds# odllimses gl cm ~dam ng ngoesedlgs u cm eavdx~mloem gl cm gnwomoel ng

cms vgxsdlms vmxm bmogx sgl~ex as cm lgogsenmn ng wlm amudx

odloegloem gl ~dxld mc mahegl~g# ndlng sg vxgvmxg m cms vgxsdlms m

vglsmx as sgxemagl~g sdhxg neobm vxdhcga~eom,

Cds ymcdxgs }wg mcoml{d m ngsowhxex gl ~dnms gs~ms ngieleoedlgs sdl;

Ng xgsvg~d bmoem gc mahegl~g u bmoem cm owc~wxm ng cms g~lems

Xgcmoel mxadledsm u g}wecehxmnm odl gc mahegl~g

,

Ng xgsvg~d bmoem gc mahegl~g u bmoem cm owc~wxm ng cms g~lems, Heglgs~mx cd`xmnd vxd~g`eglnd gc agned mahegl~g, Vmx~eoevmoel sdoemc# sdcenmxenmn, Kws~eoem u g}wenmn,

Ag ndu owgl~m }wg sg bml xgmce{mnd wl hwgl sellagxd ng

gsiwgx{ds vdx vmx~g ng cm Dx`mle{moel ng cms Lmoedlgs Wlenms "DLW%

gl vxd ngc mahegl~g# gcmhdxmlnd ngieleoedlgs sdhxg GM# vxd~gooel ng

cds hds}wgs# amxgs u xds: sg bml ngsoxe~d sws vxdvse~ds# u ld

dhs~ml~g# imc~m gc gcgagl~d ielmc d gc odal mowgxnd vmxm ccgymx m omhd

cd }wg sg gsoxehe gl gc vmvgc# vdngxcd gigo~wmx gl cm vxo~eom gl omnm

vms# um }wg odavxwghd od~enemlmagl~g wl oegx~d xg~xdogsd gl cms

owgs~edlgs mahegl~mcgs d ng owenmnd el~gxgsmnd vdx gc mahegl~g,

Mngas ld scd odlses~g gl cm gcmhdxmoel ng ngieleoedlgs hegl

gs~xwo~wxmnms# seld gl cm vwgs~m gl amxobm ng neobds odlogv~ds vdx

~dnms cms lmoedlgs ng cm ^egxxm, Veglsd }wg se`wg imc~mlnd ydcwl~mn

vdc~eom ng cds vmsgs as nexgo~magl~g elydcwoxmnds odl gc ng~gxedxd

mahegl~mc# u }wg m ae kweoed sgxml; cds ng cm Odawlenmn Gwxdvgm#

Gs~mnds Wlends u cds ng Cm~eldmaxeom,


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?5

^dnms cms ngieleoedlgs sdl ogx~gxms# ygxnmngxmagl~g vxdiwlnms# ag

gadoedld mc cggxcms# vgxd cms segl~d cgkmlms# um }wg cds nm~ds ngc md

8665 }wg dixgog cm _GAMXLM^ gl owml~d m cm ng`xmnmoel ngc

mahegl~g sdl mcmxaml~gs; scd gc ?6' ng cms m`wms xgsenwmcgs sdl

~xm~mnms m leygc lmoedlmc# cms ~egxxms gs~l vgxneglnd `xml oml~enmn ngigx~ecenmn# nghend mc ng~gxedxd }waeod }wg swixgl# cm ngidxgs~moel vdx

gc omahed ng wsd ng swgcd u cm ngsgx~eieomoel }wg ym gl mwagl~d#

sdhxg ~dnd gl gc Ldx~g ng Areod, Xgowvgxmnd ng;

b~~v;$$mvv=,sgamxlm~,`dh,ar$n`gem$elidxagT6>$vni$omv?,vni

Cds msvgo~ds kwxneods sdl ocmxds# um gs~l cms cgugs; gc }wg

odl~maelg as# }wg vm`wg as# vgxd gs~d ld gs swieoegl~g# gs

elnesvglsmhcg vmxmx gc nmd }wg od~enemlmagl~g sg cg bmog m lwgs~xdVcmlg~m, Bmheglnd xgyesmnd wlm ymxegnmn ng ngieleoedlgs sdhxg GM#

vmsd m xgyesmx cm se`leieomloem ng cm aesam,

8,8 Eavdx~mloem ng cm GM

_g`l gc Vxd`xmam ng Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc ng cm Yenm _ecygs~xg ng

Ldx~gmaxeom "=556% gc vmvgc ng cm GM gs vmxm ngads~xmx m cms

vgxsdlms }wg cm odlsgxymoel xgomg gl sw hglgieoed, Vmxm gs~m

Dieoelm cm ag~m ng cm GM gs bmogx wl agkdx amlgkd ng neobdsxgowxsds# nesaelwuglnd ms gc nmd mc agned mahegl~g# vdx cd }wg

el~gl~m;

Odloegl~e{mx mc ymcdx ng cds xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs, Ngsowhxex cds vdsehcgs nmds u bmogx as gieom{ gc amlgkd ng cds

agneds,

Gs~eawcmx m cms vgxsdlms m }wg sg elydcwoxgl u bm`ml mc`d gl cm

agkdxm ngc agned mahegl~g,Gl odlsgowgloem# cm GM gs elnesvglsmhcg vmxm vxdveoemx omaheds gl

oad sg ~xm~m mc mahegl~g,

Cm GM elocwug gc omahed ng mo~e~wngs gl cm vdhcmoel# gs~d ld gs

swieoegl~g# sg xg}wegxg }wg s~ms sg ygml vcmsamnms gl mooedlgs# ng

mowgxnd m gs~m aesam Dieoelm, _e momsd gs~d ld iwloedlmxm# sgxm awu
http://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/informe_04/pdf/cap3.pdfhttp://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/informe_04/pdf/cap3.pdfhttp://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/informe_04/pdf/cap3.pdf


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>6

vxdhmhcg }wg cm el~gxygloel gl cm odawlenmn ld bmum ~glend re~d# u

vgxsdlmcagl~g m`xg`mxm }wg cms mooedlgs nghgl sgx vgxamlgl~gs#

idxamx vmx~g ng cm owc~wxm ng cms vgxsdlms,

Bmheglnd cgnd gs~g vxd`xmam ag swxègxdl engms sdhxg gc vdsehcg

vmvgc }wg kwg`m gl cm sdoegnmn cm GM# }wg m ae kweoed sgxml;

Engl~eieomx mc `xwvd ng vgxsdlms m }weglgs ym ex nexeènm cm

el~gxygloel,

Vxdvdlgx vwl~ds ng yes~m ng oad ngielex gc vxdhcgam ngl~xd ng

cm odawlenmn,

_w`gxex cms sdcwoedlgs as mngowmnms m cm vxdhcga~eom

gres~gl~g,

Elydcwoxmx m ~dnm cm odawlenmn; cngxgs# ygoelds# mw~dxenmngs gl

cms mooedlgs lgogsmxems vmxm xgagnemx gc vxdhcgam,

Cds gnwomndxgs mahegl~mcgs nghgl glcm{mx cds gsiwgx{ds ng

~dnm cm odawlenmn,

Nmx engms ng oad omlmce{mx xgowxsds ielmloegxds vmxm cm

gkgowoel ng vxd`xmams mahegl~mcgs,

Odl~xehwex gl gc omahed ng mo~e~wngs u odlnwo~ms }wg `glgxgl

eavmo~ds mahegl~mcgs vdse~eyds,

Mvdx~mx elidxamoel vgx~elgl~g }wg sgm nexeènm mc vhceod ag~m, @glgxmx engms ng oad ngsvgx~mx gc el~gxs gl cm vmx~eoevmoel ng

cms vgxsdlms m xgsdcygx sws vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs,

Ad~eymx mc gnwomndx mahegl~mc m sgx wl adngcd vdse~eyd u

gkgavcd ng yenm gl sw odawlenmn# }wegl m sw yg{# gl ae dvelel#

nghgx ng vdsggx bmhecenmngs sdoemcgs }wg cg vgxae~ml

elydcwoxmxsg ngl~xd ng cm odawlenmn# mkws~lndsg m sws ymcdxgs#oxggloems u owc~wxm,

Vdx sw vmx~g# Jxmagx "8668%# elocwug d~xd ~evd ng bmhecenmngs;

Odavxglngx u mogv~mx mo~e~wngs# ymcdxgs ng cds elydcwoxmnds, Gymcwmx gc leygc ng elidxamoel }wg vdsgg gc `xwvd ag~m,


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_gx wl agnemndx gl cm nesowsel ng cm vxdhcga~eom,Gl omahed# vmxm Udwl` "=55>% gc vmvgc ngc vxdigsdx mahegl~mces~m

gs; `wemx# mocmxmx# oddxnelmx# iekmx cds cae~gs ngc vxdhcgam m elygs ~e`mx,

Bmogx odloegloem# omahemx mo~e~wngs# vxd`xmamx# u dx`mle{mx cds

vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs g elydcwoxmx mc am`es~gxed gl neobm

vxdhcga~eom xgswc~m gsgloemc# se sg ngsgml dh~glgx omaheds

nwxmngxds gl owmc}wegx xg`el d vms# vgxd vmxm ~mc gigo~d sg nghgxl

odldogx e`wmcagl~g cms ag~ms }wg el~g`xml m cm GM # }wg sg vxgsgl~ml

m odl~elwmoel,

8,? Dhkg~eyds ng cm GM

Cds mcoml{mnds gl cm oewnmn ng Hgc`xmnd gl =507# "Aogcbdlg# =55>:

@edxnml u _dwobdl# =550% iwgxdl;

Oddvgxmx m }wg cms vgxsdlms u sdoegnmn ~dagl odloegloem ngc

mahegl~g u sws vxdhcgams,

Mvdumx m cds elneyenwds vmxm }wg s~ds odavxglnml gc agned u

sw xgsvdlsmhecenmn ox~eom bmoem c,

Odcmhdxmx vmxm }wg ~dnd awlnd mn}wegxm cds ymcdxgs sdoemcgs#

vmx~eoevmlnd gl gc agkdxmaegl~d u vxd~gooel ngc gl~dxld,

Muwnmx vmxm }wg cms vgxsdlms cd`xgl cms odavg~gloems

lgogsmxems vmxm cm sdcwoel ng cm vxdhcga~eom mahegl~mc,

Ngsmxxdccmx gc sgl~end ng xgsvdlsmhecenmn# `mxml~e{mlnd odl gccd

cms agnenms xgsdcw~eyms dvdx~wlms vmxm gc owenmnd ngc

mahegl~g,

Mngas ng gs~ds dhkg~eyds @edxnml u _dwobdl "=550% m`xg`ml;

Cm vmx~eoevmoel; imydxgogx }wg cms vgxsdlms u `xwvds sdoemcgs

ngsmxxdccgl sw omvmoenmn ng `gs~el ng xgowxsds vmxm cm

sdcwoel ng vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs,

Cm WLG_OD "=526% agloedlm }wg gc dhkg~eyd ng cm GM gs; ^xmsae~ex

odldoeaegl~ds# idxamx ymcdxgs# ngsmxxdccmx odavg~gloems u


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>8

odavdx~maegl~ds }wg vwgnml imydxgogx cm odavxglsel u cm sdcwoel

ng cdsvxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# gl Omxxeccd "=552;=0=%,

E`wmcagl~g Omxeng u Agexm "866=% amleiegs~ml }wg gc dhkg~eyd ng cm

GM gs gnwomx m cms vgxsdlms u m cms odawlenmngs vmxm }wg sws mo~ds

bmoem gc mahegl~g sgml as xmoedlmcgs# ~gleglnd gc nghend owenmnd ng

ld gavcgmxcm odad wlm agxm bgxxmaegl~m ng mooel# um }wg sg omgx m

gl wl mo~eyesad# cgkds ng cm mooel xm{dlmnm: d omgx gl gc dhkg~eyesad#

mc el~gl~mx grvceomx cm vxdhcga~eom mahegl~mc ngsng cm oegloem imo~wmc#

ndlng sg mscml cms ymxemhcgs u sg sdag~gl m wl xe`wxdsd odl~xdc u

~xm~maegl~d,

Cm GM nghg odloghexsg odad wlm mooel odl xgicgrel# mc aesad

~egavd }wg wlm vxmres sdoemc bwamles~m# }wg ld sg ngneom odad leod

ngs~elm~mxed mc mahegl~g# seld mc bdahxg,

Vdx d~xm vmx~g# nghg sgx ~mahel nemco~eom# vmxm gl~glngx cms

odl~xmneooedlgs gl cds vcml~gmaegl~ds ~gxeods u cwobmx vmxm }wg cds

mogxomaegl~ds odlogv~wmcgs sgml el~gxnesoevcelmxeds# ndlng cms

oegloems lm~wxmcgs# iecdsieoms# sdoemcgs# ml~xdvdc`eoms# mahegl~mcgs

vwgnml mvdx~mx odldoeaegl~ds ng sw }wgbmogx oegl~ieod,

Gs nghgx ng ~dnd oewnmnmld ngc awlnd eahwexsg ng ~gams xgcm~eyds

mc mahegl~g# lel`wlm vgxsdlm sg vwgng kws~eieomx ng ld ~glgx

elidxamoel mngowmnm# vwgs~d }wg ~ml~d gl cm gsowgcm# gl gc El~gxlg~#

gl xgyes~ms gres~gl wlm mavcem `mam ng odldoeaegl~ds

agnedmahegl~mcgs,

Mseaesad# gc awlnd mo~wmc u sw nelmaesad lds gavwkml m el~gxyglex

u odcmhdxmx gs~xgobmagl~g odl cms mw~dxenmngs `whgxlmagl~mcgs vmxm

xgnwoex cm migo~moel ngc mahegl~g m amlds ng cm bwamlenmn# sg`l ae

oxe~gxed, Ng mowgxnd m ae dvelel# cms vgxsdlms nghgl bmogxsg

odlsoegl~gs# vxgvmxmxsg# elidxamxsg u vmx~eoevmx mo~eymagl~g gl cm

sdcwoel ng cds vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# odlnwo~ms }wg ~dnm vgxsdlm

magxe~m mn}wexex# se gs }wg ngsgm vxdnwoex omaheds }wg gc vcmlg~m


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>?

xg}wegxg mahegl~mcagl~g, Ngl~xd ng cds odldoeaegl~ds }wg nghgl

smhgx gs cd xgigxgl~g m cds mowgxnds m }wg bml ccg`mnd cms lmoedlgs

gl vxd ngc mahegl~g# owum bes~dxem sg awgs~xm mhxgyemnmagl~g m

odl~elwmoel,

8,> Bes~dxem ng cm Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc

_g mhdxnmxl leomagl~g cms Owahxgs gl cms }wg }wgn ng

amleiegs~d cm eavdx~mloem }wg ~eglgl cds ymcdxgs gl cm gnwomoel

mahegl~mc u cm ~dam ng odloegloem gl ~gams mahegl~mcgs# cm owmcgs sg

grvdlgl gl sg`wenm;

Gl cm Owahxg ng Gs~dodcad ng cm DLW# ogcghxmnm gl =508# sg

eavgcg m cms lmoedlgs m wlm amudx ~dam ng odloegloem gl cds

vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# gc ngxgobd m cm yenm gl wl mahegl~g smld u ld

ng`xmnmnd,

Vdx sw xgcmoel odl cds ymcdxgs# ngsgd bmogx agloel ng cm M`glnm RRE u

mc`wlds ng sws vxeloeveds# }wg as ~mxng sg idxamce{mxdl gl cm Owahxg ng

Xd ng =558, Ngs~momx cds se`wegl~gs vdx sw xgcmoel odl cds ymcdxgs;

Vxeloeved 86; sgmcm cm eavdx~mloem ng cm awkgx gl cm vmx~eoevmoel ngcagkdxmaegl~d ngc mahegl~g u gc ngsmxxdccd sds~glehcg,

Vxeloeved 8=; xgsmc~m cm xgcgymloem ng cm oxgm~eyenmn# cds engmcgs u gcymcdx ng cm kwygl~wn vmxm }wg ~dnds kwl~ds cd`xgads wl ngsmxxdccd

sds~glehcg# msg`wxmlnd wl agkdx iw~wxd awlnemc,

Vxeloeved 88; sg ngs~mom m}w gc vmvgc ~ml ngs~momnd }wg kwg`ml cdseln`glms u sws odawlenmngs vmxm cm dxnglmoel ngc mahegl~g u sw

ngsmxxdccd# vdx gc odldoeaegl~d }wg ~eglgl ng cm lm~wxmcg{m u sws

~xmneoedlgs# vdx cd owmc nghgx ~daxsgcgs gl owgl~m vmxm cm dh~gloel

ngc ngsmxxdccd sws~gl~mhcg,

Vxeloeved 87; swhxmum cm ~xmsoglngloem }wg ~eglgl cm vm{# gc ngsmxxdccdu gc agned mahegl~g# vwgs sdl elsgvmxmhcgs,

Vxeloeved 87,=8; bmhcm sdhxg cm lgogsenmn ng ~damx gl owgl~m cdsel~gxgsgs ng cds leds# um }wg gccds bgxgnmxl cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn ng


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>>

owenmx cm êgxxm: cds leds sdl ywclgxmhcgs m cds gigo~ds ng cm

ng`xmnmoel ngc agned mahegl~g u awgs~xml ngsgds ng owenmxcd# vdx

gs~d aesad sg xg}wegxg elocwexcds gl cm vmx~eoevmoel bmoem cds

vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs u sw agkdxmaegl~d,

_wègxg cm DLW gl gs~g ndowagl~d mavcemx cm gnwomoel }wg vxdveoegcm odloegloem ng leds u kyglgs sdhxg cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn gl gc

owenmnd ngc agned mahegl~g g e`wmcagl~g m sws vmnxgs ng imaecem,

Gl gc Odl`xgsd ng Adso gl =520 sg odliexaml cds mcomlogs }wg ~eglg cm

gnwomoel gl ymcdxgs,

Gl cm Owahxg ng Xd ng =558 d ~mahel odldoenm odad Cm Omx~m

ng cm êgxxm sg xgsmc~ml cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn# cm vm{# cm ~dcgxmloem# cm

sdcenmxenmn# cm kws~eoem sdoemc# cm cehgx~mn# cm oddvgxmoel# cm xgygxgloem#omcenmn ng yenm# smcwn# ne`lenmn# gc hegl odal# bwaecnmn# `xm~e~wn u gc

madx, Vmsd m oe~mx wld ng sws vxxmids }wg gl cd vgxsdlmc ag vmxgog

xgcgyml~g;

Gc gsvxe~w ng sdcenmxenmn bwamlm u ng mielenmn odl ~dnm cm yenm sg

idx~mcgog owmlnd yeyeads odl xgygxgloem ml~g gc aes~gxed ngc sgx# odl

`xm~e~wn vdx gc xg`mcd ng cm yenm u odl bwaecnmnodl xgsvgo~dmc cw`mx

}wg dowvmads gl cm lm~wxmcg{m, Xgowvgxmnd ng;b~~v;$$ppp,wl,dx`$gsm$nsn$m`glnm8=Tsvmlesb$xgsTxedngoc,sb~ac

Gl gc eloesd >h ng gs~g aesad ndowagl~d sg se`wg elye~mlnd m

odawleomx m cms iw~wxms `glgxmoedlgs cds ymcdxgs u cms ~xmneoedlgs#

vxgsgxymlnd mc aread neobds odldoeaegl~ds u cm smhenwxm gsvexe~wmc

ng cms owc~wxms }wg vxd~g`gl cm lm~wxmcg{m u gc heglgs~mx odawle~mxed#

vxdvwgs~d gl gc Vxeloeved 2h,

Cds ymcdxgs }wg sg`l @mnd~~e "8668% sg grvdlgl gl gsg aesadndowagl~d sdl;

Xgsvg~d m cm êgxxm, Vxd~gooel m cm hedneygxsenmn g el~g`xenmn ng ~dnds cds

godses~gams,
http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtml


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>7

Vxdnwooel u odlswad sws~gl~mhcgs, Ngxgobd m wl mahegl~g ne`ld# `glgxmndx ng heglgs~mx ngc sgx

bwamld,

Gceaelmoel ng cm vdhxg{m, Cm ld yedcgloem, E`wmcnmn ng `lgxd, Ngadoxmoem, Owenmnd ng cm ^egxxm odl ~goldcd`m mvxdvemnm, Xgsvdlsmhecenmn gl gc owenmnd ng lwgs~xd awlnd,

Gc dhkg~eyd vxdvwgs~d gl cm Owahxg ng Kdbmllgshwx`d gl 8668 iwg

gc ng agkdxmx cm omcenmn ng yenm ng cds oewnmnmlds u cm odlsgxymoel

ng cds xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs# odavxdag~elndsg m gneieomx wlm sdoegnmnbwamlm `cdhmc# g}we~m~eym u sdcoe~m# odl odloegloem ng cm ne`lenmn

bwamlm bmoem ~dnds, Mswaegxdl gc odavxdaesd ngc ngsmxxdccd

sdoedgodlaeod u vxd~gooel ngc mahegl~g# gxxmneomoel ng cm

vdhxg{m# omahed gl cds vm~xdlgs elsds~glehcgs ng vxdnwooel u

odlswad ng cds aesads xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs# gye~mlnd odl~xehwex as m

cm ngsgx~eieomoel u cm vdhxg{m, Ng e`wmc amlgxm sg odavxdag~egxdl mc

agkdxmaegl~d ng hmxxeds vdhxgs# mswaeglnd wlm xgsvdlsmhecenmn

odcgo~eym gl cm ~dam ng ngoesedlgs,

Wlm yg{ as ag vgxom~d ngc gsiwgx{d }wg bmogl cds vmsgs vmxm

ccgymx m mowgxnds odlnwogl~gs }wg agkdxgl lwgs~xds gl~dxlds# vgxd

ag }wgnm wl oegx~d ngsmcegl~d mc ld~mx owmlnd bg yemkmnd m mc`l

cw`mx ng ae vms d ng d~xm lmoel# cms xgvgxowsedlgs }wg omwsml

lwgs~xms odlnwo~ms gl gc mahegl~g# cd owmc sg vwgng odavxdhmx gl gc

omahed ocea~eod# gc mwagl~d ng cm ~gavgxm~wxm ng cds amxgs# cms as

ng >66 aec bgo~xgms ng hds}wg selegs~xmnd gl gc gs~mnd ng Odmbwecm#Areod gl cds agsgs ng mhxec u amud ng 86==# ng mowgxnd m

elidxamoel vxdvdxoedlmnm vdx gc ld~eoegxd Idxd ~y gc 87 ng amud ng

gs~g aesad md,

_g bm glim~e{mnd gl gs~g ~gam gc vmvgc ~ml vxgvdlngxml~g }wg

kwg`ml cm awkgx# cm leg{# cm kwygl~wn# cds eln`glms gl cm `glgxmoel


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>9

ng cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs# ms odad cm `gs~moel ng cm vm{ u cm

sdcenmxenmn gl~xg cds vwghcds# cm gxxmneomoel ng cm vdhxg{m gl gc

awlnd# s~ds c~eads sexygl ng hmsg m cm GM# }wg m sw yg{ ~eglgl wl

sgl~end el~g`xmndx u ~xmlsygxsmc "Vmxnd# =557%# ymcdxgs sel cds owmcgs

ld sg vdnx cd`xmx gc hegl odal gl~xg cds vmsgs ng cm êgxxm# ~gam}wg sg mavcm m odl~elwmoel,

8,7 Cds ymcdxgs

Wlm dxegl~moel gnwom~eym hmsmnm gl ymcdxgs gs ng vxeagx dxngl# se sg

ngsgm idxamx vgxsdlms odl mo~e~wngs u bmhecenmngs iwlnmnms gl ymcdxgs

mahegl~mcgs# imydxmhcgs mc ngsmxxdccd ng wlm sdoegnmn smlm "Vmxnd# =557%,

_w eavdx~mloem xmneom gl }wg se ld lds gsidx{mads gl odls~xwex neobds

ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs ngsng mbdxm# gs mc~magl~g vxdhmhcg }wg cms`glgxmoedlgs se`wegl~gs ymuml m ~glgx wl mexg exxgsvexmhcg# m`wm awu

odl~maelmnm# odl vdods xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs m sw mcomlog vmxm vdngx

nesixw~mx u odlswaex, Gres~gl wlm ymxegnmn ng vds~wxms iecdsieoms

mredcèoms# bg m}w mc`wlms ng gccms,

8,7,= Ngieleoel ng ymcdx

Ng mowgxnd m Dx~g`m u @mssg~# oe~mnd vdx Hmxxed "=550% sgxml cds

sgl~eaegl~ds ng m`xmnd u ngsm`xmnd }wg sg vxdugo~ml sdhxg ng~gxaelmnd

dhkg~d,

Vdx cd }wg gc ymcdx# sg`l gs~m engm# gs mc`d ng cgu u cm ymcdxmoel gs ng

imo~d# gl dvelel ng Hmxxed,

Gs~g aesad mw~dx sds~eglg }wg gc ymcdx gs wl msvgo~d ng cm hdlnmn

dl~dcèom ng cms odsms }wg sg vgxoehgl gl gc mo~d swhkg~eyd ng gs~eamx mc`d#

ld cgs mmng ymcdx mc dhkg~d gl s# le mwagl~m sw ymcdx# seld scd wlm gs~eam

io~eom,

8,7,8 Omxmo~gxs~eoms ng cds ymcdxgs

Amx~lg{ "=520% vxgsgl~m gl sw xgodvecmoel wlm sgxeg ng xms`ds ng cds

ymcdxgs;

Ld gres~gl ymcdxgs gl s# engmcgs d exxgmcgs# seld scd m}wgccds xgmcgs, Cds ymcdxgs scd sg nml gl cm xgmcenmn,


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>0

Xg}wegxgl ng oegx~ms owmcenmngs# }wg sg odlsengxml odad ymcedsms, Gs~ms scd sdl ymcedsms gl vd~gloem# vmxm oxes~mce{mxcds# sg xg}wegxg }wg sg

xgcmoedlgl odl gc bdahxg u sws lgogsenmngs,

_dl hevdcmxgs; gc ymcdx!nesymcdx# }wg gs cm mwsgloem d vxeymoel ngc ymcdx,Mwl}wg gl gs~m omxmo~gxs~eom ng hevdcmxenmn Ixdlne{e# oe~mnd gl Imhgcd

"866>%# el~gl~m ex as mcc owmlnd mlmce{m cds ymcdxgs# um }wg ngsgm

swvgxmx cds gr~xgads gl wlm yesel as el~g`xmc# }wg ng mowgxnd m Igxxm~gx

Adxm gs~m vds~wxm cm wheom gl wl gavexesad el~g`xmc,

^xmsoglngloem; gc ymcdx# sw vgxigooel gl nm as mcc ngc awlnd dhkg~eyd#vdx cd }wg gl gc bwamld# sg`l gs~g mw~dx# sg nml scd ng amlgxm

eavgxigo~m,

Vxgigxgloem; d m~xmooel lm~wxmc ng wlm vgxsdlm m wl ng~gxaelmnd ymcdx#vwgs cd odlsengxm odad ymcedsd, Gs~m aesam owmcenmn odlccgym m d~xm; sw

mvxdvemoel# cm odlsgxymoel ng wl ymcdx vmxm s aesad, ^mahel sg

vxgsgl~m cm og`wgxm mredc`eom; bmu }weglgs ld vwgngl ygx cds ymcdxgs d

oegx~d ~evd ng ymcdxgs# gs ngoex# bmu vgxsdlms }wg odliwlngl gc hegl odl gc

amc,

Dhkg~eyenmn; sg vxgsgl~ml gl cds dhkg~ds d gl cms vgxsdlms#elngvglnegl~gagl~g ng gccds# vdx cd owmc gc ymcdx mn}wegxg wlm engm ng ~ec,

_obgcgx# sg`l Hxw`gx "=507%# gl Omxndlm "=555% vxdvdlg d~xms

owmcenmngs ng cds ymcdxgs; ~eglgl sw vxdved xgeld# sdl mhsdcw~ds#

elaw~mhcgs# elodlneoedlmnds# sg glomxlml gl cms odsms }wg odlsengxmads

ymcedsms# ~ecgs# engmcgs# vgxigo~ehcgs# el~gavdxmcgs# elngvglnegl~gs ngc sgx#

sdl swvxmawlnmlds u scd agneml~g cm mhs~xmooel sg ~xmgl mc awlnd xgmc,

Ms# cds ymcdxgs gres~gl vdx s u gl s aesads,

8,7,? Ocmseieomoel ng cds ymcdxgs

Amx~lg{ "=520% ocmseieom m cds ymcdxgs gl; godlaeods# ld~eods ngc

odldoeaegl~d!# gs~~eods# sdoemcgs# adxmcgs# xgce`edsds,

D~xm ocmseieomoel gs cm ng Hxmyd "866=% sgxm cm ocmseieomoel gl; ymcdxgs

dhkg~eyds u ymcdxgs swhkg~eyds# seglnd cds vxeagxds m}wgccds m cds }wg mc`wegl


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>2

sg xgiegxg u vmxm }wegl mc`d gs ymcedsd# cds sg`wlnds sgxml gc msvgo~d

swhkg~eyd# cm eavdx~mloem }wg mc`d ~eglg vmxm mc`wegl,

Mc mvceomxsg cds ymcdxgs m cm odlnwo~m bwamlm# lgogsmxemagl~g swx`g cm

~eom# gs~wned ng cd Adxmc# ng cd }wg nghg sgx# sg`l ae mvxgoemoel

swhkg~eym,

Ng mowgxnd m Amscdp "=500%# cds ymcdxgs sdl el~xlsgods m cm lm~wxmcg{m

bwamlm# gsgloemcgs u bms~m els~el~eyds# vdleglnd ng xgmcog wld# mc }wg sg`l

c# ~eglng ~dnm cm bwamlenmn; cm mo~wmce{moel ngc ud# vdx d~xds mw~dxgs

ccmamnd; oxgm~eyenmn# vxdnwo~eyenmn# mw~dldam,

Gs~g mw~dx oxe~eom m cds }wg sds~eglgl gc xgcm~eyesad ng cds ymcdxgs# um }wg

gccd swvdlg bmogx m wl cmnd gc ygxnmngxd vxdhcgam ng cm sdoegnmn mo~wmc,

Miexam }wg nghgl gres~ex vmw~ms odlnwo~wmcgs iwlnmagl~mcgs#

~xmlsowc~wxmcgs# ~xmsoglngl~gs m cm bwamlenmn, Vdlg ng xgcegyg m cds

bdahxgs mw~dxxgmce{mnds }weglgs ~eglgl cms aesams vxgigxgloems ng ~dnd gc

awlnd# odl wlm odloegloem ocmxm ng sws mooedlgs mngowmnms u }wg gc sgx

as odlsoegl~g odl~xmxxgs~m cm e`ldxmloem }wg gs cm iwgl~g ng ~dnm odlnwo~m

lg`m~eym,

Cds elneyenwds mw~dmo~wmce{mnds mo~ml odl wlm agkdx odavxglsel ng s

aesads# ng sws lgogsenmngs u ymcdxgs owc~wxmcgs# sdl `glwelds, Gc vdsggx

ymcdxgs odad cm ygxnmn# cm hgccg{m# cm ye~mcenmn u cm vgxigooel# odl~xehwugl m

}wg gccds ccg`wgl m ~glgx grvgxegloems owahxg, Cm imc~m ng ymcdxgs# oxgg gs~g

mw~dx# odlnwog m cm mvm~m# madxmcenmn# ngsgsvgxml{m# odlnwoeglnd ~dnd gccd

m cm gligxagnmn iseom, Omxgogx ng ymcdxgs odlnwog ~mahel m cm

vseodvm~dcd`m# vdx cd }wg sg xg}wegxg vdsggx ymcdxgs# wlm iecdsdim ng yenm,

Cm mw~l~eom mw~dxxgmce{moel# veglsd# swogngxm sdcmagl~g se omnm wld sg

engl~eieom m s aesad odl gc gl~dxld u gc xgs~d ng ~dnds cds sgxgs mleamnds g

elmleamnds, Gs~d swogng owmlnd lds glodl~xmads odl lwgs~xd Ud# odl

lwgs~xm aesaenmn# }wg ngvglng ng cds ngas# ng cm hedneygxsenmn u cm

el~gxngvglngloem ng d~xds sgxgs }wg bmhe~ml cm ^egxxm, Odldogx gs~d# bmhgxcd

yeyend odl grvgxegloems swhceags ag mogxomxdl m cm xe}wg{m ng cm lm~wxmcg{m#


50/240

>5

u ag odlnwkgxdl m mamxcm as# m ~xm~mx gl ~dnd cd vdsehcg ng ld nmmxcm odl

aes mooedlgs,

Amscdp "=500% vxgsgl~m wlm vexaeng ng lgogsenmngs# }wg vdnxml

gl~glngxsg odad ymcdxgs ~ecgs; cms lgogsenmngs iesedcèoms# ng sg`wxenmn#

ng vgx~glgloem# ng mw~dgs~eam u ielmcagl~g ng mw~dxxgmce{moel; hdlnmn#

ygxnmn# hgccg{m# vgxigooel# kws~eoem# sgloeccg{# se`leieomoel,

M gs~ds ud m`xg`mxm mnaexmoel ml~g cm m`xmnmhecenmn ng cm lm~wxmcg{m# gc

`d{d }wg sg dh~eglg owmlnd gc sgx bwamld cm dhsgxym u sg mhsdxhg

~d~mcagl~g gl gccm,

Ng cm aesam idxam }wg Omnw~d "=550% ag m~xgyd m ngoex# }wg neioecagl~g

wlm vgxsdlm vdnx sgl~ex cds ymcdxgs ng mw~dxxgmce{moel mc odl~gavcmx cm

lm~wxmcg{m se ml~gs ld bm sm~esigobd vcglmagl~g sws lgogsenmngs hseoms#

odad gc mceagl~d# xgiwèd# ygs~end# se`weglnd gc gs}wgam ng Amscdp,

Mc`wlms ng cms engms ng Amscdp u ng Gxeob Ixdaa iwgxdl xg~damnms

vmxoemcagl~g vdx cm DLW gl Cm Omx~m ng cm êgxxm "Owahxg ng Xd# =558%

ngl~xd ng sw Vxeloeved =>; Nghgads nmxlds owgl~m ng }wg# wlm yg{

sm~esigobms cms lgogsenmngs hseoms# gc ngsmxxdccd bwamld sg xgiegxg

vxeadxnemcagl~g m sgx as# ld m ~glgx as , Xgowvgxmnd ng;

b~~v;$$ppp,wl,dx`$gsm$nsn$m`glnm8=Tsvmlesb$xgsTxedngoc,sb~ac

Gl gc vxeloeved ?m }wg sg grvdlg gl gsg aesad ndowagl~d sg wx`g m

vdsggx wlm yesel ~eom sdhxg cds ymcdxgs hseods odavmx~ends vmxm msg`wxmx

cds ngxgobds bwamlds odl cehgx~mn u ms ~dnds vwgnml ngsmxxdccmx sw vcgld

vd~gloemc,

8,7,> Cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs

Xdojgmob# gl Omnw~d "=550% lds nm sw ocmseieomoel sdhxg cds ymcdxgsmahegl~mcgs# cds owmcgs vwgngl sgx;

m% Els~xwagl~mcgs; cds }wg sg xgcmoedlml odl wlm odlnwo~m gsvgoieom;

odlnwo~m vdse~eym godcèom# madx m cm êgxxm,

h% ^gxaelmcgs; m}wccds }wg ngse`lml wlm amlgxm ng yeyex engmc# d

vxgigxgloems ng cms vgxsdlms bmoem idxams engmcgs ng yeyex; cm omcenmn
http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtml


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mahegl~mc# omcenmn ng yenm# wl awlnd gl vm{# ccgld ng hgccg{m# kws~eoem

sdoemc# mvdud m cm odawlenmn# idagl~d mc ngsmxxdccd ngc g}wecehxed

godc`eod,

o% Ymcdxgs adxmcgs; ~dnm mooel gl cm }wg sg ~xm~g m cm ^egxxm u ~dnm idxam ng

yenm ng amlgxm kws~m u migo~wdsm,Mvmx~g Omnw~d sds~eglg }wg gres~g wlm xgcmoel nexgo~m gl~xg amudx

mw~dodlogv~d u cm ~glngloem m }wgxgx el~gxgsmxsg gl cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs#

vdx cd }wg cm odlnwo~m gs~ gl xgcmoel nexgo~m odl gc odlogv~d }wg cm

vgxsdlm vdsgm ng s aesam, M`xg`m mngas }wg cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs

nghgl gs~mx oeagl~mnds gl iwgx~gs ymcdxgs adxmcgs,

Gl omahed# vmxm Xgm`ml# oe~mnd gl Bdx~m "8660%# cds ymcdxgs sg ocmseieoml

gl;

Els~xwagl~mcgs; sdl ymcdxmnds vdx ~glgx wl iel wc~gxedx d }wg vmxm ldsd~xdsgs ~ec u }wg lds sexygl odad agneds vmxm dh~glgx mc`d,

El~xlsgods; cds }wg omnm wld ~eglg gl s aesad u sg vwgngl xgigxex mmc`wlm omvmoenmn d ndl u vgxamlgog gl gs~xgobm xgcmoel odl cm

swhkg~eyenmn# odl gs~m xgigxgloem wl sgx xeod gl owmcenmngs sgxm as

el~xlsgomagl~g ~ec }wg d~xd, _g xgcmoedlm ~mahel odl cm omvmoenmn ng sgx

swkg~d odlsoegl~g ngc sgl~ex# odad cd gs gc ndcdx d cm mcg`xm,@edxnml u _dwobdl "=550% vdx sw vmx~g# miexaml }wg cm ag~m ng cm

GM gs bmogx vdsehcg gc mymlog gl gc ngsowhxeaegl~d ng ymcdxgs }wg sg

mnmv~gl agkdx m cm swvgxyeygloem ngc bwamld u agkdx `gs~el ngc

mvdud ielmloegxd, _g ~xm~m ng wlm ~dam ng odloegloem gl ndlng

vmwcm~elmagl~g sg yml bmoeglnd grvcoe~ds neobds ymcdxgs m ~xmy s ng

g~mvms# odad sgxml;

! Vcml~gmaegl~d ngc vxdhcgam,! Gyengloemx cms muwnms godlaeoms,

! Mlceses ng cds xg~ds,

! ^dam ng ngoesedlgs,

@edxnml u _dwobdl agloedlml }wg gl neobd vxdogsd gc vmvgc ngc

gnwomndx ld gs ~xm~mx ng odlyglogx ng cm vxdvem vds~wxm# seld gc ng


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7=

muwnmx m }wg cds gs~wneml~gs xgicgredlgl# nemcd`wgl sdhxg sws ymcdxgs

mahegl~mcgs u cds grvxgsgl vmxm sg`wex grvcdxmlnd lwgyds ymcdxgs d

vwl~ds ng yes~m# gl cd }wg sgx lgogsmxed ml~gs bmhgx oxgmnd wl oceam

ng odlieml{m# xgsvg~d u mvgx~wxm m cms engms ng cds odavmgxds,

8,7,7 Gc `xmie~e; mx~g wxhmld d ml~eymcdx gs~~eod4

Gs wlm grvxgsel ng cm owc~wxm ng cms aeldxms xmoemcgs u vxdnwo~d ng

cms neigxgloems ng ocmsgs# gs wlm xgsvwgs~m ng xgsgl~eaegl~d m cm

dvxgsel# gs wlm awgs~xm ng xgses~gloem# odlnwo~m ngsmieml~g m cm

owc~wxm sg`xg`moedles~m# xmoes~m# sg`l dveledlgs ng vmlneccgxds

glowgs~mnds ngc Gs~g ng Cds l`gcgs# Omceidxlem# gs mseaesad wlm

owc~wxm amseym# vdvwcmx gl cms `xmlngs oewnmngs ldx~gmagxeomlms,

_wx`g vdx cm nesoxeaelmoel ng }wg sdl dhkg~d u cm elg}wenmn ~leom# ng

xgobm{d vdx vmx~g ng cm xm{m hcmlom# dvdseoel m ngsvdkmxsg ng sws

xmogs agreomlms# }wg odlnwog m wlm mnmv~moel agnemlm ads~xmlnd

wl seloxg~esad ng ymcdxgs u owc~wxms# sg`l cd sgmcm Xdnx`wg{

"8667%,

Vdx sw vmx~g# M, _ecym "s, i,% oe~mnd vdx Xdnx`wg{# miexam }wg gc `xmie~e

gs wlm grvxgsel giagxm ng omaheds# elodlidxaenmn# adcgs~em#

xghgcnm u vdhxg{m ng cds mndcgsogl~gs }wg cd gigo~ml, Gc `xmie~e gs#

vmxm Xdnx`wg{# wlm xgodls~xwooel ng cm engl~enmn ngc agreomld }wg

yeyg ngl~xd ng cms wxhgs gl Gs~mnds Wlends ng Ldx~gmaxeom: gydom

wl ~ml~d gc mx~g ng Kds @wmnmcwvg Vdsmnms u cm gldxag ~xmneoel ngc

`xml awxmcesad gl Areod: vmxm gs~m mw~dxm le se}wegxm eavdx~m se

~mcgs awgs~xms sdl ng engl~enmn d ng mw~gl~eoenmn: gl sws awxmcgs

vwgng sgx }wg gres~m wlm grvxgsel oxgm~eym ngc mx~g wxhmld # gl ae

dvelel,Xdnx`wg{# ml~gs oe~mnm# vdlg odad ml~gogngl~gs ng cm swhowc~wxm

ngc `xmie~e m cds vmobwods obeomlds# }weglgs sg xghgcmxdl odl~xm sws

vmnxgs# ~xm~mlnd ng idxamx sw vxdvem engl~enmn# xgigxgl~g

elnesvglsmhcg vmxm vds~gxedxagl~g vdngx odavxglngx cm swhowc~wxm


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odl~gavdxlgm ng cds obdcds u sws odxxgsvdlnegl~gs odlnwo~ms ng

`xmie~gmx,

Xgowgxnd }wg gl gc md ng =597 ld sg ygm `xmie~e vhceod# scd gl

cds smle~mxeds vmxm cds bdahxgs !ngsodld{od se gl gc ng cms awkgxgs sg

nmhm!# vgxd m agnenm }wg cds kyglgs ng cms ixdl~gxms agreomlms sg

iwgxdl m ~xmhmkmx# cg`mc d ecg`mcagl~g# bmoem Ldx~gmaxeom ~xmkgxdl

ods~wahxgs# amlgxms ng ygs~ex# bmhcmx wl el`cs besvmle{mnd vdobd!#

nxd`ms u gc mvxglne{mkg ngc `xmie~e, Ngsng ae vwl~d ng yes~m# ~damxdl

vmx~g ng cm owc~wxm ldx~gmagxeomlm# cm xgelygl~mxdl# vmxm vdngx bmogx

el~gxvxg~moedlgs ng sw lwgym xgmcenmn u odl gccd vdngxcm mseaecmx, Cm

ixdl~gxm ng Areod odl Gs~mnds Wlends gs gc vmsd ng cm mowc~wxmoel

ng mahds cmnds# amxomnd odl wl xmoesad amleiegs~d# gc owmc yeyvgxsdlmcagl~g ngl~xd ng cms ihxeoms ng m}wgccm lmoel# seglnd kdygl

ml,

Xms`ds }wg mc`wlds `xmie~gxds odlsengxml eavdx~ml~gs# gl dvelel

ng Odl~xgxms "8660%;

Xegs`d ^xmls`xgsel Xgocmamoel ^gxxe~dxemcenmn Ngsmid _mcex ng cm mldaem

^evds ng `xmie~e# sg`l gs~g mw~dx;

m% Gc vdc~eod d ng adyeaegl~ds oewnmnmlds; vmxm ads~xmxxgses~gloem# mo~eyesad,

h% Gc ymlnceod; wsmnd vdx cds vmlneccgxds vmxm amxomx ~gxxe~dxed,

Vmxm gs~g mw~dx cds gsvmoeds sdl yes~ds odad mxglms }wg grvxgsml

vdngx vdc~eod# godlaeod# sdoemc,


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7?

Vmxm a# gc `xmie~e# gs wl mamc`maegl~d# ngsgs~xwo~wxmoel#

ngsel~g`xmoel ngc G`d ngc led d ngc kdygl# gs wlm ngsixm`agl~moel

u swvgxvdseoel ng cm xgmcenmn# vxdugo~mlnd wl mldleam~d# sel sgl~end#

sdcgnmn u m`xgsel bmoem cm sdoegnmn# awgs~xm ng wlm swhowc~wxm ng cm

vdhxg{m u ng xgobm{d sdoemc# odl sws lwgyds one`ds ngodawleomoel# vdx cd }wg leg`ml sw xgmcenmn m ~xmys ngc `xmie~e ,

Mc sgl~exsg grocwends ng cm sdoegnmn# sg segl~gl idx{mnds m

mvxdvemxsg ng gsvmoeds }wg cds mw~dmiexagl# gl ~xaelds ng

Xdnx`wg{,

_dl um ymxeds mds }wg ccgyd mlmce{mlnd gs~g vxdhcgam# u veglsd

}wg m ~xmys ng c# gc kdygl grbehg wlm agl~g gl ngsdxngl# xg~mndxm

bmoem cm sdoegnmn# eae~moel hwxnm ng d~xds kyglgs }wg yml vdx cm

yenm ~xm~mlnd ng bmogx sgl~ex sw vxgsgloem# `mlmlnd m~gloel vdx

agned ng s~ms u d~xms odlnwo~ms# odad cm ng nxd`mxsg, Gs cm engm ng

~xmsoglngx# }wg sg vms vdx gsg cw`mx# gl dvelel ng wl mndcgsogl~g

}wg gl~xgyes~# gl mc`wlds d~xds gs sgl~ex cm mnxglmcelm owmlnd

`xmie~gml g el~gl~mx ld sgx yes~ds,

Wlm vmx~g ng gsm vdhcmoel ng kyglgs }wg xmuml cms vxdvegnmngs

vxdyeglg ng imaecems nesiwloedlmcgs# ng vmxgkms neydxoemnms# odl

vxdhcgams ~mahel ng mnmv~moel sdoemc# odl yeoeds ng mcodbdcesad u

nxd`mneooel, Vmnxgs ng imaecem }wg ld ~eglgl gc ~egavd vmxm gs~mx odl

sws bekds# nemcd`mx# odawleomxsg# gl~glngxsg, _dl imaecems elneigxgl~gs

m cd }wg bm`ml sws bekds# gl wlm odlnwo~m gxxlgm ngc ngkmx bmogx#

ng wl vgxaeseyesad gl gr~xgad,

_el gahmx`d# ld leg`d# }wg d~xm vmx~g ng gsm vdhcmoel kwyglec

awgs~xm bmhecenmngs mx~s~eoms }wg ngsgml amleigs~mx odl `xmlngsawxmcgs ng hgccg{m mx~s~eom# sw se~wmoel vseodc`eom gs d~xm# ld gs cm

ng xg~mx d m`xgnex# gs cm ng odawleomx wl awlnd el~gxedx xeod# oxgm~eyd:

kyglgs }wg xg}wegxgl gsvmoeds ngneomnds mc mvxglne{mkg ngc mx~g# }wg

scd lgogse~ml wl mvdud vmxm grvcd~mx sws vd~gloemcenmngs mx~s~eoms:

gl gs~g omsd# gs gc `dhegxld u cms els~e~woedlgs vhceoms cms }wg nghgl


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7>

muwnmx m omlmce{mx neobms bmhecenmngs vmxm }wg ld sg vegxnml d sg

ngxeygl bmoem ag~ms sdoemcagl~g ngs~xwo~eyms# odad gc odlswad ng

nxd`ms# gc ymlnmcesad# cm ngcelowgloem# odad imc~m ng xgsvg~d bmoem s

aesads u cm sdoegnmn# odl cds odlsgowgl~gs nmds vm~xeadlemcgs,

Elodlidxaenmn# xgsgl~eaegl~d# xghgcnm# ngsmid m cm mw~dxenmn# xg~d m

cm sdoegnmn# sdl vmx~g ng cms odlnwo~ms ng cds kyglgs }wg `ws~ml ng

xmumx cms vxdvegnmngs vxeymnms# vmxm wlds gs mx~g awxmces~m# vmxm a#

gs wlm ocmxm elydcwoel sdoemc,

8,7,9 Mvceomoel ng cds ymcdxgs

Gl sw mvceomoel m cm GM# s~ds sg amleiegs~ml gl odlnwo~ms u mo~e~wngs# um

}wg swvdlg wlm lwgym yesel ng cm yenm bwamlm# ngc gl~dxld# ~xm~mlnd ng ygx

se~wmoedlgs ld vgxoehenms ml~gs# gcmhdxmlnd wlm lwgym ~eom# }wg

odlnw{oml m odlnwo~ms ng agkdxmaegl~d ngc mahegl~g: sw`egxg# vwgs# wlm

xgsvwgs~m xgsvdlsmhcg mc agned mahegl~g# ~xmnwoelndsg gl as vcgle~wn u

vmx~eoevmoel mo~eym gl cm ngiglsm ngc agkdxmaegl~d agnedmahegl~mc

"]wel~mlm u d~xds# =55=%,

Gl sw mvceomoel m cm oegloem# cds ymcdxgs# gl ae dvelel# nghgl gs~mx

vgxagmnds ng wlm mc~m odloegloem ng xgsvg~d u gldxag xgsvdlsmhecenmn

bmoem cd }wg elygs~e`mads# oad cd elygs~e`mads# vmxm ld nmmx m cm

lm~wxmcg{m# m bwamlds u mleamcgs gl imydx ng wlm oegloem mo~wmce{mnm,

_dhxg gs~g vwl~d gs~mx bmhcmlnd vxgoesmagl~g ng cm Hed~eom# odlogv~d

}wg sg mlmce{mx vds~gxedxagl~g# cm owmc lds nm celgmaegl~ds xgsvgo~d ng cd

}wg gs imo~ehcg# yemhcg u cd }wg ld# vdx sgx nmeld mc bwamld u mc mahegl~g,

Elnwnmhcgagl~g }wg sg xg}wegxgl odl wx`gloem ie`wxms l~g`xms#

odavxdag~enms# sel d~xd mil }wg gc sgxyex mc mahegl~g# m cm sdoegnmn# m cm

vm~xem# mc awlnd# gs~du bmhcmlnd ng cngxgs odad sg ~glml ml~e`wmagl~g u

}wg vdod m vdod bml end ngsmvmxgoeglnd sdoemcagl~g# vdx cm odxxwvoel ~ml

mc~m gl cms els~e~woedlgs `whgxlmagl~mcgs agreomlms# `gl~g um sel gsoxvwcds

}wg ngsyml cds xgowxsds ngneomnds m cm agkdxm ngc gl~dxld g elowavcgl odl

cds vxd`xmams mahegl~mcgs# sel ygx`gl{m ~eom# le adxmc mc`wlm,


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77

Dveld }wg cds ymcdxgs gres~gl elngvglnegl~gagl~g ng }wg bmum mc`wegl

}wg cds vxmo~e}wg d ld# vdx cd }wg cm gsgloem ng wl ymcdx gs sw ymcgx gl s

aesad u ld vdx gc ymcdx }wg omnm vgxsdlm cg m~xehwum# gs~d }wegxg ngoex }wg

sdl elngvglnegl~gs ng ldsd~xds,

_el gahmx`d# sgx u hdlnmn# ngsng cm vgxsvgo~eym dl~dcèom sg

odxxgsvdlngl# odeloengl# gl vmcmhxms ng Hmxxed "=550%# cd owmc swvdlg }wg

vwgng swogngx }wg wlm vgxsdlm odl hdlnmn segavxg sg ygm odad wlm

hwglm vgxsdlm# gl sw ~d~mcenmn u ld sgvmxmnm ng sw ymcdx,

Cds ymcdxgs# ngsng ae vgxsvgo~eym# ~eglgl wlm mvceomoel vxo~eom gl cm

odlyeygloem nemxem odl cms vgxsdlms; gc ads~xmx xgsvg~d# ngigxgloem mc mnwc~d

amudx# m cds leds# m cms awkgxgs,

Ngl~xd ng cms els~e~woedlgs ng `dhegxld sg nghg `mxml~e{mx cm elgres~gloem

ng mo~ds ng odxxwvoel: gl bdsve~mcgs# ocleoms# cm ~eom nghg xgèx cds mo~ds

ng cds vxdigsedlmcgs ng cm smcwn# vmxm ld xgmce{mx el~gxygloedlgs }wexxèoms

ellgogsmxems odl gc scd mil ng dh~glgx cwoxd:

Gl cms gavxgsms sg nghg d~dx`mx gc vm`d kws~d ng smcmxeds# cm odlsgxymoel

ng mahegl~gs smlds# sel odl~maelmoel# odl g}wevds ng vxd~gooel odl~xm

~dnd ~evd ng mooengl~gs d gygl~wmcenmngs: gl cms gsowgcms; cm mses~gloem

xg`wcmx ng vmx~g ng cds amgs~xds u mnaeles~xm~eyms# cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn gl gc

owavceaegl~d ng cds vxd`xmams gsodcmxgs# gc odavxdaesd odl cm gnwomoel#

vmxm ld yglngx omceieomoedlgs m cds gs~wneml~gs:

Gl cm imaecem; gc xgsvg~d m cm yenm elneyenwmc ng cds bekds# xgsvg~d m cms

ldxams }wg sg gs~mhcgogl vmxm xg`wcmx cm el~gxmooel ng cds aegahxds ng cm

imaecem: gc xgsvg~d gl cm odawlenmn bmoem cds ygoelds, Gs wlm gldxag `mam

gl cm }wg sg amleiegs~m cm eavdx~mloem ng cds ymcdxgs vmxm `glgxmx

sdoegnmngs# imaecems# gsowgcms as kws~ms# ngadox~eoms# odl cd owmc sg

odl~xehwum m cm idxamoel ng wlm sdoegnmn agreomlm as iwgx~g# as

vxd`xgses~m u g}we~m~eym, Ae mvxgoemoel gs }wg ~dnd gs~d gs vdsehcg# se ~dnds

vmx~eoevmads gl cd`xmxcd,


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Cm oegloem# odl sw elygs~e`moel u grvgxeagl~moel nghg gs~mx xg`enm vdx wl

odlkwl~d ng ymcdxgs ~eods# ng xgsvg~d m cm yenm# m ld vxdydomx nmd u

swixeaegl~d m cds sgxgs odl cds owmcgs sg grvgxeagl~m# ng e`wmc idxam gc

xgsvg~d mc mahegl~g, Vdx cd aesad gs lgogsmxed xgyesmx cm w~ecenmn ng wlm

idxamoel gl ymcdxgs scenm ngl~xd ng cm imaecem# cm gsowgcm# hmxxed usdoegnmn,

8,7,0 Gc ngsmxxdccd adxmc ngc led

Ng cds vxeloevmcgs mw~dxgs }wg bml ~gdxe{mnd sdhxg gc ngsmxxdccd u gydcwoel

ng cm adxmc eliml~ec# ~glgads m Kgml Vem`g~ u m Cmpxglog Jdbchgx`# gs~g

c~ead xg~da mc`wlms ng cms engms ng Vem`g~ u gcmhdx wlm sgxeg ng leygcgs

odl sws g~mvms vdx cms }wg m~xmyegsm gc led# }wg sg grvdlgl m odl~elwmoel#

gl gs}wgam vmxmixmsgmnd ng _~mssgl "8660%;

Leygc E, G~mvm =; vxgodlygloedlmc; _g vxgsgl~m gl s~m wl xm{dlmaegl~d

adxmc# cm owmc gs ng ~evd elneyenwmces~m# m}w gc ymcdx as eavdx~ml~g vmxm gc

led gs cm dhgnegloem m cm mw~dxenmn# gl gs~g omsd cds vmnxgs# vmxm gye~mx gc

oms~e`d, Cms ldxams u ymcdxgs adxmcgs sg wheoml iwgxm ngc Ud,

G~mvm 8; gc led ngsmxxdccm wl ~evd ng adxmc xgcm~eyes~m; bmogx gc hegl m cms

vgxsdlms vmxm }wg gccms ~mahel mo~gl e`wmc bmoem c xgodldoeglnd }wg bmu

vgxsdlms odl d~xds el~gxgsgs u ymcdxgs,

Leygc EE Odlygloedlmc, G~mvm ?; gs wlm adxmc sdoemc# gc led sg engl~eieom

odl cms ldxams u cd }wg sg gsvgxm ng c, Gc odavdx~maegl~d ngc led gs vmxm

m`xmnmx m cms vgxsdlms,

G~mvm >; bmu wlm amudx odloegloem gl cm dhgnegloem ng cms cgugs#

el~gxlmce{lndcms, _e cm gsowgcm# sdoegnmn# owc~wxm# vgxsdlmcenmn ngc led sdl

vxdveoems vmxm sw ngsmxxdccd adxmc# vmsmx mc se`wegl~g leygc ng ngsmxxdccd,Leygc EEE Vdsodlygloedlmc; gres~g gl gc mndcgsogl~g wlm adxmc wleygxsmc#

gcg`enm vgxsdlmcagl~g# gc kdygl ngielg sws vxdveds vxeloeveds, Gl gs~g leygc

sg ogl~xml cds engmcgs,

G~mvm 7; gc kdygl owavcg odl cms xg`cms d cgugs vdx}wg sdl hglieoms m

~dnds,


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G~mvm 9; cms cgugs sdl mogv~mnms vdx agned ng wlm xgicgrel vgxsdlmc u

sdl# vdx ~ml~d# cehxgagl~g gsod`enms,

Gl wlm el~gxvxg~moel }wg xgmce{m Hmxhm "866>% ng gs~m aesam ~gdxm# ~dnd

gs~g ngsmxxdccd adxmc eavceom wl vxdogsd gl owml~d m cm idxamoel elneyenwmc

gl cds ymcdxgs# ms odad sw dx`mle{moel gl cm agl~g ngc led# sel gahmx`d#

gc ngsmxxdccd od`le~eyd ld gs wl xg}wese~d elnesvglsmhcg vmxm }wg bmum wl

ngsmxxdccd adxmc# odl~xmxed m cd }wg sds~eglg Kgml Vem`g~, Vmxm Jdbchgx`

omnm gs~mned xgvxgsgl~m wlm vxd`xgsel ngc kweoed u wlm dxegl~moel sdoed!

adxmc bms~m cd`xmx wlm adxmcenmn mw~ldam, Hmkd cm odlogvoel ng Jdbchgx`

sdhxg cm adxmcenmn# cm kws~eoem gs cm vmx~g ogl~xmc }wg sexyg ng gcgagl~d xgo~dx

gl~xg cd sdoemc u gc ngsmxxdccd ng cds gs~mneds, Ielmcagl~g cm mooel adxmc gs

odloghenm vdx gs~g mw~dx odad el~g`xmnm vdx imo~dxgs odad; cm ad~eymoel# cmsglsehecenmn# gc kweoed u gc omxo~gx ngc led,

Cms neigxgloems gl~xg Vem`g~ u Jdbchgx` xmneoml gl }wg gc vxeagxd s mogv~m

cm eavdx~mloem ng cd od`ldsoe~eyd gl cm `glgxmoel ng cm adxmc ngc led#

aegl~xms }wg vmxm gc sg`wlnd ld gs ~ml eavdx~ml~g, D~xm neigxgloem gs }wg

gl cm ~gdxm ng Vem`g~ cm adxmc sg eleoem gl cm imsg ng cms dvgxmoedlgs

idxamcgs# mcxgngndx ng cds =8 mds ng gnmn# gl omahed vmxm Jdbchgx` gc

eleoed gs bms~m cds =9 mds,

Wlm se~wmoel }wg gl cd vgxsdlmc xgyes~g eavdx~mloem gs cm idxamoel

adxmc ccglm ng elodbgxgloems ng vmx~g ng cds mnwc~ds# cd owmc ccgymx m wlm

adxmc imccenm gl sw odxxgo~d gs~mhcgoeaegl~d gl gc led# cd owmc se`leieom }wg

bmhx awobm cmhdx vmxm ngodls~xwex neobm odlogv~wmce{moel nesiwloedlmc,

_wvdl`d }wg cd aesad swogngx mc mvceomxsg m cm mseaecmoel ng cds ymcdxgs

mahegl~mcgs# se gs~m msgygxmoel }wg bm`d gs ygxnmngxm# veglsd }wg bmhx

gsodccds gl gc omaeld m cm glsgml{m ng cds aesads gl cms gsowgcms u iwgxmng gccms,

Gc aesad Jdbchgx` "=552% odlocwu }wg gl cms gsowgcms ngadox~eoms# odl

ymcdxgs adxmcgs mc~ds# sws gs~wneml~gs cms omceieomhml ng amlgxm v~eam# gl

odavmxmoel m cms }wg ld cd gxml d ld ~glml neobds ymcdxgs# cd owmc bmhcm


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ngc aesad vxdogsd ng odls~xwooel ng ymcdxgs iwloedlmcgs ngc }wg bm`d

xgigxgloem mxxehm,

Cm adxmc ngc led vmsm vdx wlm ng ~evd bg~gxldam# cwg`d m wlm

xg~xehw~eym!sdoemc u ielmcagl~g sg gs~mhcgog wlm adxmc elngvglnegl~g#

mw~ldam# ndlng cm kws~eoem ~dam wl se~ed xgcgyml~g, Mbdxm hegl# adxmcenmn u

ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs sg vwgngl odlkw`mx mxadledsmagl~g# odad sg grvxgsm

m ~xmys ng Ldyd gl gc se`wegl~g mvmx~mnd,

8,9 Cm gnwomoel mahegl~mc u sws vxeloeveds mredc`eods

Cds vxeloeveds mredc`eods ng cm gnwomoel mahegl~m

tesis maestría en Educación Ambiental. Ps. Jaime Botello Valle

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Transcript of tesis maestría en Educación Ambiental. Ps. Jaime Botello Valle