Terrorism in FATA International islamic University, islamabad. pakistan

presented by:

Muzaffar Latif M. Sahreef M. Mohsin M.Zaheer Omer .Awais

Outlines

• Introduction• Geography• Major events• Military operations• Terrorist organizations• Root causes• Counter measures• Conclusion

Introduction

• Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) lies on Pakistan’s western border.

• FATA semi-autonomous region.• After partition, majority of the Tribal elders joined Pakistan.• Arms and weapons are considered as part of the dress of males• Traditional and tribal society where literacy rate is low, development is at

infancy, and employment opportunities are rare.• Like the Durand Line, FATA is also a symbol of British colonialism.• Region is governed and ruled through the Frontier Crimes Regulations

(FCR).• People living in FATA are called Pashtuns or Pathans. • Pashtun tribes have experienced, but have always resisted, the invasions by

Aryans, Mongols, Mughals, and British.

Anti-Soviet Jihad During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan FATA became a war zone. Whole area became heavily armed with weapons supplied by the US to the

Afghan mujahedeen to fight against the Soviet forces. After the Soviets withdrawal, FATA continued to be the center of activity of

various Afghan mujahdeen groups. During the Taliban rule a number of local Wazirs joined the Taliban forces

and fought against the Northern Alliance They came in contact with Arabs, Central Asians and other

foreign militants in different training camps. Also the rise of extremist religious movements like Sufi

Mohammad’s Tehrik-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi.

US War on Terror

• The 9/11 incident in USA has changed the entire global political framework. • World Trade Centre (WTC) was regarded the hub of the corporate and

capitalist world.• The 9/11 incident in USA brought terrorism to the top most concern of

international agenda which had its roots in previous centuries, more particularly in the multi-national anti-Soviet Jihad.

• Attack on WTC was taken as attack on the heart of the USA. • Within three hours of the attack on WTC, President Bush declared that Al-

Qaeda was responsible for the attacks.• US urged the world powers against Al- Qaeda and Taliban and their

associated groups and supporters.• USA demanded unconditional surrender of Osama bin Laden who was based

in Taliban Afghanistan.

• US urged the world powers against Al- Qaeda and Taliban and their associated groups and supporters.

• The Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, have their sanctuaries in Afghanistan and Pakistan Tribal areas.

• It has became an excuse for the US and her allies to attack Afghanistan and to start an indiscriminate war on terror after 9/11.

Militancy development In FATA After the fall of Taliban government in Afghanistan in 2001, a number of

Al Qaeda/Taliban fighters fled to highly inaccessible area like Birmal, Khamrand, Santoi, Bush mountains in South and North Waziristan Agencies.

FATA become a hub and breeding for militants. The militants regrouped and recuperated in FATA. The US and its allies prepared for military operation in tribal areas of

Pakistan US push Musharraf regime to pursue an aggressive policy against the

militants, operating from the tribal areas. In 2002 Pakistan launched military operations against the Taliban, al-

Qaeda and other foreign elements in the Tribal Areas.

Drone Strikes The CIA drone program began quietly under Bush with one strike in Yemen

in 2002, and then a smattering of strikes in Pakistan between 2004 and 2007. The US carried out the first drone strike in June 2004 Drones operated thousands of miles away from their actual operative

locations can remain in the air for around 20 hours and provide live videos. From the mountainous region of FATA, the militants initiated and

commenced attacks against the governments, military and civilians of both Pakistan and US.

Drone strike are carried to kill the high profile leader of Al Qaeda & associates.

During the Bush administration, from June 2004 till 2009 the total number of drone strikes was 45 (some says 52).

326 have been carried out till 1 November, 2013, during Obama administration.

Pakistan Approach Towards Drone Attacks Pakistani government does not have a clear policy towards the drone

strikes. The Pakistani government officials denounce and condemn the US drone

strikes in the western border of Pakistan. No official agreement on drone attacks in tribal areas

between the US and Pakistan. Pakistani government supported the drone campaign, by providing both

logistic as well as intelligence support to the US. Pakistani public consider the drone campaign as violation of international

laws and breaching of Pakistan’s sovereignty. In drone strike more then innocent civilian were also killed.

GeographyThe Federally Administered Tribal Areas are bordered by:1. Afghanistan to the north.2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the east.3. Balochistan to the south.4. west with the border marked by the Durand Line.• Covers an area of 27220 square kilometers • Population is 3.17 million people.• Most rural administrative unit in Pakistan.• Main language spoken in FATA is Pashto.• Divided in 7 agencies and 6 Frontier Regions.

Total Area27,220 sq.km.

Miran shah is tribal capital.

Parachinar is the largest city.

1) Khyber Agency 2)Kurram Agency

Established in 1879. Area 2576 sq. km. Population of 546730 Afridi, Shinwari,

Mulagoori and Shalmani tribes. 

Created in 1892, Area of 2296 sq. km Population of 448,310. Tribal composition

being the Turi, Bangash, Parachinari and Masozai - both Sunni and Shia sects.

3)South Waziristan Agency4)North Waziristan Agency

Largest of all tribal agencies

Area 6,620 sq. km Population 429,841.

Mehsud and Ahmadzai Wazir tribes.

Agency is the second largest agency in size, covering an

Area of 4,707 sq. km. Population of 361,246.People mainly from the

Utmanzai Wazir and Dawar.

5)Mohmand Agency 6)Bajaur Agency

Created in 1951, Area of 2,296 sq. km. Population is estimated

to be around 334,453. The major tribes

inhibiting the area are the Mohmand, Safi and Uthmankhel tribes.

Bajaur Agency, the smallest in size

Area 1290 sq. km,Created in 1973. Population of 595,227 Tribal composition

drawing from the Uthmankhel and Tarkani tribes.

7)Orakzai Agency

Created in 1973. Area of 1538 sq. km. Population of

225,441 . The major tribal

groups are the Orakzai and the Bangash – both Shia and Sunni sects.

Literacy rate (2007)

Male Female TotalKhyber 57.2% 10.1% 34.2%Kurram 37.9% 14.4% 26.5%Southw 32.3% 4.3% 20%Orakzai 29.5% 3.4% 17%Mohmand 28.5 3.5% 16.6Bajur 27.9% 3.1% 16.5%Northw 26.77% 1.47% 15.88%

Population

1951 1,332,005 1972 2,491,230 0.53%

1998 3,176,331 2.69%

Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR)It comprises a special set of laws of Pakistan which are

applicable to the FATA .Under the FCR, disputes between tribes and the Pakistani state

are managed through the interaction of political agents and tribal elders.

The law states that three basic rights are not applicable to the residents of FATA .

1. Appeal2. Wakeel 3.  Daleel 

FATA “A dispute region”

List of Militant Groups in FATA

1. Tehrik Taliban Pakistan (TTP)2. Lashkar E Islam (LeI)3. Jamaat Ul Ahrar (Ahrar Ul Hind)

Tehrik Taliban Pakistan (TTP)Maulana Fazlullah, "or "Mullah Radio" is the new Amir (Chief) of

TTP and head of Swat Taliban.Total number of operatives between 30,000 and 35,000Believed to be supported by Indian Intelligence AgencyRAW and they do have some ties with Al-Qaida, Boko Haram

and ISISTTP is operating in all seven agencies of FATA.

Leaders of Respective Regions Shahryar Mehsud - Commander of North Waziristan TTP Khan Said - Commander of South Waziristan TTP Abdul Wali – Amir of TTP Mohmand Agency. Hafiz Dolat Khan - TTP Amir of Kurram Agency. Hafiz Saeed Khan – TTP Amir in Orakzai Agency. Maulana Gul Zaman - TTP Amir in Khyber Agency. Maulana Abu Bakr - Amir of TTP in Bajaur Agency.

Deceased LeadersBaitullah Mehsud - Founder leader of TTP - deceased August 2009.

Hakimullah Mehsud – Chief of TTP - deceased November 1, 2013.

Maulvi Saifuddin - TTP commander in FR Bannu - deceased

November 19, 2013.

Mullah Dadullah - TTP commander in Bajaur Agency - Deceased

August24, 2012.

Lashker E Islam (LeI)LeI was founded in 2004 by Mufti Munir Shakir.

The most recent leader was Mangal Bagh.

On April 17, 2008, Bagh claimed that LeI has over

180,000 volunteers in Khyber Agency.

On March 12, 2015, Lashkar-e-Islam announced that

it was joining Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.

Continued

On April 27, 2008, it was reported that a "Lashkar-e-Islam" has

changed its name to "Jaish-e-Islami".

It is unclear whether this is the same group, or another which

happened to use the same name

The reports stated that this LeI is located in Bajaur Agency and

headed by Wali Rehman.

Continued In October, a key commander of the militant group surrendered to

security forces along with 80 of his men.

During Operation Khyber-1 numerous militants had laid down their

arms and surrendered to authorities.

On November 10, 2014, Official sources say that three key

commanders of the group, newly appointed spokesman of the LI

Saifullah Saif, Commander Ilyas and Commander Wajid, have

announced that they were leaving the LI have surrendered to

authorities.

Jamaat Ul Ahrar (Ahrar Ul Hind)

Jamaat-ul-Ahrar was a militant Islamist group that split

away from the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan in August 2014 with

Omar Khalid Khorasani as its commander.

In March 2015, the group's spokesman announced

that it was rejoining the Pakistani Taliban.

Reason Why it was formed?

In September 2014, TTP chief Mullah Fazlullah ousted Mohmand

Agency chief Omar Khalid Khorasani (former leader of Ahrar-ul-

Hind).

Omar Khalid Khorasani and his associates in Mohmand Agency

had accused the TTP leadership of deviating from the TTP

ideology

The group had announced they would no longer recognize or

obey Mullah Fazlullah as their Emir.

Major Military operations in FATA

Causes of military operations Deterring the terrorist groupsProtecting the CiviliansAdvancing the political agenda of country

Military operations in Pakistan1. Operation Al MIZAN2. Operation Sherdil3. Operation Rah e rast4. Operation Rah e nijat5. Operation Zarb e azb

Operation Al mizanThis operation was carried out across the 36 km area of

wanna.It was 13days cordon and search operation.More then 70,000 army was deployed by armed forces to

conduct this operation.

Operation Al mizan(continued)The area was under command of several Pakistani

militants.Including Nek Mohammad Wazir, Noor ul Islam, Haji

Mohammad Sharif, Maulvi Abbas and Maulvi Abdul Aziz.They were suspected to support foreign fighters.

Operation SHERDILThis operation was

carried out in bajaur agency in the beginning of August 2008.

It was initially aimed at preventing the imminent fall of Khar, headquarters of Bajaur District, to the Taliban.

Operation SHERDILThis operation was intended to reclaim bajaur agency from

militant groups.This operation was only limited to khar.Later on it was expended in all over bajaur district to

recapture it from Taliban.It continued for two months.More then 3000 militants were killed in this operation. Some 8000 soldiers 20 cobra gunships and F16 jets

pounded the enemy.

Operation Rah e rast

This operation was launched in Malakand division and lasted for 60 days.

In spite the peace deal signed between the government of Pakistan and so called Tehrik-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM) the security situation was not satisfactory in this area.

Within 53 days, the leader of TNSM, Sufi Muhammad, unilaterally denounced the peace deal on April 9, 2009.

It was successful operation military forces hunted more then 2500 militants with in the Short time.

168 Pakistani soldiers were martyred and 454 got injured in this operation.

In the result of this operation 1.6 million people returned back to their home.

Operation Rah e nijat

This operation was launches in South Waziristan against TTP in the command of Betullah Mehsud.

It was officially launched on 28 April 2009 when Taliban refused to deweaponise  themselves .

Religious political parties also stood with Pak Army at that time and supported the operation against militants.

29,000 troops took part in this operation against 6000-7000 well equipped militants including Taliban-allied Mehsud tribesmen as well as Uzbek and Arab foreign fighters.

The PAF SSW 4th SOS Squadron used attack helicopters and fighter jets to force the Taliban into the mountains when they put up resistance.

Operation Zarb e azab

This operation is still under progress and was started in the Mid of June 2014.

The operation is being conducted by Pakistan military forces against TTP,  Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Lashkar e Jhangvi, Al Qaida , Jundullah and Haqqani network.

It was started after the killing of 23 FC soldiers by Taliban who were insurgents by Taliban since February 2010.

So the negotiations were broken down between Taliban and Pakistan.

Military forces between 14,000 to 20,000 has been deployed in North Waziristan against militant groups.

As a result of this military operation many civilians has lost their lives as a result of reaction by militants.

APSACS Peshawar attack in one of its worse Example. In which 200 children along with faculty members were brutally killed.

Other then this 60,000 civilians has lost their lives since the beginning of military operations.

CAUSES OF TERRORISM

1. Strategic location of FATA.2. Role of Mullahs And Madrassas.3. Illiteracy.4. Poverty.5. Foreign interference. 6. Support to US during afghan war.

1.Strategic location of FATA

Pakistan shares its 2200km border with afghanistan.It is too difficult to seal this border.It is conflicted region between pakistan and

afghanistan.Terrorists are come from afghaniatan by crossing

border.

2.Role of Mullahs And Madrassas

Some Mullahs mis brief their students.They interpret islam in wrong ways and convinced

the innocent people to be millitant.They show the dream of heaven to their student

and assure them heaven.

03.IlliteracyOnly 3 percent girls and 29 percent man are

educated in FATA.Over all litracy rate is 17 percent.There are no educational institutions.Illiteracy is very common.They are unable to understand their benefits and

loses.

4.Poverty• Their source of income is agriculture.• 60 percent people are below the line poverty.• per capita income is 25000 per year.• People are unemployed due lack of education.• An easy prey for millitants.

5.Foreign interferenceRAW, MOSAD and CIA is collectively involve in

terrorism in tribal areas.India wants to withdraw our attention from kashmir

issue.Isreal and America want to weaken and destabilise

Pakistan economically as we have lost billions of dollars on war on terror.

6.Support to US during afghan warPakistan decided to support in afghan war despite of

strong public protest.Pakistan openly support US after 9/11.Pakistan caught high profile Al Qaeda leaders and hand

over them to America.In reaction, terrorism emerge and spread out across

pakistan.

Counter Measures• Comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy to deal

with the issue. • Change old administrative structure of FATA • Should be given provincial status.• Religious and ideological awareness should be given.• Establish special investment and industrial zones.• Should be imposed educational emergency.• Improve infrastructures.

Conclusion

Peace and conflict resolution in FATA is vital for the security and prosperity of both Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Problem of militancy is complex and multidimensional. Government needs to devise a multipronged and comprehensive

strategy to deal with the issue Urgent steps for socio-economic development of FATA particularly

for improving educational facilities, building basic infrastructure and creating employment opportunities

Government must review its internal and external policies which create extremist sentiments in the country