Terrorism RIF
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Transcript of Terrorism RIF
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Understanding RadicalIslamic Fundamentalists
The New Global Threat or History repeating itself?
Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D. Department of Psychology
University at Buffalo
www.PsychologyofTerrorism.com
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
Islam and theArab World
The People
The ReligionThe Arab ConquestThe Dilemma of Modern Islam
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
Early Arabs
Prior to the 7th Century, Arab groupsexisted mainly as small tribal units,largely desert dwellers few large cities and no central government hardly a blip on the radar of civilization
Mohammed and his followers unifiedthe Arab tribes under the banner of Islam
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
Law and Order
The old laws were made bypowerful men a ruthless society where he with the
most power makes the rules constant fighting and power struggles to
determine who rules as the most powerful
Islamic law is Gods law transcends the will of man uniform code of law applies to all
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Hope for the Future
Life is difficult, a constantstruggle, but life can be improved on earth by
following the Will of God (Islam) is rewarded by an afterlife in
Paradise for the true believer andrighteous practitioner of Islam
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Purpose in Life
To do Gods Will and follow theteachings of the prophets
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A Religion
The Archangel Gabriel spoke toMohammed, relaying the words of God
Mohammed memorized these holywords and taught them to his followersShortly after Mohammeds death his
followers wrote these sacred wordsdown in what would become the KoranThe Koran is uncorrupted andsupplants the Torah and the Gospels
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Basic Tenants
There is no God but Allah, andMohammed is His messenger. The Five Pillars of IslamPractical aspects Islamic scholars provide definitive
interpretation of the Koran and other scriptures
Caliph heads the faith and the nation
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The Five Pillars of Islam
Declaration of Faith acknowledgingthere is only one God and that
Mohammed is His messenger ( Shahadh ) Five daily prayers ( Salah ) Giving of alms (2.5% to charity, Zakaah ) Fasting from dawn to dusk during the
month of Ramadan ( Sawn ) Pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of
Zul Hijjah ( Hajj )These Five Pillars follow the Sunni belief which includes around 90%
of the worlds Moslem population.
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The Descendents of Abraham
Common father (Abraham,Ibrahim) , different mothers Moslems: Hagars son Ismael Jews (& Christians?): Sarahs
son Isaac
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People of The Book
Islam teaches tolerance andrespect for people who revere thewords of the prophetsJews and Christians along withMoslems are considered People of The Book People of The Book ( dhimmis ) areprotected people under Islam
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Tolerance TowardsJews and Christians
"There is no compulsion in religion. Truth standsout clearly from falsehood: whoever rejects evil
and believes in God has grasped the strongestrope that never breaks. And God is All-Hearingand All-Knowing." (Qur'an 2:256)
Non-Moslems pay a special tax ( jizyah ) but are
otherwise free to practice their religion, engagein commerce, and own property
Some rulings ( fatwas ) have forced conversion or expulsion of nonbelievers from Islamic domains
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The Prophets
AdamNoahMosesAbraham
JesusMohammed
Judaism
ChristianityIslam
Christianity & Islam Islam
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Primacy of the Koran
Moslems believe that the earlier Jewish and Christian writingswere divinely inspired but havebecome corrupted over time edited and re-edited by men
various (imperfect) translationsThe Koran is widely used in itsoriginal Arabic without editing
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Historic Islam
Spread by the sword? Mohammed conquered Mecca and
much of the Arabian peninsula Immediate successors spread
Islam throughout the Middle East
Later Arab armies conqueredNorthern Africa, India, parts of Southern Asia, and even parts of Europe
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Rapid Expansion of Islam
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The Arab Conquest
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Western CivilizationUnder Siege
Moslem armies conquered the Middle East conquered Greece and most of the
Balkan peninsula and much of India conquered North Africa
conquered Portugal and most of Spain reached the gates of Vienna
Christendom was in retreat
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The Golden Age of Islam
While Europe was in the dark agesThe Islamic world excelled in art, literature,
mathematics, textiles, and medicine kept the heritage of ancient Greek
philosophy alive spread civilization throughout much
of the known world
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The Decline of theIslamic Empire
Internal fighting within the EmpireReconquista of Christian landsDissolution of the Ottoman Empireafter World War I (1918)
Expanded Western interest in theoil rich Middle EastAggressive Western interventionduring the Cold War era
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Arabia Today
Only remnants of a once greatcivilization far behind the WestDominated by despotic rulers whoregressed to the pre-Mohammedmight makes right principle Few true Islamic statesNo true democratic governmentsGrowing desire for Islamic dignity
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
The Seeds of Change
Islamic Fundamentalists offer the promise to return to the Golden
Age of Islamic culture view the decadent West as the source of
most problems
Few if any viable alternatives toproduce desired change status quo has stagnated Arab culture
and economic progress for centuries
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Fundamentalists Beliefs
Gods words are recorded in theKoran and other Islamic worksIslam is the source of all true lawSociety should strictly followIslamic law as interpreted by itssenior scholarsSecular societies based on manslaws deviate from Gods law
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Islamic Law versus Secular Law
Mans laws are corrupt because they followthe will and desires of mortal man
Islamic law is prescribed in the holy worksand must be interpreted by scholars whohave dedicated a lifetime to study
Democracies and other forms of self-rule
are evil because they follow the whims andperversions of man Islam is to be lived not just preached
it dictates every aspect of life from socialcustoms to commerce
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
FundamentalistMoslems and Christians
Share a belief that society shouldbe directed by Gods laws emphasize religious scripture use a literal interpretation of most
writings which are seen just as
applicable today as when they werewritten centuries ago
View civilization as a struggle
between Godliness and manliness
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The Practice of Islam
Strong devotion to religionPractice of the Five PillarsFocus on the MosqueProtectors of the faith
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Devotion to Religion
Religion is not something that is just practiced one morning aweek or even with a daily prayer Religion is a way of living thatdictates every aspect of life prayers five times each day Friday services in the Mosque fasting during Ramadan
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The Mosque
Center for not only religious butcultural and political activitiesFridays religious service ispreceded by lectures, oftenexpounding political views
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
Protectors of Islam
Protect the faith, even at theexpense of ones own life answer the call of Jihad death in defense of Islam is
martyrdom rewarded with Paradise
Protect fellow MoslemsProtect Islam from apostatesand heresies
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The Seeds of ViolentConflict
The protection of Islam is arequirement for all Moslems
Spreading the faith is debatable Islam teaches tolerance, especially for
People of The Book (e.g., Jews in Egypt) Islam teaches that all of mankind are
brothers but does not tolerate apostates
Most interpretations defend Moslemlands and all lands that have been
Moslem (demanding reconquest?)
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The Radicals View
The lands of Islam have beencorrupted by the West
desire for the riches of Arab lands support for Jewish world dominance support for apostate rulers
Islam and the Arabic people areunder threat from the infidelsThe struggle against the infidels isthe duty of every Moslem worldwide
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The Radicals Method
Political solutions are notpossible power is never willinglysurrendered only taken by forceDirect military confrontation is not(yet) possibleTerrorism is the only viable method
Note: All three of these views are shared by mostrevolutionary movements
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Radical Fundamentalistsand Terrorist Acts
Terrorism is not just associatedwith radical IslamicfundamentalistsTerrorism is practiced by extremeradicals found in most religionsand in many social-politicalmovements (e.g., anarchists,Marxist-Leninists)
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Terrorism and ChristianFundamentalists
Like Islamic fundamentalists,most Christian fundamentalistsare nonviolentBut strong fundamentalistbeliefs are sometimes broughtto extreme expression byadvocates of violence andterrorist acts
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
Terrorism Under the Banner of Christian Fundamentalism
Some white-supremacist organizationssuch as the KKK view themselves as
Christian fundamentalists, protectingthe Christian way of life as interpret itSome other Christian fundamentalistgroups have racist views, although theyare not organized explicitly with awhite-supremacist mandate
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To help view radical Islamicfundamentalism in its proper
perspective, consider a case of domestically grown, radicalChristian fundamentalist terrorism
The case focuses on the polarizedAmerican opinion on womensreproductive rights (i.e., abortion)
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The Murder of Dr. Barnett Slepian
Amherst (NY) physician whoperformed legal abortions in a local
medical clinicMurdered (assassinated?) in his homeon October 23, 1998 by James Kopp Kopp viewed himself as saving the lives
of hundreds of unborn babies Kopps escape was aided and abetted by
like- minded Christians who saw him as ahero for their antiabortion cause
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The Capture of James Kopp
Placed on the FBIs 10 Most Wanted List Escaped to Ireland and later to France where
he received assistance from others active inthe antiabortion movementApprehended in France, March 29th, 2001Sentenced 25 years to life on May 9th, 2003
Allegedly shot other physicians who performedlegal abortions in the U.S. and CanadaExpresses no remorse over his killingViewed as a martyr by some antiabortionists
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Attacks on Medical ClinicsPerforming Abortions
Types of Attacks clinic bombings and individual assassinations
Clearly constitute terrorist acts terrorizes physicians performing this service terrorizes people using this service
Loosely organized terrorist movement few practicing blatant violence many more supporting violent acts tacit support from some religious leaders
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
The Threat from RadicalFundamentalists
Radical beliefs from variousreligious groups sometimes leadto terrorist acts, butRadical Islamic fundamentalistsremain the most serious threatto peace and global stability active terrorists constitute a very small
minority, but support for their actions israpidly growing worldwide
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
Combating RadicalIslamic Terrorists
Responding to Islamic terrorismrequires a thorough understandingof Islamic culture and beliefsMore of the same is not working U.S. foreign policy needs to be
carefully reexamined U.S. needs to win the propaganda
war which it is badly losing to date
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Copyright 2005 Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D.
Steps Toward CombatingGlobal Islamic Terrorism
Continued support for Israel balancedwith strong support for the Palestinians
Strong support for moderate Moslemleaders and progressive Arab countries aggressive economic aid expanded cultural and educational exchange
Calculated response to terrorism quick and decisive action, but sanctioned by
moderate Arab nations and by European allies
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The Dilemma of Modern Islam
To move forward or to movebackward? Should traditional Islam be
adapted to a changing world? Should the changing world be
adapted to traditional Islam?Split between progressive andfundamentalist Moslems
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Modern Egypt Predominantly Moslemwith a Progressive Secular Government